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Automation and Robotics Notes

machancal deploma 3rd year notes

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yashnawale66
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9 views

Automation and Robotics Notes

machancal deploma 3rd year notes

Uploaded by

yashnawale66
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Unit 6-Automation and Robotics (8 Marks)

6.1 Automation

6.2 Types of automation

6.3 Group Technology

6.4 Flexible machining System

6.5 Introduction of Robotics

6.6 Components of Robotics

6.1 Automation

 Automation can be defined as use or application of integrated mechanical, electronic


and computer based systems in the operation and control of production systems.
 In automation all the operations like material handling, material processing and
inspection are performed automatically. It means that operator is required only for
supervision and can operate number of machine at one time.
 Example of Automation-
o Assembly line of automobile
o An automated sugar factory
o Printing of newspaper
o Automated material handling systems

Need of Automation:-

 To increase Productivity
 To improve product quality
 To improve worker safety
 Reduce manufacturing lead time.
 To mitigate the effects of labour shortages

6.2 Types of automation

 Fixed (Hard) Automation


 Programmable Automation
 Flexible (Soft) Automation
1) Fixed (Hard) Automation

 Fixed (hard) automation system in which the sequence of operations is fixed by the
layout of production equipments (machines).
 The fixed automation cannot be changed once it is established, and hence, it is inflexible
in accommodating the product variety.
 Example :bottling plants, packaging plants, engine assembly line, etc
 Features:-
I. It is suitable for continuous flow type production systems and mass production
systems.
II. Highly inflexible in accommodating the product variety.
III. High production rate.
IV. High initial investment.

2) Programmable Automation
 Programmable automation is an automation system in which the production equipment
(machines) are designed with a capability to change the sequence of operation so as to
accommodate the different configurations.
 Example of programmable automation- NC machine tools, industrial robots,
programmable logic controllers etc
 Features:-
i. Most suitable for batch production systems.
ii. Flexible in accommodating product variety.
iii. Lower production rates than fixed automation.
iv. Tool setup time varies from batch to batch.

3) Flexible (soft) Automation


 Flexible (soft) automation system capable of producing products of design variations,
continuously with virtually little or no time loss for changeovers from one product to the
other.
 Features:-
i. Suitable for continuous production of variable products.
ii. Flexible in accommodating product design variations.
iii. Medium production rate.
iv. Minimal tool setup time.
Production Quantity and product Variety

6.3 Group Technology

 Group Technology is a manufacturing philosophy in which a similar parts are identified


and grouped together as a part family, in order to take the advantages of their
similarities in design and manufacturing.
 In a manufacturing plant, the production machines are grouped into machine cells,
where each cell specializes in the production of one part family.
 Example-A plant manufacturing different types of gear boxes needs to manufacture
number of varieties of shafts, gears, keys, spacers, etc. By using philosophy of group
technology, these parts are grouped into part families like: shafts, gears, keys, spacers.
 Group Technology is a modification of process layout which results in much reduced
material handling, small in-process inventory, lower manufacturing lead-time and low
cost.

 In order to implement Group Technology, the first step is to identify the part families
and then to rearrange production machines into machine cell.
 Part family is a collection of parts, which are similar because of either;
I. Their geometric shape and size
II. Similar processing steps are required in their manufacturing.
6.4 Flexible machining System

 A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is a production system consisting of group of


workstations (CNC machines) interconnected by an automated material handling and
storage system, and controlled by a computer system.
 FMS is capable of processing variety of parts. The system setup and processes are
programmable and can be programmed as per requirements of a part.
 Any flexible system consists of four basic sub-systems (elements)-
1. Workstations
2. Material Handling and Storage system
3. Computer Control System
4. Human Resource

Elements of Flexible machining System

1. Workstations-
 The flexible manufacturing system consists of one or more workstations which include:
CNC machines, CNC machining centers, CNC presses, industrial robots, etc.

2. Material Handling and Storage system


 Functions performed by Material Handling system:-
i. Movements of workpiece between workstations.
ii. Locating the workpieces.
iii. Temporary storage of workpiece
iv. Loading and unloading of workpieces.
 Functions performed by Storage system:-
i. Storage of raw material
ii. Storage of finished parts.

3. Computer Control System


 The computer system is the brain of flexible manufacturing system. It is interfaced with
workstations, material handling system and storage system.

4. Human Resource
 Human resource in needed to manage the operation of flexible manufacturing system.

Advantages of Flexible machining System

1. Increased Machine utilization


2. Greater flexibility
3. Reduction in inventory
4. Lower manufacturing lead time
5. Reduced labour requirement
6. Better product and productivity

Disadvantages of Flexible machining System

1. High initial cost and maintenance cost


2. Worker unemployment.

6.5 INTRODUCTION OF ROBOTICS

 Robot is defined as, “a reprogrammable , multi-functional manipulator desgined to


move materials, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed
motions for performing a variety of tasks.”
 Advantages of Robotics-
i. Robots increases productivity, safety and efficiency of process.
ii. Robots improve the quality and consistency of work.
iii. Robots can work in hazardous environments.
iv. Robots can operate with high degree of accuracy.
v. Robots can process multiple tasks simultaneously.
 Disadvantages of Robotics-
i. High initial cost and maintenance cost
ii. Worker unemployment.

6.6 Components of Robotics


 A typical robot consist of following components:
1. End effector
2. Manipulator (Arm)
3. Actuators
4. Controller
5. Sensors
6. Processor

1. End effector

 The end effector is the part is connected to the last joint of a manipulator.
 It handles the objects or perform the required tasks
 Hands of the robot are often referred to as end effector.

2. Manipulator (Arm)

 The manipulator is capable of movement in various directions. The joints of the


manipulator produce the motion which is either rotary or linear.
 The manipulator gets the task performed through the end effector, which is connected
to manipulator.

3. Actuators

 The actuators are the drives used to actuate the joints of manipulators. They are
muscles of manipulator. The actuator controlled by controller.
 Common types of actuators used Servomotors, stepper motors, pneumatic and
hydraulic cylinder.

4. Controller

 The controller receives the instructions from the processor of a computer and control
the motion of the actuators. It takes the feedback from the sensors.

5. Sensors
 The sensor is used to collect the information about the status of a manipulator and end
effector.
 Information collected such as instantaneous position, velocity and acceleration of
various links and joints of the manipulator.
 Types of sensor:-
i. Non-visual sensor: Limit switches, position sensor, velocity sensor and tactile
sensor
ii. Visual sensor-TV, Cameras, vision system

6. Processor
 The processor is the brain of robot, which calculates the motion of the joints so as to
achieve the desired action of robot. It send signal to controller and receive the feedback
from controller.

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