Number and Algebra Paper 2

[249 marks]

On 1st January 2020, Laurie invests $ P in an account that pays a nominal annual
interest rate of 5.5 %, compounded quarterly.
The amount of money in Laurie’s account at the end of each year follows a
geometric sequence with common ratio, r.

1a. Find the value of r, giving your answer to four significant figures. [3 marks]
1b. Laurie makes no further deposits to or withdrawals from the account. [3 marks]
Find the year in which the amount of money in Laurie’s account will become
double the amount she invested.
2. The complex numbers w and z satisfy the equations [7 marks]
w
z
= 2i
z∗ − 3w = 5 + 5i.
Find w and z in the form a + bi where a , b ∈ Z.
 Helen and Jane both commence new jobs each starting on an annual salary of
$70, 000. At the start of each new year, Helen receives an annual salary increase
of $2400.
Let $H n represent Helen’s annual salary at the start of her nth year of
employment.

3a. Show that H n = 2400n + 67 600. [2 marks]

At the start of each new year, Jane receives an annual salary increase of 3% of her
previous year’s annual salary.
Jane’s annual salary, $Jn , at the start of her nth year of employment is given by
Jn = 70 000(1. 03)n−1 .

3b. Given that Jn follows a geometric sequence, state the value of the [1 mark]
common ratio, r.
 At the start of year N , Jane’s annual salary exceeds Helen’s annual salary for the
first time.

3c. Find the value of N . [3 marks]

3d. For the value of N found in part (c) (i), state Helen’s annual salary and [2 marks]
Jane’s annual salary, correct to the nearest dollar.

3e. Find Jane’s total earnings at the start of her 10th year of employment. [4 marks]
Give your answer correct to the nearest dollar.

2+7
 2+7x
Consider the identity
( 1+2x ) ( 1−x )
≡ A
1+2x
+ B
1−x
, where A, B ∈ Z.

4a. Find the value of A and the value of B. [3 marks]

2+7
4b. Hence, expand 2+7x [4 marks]
in ascending powers of x, up to and
( 1+2x ) ( 1−x )
including the term in x2 .

4c. Give a reason why the series expansion found in part (b) is not valid for [1 mark]
x = 34 .

log 5
5. Prove by contradiction that log 2 5 is an irrational number. [6 marks]
6. A biased coin is weighted such that the probability, p, of obtaining a tail [6 marks]
is 0. 6. The coin is tossed repeatedly and independently until a tail is obtained.
Let E be the event “obtaining the first tail on an even numbered toss”.
Find P(E).
7a. Write down and simplify the first three terms, in ascending powers of x [3 marks]
1
, in the Extended Binomial expansion of (1 − x) .3

7b. By substituting x = 1 find a rational approximation to √9

3
. [3 marks]
9
 In this question, give all answers correct to two decimal places.
Sam invests $1700 in a savings account that pays a nominal annual rate of
interest of 2. 74%, compounded half-yearly. Sam makes no further payments to,
or withdrawals from, this account.

8a. Find the amount that Sam will have in his account after 10 years. [3 marks]

David also invests $1700 in a savings account that pays an annual rate of interest
of r% , compounded yearly. David makes no further payments or withdrawals from
this account.

8b. Find the value of r required so that the amount in David’s account after [2 marks]
10 years will be equal to the amount in Sam’s account.

10
8c. Find the interest David will earn over the 10 years. [1 mark]

Gemma and Kaia started working for different companies on January 1st 2011.
Gemma’s starting annual salary was $45 000, and her annual salary increases 2%
on January 1st each year after 2011.

9a. Find Gemma’s annual salary for the year 2021, to the nearest dollar. [3 marks]
 Kaia’s annual salary is based on a yearly performance review. Her salary for the
years 2011, 2013, 2014, 2018, and 2022 is shown in the following table.

9b. Assuming Kaia’s annual salary can be approximately modelled by [3 marks]

the equation S = ax + b, show that Kaia had a higher salary than
Gemma in the year 2021, according to the model.

d
 dy
Consider the differential equation x2 d = y 2 − 2x2 for x > 0 and y > 2x. It is
x
given that y = 3 when x = 1.

10a. Use Euler’s method, with a step length of 0. 1, to find an approximate [4 marks]
value of y when x = 1. 5.

10b. Use the substitution y = vx to show that x dd vx = v2 − v − 2. [3 marks]

8 + 4
10c. By solving the differential equation, show that y 8x+ x4 [10 marks]
= 4−x3
.

