YAOUNDE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
CAMPUS B

GROUP WORK PRESENTATION ON:

GENERALITES OF MOBILE DEVICES

Group number 1

Names of group member:

Mambo Annabel Awah
Nji Verone
Nyimbui Prosper
Jude Binda
Agokwe Jennifer
Kapto Segnou Cheridane
Nyah Serena Anushka
Nunwi Safiatou Tigho
Ashu Fabrice Takor
Nformi Silas

1-DEFINITION OF MOBILE DEVICES

 A mobile device, also referred to as a digital assistant, is a computer small enough to hold
and operate in the hand. Mobile devices typically have a flat LCD or OLED screen, a
touchscreen interface, and digital or physical buttons
Generally, a mobile computing system involves a mobile device, such as a laptop
computer, tablet or smartphone, and a wireless network connection based on Wi-Fi or cellular
wireless technology, such as 5G. Mobile devices typically can store data locally, and access to
that data doesn't require a network connection.

TYPES OF MOBILE DEVICES

1. Smartphones;
a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a computer, typically
having a touchscreen interface, internet access, and an operating system capable of
running downloaded apps.
2. Tablet;
A tablet is a wireless, portable personal computer with a touchscreen interface.
The tablet form factor is typically smaller than a notebook computer, but larger than a
smartphone.
3. Laptops
A laptop is a personal computer that can be easily moved and used in a variety of
locations. Most laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a desktop
computer, which means they can generally run the same software and open the same
types of files.
4. Smart watches
A watch is a portable timepiece intended to be carried or
worn by a person
5. E-Reader
A handheld device on which electronic versions of books, newspapers,
magazines, etc. can be read.
6. Handheld gaming consles
A handheld game console, or simply handheld console, is a small,
portable self-contained video game console with a built-in screen, game
controls
 1. EVOLUTION OF MOBILE DEVICES
a) MOBILE PHONES
A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make and receive calls. while
the earliest generation of mobile phones could only make and receive calls, today’s mobile phones
do a lot more, accommodating web browsers, games, cameras, video players and navigational
systems
When did cell phones become popular?
Cell phones became popular during the cellular revolution that started in the 90s. in 1990, the
number of mobiles users was around 11 million; by 2023, nearly everyone in the world is
having a cell phone. During this past years, we have seen how mobile phones have evolve to
something much more impressive. We go right back to the very beginning to see how we got to
the modern day smartphones such as the iPhones and the Samsung Galaxies

1985

The first Siemens phone

The first Siemens mobile phone was the Siemens Mobiltelefon C1, which came in the form of a
suitcase. Yes, you read that right. People had a cell phone that was actually a suitcase. After
that, some more compact phones followed.
1987

The first Nokia phone

In 1987, Nokia launched its first mobile phone, the Mobira Cityman 900. The phone weighed
only 800g (28 oz) including the battery, and was considered expensive and exclusive to those of
a higher status.
1988

The first Samsung phone

A year later, in 1988, Samsung developed its first “handphone" — The SH-100. It was
officially the first mobile phone to be designed and manufactured in Korea.

1989

The first flip phone

After many similar brick-style cell phones, Motorola innovated again by bringing the "flip"
design to the market. Before Motorola’s MicroTAC model, most cell phones were bulky and
usually installed in cars due to their size.
1992

The first GSM (2G) phone

As we moved into the 90s, phone bodies became smaller and the antennas thinner. In 1992, the
next big innovation came in the form of the Nokia 1011, which was the first mass-produced
GSM (2G) phone.

The first text message ever sent to a cellphone

That same year, the first-ever text message was also sent. It was sent by a developer to the
company director at Vodafone’s office Christmas party. The text message simply said: “Merry
Christmas!”
1994

First smartphone (and touchscreen phone)

The first smartphone was introduced much sooner than a lot of people imagine. Released in
1994, IBM’s Simon was the first device to feature apps and a touchscreen, thus it is considered
the world’s first smartphone.

Although this early smartphone never took off, “regular” cell phones continued to gain
popularity while becoming more compact and varied in design. There were more flip phones,
slider phones were introduced, and then Motorola innovated yet again.

1996

First phone to introduce vibrate mode

Motorola StarTAC was the first clam-shell phone and the first phone to introduce vibration.
First phone with a QWERTY keyboard

The first QWERTY cell phone was the Nokia Communicator 9000 released in 1996. Besides
having a keyboard, the Communicator 9000 also introduced many business-related features
such as email, web browsing, fax, word processing, and spreadsheets.

1997
First phone with no external antenna

The first phone to appear without a visible external antenna was the Hagenuk GlobalHandy.

1998

First phone with a color screen

In 1998, Siemens launched a game-changer — Siemens S10 – the first cell phone to feature a
color screen.
Launch of the 3G network

Another big event that year was the launch of the third-generation mobile network. It’s worth
mentioning that custom ringtones were also released that same year, thus becoming the first
downloadable content available for cell phones.

