ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2022

Impact Factor: 6.252

Case Study on Electric Vehicles

Divya S. Tambe, Gayatri V. Adhav, Prof. D.R.Narkhede
Sanjivani K. B. P. Poytechnic, Kopargaon, Nagar, Maharashtra, India

Abstract: The market share of battery electric vehicle (EV’s) is expected to increase in the near future,
but so far little is known about the actual usage of this emergent technology. Consumer preference studies
have indicated that the current limitation on driving distance is important. At the same time studies on the
actual use of household vehicles indicate modest requirement for daily travel. An unresolved issue is to
what extent these range limitation affect daily travel in EVs. In this study, we use real electric vehicle trip
data to supply the distribution of daily use and types of home-based journeys where a household decides
to use an electric vehicle instead of their conventional vehicle. The results show how several factors related
to distance and number of necessary charging events have plausible effects on electric vehicle travel
behavior. Further, the modelling indicates that the EV alternative is mostly used for well-planned transport
and that EV use will not be the same as use of the conventional vehicle in two- vehicle households. Electric
vehicles (EVs) are a promising technology for achieving a sustainable transport sector in the future, due
to their very low to zero carbon emissions, low noise, high efficiency, and flexibility in grid operation and
integration. ... Different types of electric-drive vehicles are presented.

Keywords: EV, BEV, HEV, PHEV, FCEV.

I. INTRODUCTION
Many governments see a greater use of battery electric vehicle (EVs) as an important way to fulfil their environmental
goals. The absence of local exhaust emission can contribute to less local air pollution, and with a higher share of
renewable energy sources in the electricity production, EVs can also contribute to reducing global emission from
transport. However, the environmental impact of large-scale EV adoption is not obvious as it cannot be assumed that
conventional vehicles (CVs) currently on the road are simply replaced by EVs and that individual behavior otherwise
stays the same.
Potential EV users benefits from an increasing availability of EV models with greater comfort and better driving
performance. Furthermore, EVs have the potential to be cheaper to run and maintain than comparable CVs. To obtain
these benefits, however, the consumer must presently accept a limited driving distance between charges and that charging
time, depending on the available facilities where the car is parked, takes minimum 20 minutes for recharging up to 80%
battery capacity and usually several hours to reach full capacity. Therefore, they would need to either find charging
possibilities during the day, which could include detours, or to use other transport alternatives. Both the benefits and
limitations will most likely have an effect on the EV market and it is therefore very useful to know more about potential
users EV travel. Recent decades have provided a number of studies regarding the use of EVs using different
methodologies. Due to a lack of information about actual EV usage, many studies have instead been based on information
about current usage of CVs with the assumption that cars users do not change behavior whether they use a CV or an EV.
Such information has then been obtained from CV odometer readings at refueling, from national travel surveys or from
CV journey measured with GPS.
In this study, we seek to answer how the current technological difference might affect household’ daily vehicle use.
More specifically, we analyses the factors that affect EV use in a different way than CV use and quality how these factors
affect the daily distances driven in a household where both an EV and a CV are available.
Bailey et al, "Is awareness public charging associated with consumer interest in plug in electric vehicles. “Investigation
of whether visibility of public chargers has an impact on PEV Demand. There is no significant relationship between
perceived existence of one charging station and PEV interest [1]. Gyimesi & Viswanathan, "The shift to electric Vehicles.
“Interviews with executives from auto companies and survey of consumers to understand their attitudes towards EVs.

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 644

www.ijarsct.co.in
 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2022

Impact Factor: 6.252

45% of the drivers they surveyed have little to no understanding of EVs. Consumers with better understanding are
generally more willing to pay a Premium for the technology. Nevertheless, even well informed consumers are sometimes
unaware of the lifetime fuel savings that EVs offer [2].