= 1. 5
10d. Find the actual value of y when x = 1. 5. [1 mark]

10e. Using the graph of y 8x+ x4 [1 mark]

= 4−x3
, suggest a reason why the approximation
given by Euler’s method in part (a) is not a good estimate to the actual value of y
at x = 1. 5.

Mary, three female friends, and her brother, Peter, attend the theatre. In the
theatre there is a row of 10 empty seats. For the first half of the show, they decide
to sit next to each other in this row.

11a. Find the number of ways these five people can be seated in this row. [3 marks]

10
 For the second half of the show, they return to the same row of 10 empty seats.
The four girls decide to sit at least one seat apart from Peter. The four girls do not
have to sit next to each other.

11b. Find the number of ways these five people can now be seated in this [4 marks]
row.

The population, P , of a particular species of marsupial on a small remote island

can be modelled by the logistic differential equation
dP = kP (1 − P
)
dt N
where t is the time measured in years and k, N are positive constants.
The constant N represents the maximum population of this species of marsupial
that the island can sustain indefinitely.

12a. In the context of the population model, interpret the meaning of d P . [1 mark]
dt

d2
12b. Show that d2 P = k2 P (1 − P
)(1 − 2NP ). [4 marks]
dt2 N

12c. Hence show that the population of marsupials will increase at its [5 marks]
maximum rate when P = N 2 . Justify your answer.
12d. Hence determine the maximum value of d P in terms of k and N . [2 marks]
dt
 Let P0 be the initial population of marsupials.

12e. By solving the logistic differential equation, show that its solution can [7 marks]
be expressed in the form

kt = ln P
P0
( N − P0
N −P
).

10 3
12f. After10 years, the population of marsupials is 3P0 . It is known that [2 marks]
N = 4P0 .
Find the value of k for this population model.

Consider the set of six-digit positive integers that can be formed from the digits
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
Find the total number of six-digit positive integers that can be formed such that

13a. the digits are distinct. [2 marks]

13b. the digits are distinct and are in increasing order. [2 marks]

n
Σ r
The sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence is given by Sn = r=1 23 ( 78 ) .

14a. Find the first term of the sequence, u1 . [2 marks]

14b. Find S∞ . [3 marks]

14c. Find the least value of n such that S∞ − Sn < 0. 001. [4 marks]

2− −12
 x2−x−12 15
Consider the function f(x)= 2x−15
, x ∈ R, x ≠ 2 .

Find the coordinates where the graph of f crosses the

15a. x-axis. [2 marks]

15b. y-axis. [1 mark]

15c. Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote of the graph of f . [1 mark]

= +
15d. The oblique asymptote of the graph of f can be written as y = ax + b [4 marks]
where a, b ∈ Q .
Find the value of a and the value of b .

−30 ≤ ≤ 30
15e. Sketch the graph of f for −30 ≤ x ≤ 30, clearly indicating the points of [3 marks]
intersection with each axis and any asymptotes.

15f. Express 1 [3 marks]

in partial fractions.
f (x)
15g. 3 [4 marks]
∫
1
Hence find the exact value of 0
f (x)
d x, expressing your answer as
a single logarithm.

16a. Prove the identity (p + q)3 − 3pq(p + q)≡ p3 + q 3 . [2 marks]

2
16b. The equation 2x2 − 5x + 1 = 0 has two real roots, α and β. [6 marks]
1
Consider the equation x2 + mx + n = 0, where m, n ∈ Z and which has roots α3
and 13 .
β
Without solving 2x2 − 5x + 1 = 0, determine the values of m and n.

+1
17. Consider the expansion of (3 + x2 )n+1 , where n ∈ Z+ . [5 marks]

Given that the coefficient of x4 is 20 412, find the value of n.

$20 000
 Two friends Amelia and Bill, each set themselves a target of saving $20 000. They
each have $9000 to invest.

Amelia invests her $9000 in an account that offers an interest rate of 7% per
annum compounded annually.

18a. Find the value of Amelia’s investment after 5 years to the nearest [3 marks]
hundred dollars.

18b. Determine the number of years required for Amelia’s investment to [2 marks]
reach the target.

$9000 %
18c. Bill invests his $9000 in an account that offers an interest rate of r% [3 marks]
per annum compounded monthly, where r is set to two decimal places.
Find the minimum value of r needed for Bill to reach the target after 10 years.