1999
First tri-band GSM phone

Again, Motorola made another leap forward by bringing us the Motorola Timeport, the first
phone with the ability to work around the world.

First WAP browser cell phone

Motorola wasn't the only company innovating this year; Nokia also released a device with a
groundbreaking feature. The Nokia 7110 was the first cell phone to feature a WAP browser that
allowed the user to browse the internet.
First phone + MP3 player

Not content to let Motorola and Nokia take all the glory in 1999, Samsung came out with a
revolutionary phone of their own — the Samsung SPH-M100 Uproar. It combined the features
of a cell phone with those of an MP3 player, thus providing the user with the option of playing
music. The phone even had a dedicated centrally-located play/pause button.

First splash-proof phone

Nokia’s 5210 was the first cell phone to feature a splash-proof case and it was one of the more
popular models in those days.

First GPS-enabled cell phone

That same year, the Benefon Esc! launched, thus becoming the first phone ever to feature GPS
capabilities.
And yes, we have to mention everyone’s faves, the emojis, which were also invented that year.

First camera phone

The crown for the first camera phone is somewhat contested. Although some claim that it was
the Sharp J-SH04, it was in fact another Japanese phone that launched a year prior — the
Kyocera VP-210 VisualPhone. It featured a front-facing camera and only had enough memory
to store 20 photos. If you want to learn more about camera phones and the timeline of cameras
in general, check out our post about the history of photography.

Over the years that followed, other manufacturers began to release their own camera phones,
which improved in both megapixel count and storage size.

2000
By the turn of the millennium, phones had become even smaller and lighter. It was in the year
2000 that the Nokia 3310 was launched. As well as becoming one of the most iconic phones of
all time, it remains one of the biggest-selling cell phones to this day.

2001

First phone with IR, a radio, and calendar features

The first phone containing all of these features was the Nokia 8310, and it didn’t come cheap.
When it launched in 2001, the cell phone came at a cost of $500.

First cell phone with Bluetooth

The first Bluetooth cell phone was the Ericsson T39, after which other manufacturers started
introducing this technology as well.

First Symbian OS cell phone

The Nokia 7650 was the first mass-market Symbian OS cell phone and the first Nokia cell
phone with a built-in camera.

2002

Then in 2002, innovation came in the form of the Sanyo SCP-5300, a phone which allowed
photos to be seen on the screen, rather than having to plug the device into a computer. This
groundbreaking phone also featured dual color displays and a camera with flash.
And again, the phone kept getting smaller and more capable, with Nokia and Motorola
dominating markets across the world.

The camera game also got a level-up with Nokia introducing the 7610, their first smartphone
with a 1-megapixel camera. They also introduced the first true global roaming phone, the Nokia
6630.

2005

First waterproof phone

The first waterproof phone popped up in 2005. This was the Casio G'zOne, which could sustain
being submerged up to 1-meter depth.

First iPhone
One of the biggest events in cell phone history took place in 2007. The first iPhone, known as
iPhone 2G, was launched and blew everyone away due to the removal of most physical
hardware buttons in favor of a touch-based interface.

2008

First Android phone

A year later, the first Android phone, the HTC Dream, was also launched. The introduction of
the Android operating system was criticized due to its lack of functionality and third-party
software, but was, nevertheless, considered innovative due to its notifications system and
integration with Google's services.

2009
Launch of the 4G network

The first release of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard was commercially deployed in
Norway and Sweden in 2009 and has since become common throughout most parts of the
world.

Samsung’s first Galaxy phone

This same year, Samsung launched the GT-I7500, the first-ever Samsung Galaxy phone.

First phone with Google Maps

The first phone to come with the free Google Maps Navigator installed was the Motorola Droid
which was also released that same year.
The following years saw further innovation.. Apple released the iPhone 4, which introduced the
Retina display as well as FaceTime. It was also the first iPhone to have a front-facing camera.

2010

First Samsung phone without front navigation buttons

In 2010, Samsung launched its new flagship — the Samsung Galaxy S. At the time, it was the
thinnest smartphone at 9.9mm and had the fastest graphical processing.

First LTE (4G) smartphone

This same year, Samsung also launched the first 4G smartphone — the Samsung SCH-R900.

Many other pioneering features came to market in 2010. Nexus S, the first Android smartphone
with NFC launched, Moto Defy was released as the first water-resistant Android smartphone,
and Samsung launched both the Samsung Note and 8-megapixel Galaxy II.
Motorola launched the Razr, which was, at the time, the thinnest phone at only 7.1 mm, and
Apple launched the iPhone 4S featuring Siri, the first personal digital voice assistant on a
smartphone.

