ANALYSIS THE REVENUE AND EXPENSE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH,

POVERTY, AND UNEMPLOYMENT

(Study of State Revenue and Expense Budget for 1999 – 2006)

Ardi Hamzah, SE, MSi, Ak

Lecturer in Accounting Department, Economic Faculty,
Trunojoyo University, Madura – Indonesia.
Jl. Raya Telang PO. BOX. 2 Kamal, Bangkalan, Madura – Indonesia
hamzahardi@yahoo.com, trunojoyo1@hotmail.com
Fax: +62313013483, +62313011146;
Telephone:+623170776914; mobile: +628164264128

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study are to know effect variables expense and revenue on
economic growth, poverty and unemployment. The samples of the study are APBN
for 1999 – 2006. The result study with descriptive analysis indicate that revenue and
expense meanly increase, but increase expense bigger than revenue. Indicate this
meanly deficit. The gowth economic and unemployment meanly increase, while
poverty fluctuative from year to year. The result of study with regression indicate that
expenset-1 positively significant effect on revenue t. For effect revenuet and revenuet-1
on unemploymentt indicate positively significant effect. The effect expense t and
expenset-1 on unemploymentt indicate positively significant effect. For effect
economic growtht-1 on unemploymentt indicate positively significant effect.

Keyword: expense, revenue, economic growth, poverty, unemployment

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BACKGROUND

Fiscal policy will influence the economics growth through state revenue and

expense. Stable economics growth expected will lessen the poverty level and depress

the unemployment amount. Others fiscal policy according to Musgrave in Bastian

( 2001) is as allocation, distribution and stabilization function. For that, management

of revenue and expense being based on economic, efficient, and effective (value for

money) representing compulsion to all handle of policy and finance organizer in this

country. Existence of difference between revenue and expense will generate the

surplus or deficit. In deficit or surplus calculation of state revenue and expenditure

budget require to be paid attention to revenue type which can be categorized as

national income and expense type which can be categorized as state expenditure.

At revenue be optimal of existing acceptance do not only hold on to the

extensification, but also intensification and also economic activity growth. In area of

development expense representing the part of state expense in order to assisting to

depress the deficit, proposed to conduct the rationalization by revising development

project which its priority relative lower without having to sacrifice the social

programs of especial base which can degrade the service quality to society or

program the economics stimulus. Priority scale in development expense do not only

affect at make-up of quality of society service, but also at revenue in period to

coming. Optimalization of revenue and selectifitas and also expense priority will

grow the economics affecting directly and also indirectly to decrease poverty and

reduction sum up the unemployment. Research of Dritsakis and Adamopoulos

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( 2004) proving that state expense have an effect by signifikan on economic growth.

Mayper Dkk (1991) indicating that expense have an effect on poverty level.

Policy of value for money at state revenue and expense cover the policy of

applying of acceptance system, expense and friction of state revenue and expense

budget in development budget which is concerning efforts optimalization at step of

planning and execution of state revenue and expense budget. The Efforts for example

(Ritonga, 2004): (1) Elementary policy stipulating. In the case of stipulating, scale of

selectifitas and priority in economic growth, decrease of poverty and unemployment

reduction represent matter which must prioritize. (2) Macro assumption stipulating.

This related with the goals to reach the optimal economics growth, reduction sum up

the poverty which significant and also depress the unemployment amount. (3)

Adequate planning stages stipulating. In conducting management of state revenue and

expense of planning stages start from compilation evaluate and monitoring and also

feed back conducted systematically. (4) Stipulating of execution rule. In the stages

execution hold on to the input, process, output, outcome, and affect and also target.

Fourth of the effort have to be executed by sinergy, synchronize and systematic in

order to supporting efficacy of value for money to increase productivity of

management of state's finance in the form of revenue and expense instructing at

healthy economics, stabilize and delay.

Economics growth non-stoped show the settled for a number of years repair

did not mean that work have. Economics not yet convalesce full, activity in number

of sector specially real sector still below capacities. Economic growth also not yet last

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for permeating unemployment and overcome poverty. This because of economics still

fragile to shock, either due political factor, social, other state condition and also other

matters. Final purpose economic Growth is improve the people prosperity through

decrease of poverty and reduction sum up the unemployment and also various other

problems which knock over this country.

RESEARCH PURPOSE

Pursuant to description which this research background, hence this research

purpose as follows:

1. To know the influence expenset-1 on revenuet.

2. To know the influence of revenuet and expenset on economic growtht, povertyt,

and unemploymentt.

