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Experiment 07

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gowripgowri6
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16 views

Experiment 07

Uploaded by

gowripgowri6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT #07: Resistance Colour Codes

AIM

1. To identify resistances using colour codes and verify using a multimeter. Then compare the given tolerance
using the measured value
2. Study the series and parallel resistance of two resistors

APPARATUS

Breadboard, Any five resistors, multimeter

THEORY / PRINCIPLE

1. CARBON RESISTORS
The resistor is a passive electrical component with two terminals. As per the definition of the resistor, it is used
for restricting the flow of electric current in the circuit.

Carbon resistors are one of the most common types of electronics used. They are made from a solid cylindrical
resistor element with embedded wire leads or metal end caps. Carbon resistors come in different physical
sizes with power dissipation limits, commonly from 1 watt down to 1/8 watt. There are many materials used to
produce resistance, particularly metals and alloys like nichrome, brass, platinum and tungsten alloys. However,
most of these metals have low electrical resistivity, unlike carbon resistors, which makes it difficult to produce
high resistance without becoming bulky.

Carbon resistors are cheap to produce, compact and can be directly printed onto circuit boards (like the computer
processors in phones and tablets). They also reproduce resistance fairly well within practical requirements.
Compared to metal wires, which are expensive to produce, carbon is abundantly available, making it cheap.

Figure 1: Carbon resistor colour codes and colour values

2. SERIES/PARALLEL CONNECTION
• Series: Two or more resistors are said to be connected in series (Fig. 2a) when the same amount of current
flows through all the resistors. In such circuits, the voltage across each resistor is different. In a series
connection, if any resistor is broken or a fault occurs, then the entire circuit is turned off.
• Parallel: Two or more resistors are said to be connected in parallel (Fig. 2b) when the voltage is the same
across all the resistors. In such circuits, the current is branched out and recombined when branches
meet at a common point.

1
R1

R1 R2 R2

(a) Resistances in Series (b) Resistances in Parallel

Figure 2

PROCEDURE

1. PART I
1. Place the two metal ends of a carbon resistor at any two points on a breadboard.
2. Note the four colours on the resistor including the tolerance.

3. Calculate the resistance of the given resistor using the Colour code table. Note down the value of this
resistance including the tolerance as R ± ∆R
4. Take the multimeter and rotate the dial till it points to the resistance section (‘Ω’).
5. Ensure that the banana jacks of the probes are properly attached to the appropriate option on the multi-
meter.
6. Touch the two metal probes of the multimeter to the two metal ends of the resistor and note down
the resistance displayed as R′ . If the display shows an error adjust the dial of the multimeter till the
appropriate resistance limit is reached.
R−R′
7. Calculate the relative percentage error in resistance value, δR = R′ × 100 and compare this with the
tolerance value obtained from the colour code of the resistor.
8. Repeat Steps 1-6 for four more resistors.

2. PART II
1. Take any two resistors (R1 , R2 ) and place them on the breadboard in series configuration (Fig. 2a).
2. Place the two probes of the multimeter on opposite ends of the configuration to measure the total
resistance of the configuration. Adjust the dial of the multimeter as required.
3. Compare the theoretical net resistance of the combination (R1 + R2 ) with the resistance obtained through
the multimeter.

4. Repeat Steps 1-3 for two more randomly chosen resistors.


5. Repeat Steps 1-4 for the parallel configuration of resistors (Fig. 2b).

OBSERVATIONS

1. PART I

1st digit 2nd digit Multiplier Tolerance Resistance (in Ω)


S No.
Colour Value Colour Value Colour Value Colour Value Theoretical Measured
1
2
3
4
5

Table 1: Comparison of theoretical and measured value of resistances

2
2. PART II

Rseries (Ω) Rparallel (Ω)


S No. R1 (Ω) R2 (Ω)
Theoretical Measured % Error Theoretical Measured % Error
1
2
3
4
5

Table 2: Series and Parallel configuration of resistors

RESULTS

1. The resistance of 5 carbon resistors was estimated based on their colour codes and compared with
the actual resistance measured using a multimeter. The actual resistance is within the tolerance level
provided.
2. Resistors were combined in series and parallel configuration and the theoretical and actual resistance
compared. They were found to be in agreement with each other.

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