Sony Ericsson went after the mobile gaming market and created the Sony Ericsson Xperia Play,
a game-console-like phone focused on the gaming experience.

Motorola focused on adding security features and had released the Motorola Atrix, the first
phone to feature a fingerprint sensor.

2011

The first Xiaomi smartphone

In 2011, Xiaomi launched their first phone — the Xiaomi Mi 1 — which was only available in
Asian markets.
2012

A year later, Samsung came out with the Galaxy S3, a phone with a personal voice assistant of
their own, as well as novel features such as eye-tracking.

Around that same time, the innovative Nokia Lumia 920 (which ran on the now-forgotten
Windows Phone OS) launched. This phone introduced a highly sensitive capacitive screen and
wireless inductive charging and was the first to feature optical image stabilization (OIS).
2013

In 2013, Apple dropped the iPhone 5S (their first phone with a fingerprint sensor), LG launched
the G2, and Sony launched the Xperia Z.

2014

In 2014, the OnePlus One was launched, followed by some innovation by Korean giants
Samsung and LG. LG launched the G3, the first flagship with a QHD screen, while Samsung
launched the Galaxy S5, the first smartphone to feature a heart rate monitor.

2015

A year later, in 2015, they launched the Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, the first phone with curved
display edges that allowed additional functionality.
Google launched several Nexus phones such as the Nexus 5X and Nexus 6P, which would be
followed by the first-ever phone designed completely by Google — the Google Pixel. It was
lauded for its best-in-class camera and came with the bonus of unlimited cloud storage.

2016

In 2016, Sony launched the Xperia XZ, the first phone to feature an HDR display, and Motorola
launched the Moto Z, a phone with magnetic accessories providing additional functionalities.
The same year, Apple launched the iPhone 7 Plus, which featured a dual-lens system, had no
headphone jack, and was the first officially waterproof iPhone.

2017

In 2017, the Asus Zenfone AR launched as the first phone with 8GB of RAM, and LG upped
the display game by releasing the LG G6 smartphone featuring Dolby Vision.

Nokia also surprised the world with a remake of their iconic 3310, which shared the same
design language of the original yet had modern features such as a camera and Bluetooth.
Samsung took the “safe route” and came out with the Galaxy Note 8, Google launched Pixel 2,
LG the V30, and Apple came out with the first wireless charging iPhone — the iPhone 8.

Perhaps of more importance to Apple fans, they also released the higher-end iPhone X, a
smartphone that replaced the fingerprint sensor (Touch ID) with face unlock functionality (Face
ID).

ZTE launched Axon M, a dual-screen smartphone that was definitely before its time. It even
offered the possibility to use multiple apps simultaneously, which was revolutionary at the time.
2018

2018 brought us the first triple camera smartphone, the Huawei P20 Pro, which had one 40 MP
lens, one 20 MP lens, and one 8 MP lens.

Other flagship devices were released this year (including the Honor 10 and OnePlus 6) but
perhaps the most innovative was the Vivo X20 Plus UD, which was the first smartphone to
incorporate an in-screen fingerprint sensor.

A worthy mention must also go to the Red Hydrogen One, which had the ability to make
“holographic” videos and photos, yet ultimately proved to be a flop.
This same year, Turing Space Industries launched the Hubble Phone — a cell phone inspired by
the Hubble Space Telescope. The phone boasts, amongst other features, a built-in 15x optical
zoom camera.

2019

Launch of the 5G network

In 2019, the fifth-generation network was launched, and so were the first 5G phones. The next-
generation network came with some bizarre controversies, which we covered here on our blog.

2019 was also marked by launches of the Galaxy S10, Huawei P30 Pro, OnePlus 7
Pro, Samsung Galaxy Fold, and Huawei Mate X, but also the Xiaomi Mi Note 10, which was
the first smartphone to feature a 108 MP camera.
2020

We're still in 2020, so it's very hard to say which phones will leave the biggest mark this year,
but what we can say for certain is that 5G phones are taking over.

Folding display phones are still in their infancy, but it seems that manufacturers are definitely
invested in making them mainstream. Companies such as Samsung, Motorola, and Huawei are
gearing up to release the second generation of folding phones, but even the ones revealed so far,
such as the Samsung Galaxy Flip Z 5G, have shown to be pretty impressive.

OnePlus, on the other hand, has taken a slightly different route and instead of creating a folding
phone, they've launched their mid-ranger, the OnePlus Nord, in the first-ever AR launch which
has proven to be a genius marketing strategy.
And Apple is also gearing up to join the AR game. It seems that the tech giant will be adding a
LiDAR sensor to the iPhone 12, which will allow it to accurately measure depth and drastically
improve performance in AR apps.

In addition to folding phones and augmented reality additions, we're seeing a rise in the
popularity of gaming phones. The two that seem to be standing out in this category are
the Lenovo Legion Duel and the Asus ROG Phone III.