3. To know the influence of revenuet-1 and expenset-1 on economic growtht, povertyt,

and unemploymentt.

4. To know the influence of economic growtht and economic growtht-1 on povertyt

and unemploymentt.

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RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION

Pursuant to background and research purpose, hence this research contribution

shall be as follows:

1. Theory contribution. Adding and extending theory of state revenue and expense

and related also with the economic growth, poverty, and unemployment.

2. Policy contribution. For taker of policy and organizer of state's finance serve the

purpose of appliance to be optimal of value for money related state revenue and

expense with the economic growth, decrease of poverty and reduction sum up the

unemployment.

3. Practical contribution. To all investor serve the purpose of reference in inculcating

its invesment related with the policy of management of state revenue and expense

and also economic growth.

THEORETICAL STUDY AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

Optimalization in execution state revenue and expense budget also very

determined by how budget consumer specify the such stages for example through

policy in applying system of acceptance and expense, that is in executing state

revenue and expense conducted by standarization of activity component of inclusive

of its unit price. Others, its optimal budget execution also determined by how budget

consumer adhere the rule which have been specified, what in it for example arranged

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to hit the principles, organizational, groove the budget compilation, things prohibited

et cetera. The rule And stages represent some of evaluation in public expenditure.

For that element of public expenditure which always evaluated to cover six

aspect, that is (Bastian, 2001) 1. Middle macro plan evaluation. Evaluate this

focussed at process of budget planning and program the middle measure. 2. Evaluate

the composition of expenditure intern and sectoral intra. Evaluate this focussed by a

expenditure item to one unit work and sinergy with the unit work the other. 3.

Eavluation of governmental role and private sector. Evaluate this addressed to know

the governmental role change and private sector in society. Ever greater of private

sector role, hence progressively role less be governmental 4. Evaluate the strategic

programs impact for impecunious society group with the approach cost-effectively.

Evaluate the program of poverty decrease become the especial program in make-up

of society prosperity, besides elementary service program, health and education 5.

Evaluate the routine expenditure and development expense. Evaluate this more

addressed at governmental performance mechanism in handling various duty of

operational and invesment 6. Evaluate the expenditure impact to make-up of

governmental capacities. Evaluate this focussed at efectifitas of expenditure of human

resource in developing organizational capacities.

In execution of state revenue and expenditure budget oftentimes met that what

have been planned in its execution met by the difficulty so that need the change or

which often referred revisedly. Change of state revenue and expense constituted with

the correct consideration and ripeness will be optimal of state's finance management.

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The change also followed by selectifitas and priority scale specially at state expense.

It optimalization is state expense at the moment expected will have an in with

revenue in a period to coming. Adi (2006) conducting research to test the impact of

expense structure on economic growth as well as area origin revenue. This Research

to test the influence directly and indirectly expense change to area origin revenue.

Data used in this research is data of area revenue and expense budget realization of

regency and town of se Java - Bali for 1998 - 2003. This research result indicate that

the expense structure have an effect on by signifikan to economic growth and area

origin revenue. This Research also find that governmental decision for the allocation

of bigger capital expense to support the economic growth will improve the area origin

revenue. Relate at the mentioned, derivable hence the following hypothesis:

HA1: expenset-1 have an effect on revenuet.

The state revenue and expense budget represent the integral part from

economics by agrerat. Thereby policy of state revenue and expense budget in turn

will influence the economics activity. The numbers of state revenue and expense

budget very determined by economic growth estimate and plan the policy taken by

government. Thereby, goals of economic is state revenue and expense budget

prospect and have to be compiled as realistic as possible by considering all causality

from the reciprocal interaction. In general, society in fact confess the governmental

function as public supplier and public facility like health, education and housing,

governmental expense matching with economic service and revenue in general.

Politically and economics, public expense and revenue that can classificated in

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(Bastian, 2006): (1) Social invesment - project and service improving economic

growth and labour productivity. (2) Social consumption - project and service

debasing expense reproduce from labour. Both the things playing a part in to lessen

the amount of poverty and unemployment. (3) Social expenditure - project and

service signed to ascertain the social stability.

