RESPIRATION

Biology
• Term coiled by Lamarck and Treviranus (1802)
• Deals with the study of different aspects of living beings like
structure, activities, interactions, and more.

Biology

Botany (Theophrastus) Zoology (Aristotle) Microbiology (Pasteur)

Let’s Discuss!

Q. Getting Started LB Page no. 8

Q. Are breathing and respiration same? (Provide explanation)
A. Yes
B. No
C. In few areas
D. May be (We will find out)
Q. What are the characteristics of living of living organism?
Introduction

• All organism need energy for various physical and metabolic

processes.
• We obtain glucose from the digested food.
• This glucose combines with oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide, water and energy.
• This process is called respiration.
• Therefore, oxygen is required in the process of respiration.
Stages of respiration

1. External respiration 2. Internal respiration

● Mechanical ● Biochemical
process
process
● Involves
● Oxidation of
1. Inhaling (O2)
2. Exhaling.(CO2) glucose to release

energy
How the exercise time duration affects their breathing rate.

ACTIVITY

Investigation
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10R0psKH9lInJUiq08TWDNFKQl-slP8J2/view?usp=sha
ring
Internal respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 38 ATP

• ATP: Adenosine triphosphate

• This process is called respiration

Let’s Discuss!

Q. Give 4 difference between Breathing and Respiration

Breathing Respiration

1. Mechanical process 1. Biochemical process

2. No enzymes are involved 2. Enzymes are involved

3. Involves taking in O2 and giving out CO2 3. Involves oxidation of glucose into CO2 +
HO2 and energy

4. No energy is released 4. Energy is released

5. It takes place outside the cell 5. It takes place inside the cell
Types of respiration

Respiration

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic

respiration

● Higher animals and ● Lower organisms

humans ● Incomplete oxidation of food
● Complete oxidation ● Products are ethyl alcohol and
of food lactic acid
● 38 ATP ● C6H12O6
→2C2H5OH+2CO2+2ATP
Human respiratory system

1. Nose and nasal cavity: warm, moisten, and filter the air entering the
body (frontal and sphenoid sinus)

2. Pharynx: pathway for the movement of air from the nose to the larynx

3. Larynx: contains the vocal cords and is responsible for sound production.

4. Trachea: filters the air we breathe (lined with cilia and mucus)
 Human respiratory system

5. Bronchi: divides into two main bronchi (right and left)

6. Bronchioles: small branches of the bronchi that distribute

air to the alveoli. It smooth muscles that control the air flow

7. Alveolar sacs: gas exchange occurs. surrounded by a

network of capillaries that allows diffusion of gases

• Intercostal muscles in ribs

• Right lung: 3 lobed and left lungs: 2 lobed

• Pleural membrane and pleural fluid

 Gas Exchange

Alveoli: Air Sacs in the lungs

Singular: Alveolus

Capillaries: Tiny Blood Vessels in

the lungs wrapped around the air
sacs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
mZvzl8KH6iI

VIDEO TIME!!
 Gas Exchange

Alveoli: Air Sacs in the lungs

Singular: Alveolus

Capillaries: Tiny Blood Vessels in the lungs wrapped around the air sacs
Gas Exchange While Breathing

Inhaled air Exhaled air

1.3 Breathing

Getting started

• What is gas exchange?

• Where does gas exchange happen in your body?
• Does the air you breathe in contain more or less oxygen than the air you
breathe out?
• Is there any carbon dioxide in the air you breathe in?
• Do you think there is any oxygen in the air you breathe out?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mh8owPHMUrg

VIDEO TIME !!!

1.3 Breathing
When you breathe in

• The intercostal muscles between the ribs contract

• Ribs move upwards and outwards.
• The muscles in the diaphragm contract. This pulls the
diaphragm downwards.
• These two movements make more space inside the chest
cavity.
• They increase the volume inside it.
• When the volume increases, the pressure inside the
chest cavity and lungs decreases.
• Air moves down through the trachea into the lungs, to fill
the extra space.
1.3 Breathing
When you breathe out

• The intercostal muscles between the ribs relax.

• This allow the ribs to drop down into their natural
position.
• The muscles in the diaphragm relax. This allows the
diaphragm to become its normal, domed shape.
• These two movements make less space inside the chest
cavity.
• They decrease the volume inside it.
• When the volume decreases, the pressure increases.
• So air is squeezed out of the lungs.
Using a model to represent breathing movements

ACTIVITY
1.3 Breathing
Questions

Complete this table.

What do the diaphragm What do the intercostal

Action
muscles do? muscles do?

Breathing in

Breathing out
1.3 Breathing
Questions

Complete these sentences.

When we breathe in, the muscles in the diaphragm and between the ribs
INCREASE
……………………………….. the volume of the chest. This makes air move
INTO
……………………………….. the lungs. When we breathe out, the muscles
DECREASE
in the diaphragm and between the ribs ……………………………….. the
OUT OF
volume of the chest. This makes air move ……………………………….. the
lungs.
1.4 Respiration
Using energy to stay alive

Our bodies need energy for many different reasons. For example:
• We use energy when we move around.
• We use energy to send electrical impulses along neurons.
• We use energy to keep our bodies warm when it is cold
1.4 Respiration
Where do we get energy from?