2020 has also been marked by improvements in battery life and charging speeds. More and
more phones now feature fast charging, which is sure to further improve in the upcoming years.

And since this year is far from over, we're sure to get a few more surprises by the end of it, but
for now, this is where we are at.

2021

2021 was a year of production bottlenecks, shipment holdups, and chip shortages. However, despite
all of this, manufacturers were still able to release a variety of new phones in 2021.

The most notable models was the Apple iPhone 13, 13 Pro and the Samsung Galaxy S21.
Apple’s A15 Bionic chip, an IP68 water resistant rating, a Super Retina XDR screen with
ProMotion and Ceramic Shield, ultra-wideband for using things like digital keys, Bluetooth 5, WiFi
6, and gigabit LTE were all packed in to the iPhone 13 Pro. This model is one of the largest iPhone
models ever.

The 6.8-inch Quad HD+ Dynamic AMOLED 2X Infinity-O display on the Galaxy S21 Ultra 5G
featured a resolution of 3200 x 1400 pixels and a pixel density of 515ppi (pixels per inch).

Four rear cameras (10-megapixel telephoto F2.4 and F4.9 units, 108-megapixel wide-angle, and 12-
megapixel ultra-wide), HDR10+ certification, a 120Hz refresh rate, a 40-megapixel “hole-punch”
front camera, and a pressure-sensitive S Pen are notable features.

Best selling cell phone in 2021: iPhone 12

2023

It’s difficult to predict which phones will make the largest impact this year because we are still in
2022, but we can be sure that 5G phones and foldable gadgets are on the rise. Apple is due to release
the iPhone 14 later this year with rumours that Apple’s 2022 iPhones will feature a notchless display
with a hole-punch camera, A16 chip, flush rear cameras and more.

As demand is anticipated to increase tenfold, Samsung’s foldable market share in 2023 may exceed
75%.

Also watch out for huge advancements in AI, Metaverse, Gaming and Augmented Reality features
in 2023.

b) The history of laptops

Describes, the efforts, begun in the 1970s, to build small, portable Personal Computers that
combine the components, inputs, outputs and capabilities of a Desktop Computer
The first laptop, Osborne 1 computer, was created and distributed in 1981 in England.
Adam Osborne established the organization
Fist name of laptop _a "personal, portable information manipulator"
How laptops have changed overtime ; humble laptop has become slimmer and lighter than ever
before, while the hardware inside them has become ever-more powerful, while batteries are
lasting longer.6 May 2019
Advantages:
The laptop can be moved easily from one location to other thanks to its lightweight, small
size, and built-in batter

Diadvantages:
Price, limited upgradeability, screen size, overheating, and battery life degradation.

Milestones of mobile technology

Milestones refers to the significant moments during the development of a
particular technology or industry. In mobile technology, these are moments when a
new device, feature or capability was introduced and it had impact on how people
used their mobile phone.
 The first mobile phone call was made in1973
 The first commercial text message was sent in 1992
 The first smartphone was released in 1994
 The first iphone was released in 2007
 The first android phone was released in 2008
 The tablet computer was released in 2010
 The first smart watch was released in 2013

2. Features typically found in mobile devices

A mobile device is a portable computing device that has a small form factor such that it can
easily be carried by single individual. Its features are:
*Battery to store power; A battery is essentially a device that stores energy in the form of
chemical reactions and releases it as electricity
*Able to send and receive information wireless:
Wireless communication is the transmission of voice and data without cable or data.
*Using circular data:

Using circular data:

Circular data provides access to the internet when not within a Wi-Fi hotspot
*Bluetooth:

Bluetooth allows devices to communicate with each other without cable o wires, it can
communicate with laptops, phones, desktop, etc
*Camara
A camera in a mobile device is used to capture photographs and often record videos.
*Touch screen
Touch screen is an electronic display using hand gestures and fingertips movements to type
***pichire and to type words on the screen
*Censors
Censor on mobile devices are use to detect various aspects of the environment

*Storage of the device

Android internal storage is the
Storage of private data on the device memory it helps to save and load files in the internet.

3. Discuss the popular mobile operating systems (iOS and Android)

An operating system is an essential software that is required for the computer to become
operational. The most popular mobile operating systems are iOS and Android which have
distinct features that contributes to their popularity;

👉 Market share
👉User interface
👉App ecosystem
👉 Hardware integration
👉 Update and support
👉 Privacy and security

Explain the significance of the Operating system for the user experience
The operating system is like the brain of the computer which controls how programs run
and handles input and output operations. The operating system provides a user friendly interface
such as GUI which makes it easier to interact with their devices. It also ensures that multiple
programs can be run simultaneously without interfering with each other. Overall the operating
system plays a vital role in providing a smooth user experience on computers and other devices.
4. CONNECTIVITY
It is the state or quality state of been connected