Classic problems in state finance is expenditure requirement non-stoped

progressively mount, whereas on the other hand strive the state acceptance unable to

keep abreast of the expenditure requirement, either due reason of limitation of

capacities of administration and also degradation of acceptance bases. This condition

cause the execution of programs of social trouble-shooting and development,

economic, politics and punish and also poverty decrease not yet get supported full

through state revenue and expense buget. Dritsakis And Adamopoulos (2004)

conducting link research between expense of economic growth and state. The

research purpose is to analyse the tendency in public expense at growth of political

economy of Greek and determine the cause and economic growth source by long-

range link existence with the economic growth. Data used cover the time period

between for 1960 - 2000. Mayper Dkk (1991) checking factors having an effect on to

budget change. Result of research show the expense have an effect on to poverty

level. Effort made to determine the causality between economic growth and expense

use the theory Wagner'S. Empirical Analysis of public expense pursuant to law

Wagner'S show related between public expense with the economic growth. Based at

the mentioned, derivable hence the following hypothesis:

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HA2: revenuet have an effect on economic growtht.

HA3: revenuet have an effect on povertyt.

HA4: revenuet have an effect on unemploymentt.

HA5: expenset have an effect on economic growtht.

HA6: expenset have an effect on povertyt.

HA7: expenset have an effect on unemploymentt.

HA8: revenuet-1 have an effect on economic growtht.

HA9: revenuet-1 have an effect on povertyt.

HA10: revenuet-1 have an effect on unemploymentt.

HA11: expenset-1 have an effect on economic growtht.

HA12: expenset-1 have an effect on povertyt.

HA13: expenset-1 have an effect on unemploymentt.

Decline that happened at real sector result the increasing of poverty number

and sum up the unemployment, either in urban and also in countryside. In order to

poverty decrease and lessen the unemployment, claimed governmental to take the

fiscal policy initiative to grow the economics. With the existence of settled economics

growth and stabilize will push to decrease of poverty number and depress the

unemployment amount. Relate at the mentioned, derivable hence the following

hypothesis:

HA14: economic growtht have an effect on povertyt.

HA15: economic growtht have an effect on unemploymentt.

HA16: economic growtht-1 have an effect on povertyt.

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HA17: economic growtht-1 have an effect on unemploymentt.

RESEARCH METHOD

Research Design

This research design see the influence expenset-1 on revenuet, influence

revenuet, revenuet-1, expenset, and expenset-1 on economic growth, poverty, and

unemployment and also influence of economic growtht-1 and economic growtht on

poverty and unemployment. By scematic, research design to depict the path of

problems and answer expected and also model its examination can be described as

following:

expenset-1 revenuet

Regression

Figure 1.

revenuet povertyt

expenset economic growtht

revenuet-1 economic growtht-1

expenset-1 unemploymentt

Regression

Figure 2.

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Sample and Data

This research represent the explanatory research as a mean to test the raised

hypothesis. Sampel in this research is state revenue and expense budget for period

1999 - 2006. Research variable is revenue, expense, economic growth, mount the

poverty and sum up unemployment.

Data Analysis

Analysis the this research data done by using analysis in line with research.

As for technique which used as following.

Descriptive Analysis

This analysis used to know data description in the form of minimum,

maximum, mean, and standard deviasi value from variable expense t-1, expenset,

revenuet-1, revenuet, economic growtht-1, economic growtht, povertyt and

unemploymentt.

Regression Analysis

This Analyse used to test the alternative hypothesis 1 - 17. By means of this

enabled by influence examination variable on other variable. To know how big

independent variable influence on variable dependen seen from value significantion.

If value of significantion smaller than 0.05, hence independent variable have an effect

on variable dependen, conversely. Regression model used in this research applicable

if assumption in the following can be fullfiled. The assumption cover the distribution

data normally, not happened the autocorellation, not happened the multicollinearity,

1
and not happened the equality between variance from residual one perception with

the other perception.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Descriptive Analysis

This analysis done to count minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviasi

mean of research variable. Pursuant to calculation which have been done at each

accurate variable, hence obtained result as contained in tables 1. in the following.

Table 1.

