Documentation

Search
The Java™ Tutorials Hide TOC

Language Basics
Variables « Previous • Trail • Next » Home Page > Learning the Java Language > Language Basics
Primitive Data Types
Arrays
The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no
Summary of Variables
longer available.
Questions and Exercises
See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases.
Operators
See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.
Assignment, Arithmetic,
and Unary Operators
Equality, Relational, and The switch Statement
Conditional Operators
Bitwise and Bit Shift Unlike if-then and if-then-else statements, the switch statement can have a number of possible execution paths. A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int primitive
Operators data types. It also works with enumerated types (discussed in Enum Types), the String class, and a few special classes that wrap certain primitive types: Character, Byte, Short, and
Summary of Operators Integer (discussed in Numbers and Strings).
Questions and Exercises
Expressions, Statements, The following code example, SwitchDemo, declares an int named month whose value represents a month. The code displays the name of the month, based on the value of month, using the
and Blocks switch statement.
Questions and Exercises
public class SwitchDemo {
Control Flow Statements
public static void main(String[] args) {
The if-then and if-then-
else Statements
int month = 8;
The switch Statement String monthString;
The while and do-while switch (month) {
Statements case 1: monthString = "January";
The for Statement break;
Branching Statements case 2: monthString = "February";
Summary of Control break;
Flow Statements case 3: monthString = "March";
Questions and Exercises break;
case 4: monthString = "April";
break;
case 5: monthString = "May";
break;
case 6: monthString = "June";
break;
case 7: monthString = "July";
break;
case 8: monthString = "August";
break;
case 9: monthString = "September";
break;
case 10: monthString = "October";
break;
case 11: monthString = "November";
break;
case 12: monthString = "December";
break;
default: monthString = "Invalid month";
break;
}
System.out.println(monthString);
}
}

In this case, August is printed to standard output.

The body of a switch statement is known as a switch block. A statement in the switch block can be labeled with one or more case or default labels. The switch statement evaluates its
expression, then executes all statements that follow the matching case label.

You could also display the name of the month with if-then-else statements:

int month = 8;
if (month == 1) {
System.out.println("January");
} else if (month == 2) {
System.out.println("February");
}
... // and so on

Deciding whether to use if-then-else statements or a switch statement is based on readability and the expression that the statement is testing. An if-then-else statement can test
expressions based on ranges of values or conditions, whereas a switch statement tests expressions based only on a single integer, enumerated value, or String object.

Another point of interest is the break statement. Each break statement terminates the enclosing switch statement. Control flow continues with the first statement following the switch
block. The break statements are necessary because without them, statements in switch blocks fall through: All statements after the matching case label are executed in sequence,
regardless of the expression of subsequent case labels, until a break statement is encountered. The program SwitchDemoFallThrough shows statements in a switch block that fall
through. The program displays the month corresponding to the integer month and the months that follow in the year:

public class SwitchDemoFallThrough {

public static void main(String[] args) {

java.util.ArrayList<String> futureMonths =
new java.util.ArrayList<String>();

int month = 8;

switch (month) {
case 1: futureMonths.add("January");
case 2: futureMonths.add("February");
case 3: futureMonths.add("March");
case 4: futureMonths.add("April");
case 5: futureMonths.add("May");
case 6: futureMonths.add("June");
case 7: futureMonths.add("July");
case 8: futureMonths.add("August");
case 9: futureMonths.add("September");
case 10: futureMonths.add("October");
 case 11: futureMonths.add("November");
case 12: futureMonths.add("December");
break;
default: break;
}

if (futureMonths.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Invalid month number");
} else {
for (String monthName : futureMonths) {
System.out.println(monthName);
}
}
}
}

This is the output from the code:

August
September
October
November
December

Technically, the final break is not required because flow falls out of the switch statement. Using a break is recommended so that modifying the code is easier and less error prone. The
default section handles all values that are not explicitly handled by one of the case sections.

The following code example, SwitchDemo2, shows how a statement can have multiple case labels. The code example calculates the number of days in a particular month:

class SwitchDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int month = 2;
int year = 2000;
int numDays = 0;

switch (month) {
case 1: case 3: case 5:
case 7: case 8: case 10:
case 12:
numDays = 31;
break;
case 4: case 6:
case 9: case 11:
numDays = 30;
break;
case 2:
if (((year % 4 == 0) &&
!(year % 100 == 0))
|| (year % 400 == 0))
numDays = 29;
else
numDays = 28;
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid month.");
break;
}
System.out.println("Number of Days = "
+ numDays);
}
}

This is the output from the code:

Number of Days = 29

Using Strings in switch Statements

In Java SE 7 and later, you can use a String object in the switch statement's expression. The following code example, StringSwitchDemo, displays the number of the month based on the
value of the String named month:

public class StringSwitchDemo {

public static int getMonthNumber(String month) {

int monthNumber = 0;

if (month == null) {
return monthNumber;
}

switch (month.toLowerCase()) {
case "january":
monthNumber = 1;
break;
case "february":
monthNumber = 2;
break;
case "march":
monthNumber = 3;
break;
case "april":
monthNumber = 4;
break;
case "may":
monthNumber = 5;
break;
case "june":
monthNumber = 6;
break;
case "july":
monthNumber = 7;
break;
case "august":
monthNumber = 8;
break;
case "september":
monthNumber = 9;
 break;
case "october":
monthNumber = 10;
break;
case "november":
monthNumber = 11;
break;
case "december":
monthNumber = 12;
break;
default:
monthNumber = 0;
break;
}

return monthNumber;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

String month = "August";

int returnedMonthNumber =
StringSwitchDemo.getMonthNumber(month);

if (returnedMonthNumber == 0) {
System.out.println("Invalid month");
} else {
System.out.println(returnedMonthNumber);
}
}
}

The output from this code is 8.

The String in the switch expression is compared with the expressions associated with each case label as if the String.equals method were being used. In order for the
StringSwitchDemo example to accept any month regardless of case, month is converted to lowercase (with the toLowerCase method), and all the strings associated with the case labels
are in lowercase.

Note: This example checks if the expression in the switch statement is null. Ensure that the expression in any switch statement is not null to prevent a NullPointerException from
being thrown.

« Previous • Trail • Next »

About Oracle | Contact Us | Legal Notices | Terms of Use | Your Privacy Rights

Copyright © 1995, 2022 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Préférences en matière de cookies | Ad Choices