Types of internet connections

 Dial up connection
 Broadband connection
 DSL (digital subscriber line)
 Cables
 Satellite connection
 Wireless connection
 Cellular connection
 ISDN
a) Dial up connection: this is technology used to connect to the internet using
a standard telephone line. Its connection is through a modem
b) Broadband connection:
It is a data connection used to connect interactive services including internet
access and has the capability of the minimum download speed.
c) DSL ( digital subscriber line ):
It is a modern technology that uses existing telephone lines to transport high
bandwidth data such as multimedia and videos to service subscribers. It provides
a point to point public network access.
d) A Cable :
It is an insulating wire containing a group of individual insulated wires used for
electricity transmittion or telecommunication signals e.g data cables , OF,power
cables.
e) Satellite connection:
It is a wireless connection spread across multiple satellites dishes located both on
earth and in space. It has a greater bandwidth.
f) Wireless connection:
 It allows devices to stay connected to the network by radio waves. An example is a
laptop connected to wifi hostpot. There are four types ;
 Wireless local area network (LAN)
Links two or more devices using a wireless distribution network method
providing a connection through acces ppoints to the internet
 wireless metropolitan area network(MAN)
it connects several LANs
 wireless wide area network (WAN) it covers large areas such as neighbouring
towns and cities
 wireless personal area network interconnects devices in a short span generaly
within a persons reach
g) Cellular : it enables mobile communication because the of the use of
complex two way radio system occurring between the mobile unit and the
wireless network or is a system that facilitates mobile device communication over
areas comprising of cells and transceivers also known as base station
h) ISDN ( intergrated service digital network)
It is a circuit switched telephone network system transmitting both data and voice
over a digital line eg terminals

Methods of connection
There are four methods of connection which are Bluetooth, wifi, infrared, and wired.

a) Bluetooth: it is a technology standard used to enable short range wireless

communication between electronic devices. It creates a PAN using radio waves for data
transfer .
b) Wifi (wireless fidelity): it is a wireless network technology using radio waves and
connecting devices on a limited range like a house or office it has a high speed and creates
a local area network
c) Infrared (IR): it is an wireless mobile technology used for device communication over a
short range. It has high limitations and requires a line of sight and can not penetrate a wall
it exist between visible light and radio waves.
d) Wired: it refers to data transmission over a wire base technology also known as wire
line connection example : television cables , optical fibers .
  It allows data to be exchanged between individual system
 It enables real time data access and transformation
 It increases skilled employment and creates job opportunities
 It enable digital transformation

5. MOBILE APPLICATIONS
A mobile application most commonly referred to as apps is a type of application software
designed to run on a mobile device such as smartphones and tablets.

Roles of mobile applications

In today’s digital age mobile apps play the following roles.
1) social networking: this are applications that allows users and organizations to
connect,communicate,share information and form relationships .
2) Entertainment: another role of mobile applications is that it covers a variety of applications
available for mobile devices that deals with interactive activities related to leisure and having
fun.
3) Productivity: mobile applications plays a very great role in productivity because it enables
one to create things that solves community problems.
4) Gaming: the role of gaming application is to keep users active and enables users to play
against each other and against machines.
Just to name a few.

Examples of commonly use mobile applications (apps)

-WhatsApp
-Snapchat
-Facebook
-Telegram
-1xBet
-Alibaba
-Temple run…..
6. THE BATTERY LIFE OF MOBILE DEVICES
Battery life a mobile device refers to the length of time that a device can continue
to function before it needs to be recharged. The battery life of a mobile device
depends on several factors including the type of device, the battery capacity, and
usage patterns of the users.
CHALLENGES OF MOBILE DEVICE BATTERY LIFE
The battery life of a mobile device is a critical aspect of their usability. However, it
is also a significant challenge for manufacturers and users. The following are some
challenges associated with mobile device battery life.
1. Battery capacity:
The capacity is one of the most significant factors that determines the battery life
of a mobile device. As the mobile device becomes more powerful and feature rich, they
require more energy to operate which can drain the battery quickly.
2. Usage pattern:
The usage pattern of the user can also affect the battery life of a mobile device.
For example, using power hungry Apps or features such as GPS or Video Streaming can
drain the battery quickly.
3. Charging habits:
The charging habit of the user can also affect the battery life of a mobile device.
For example, charging the device too frequently or leaving it plugged in for extended
periods can reduce the overall lifespan of the battery.
4. Environmental factors:
Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can also affect the
battery life of a mobile device. For example, exposing the device to high temperature or
humidity can cause the battery to degrade faster.