Description of Result of Variable Calculation

Deviation
N Minimum Maximum Mean Standard
Revenuet-1 7 200.64 509.00 322.6100 108.96621
Revenuet 7 205.33 621.60 382.7471 141.68322
Expenset-1 7 221.45 542.40 350.7971 114.02098
Expenset 7 221.45 647.70 411.6871 143.45577
Economic Growtht-1 7 0.97 5.53 3.8829 1.54313
Economic Growtht 7 3.34 5.53 4.4871 0.91118
Unemploymentt 7 6.40 11.20 9.3614 1.69167
Povertyt 7 16.00 21.50 17.8500 1.89934
Source: Secunder Data of State Revenue and Expense Budget for 1999 – 2006
(processed)

At above mentioned tables show the value of revenuet-1 minimum is 200.64

triliun in the year 1999 and maximum revenue t-1 is 509 triliun in the year 2005,

revenuet-1 mean is 322.61 triliun with the standard deviasi is 108.966 triliun.

Revenuet-1 from year 1999 until year 2005 in meanly experience increase except year

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2002 degradation experience. Assess the minimum revenue t is 205.33 triliun in the

year 2000 and maximum revenuet is 621.6 triliun in the year 2006, revenue t mean is

382.747 triliun with the standard deviasi is 141.68 triliun. Revenue t from year 2000

until year 2006 in mean experience improvement except of year 2002 which

experience of the degradation. This matter indicate that the effort to increase revenue

in an optimal fashion have been done by government with the existence of increase in

national income mean.

Value of the minimum expenset-1 is 221.45 triliun in the year 2000 and

maximum expenset-1 is 542.4 triliun in the year 2005, expenset-1 mean is 350.797

triliun with the standard deviasi is 114.02 triliun. For the expense t-1 from year 1999

until year 2005 in mean experience of improvement except year 2000 and 2002

experience of degradation. Value of the minimum expense t is 221.45 triliun in the

year 2000 and maximum expenset is 647.7 triliun in the year 2006, expenset mean is

411.687 triliun with the standard deviasi is 143.456 triliun. For the expense t from year

2000 until year 2006 in mean experience improvement except year 2002 experience

of degradation.

For the revenuet-1 of expenset-1 in bigger mean at expenset-1 compared with

revenuet-1. This show in mean of existence deficit of state revenue and expense

budget for period 1999 - 2005. For the revenue t of expenset in bigger mean also at

expenset compared with revenuet. This show in mean of existence deficit state

revenue and expense budget for period 2000 - 2006. The existence of this deficit

usually covered with by debt from outside country or governmental obligation sale to

1
other party. In the event of continuous deficit, hence governmental debt will be ever

greater because of fundamental and interest which always experience of the increase.

For that, need the existence of management of state expense which stimulus of make-

up of national income through selectifitas and project priority executed by

government.

Value of the minimum economic growtht-1 is 0.97% in the year 1999 and

maximum economic growtht-1 is 5.3% in the year 2005, mean economic growth t-1 is

3.88% with the standard deviasi is 1.54%. For the economic growtht-1 from year 1999

until year 2005 in mean experience increase except of year 2001 experience of

degradation. For the minimum economic growtht is 3.34% in the year 2001 and

maximum economic growtht is 5.3% in the year 2005, mean economic growtht is

4.487% with the standard deviasi is 0.91%. For the economic growtht from year 2000

until year 2006 in mean experience increase except year 2001 and 2006 experience of

degradation.

Seenly the mentioned in economic growth mean at period 2000 - 2006 higher

compared with the period 1999 - 2005. This matter because of economic growth in

the year 1999 which still relative minimize caused by cure process from economics

crisis which knock over this country. Every 1% economic growth will be able to

permeate the labour to 200.000 people. With the existence of the mentioned at period

1999 - 2005 labour which can be permeated by as much 776,000 people or in mean as

much 129,333 people. At period 2000 - 2006 labour which can be permeated by as

much 1,060,000 people or in mean as much 176,667 people. This means at the period

1
mount the unemployment decrease as much absorbent labour. Relative minimize the

absorbent labour or decrease sum up the unemployment represent the homework

which must be improve and improved by government by various program which

grow the economics and also lessen the unemployment amount.

Sum up the minimum unemploymentt is 6.4% in the year 2000 and maximum

unemploymentt is 11.2% in the year 2005, unemploymentt mean is 9.36% with the

standard deviasi is 1.69%. For the unemployment t from year 2000 until year 2006 in

mean experience increase except year 2001 experice of degradation. For sum up

level of minimum povertyt is 16% in the year 2005 and sum the maximum poverty t is

21.5% in the year 2001, level of mean poverty t is 17.85% with the standard deviasi is

1.9%. For sum the povertyt from year 2000 until year 2006 experiencing of fluktuatif

from year to year.