II. PROBLEM STATEMENT/ OBJECTIVE

 Electric Vehicles (EVs) have often been suggested as a helpful solution to reduce oil consumption and air
pollutant emissions where concerns about oil security and availability and the negative environmental impact of
petroleum-based transportation systems increase.
 Create a model to simulate an electric vehicle charging, with the option to alter the parameters to simulate
different EVs
 Construct a calculator to generate an annual time-series electric vehicle charging demand for the Ecovillage
residents for different adoption rates
 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of current cars transition to electric vehicles
 Simulate the new Ecovillage electrical supply/demand for each adoption percentage
 Investigate whether electrical storage or additional generation capacity is required for the Ecovillage according
to the predetermined Key Performance Indicator
 Remain a net exporter of electricity
 Acquire data on the current Ecovillage electrical demand and residential travel profiles
 To learn functionalities and energy efficiency of future EV’s.
 Apply the learnings in real time emerging technologies.
 Learn Design and Working of EV’s.
 To explore the green energy applications.

III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Nowadays, fuel economy and pollutant emissions are keenly felt topics and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent
the best opportunity to respond to this problem in the short term. Hybrid electric vehicles meet the high-efficiency of
electric motors, with the high reliability of the internal combustion engines, granting optimal results both in terms of
emissions and fuel economy. The vehicle and path features highly affect the architecture choice. A parallel architecture,
having a more flexible layout and providing a higher drive power, is more suitable for long paths and higher speeds,
while the series one better adapts to urban cycles, as can be switched to a pure electric mode.
At the same time, a parallel-series architecture is in general a good choice. Another crucial point is the definition of a
control strategy suitable for the mission the car is expected to accomplish, that must properly control both the load
partitioning, between engine and motors, and the regenerative braking. According to all these considerations, with the
present paper the Authors intend to lay the basis of a comprehensive methodology, which can allow to simply define an
optimized powertrain layout, i.e. architecture and devices size, and an efficient control strategy. To this aim, our research
group has developed an analytical code that simulates the power flows in HEV powertrain and allows to calculate the
performances of a specific vehicle upon various and different missions.
By knowing the energy required, the model allows to define a range of admissible states for each time step, resulting
of the combination of the engine power and the corresponding motor power, considering regenerative braking and
constraints imposed by the engine, the motors and the storage system. The best solution between all possible layouts is
found with Dijkstra shortest path optimization algorithm electing the configuration allowing the minimum fuel
consumption.

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 645

www.ijarsct.co.in
 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 2, Issue 1, February 2022

Impact Factor: 6.252

IV. BLOCK DIAGRAM

V. CONCLUSION
Batteries are being engineered to have a long life. When the hybrid cars become a more widespread, batteries recycling
will become economically possible. Research into other energy sources such as fuel cells are renewable fuels make the
future look brighter for hybrid cars. Hybrid cars are definitely more environment-friendly than internal combustion
vehicles. Importantly, electric vehicles allow you to become energy independent, through the installation of renewable
electricity generation such as a solar array to fuel your car. An electric car makes for a great commuter vehicle. In fact,
if you commute a total of 30-40 miles a day, you’ll probably only have to charge up once a week.

REFERENCES
[1]. Tate, E. and Boyd, S., “Finding Ultimate Limits of Performance for Hybrid Electric Vehicles”, Proceedings of
Society of Automotive Engineers 2000 Future Transportation Technology Conference, August 2000, section on
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
[2]. Friedman, D., 2003, A New Road - The Technology and Potential of Hybrid Vehicles, Union of Concerned
Scientists, UCS publications.
[3]. Smokers, R.T.M. et al., 2000, Annex VI: Hybrid Vehicles Overview Report, Hybrid & electric vehicle
implementing agreement, International Energy Agency.
[4]. Feola, M., Martini, F., and Ubertini, S., “An Analytical Model for Hybrid Vehicles Design,” SAE Technical
Paper2005-24-042, 2005, doi: 10.4271/2005-24-042.
[5]. Rizzoni, G., Guzzella, L., Baumann, B. M., 1999 “Unified modeling of hybrid electric vehicle drivetrains”,
IEEE/ASME Transaction on mechatronics Vol. 4, No. 3.
[6]. MacBain, J., “Simulation Influence in the Design Processor Mild Hybrid Vehicles,” SAE Technical Paper2002-
01-1196, 2002, doi: 10.4271/2002-01-1196.

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