SOME BATTERY-SAVING STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES

There are several strategies and technologies that can help extent it which are as
follows
1. Turn on power saving mode:
Most smartphones have a low power mode that pauses or reduces certain
functions, activities and visual effects. These modes are ideal for preserving precious
battery life when the battery is low. Also, for Android phones, the instructions differ
slightly depending on the manufacturer. Most Android phones have two power
saving mode. The first reduces the battery drain by limiting some activities and visual
 effects. While the second is more extreme and will stop notifications and most Apps
from running.
2. Reduce screen brightness.
Screen brightness has a significant impact on battery life. So it is more
preferable to keep it as low as it is good for the eyes. It can always be changed by
swiping down to open the control center on an IPHONE or the notification shade on
an android phone and dragging the brightness slider.
3. Disable Unnecessary Notifications:
When running on slow battery, turning off unnecessary notifications can help
save some of that juice.
4. Turn off location services:
Location service can be a significant drain on battery. So it is necessary to turn
them off when you do not need them.
5. Adjust Display and Brightness:
Adjusting the display and brightness settings can help to save battery life.
Phones can also be set automatically to adjust the brightness based on the ambient
light.
6. Check for software updates:
Software updates often include bug fixes and performance improvement that
can help to optimize battery life.
7. Disable Automatic Updates:
Automatic updates can be convenient, but they can also drain batteries. It is a
good idea to disable automatic updates and manually update apps when there is full
battery.

10.Security
This refers to the measures designed to protect sensitive information stored and transmitted by the
mobile device such as laptops, smartphones, tablets and other portables. The main aim for security is to
prevent unauthorized access
Methods of security on mobile devices
The security of data stored on the mobile device can be ensured using the following methods;
 Password
A password is a combination of characters used to prevent unauthorized access to devices or files. A
password should not be too short or too long but should contain characters ,numbers and symbols, to avoid
easy bypass. For example bip23!sam#.
  Device encryption:
This is a process of protecting information or data on a device by using mathematical models to scramble it in
such a way that only the parties who have the key to unscramble it can access it. A technology to convert data to
an unreadable code.
 Biometric identification:
This consists of determining the identity of the person. The aim is to capture an item of biometric data from
this person. It can be a photo of their face, record of a voice, or an image of their fingerprint.
 Utilize a VPN:
A virtual private network is an internet security service that allows users to access the internet as though they
were connected to a private network.
 Smartcard:
It is a small card that holds information and can be used for security. When the card is inserted into a card
reader, the electrical fingers wipe against the card to identify the user. This is not really safe because cards can
be stollen.
 An antivirus could be installed to protect the device and its content.
 Backups of device essential and important content should be made in case of a natural disaster or loss of device.
 Authentication and authorization.

11. Factors to consider when purchasing a mobile device

Before deciding to buy a specific type of mobile device when the need arises, it is important to take into
consideration several factors. These factors include: display, battery life, storage, security, processor,
camera, price.
 Display:
Depending on how you use your mobile device and what you constantly use it for, the display’s size and
resolution may vary. A display between the sizes of 5.5 and 6inches with full HD or QHD resolution should be
adequate for you if you frequently stream videos, edit images or videos, download and watch movies. However,
any smartphone with a 5-5.5inch HD or full-HD display that you regularly use for email checking, messaging, and
surfing social networking apps is ideal.
The number of pixels in the screen is essentially the screen resolution. A TV or computer monitor has tiny
individual squares that are visible if you go very near to the them. Those “squares” are separate pixels. The
clarity of a screen’s display increases with the number of pixels.
 Battery life:
This function has more weight when choosing a mobile device. While shopping for a new device such as a
phone, be sure to consider the battery capacity. Do not settle for anything less than 3000mAH. Now that battery
life is critically important, phone manufacturers are packing bigger batteries into their devices. Typical phone
batteries have a starting capacity around 700mAH and maximum 5,000mAH.
 Storage:
The operating system and the pre-installed programs on your device especially your
smartphone take-up significant portion of the device’s capacity. Users who wish to retain more
applications can use 64GB and 128GB storage options. A 16GB model with a microSD card capability
is also available meaning its storage capacity can be increased.
  Security:
Nowadays, the majority of mobile devices include additional security measures like fingerprint, iris scanners.
These are used as passwords to access particular files, documents, or apps in addition to locking and unlocking
your device.
 Processor:
The processing power varies from one device to another depending on several variables, including the
operating system, version, user interface, bloatware and more. Mobile devices featuring MediaTek processors
will satisfy light users, who don’t do all these heavy-duty with their devices.
 Camera:
Here we are more concerned with a smartphone. It doesn’t matter if the camera will be used to register nice
and personal moments or may have a professional function. Choosing a good smartphone camera is one of the
first things people consider before buying a cell phone. A decent camera should meet the several criteria,
including megapixels, pixel size, ISO levels, auto focus and others.
 Cost:
The price of the device, which is deciding factor for all the others, is the last but not the least. All the other
factors mentioned above must be met by the new device, together with a reasonable price, depending on your
budget. Finding a good device takes time, but it is worth to invest in a good device that can work daily for
months.