Regression Analysis

Rgression analyssi done basically represent answers to assorted of influence

between various variable used in this research. This Model show link pattern which

comprehensive to relative various research variable, in direct context and also

indirectly. Regression analysis in this model determined seenly value of

significantion, when value of significantion smaller than 0.05, hence independent

variable have an effect on signifikan on variable dependen, conversely. Before

conducting examination regression, hence conducted classic assumption test that

cover normality, multicollinearity, heteroskedastisity and autocorellationi. Result of

classis assumption test indicate that the variable used at this research have fulfilled

1
the raised classic assumption, so that model the the regresi represent the good

appliance prediksi and not deflect. Result of examination between variable expense t-1

on revenuet shown in tables in the following.

Table 2.

Result of Examination Between Variable of Expenset-1 on Revenuet

Coefficient
constanta -30.229
expenset-1 revenuet 1.177**
** significant at level α = 0.05
Source: Secunder Data of State Revenue anda Expense Budget 1999 –
2006 (processed)

Pursuant to above mentioned tables indicate that the expense t-1 have an effect

on positively on revenuet. Thereby acceptable HA1. This result support the research

conducted by Nikolaos and Adamopoulos (2004) expressing that expense t-1 have an

effect on revenuet. This also indicate that the expense relied on selectifiti and priority

scale for the project of which can improve revenue in period to coming. Every

increase expenset-1 one set of will improve the revenue t is 1.177. Value R2 is 0.898,

this means that revenuet influenced by expenset-1 is 89.8%, while 10,2% influenced by

other variable.

To result of examination between variable of revenue t on economic growtht

and variable of revenuet on povertyt and unemployment and also variable expenset on

economic growtht and variable of expenset on povertyt and unemployment can be

shown in tables in the following.

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 Table 3

Result of Examination Between Variable Revenuet and Expenset on

Economic Growtht, Povertyt, and Unemploymentt

Coefficient
constanta 3.056
revenuet economic growtht 0.004
R2 = 0.338
constanta 22.246
economic growtht povertyt -0.980
2
R = 0.221
constanta 20.013
revenuet povertyt -0.006
2
R = 0.178
constanta 5.708
economic growtht unemploymentt 0.814
R2 = 0.192
constanta 5.322
revenuet unemploymentt 0.011*
R2 = 0.781
constanta 3.039
expenset economic growtht 0.004
2
R = 0.178
constanta 20.032
revenuet povertyt -0.005
R2 = 0.160
constanta 5.034
revenuet unemploymentt 0.011*
R2 = 0.795
* significant at level α = 0.01
** significan at lecel α = 0.05
Source: Secunder Data of State Revenue anda Expense Budget 1999 – 2006
(processed)

Reference at tables 3 above mentioned indicate that the revenuet have not an

significant effect on economic growth t. Thereby HA2 refused. Influence of economic

1
growtht on povertyt nor show the influence by signifikan. Thereby H A14 refused. This

matter possible because of economic growth not give the opportunity of impecunious

resident to obtain the higher level production. Others, also caused by project giving

contribution of economic growth do not or less affect at poverty decrease. For the

influence of revenuet on povertyt not show the influence which significant. Thereby

HA3 refused. Influence of economic growtht on unemploymentt not show the influence

which significant. Thereby HA15 refused. This matter possible because of economic

growth not touch the real sector so that not affect reduction sum up the

unemployment. For the influence of revenuet on unemploymentt show the influence

which positive significant. Thereby HA4 accepted. For increase of one set of revenues

will improve the unemployment amount to 0.011. Value R 2 is 0.781, this means that

unemploymentt influenced by revenuet is to 78.1%, while 20.9% influenced by other

variable.

The influence of expenset on economic growtht not show the influence which

significant. Thereby HA5 refused. Result of this research not support the research that

conducted by Nikolaos and Adamopoulos (2004) expressing that expense t have an

effect on economic growtht. This matter possible because of expense released not

pursuant to selektifity and priority scale of project giving contribution of economic

growth. For the influence of expense t on povertyt nor show the influence which

significant. Thereby HA6 refused. Result of this research not support the research that

conducted by Mayper et.all (1991) expressing that expense expenditure have an effect

on poverty level. This possible because of expense released less or is not used for the

1
project of giving the make-up of revenue for pauper or lack of accessing pauper to

project from the expense. The influence expense t on unemploymentt show influence

which positive significant. Thereby HA7 accepted. Every increase one set of expense t

will improve the unemployment is 0.011. This indicate that the state expense less or

is not selective to project which aim to to lessen the unemployment amount. Others,

also enabled by the existence of leakage and corruption at state expense.