$20 000
 A third friend Chris also wants to reach the $20 000 target. He puts his money in a
safe where he does not earn any interest. His system is to add more money to this
safe each year. Each year he will add half the amount added in the previous year.

18d. Show that Chris will never reach the target if his initial deposit is $9000. [5 marks]
18e. Find the amount Chris needs to deposit initially in order to reach the [3 marks]
target after 5 years. Give your answer to the nearest dollar.

An arithmetic sequence has first term 60 and common difference −2. 5.

19a. Given that the kth term of the sequence is zero, find the value of k. [2 marks]
19b. LetSn denote the sum of the first n terms of the sequence. [3 marks]
Find the maximum value of Sn .
 All answers in this question should be given to four significant figures.

In a local weekly lottery, tickets cost $2 each.

In the first week of the lottery, a player will receive $D for each ticket, with the
probability distribution shown in the following table. For example, the probability
of a player receiving $10 is 0. 03. The grand prize in the first week of the lottery is
$1000.

20a. Find the value of c. [2 marks]

20b. Determine whether this lottery is a fair game in the first week. Justify [4 marks]
your answer.
 If nobody wins the grand prize in the first week, the probabilities will remain the
same, but the value of the grand prize will be $2000 in the second week, and the
value of the grand prize will continue to double each week until it is won. All other
prize amounts will remain the same.

20c. Given that the grand prize is not won and the grand prize continues to [2 marks]
double, write an expression in terms of n for the value of the grand
prize in the nth week of the lottery.

th
20d. The wth week is the first week in which the player is expected to make [7 marks]
a profit. Ryan knows that if he buys a lottery ticket in the wth week, his
expected profit is $p.
Find the value of p.

1
R
 1
The function f has a derivative given by f'(x)= x ( k−x )
, x ∈ R, x ≠ o, x ≠ k
where k is a positive constant.

21a. The expression forf'(x) can be written in the form a + b

, where [3 marks]
x k−x
a, b ∈ R. Find a and b in terms of k.

21b. Hence, find an expression for f(x). [3 marks]

1200
 Consider P , the population of a colony of ants, which has an initial value of 1200.
The rate of change of the population can be modelled by the differential equation
dP P ( k−P )
dt
= 5k
, where t is the time measured in days, t ≥ 0, and k is the upper
bound for the population.

21c. By solving the differential equation, show that P 1200k [8 marks]

= t .
−
( k−1200 ) e 5 +1200
 At t = 10 the population of the colony has doubled in size from its initial value.

21d. Find the value of k, giving your answer correct to four significant [3 marks]
figures.

21e. Find the value of t when the rate of change of the population is at its [3 marks]
maximum.

π π
 Consider the complex numbers z = 2(cos π5 + i sin π5 ) and
2kπ
w = 8(cos 5
− i sin 2kπ
5
), where k ∈ Z+ .

22a. Find the modulus of zw. [1 mark]

22b. Find the argument of zw in terms of k. [2 marks]

∈Z
 Suppose that zw ∈ Z.

22c. Find the minimum value of k. [3 marks]

22d. For the value of k found in part (i), find the value of zw. [1 mark]
 Eight runners compete in a race where there are no tied finishes. Andrea and Jack
are two of the eight competitors in this race.
Find the total number of possible ways in which the eight runners can finish if Jack
finishes

23a. in the position immediately after Andrea. [2 marks]

23b. in any position after Andrea. [3 marks]

= cos + i sin ∈ C, ≠ 1
24. Consider z = cos θ + i sin θ where z ∈ C, z ≠ 1. [5 marks]

Show that Re( 1−z )= 0.

1+
z

25a. Write down the first three terms of the binomial expansion of (1 + t)−1 [1 mark]
in ascending powers of t.

cos
25b. By using the Maclaurin series for cos x and the result from part (a), [4 marks]
show that the Maclaurin series for sec x up to and including the term in
x2 5x4
x4 is 1 + 2 + 24
.

25c. By using the Maclaurin series for arctan x and the result from part (b), [3 marks]
lim
find x→0( xarctan
sec −1
2x
).
x

9
26. 9 [6 marks]
Consider the expansion of (3x2 − kx ) , where k > 0.
The coefficient of the term in x6 is 6048. Find the value of k.

1 2
 An infinite geometric series has first term u1 = a and second term u2 = 14 a2 − 3a,
where a > 0.

27a. Find the common ratio in terms of a. [2 marks]

27b. Find the values of a for which the sum to infinity of the series exists. [3 marks]

27c. Find the value of a when S∞ = 76. [3 marks]

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