CHAPTER 2: SUBSTRUCTURE

Part 2
2.1.2 Deep Foundation
❑ Piles
• Driven pile
• Drilled pile
• spun pile
• bore pile

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 DEEP FOUNDATION

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 DEEP FOUNDATION
Reasons why Deep Foundation??
Conventional strip foundations is uneconomical to excavate.

The bearing ground located at some distance below the

surface level of the made up ground. A solution is to use
deep/pile foundation to support reinforced concrete ground
beams on which walls are raise.

The pile/deep foundation takes the load of the building

through made-up ground or week soil to load-bearing strata.
The ground beams transfer the building loads to the piles.

Piles are a convenient method of foundation for works over

water, such as jetties or bridge piers.
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 Main Components of Deep Foundation

Pile

Deep
Foundation

Pile
Cap

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 DEEP FOUNDATION
 Piles are long and slender members which transfer
the load to deeper soil or rock of high bearing
capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing
capacity.
 The main types of materials used for deep piles
are wood, steel and concrete.
 Piles made from these materials are driven, drilled
or jacked into the ground and connected to pile
caps.
 Main functions of a pile;
i. to transmit a foundation load to a solid ground
ii. to resist vertical, lateral and uplift load

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 Driven pile
spun pile

RC pile

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 Drilled pile bore pile

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 Factors Influencing
The Choice of Pile

Location and
Ground Conditions Durability Cost
Type of Structures

Ground containing
Over water Boulders- Concrete Installation cost

clay with
On Land Steel materials
ground heave

Not causing vibration

Loose water
to existing/nearby Timber time
bearing sand
Structures-

Heavy Structure Under-reamed bases Test load

Existing Structure Supervision

Organization,
9 overhead and etc.
 Factors Influencing the Choice of Pile
Location and type of structures

 For structures over water, such as wharves and jetties,

driven piles or driven cast-in-place piles (in which the
shell remains in place) are the most suitable.
 On land, driven cast-in-place types are usually the
cheapest for moderate loadings.
 It is necessary for piles to be installed without causing
any significant ground heave or vibrations because of
their proximity to existing structures, the bored cast-
in-place pile is the most suitable.
 For heavy structures exerting large foundation loads,
large-diameter bored piles are usually the most
economical.
 Jacked piles are suitable for underpinning existing
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structures.
 Factors Influencing the Choice of Pile
Ground conditions

 Driven piles cannot be used economically in ground

containing boulders (large rocks), or in clays when
ground heave would be detrimental.

 Bored piles would not be suitable in loose water-

bearing sand, and under-reamed bases cannot be
used in cohesion less soils since they are susceptible
to collapse before the concrete can be placed.

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 Factors Influencing the Choice of Pile
Durability

 Most important criteria especially in the choice of

material. For example, concrete piles are usually
used in marine conditions since steel piles are
susceptible to corrosion in marine conditions .

 timber piles is not the most suitable type under

marine conditions because it can be attacked by
boring molluscs .

 On land, concrete piles are not the best choice,

especially where the soil contains sulphates or other
harmful substances.
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 Factors Influencing the Choice of Pile
Cost

 Considerable important decision over the choice of pile.

 The overall cost of installing piles includes:

 the actual cost of the material,
 the times required for piling in the construction plan,
 test loading,
 cost of the engineer to oversee installation and
loading
 cost of organisation and overheads incurred between
the time of initial site clearance and the time when
construction of the superstructure can proceed.
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 Classification of Pile With Respect to Load
Transmission and Functional Behavior

 End bearing piles

(point bearing piles)
 Friction piles
(cohesion piles )
 Combination of
friction and
cohesion piles

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 END BEARING PILE

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 End bearing piles
 Typical end-bearing piles are driven
through very soft soil, such as a loose silt-
bearing stratum underlying by
compressible strata.

 This pile acts on the basic concept of

digging through the top soil (relatively
weak) to an underlying firmer rock to
anchor the foundation.

 The piles transfer their load on to a firm

stratum located at a considerable depth
below the base of the structure.