• When we eat food containing carbohydrates, our

digestive system breaks the carbohydrates down to a
kind of sugar called glucose.
• The glucose goes into our blood.
• The blood delivers glucose to every cell in the body.
• The cells use the glucose to get the energy that they
need.
1.4 Respiration
Releasing energy from glucose

• Glucose is an energy store.

• Releasing energy from glucose is done by tiny
structures called mitochondria that are found
inside cells.
• The energy released is later used by the cell.
• The mitochondria carry out a chemical reaction
called aerobic respiration.
• Aerobic means that is uses oxygen, from the air.
• Here is the word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
1.4 Respiration
Questions

Neurones contain more mitochondria than cheek cells. Suggest why.

Muscle cells and neurons spend more energy (ATP) than do fat or skin cells. The
more energy a cell needs — greater in neurons and muscle cells, less in more
“passive” cells — the more mitochondria tend to be present in the cell.
1.4 Respiration
Questions

What are the reactants and products of the aerobic respiration reaction?

Reactants: Glucose and Oxygen

Products: Carbon dioxide water and Energy.
 1.4 Respiration
Questions

Explain why the air that you breathe out contains more carbon dioxide than the air
that you breathe in.
The cells in your body have utilized oxygen during aerobic respiration, resulting in
the production of carbon dioxide as a waste product. The excess carbon dioxide
diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli in your lungs and is expelled when
you exhale.
1.4 Respiration
Respiration and heat production

• In respiration, chemical energy stored in glucose is

transferred to other substances, so that cells can
use it.
• In this process, some of the energy is changed to
heat energy.
• So respiring cells get a little bit warmer than their
surroundings.
Investigating respiration in peas

ACTIVITY

All living things need energy. So all living things

respire. Even seeds respire. Seeds respire especially
quickly when they are germinating, because they
need a lot of energy to do this.

VIDEO TIME !!!

1.5 Blood
Delivering the requirements for respiration in cells

• Every cell in your body needs a good supply

of glucose and oxygen, and the carbon dioxide
and water that the cell makes must be taken
away.
• This delivery and removal is done by the
blood.
1.5 Blood
What is blood?

Blood is a red liquid present in our body.

The main components of blood are Blood
plasma, Red Blood Cells, White blood
Cells and Platelets.
1.5 Blood
PLASMA

• Plasma is the liquid part of blood. It is mostly water.

• The red and white blood cells are transported around the body
in the blood plasma.
• Plasma also has many other different substances dissolved in it.
• Glucose, dissolved in blood plasma, is transported from the
digestive system to every cell.
• The carbon dioxide dissolves in blood plasma and is carried
away from the cells.
• The blood takes it to the lungs, where the carbon dioxide
diffuses out and is breathed out in your expired air.
 Do you Know??
1.5 Blood Not having mitochondria stops the red blood
cells from using up all the oxygen for
themselves, instead of delivering it elsewhere
Red blood cells

• Red Blood Cells do not have nuclei and mitochondria.

• They are full of a red pigment called haemoglobin. It is haemoglobin that makes blood look red.
• The structure of a red blood cell is related to its function.
• The shape is known as a biconcave disc. This means the sides are indented, and the function is to
increase the surface area of the cell membrane. This means that diffusion of oxygen into and out of the
red blood cell can occur at a faster rate.
1.5 Blood
Red blood cells

• The haemoglobin helps the red blood cells to transport oxygen.

• As the blood flows through the tiny capillaries next to the alveoli in the lungs, oxygen from the air
diffuses into the blood, and into the red blood cells.
• Inside the red blood cell, the oxygen combines with haemoglobin. It forms a very bright red compound
called oxyhaemoglobin.
• As the blood continues on its journey around the body, it passes cells that are respiring. The
oxyhaemoglobin lets go of its oxygen and gives it to the cells.
• The blood, which has given away most of its oxygen, now travels back to the lungs to collect some more
1.5 Blood
White blood cells

• White blood cells always have nuclei.

• Some kinds of white blood cell – but not all – are larger than red
blood cells.
• Some bacteria and viruses can cause illness when they get into the
body. These bacteria and viruses are called pathogens. White blood
cells help to defend us against pathogens.
• Some kinds of white blood cell can change their shape, and push
their cytoplasm out to make ‘fingers’ that can capture a bacterium.
• The white blood cell then produces chemicals that kill and digest the
bacterium. This is called phagocytosis.

SHOW TIME !!!

1.5 Blood
White blood cells

Other types of white blood cell produce chemicals that kill

pathogens. These chemicals are called antibodies.
Different kinds of antibodies are needed for each
different kind of pathogen.
• The antibodies stick onto the pathogen. Sometimes,
they kill the pathogen directly. Sometimes, they glue
lots of the pathogens together so that they cannot
move. This makes it easy for other white blood cells to
capture and kill the pathogens