12. Challenge in Mobile Devices

Application based Challenges

 We download so many apps on our phones for different purposes and

most of them ask for our details like sign-up, phone no, email, address,
etc. Sometimes these apps don’t need them for anything specific but
for commercial purposes, they take them which is wrong.
 Kids nowadays play games both offline and online and some games
want money to play them for an upgrade, next level, update, or any
other “sword or weapon” to use, this is what they don’t know about
and end up paying them an amount of waste. This leads to financial
loss.
  Many apps are there which use third-party policies and keep our data
for a long then they say due to security purposes they are using our
system data and then these malicious apps do cybercrime.

11. Web-based challenges

 The most common web-based scam is phishing. Appearing to be

genuine then getting authorized access to data and information. These
happen through websites we use on our mobile devices.
 Malware downloads, that sometimes we need a file to be downloaded
or any media like audio or video, we visit any unsecured site to
download it, but what happens is it downloads a file but a corrupt one
which may either not work or transfer a bug into our mobile.
 Sometimes social sites appearing to be genuine make these scams and
steal a lot of information.

Network-based Challenges

 Data can be encrypted to an unknown source.

 Data didn’t reach the destinations and change in its transmission
pathway.
 Cross-platform attacks can happen that involve multiple platforms in
their attack pattern.
 Wifi sniffers are analyzers that are designed to work on wireless
networks and intercept a wide range of data packets as they pass.

Physical Threat

 Suppose a man is sitting somewhere and he forgets to take his phone

with him, anyone can take any information and steal some private
details which can lead to a threat.
 Even devices can be sold to the secondary market after the
information is stolen.
 Working in the professional sector, we are using our phones and
leaving them open while having some details to share with other
colleagues. It's also one challenge as it can be used for unfair means,
though there is trust the priority to secure details belongs to us.
13) Future trends

The first handheld cellular phone was in the 1970s, and it was quite bulky and expensive.
Over the next few decades, mobile devices became smaller and more affordable, and new
features like text messaging and cameras were added. In the early 2000s, smartphones
began to emerge, with the introduction of devices like the Blackberry and the Palm Treo.
Then in 2007, the iPhone was released, and it revolutionized the mobile industry. The first
commercially available handheld phone was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, released in
1983. It weighed 2.5 pounds and cost $4,000.
In the years that followed, mobile devices continued to become more powerful and
capable, with features like high-definition cameras, fingerprint scanners, and facial
recognition. And in recent years, we’ve seen the emergence of foldable phones, like the
Samsung Galaxy Fold and the Huawei Mate as seen below
One key trend has been the increasing size of screens that is the transition from botton
phones (choronko) to android As seen below.

The first handheld cellular phone was in the 1970s, and it was quite bulky and expensive.
Over the next few decades, mobile devices became smaller and more affordable, and new
features like text messaging and cameras were added. In the early 2000s, smartphones
began to emerge, with the introduction of devices like the Blackberry and the Palm Treo.
Then in 2007, the iPhone was released, and it revolutionized the mobile industry. The first
commercially available handheld phone was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, released in
1983. It weighed 2.5 pounds and cost $4,000.
 In the years that followed, mobile devices continued to become more powerful and
capable, with features like high-definition cameras, fingerprint scanners, and facial
recognition. And in recent years, we’ve seen the emergence of foldable phones, like the
Samsung Galaxy Fold and the Huawei Mate as seen below
One key trend has been the increasing size of screens that is the transition from botton
phones (choronko) to android As seen below how

The first handheld cellular phone was in the 1970s, and it was quite bulky and expensive.
Over the next few decades, mobile devices became smaller and more affordable, and new
features like text messaging and cameras were added. In the early 2000s, smartphones
began to emerge, with the introduction of devices like the Blackberry and the Palm Treo.
Then in 2007, the iPhone was released, and it revolutionized the mobile industry. The first
commercially available handheld phone was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, released in
1983. It weighed 2.5 pounds and cost $4,000.
In the years that followed, mobile devices continued to become more powerful and
capable, with features like high-definition cameras, fingerprint scanners, and facial
recognition. And in recent years, we’ve seen the emergence of foldable phones, like the
Samsung Galaxy Fold and the Huawei Mate as seen below
One key trend has been the increasing size of screens that is the transition from botton
phones (choronko) to android As seen below how
One of the biggest advancements has been the introduction of fast charging and wireless
charger. Some fast charging systems can provide a full charge in as little as 30 minutes.
And the wireless charger has eliminated the use of messy cable as seen below
Furthermore an advancement has been the move to dual-camera phones. Dual-camera
phones have two cameras on the back, which can be used to capture higher-quality images
and videos. The two cameras can also be used for other features like depth mapping,
which allows for effects like bokeh and portrait mode. Dual-camera phones can also be
used for more advanced features like augmented reality and 3D scanning.
The introduction of 5G technology. 5G is a new type of cellular network that offers much
faster data speeds than 4G. This can allow for features like real-time video streaming,
remote medical care, and autonomous vehicles. 5G is still in its early stages, but it is
expected to become more widely available in the coming years in Cameroon.