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 This pile behaves as an ordinary column. In weak soil, this pile will
not fail by buckling

End bearing piles

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 End bearing piles-cast in place

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 End bearing piles - driven or jacking
(R.C or Steel Pile)

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 Piling Rig

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 Pile Driving
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 FRICTION PILE

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 Friction piles
 Friction piles, also known
as floating pile
foundations,
 Commonly used in
construction to provide
underground support for
buildings, bridges, docks
and other structures.
 They are often used when
end-bearing piles are not
suitable.
 Friction piles rely
specifically on the friction
created between the soil
and the surface of the pile
material in order to
provide stability.
 The combination of
friction and adhesion with
the soil causes them to
stay in place.
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 Friction piles
 The load is transferred to
the adjoining soil by friction
between the pile and the
surrounding soil.
 The load is transferred
downward and laterally to
the soil.
 In order for friction piles
to be effective, the soil
surrounding the area must
be fairly uniform in type
and density.
 For more complex
situations, construction
companies sometimes rely
on a combination of friction
and end-bearing piles.

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 Friction Pile Types

Placement Installation Repetition

of pile of Pile process

Driven

Cast-in-situ

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 SPUN PILE

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 Spun Pile
Standard Characteristics
 Pre-stressed concrete spun pile (cast in the factory) and deliver
to site for installation.
 Size : 250mm to 1000mm diameter
 Lengths : 6m, 9m and 12m (Typical)
 Structural Capacity : 45Ton to 520Ton
 Material : Grade 60MPa & 80MPa Concrete
 Joints: Welded
 Installation Method :
–Drop Hammer
–Jack-In

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 Spun Pile

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 Spun Piles Vs. RC Square Piles

Spun Piles have …

 Better Bending Resistance
 Higher Axial Capacity
 Better Manufacturing Quality
 Able to Sustain Higher Driving
Stresses
 Higher Tensile Capacity
 Easier to Check Integrity of Pile
 Similar cost as RC Square Piles with
higher pile integrity

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Spun Pile

No Advantages Disadvantages

1 Best suited for use as friction piles that Expensive to splice and cut

don't meet refusal during driving

(refusal: pile can't be driven any further, so

it becomes necessary to cut off the portion)

2 Best suited for toe-bearing piles where the Difficult to cut

required length is uniform and predictable

3 Less expensive than steel piles Susceptible to damage during handling

or driving

4 Have a large load capacity Not suited for hard driving conditions

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 BORE PILE

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 Bored piles
• Foundation structure made of
reinforced concrete on site.
• Used to carry heavy loads by
transmitting the load to a stable soil
strata.
• Varies in diameter and depth.
• Dimension varies from 450mm to
2000mm.
• Designers will decide the size
according to the load requirement
and as well as the soil condition of
the site.
• widely used and can be
constructed in most soil condition
and over water.

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 Bored Pile Construction
• Bored piles is constructed
by first drilling a hole in
the ground until a
competent load bearing
layer is reached.
• Once achieved, a
reinforcement steel cage
is lowered into the drilled
hole and the hole is filled
with concrete.
• It is also known as cast in
place piles.

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 Bored piles
 High flexibility and are widely used in
deep foundation for :-
 high rise buildings,
 jetties,
 bridge foundation and
 as vertical retaining structures like a
retaining wall or sheet piles wall. (In this
case the bored piles is known as
contiguous bored pile wall).
 Designed either as a point bearing piles
or friction piles.
 If competent load bearing layer like
bed rock is present, then the bored
piles will be designed as an end-bearing
pile. This means that the load carrying
capacity of the piles is mainly derived
from the bearing capacity of the rock
layer at the toe of the pile.

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Bored Piles

 Bored pile-single pile

- pile groups.

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 can be inclined to a certain angle. When bored piles are
Angle bored piles also known as constructed close to one
raked piles (found in structures that another or overlapping slightly,
this is known as contiguous
requires resistance to horizontal bored piles wall or secant piles
load like in a retaining wall or bridge wall.
and piers foundation).

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Standard Bored Piles Characteristics Considerations…
 Size : 450mm to 2000mm  Borepile Base Difficult to Clean
 Lengths : Varies  Bulging / Necking
 Structural Capacity : 80Ton to 2,300Tons  Collapse of Sidewall
 Concrete Grade : 20MPa to 30MPa  Dispute on Level of Weathered
 Joints : None Rock
 Installation Method : Drill then Cast-In-Situ

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Advantages & Disadvantages
Bore Pile
No Advantages Disadvantages

1 Less costs of mobilizing and demobilizing a drill rig Dependent on contractor's skills

2 Less noise and vibration Lower unit end bearing capacity

3 Soils excavated can be observed and classified Expensive for full-scale load test

during drilling

4 Size of shafts can easily be changed during const.

5 Can penetrate soils with cobbles, boulders and

many types of bedrock

6 Possible to support each column with one large

shaft (no pile cap)

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