One of the biggest advancements has been the introduction of fast charging and wireless
charger. Some fast charging systems can provide a full charge in as little as 30 minutes.
And the wireless charger has eliminated the use of messy cable as seen below

Furthermore an advancement has been the move to dual-camera phones. Dual-camera

phones have two cameras on the back, which can be used to capture higher-quality images
and videos. The two cameras can also be used for other features like depth mapping,
which allows for effects like bokeh and portrait mode. Dual-camera phones can also be
used for more advanced features like augmented reality and 3D scanning.
The introduction of 5G technology. 5G is a new type of cellular network that offers
much faster data speeds than 4G. This can allow for features like real-time video
streaming, remote medical care, and autonomous vehicles. 5G is still in its early stages,
but it is expected to become more widely available in the coming years in Cameroon.
One of the biggest advancements has been the introduction of fast charging and wireless
charger. Some fast charging systems can provide a full charge in as little as 30 minutes.
And the wireless charger has eliminated the use of messy cable as seen below Furthermore
an advancement has been the move to dual-camera phones. Dual-camera phones have two
cameras on the back, which can be used to capture higher-quality images and videos. The
two cameras can also be used for other features like depth mapping, which allows for
effects like bokeh and portrait mode. Dual-camera phones can also be used for more
advanced features like augmented reality and 3D scanning.
The introduction of 5G technology. 5G is a new type of cellular network that offers
much faster data speeds than 4G. This can allow for features like real-time video
streaming, remote medical care, and autonomous vehicles. 5G is still in its early stages,
but it is expected to become more widely available in the coming years in Cameroon.

One of the biggest advancements has been the introduction of fast charging and wireless
charger. Some fast charging systems can provide a full charge in as little as 30 minutes.
And the wireless charger has eliminated the use of messy cable as seen below

Furthermore an advancement has been the move to dual-camera phones. Dual-camera

phones have two cameras on the back, which can be used to capture higher-quality images
and videos. The two cameras can also be used for other features like depth mapping,
which allows for effects like bokeh and portrait mode. Dual-camera phones can also be
used for more advanced features like augmented reality and 3D scanning.The
introduction of 5G technology. 5G is a new type of cellular network that offers much
faster data speeds than 4G. This can allow for features like real-time video streaming,
remote medical care, and autonomous vehicles. 5G is still in its early stages, but it is
expected to become more widely available in the coming years in Cameroon.

Again the voice unlock biometric with this, users can use thier voice to
unlock thier device by simply repeating the commands which were saved during the set
up process. As seen below
The advantages of emerging trends in mobile device technology include
-Faster performance
-Better connectivity like the 5g network
-Again more efficient power consumption.

On the other hand, the disadvantages include -Increased cost of the latest devices
- The potential for security and privacy
-Again it becomes complicated for illiterate to use
-Again, need for frequent updates and upgrades.

14)Impacts of mobile devices in our daily lives

A-Positive impacts.
1-impact on communication an information: mobile devices have made it easier
and faster to communicate with anyone in the world no matter where they are. We
can now text, call, and video chat with people instantly making us to stay
connected with our families and friends. In addition, it has made it easier to access
information, read news or even watch videos on our phones.
2- Productivity and efficiency: mobile devices have made it easier to work and be
productive from anywhere. We can now check emails, edit documents, even take
part in video conferences while on the internet. Also it has made it easier to
manage our time and stay organized. We can now use app to set reminders, make
to do lists, and even track our projects and progress.
3- Entertainment and leisure: mobile devices have made it possible to watch our
favourite music, movies and play games where ever you are without having to sit in
front of a computer at home.
4- Health and wellness: mobile devices have made it easier to track our fitness
goals, monitor our health and even get medical advices on the internet. There are
now variety of apps that can track our heart rate, count our footsteps, and even
remind us to drink water or take medication.

B- Negative impacts of draw backs of mobile devices

1- Risk of addiction: some people may become addicted to their mobile devices and may
impact their relationships and productivity.
2- Distraction: the constant notification and alerts on our mobile device can make it difficult to
focus on a task.
3- Impact on health: pressure to stay connected increases levels of stress, anxiety and
depression. Example someone scrolling a social media page for hours can get stressed or
depressed seeing a comment he or she did not expect.
4- Impact on relationships: addiction and over use of mobile devices may lead to isolation of
the individual using it which will affect his or her relationship with people.
5- Violently exposes children: the unlimited access to online content on mobile devices that
might not be suitable for students. Many violent video games and movies available online
can harm young children