At examination result between variable of revenue t-1 on economic growtt,

variable of revenuet-1 on povertyt and unemploymentt, variable of expenset-1 on

economic growtt, variable of expenset-1 on povertyt and unemploymentt and also

variable of economic growtt on povertyt and unemploymentt can be shown in tables in

the following.

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 Table 4

Result of Examination Between Variable of Revenuet-1 and Expenset-1 on

Economic Growtht, Povertyt, and Unemploymentt and also economic growtht-1 on

povertyt, and unemploymentt

Coefficient
constanta 2.9
revenuet-1 economic growtht 0.005
R2 = 0.346
constanta 21.168
revenuet-1 povertyt -0.010
2
R = 0.348
constanta 4.973
revenuet-1 unemploymentt 0.014*
2
R = 0.768
constanta 2.878
expenset-1 economic growtht 0.005
R2 = 0.329
constanta 21.48
expenset-1 povertyt -0.010
R2 = 0.386
constanta 4.797
expenset-1 unemploymentt 0.013*
R2 = 0.769
constanta 18.262
economic growtht-1 povertyt -0.106
R2 = 0.007
constanta 6.020
economic growtht-1 unemploymentt 0.861*
R2 = 0.785
* significant at level α = 0,01
** significant at level α = 0,05
Source: Secunder Data of State Revenue anda Expense Budget 1999 – 2006
(processed)

Base on the tables 4. above mentioned indicate that the revenuet-1 not have an

significant effect on economic growtht. Thereby HA8 refused. The influence revenuet-1

2
on povertyt nor show the influence significant. Thereby HA9 refused. For the influence

of revenuet-1 on unemploymentt show influence which significant positive. Thereby

HA10 accepted. Every increase revenuet-1 one set will increase unemploymentt is

0,014. Value R2 is 0.768, this means that unemploymentt influenced by revenuet-1 is

76.8%, while 23.2% influenced by other variable.

The influence expenset-1 on economic growtht not show the influence which

significant. Thereby HA11 refused. Result of this research not support the research

conducted by Nikolaos and Adamopoulos (2004) expressing that expense t-1 have an

effect on economic growtht. For the influence of expenset-1 on povertyt not show the

influence which significant. Thereby HA12 refused. The influence expenset-1 on

unemploymentt show influence which positive signifikan. Thereby H A13 accepted.

Every increase expenset-1 one set of will increase unemploymentt is 0.013. Value R2 is

0,769, this means that unemploymentt influenced by expenset-1 is 76.9%, while 23.1%

influenced by other variable.

The influence of economic growtht-1 on povertyt not show the influence which

significant. Thereby HA15 refused. For the influence of economic growtht-1 on

unemploymentt show influence which significant. Thereby HA16 accepted. Every

increase of economic growtht-1 one set will increase unemploymentt is 0.861. Value

R2 is 0.785, this means that unemploymentt influenced by economic growtht-1 is

78.5%, while 21.5% influenced by other variable.

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CONCLUTION, LIMITATION, AND SUGGESTION

Conclution

Base on result and solution, hence this research conclusion is revenue and

expense in mean experience of the improvement, but improvement in mean of

revenue and expense is bigger at expense compared revenue. This show in mean of

existence of deficit. For the growth of economic and unemployment in mean

experience of the increase, while poverty experience fluktuatif from year to year.

With the regression examination indicate that the expense t-1 have an positive

effect on revenuet. For the influence of revenuet on unemploymentt show influence

which positive signifikan. The influence expense t on unemploymentt show influence

which positive signifikan. For the influence of revenue t-1 on unemploymentt show

influence which positive signifikan. The influence expense t-1 on unemploymentt show

influence which positive signifikan. For the influence of economic growth t-1 on

unemploymentt show influence which signifikan.

Limitation

This research own the limitation because variable used only just revenue and

expense on economic growth, poverty, and unemployment, while there are other

variable that have an effect on variabelof economic growth, poverty, and

unemployment. Sampel used only at state revenue and expense budget for period

1999 - 2006.

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Suggestion

Suggestion in this research for research hereinafter require to add or change

independent variable and also relevant with the poverty and unemployment. Others,

obyek research nor only at state revenue and expense budget, but also at region

revenue and expense budget and also add the period of research time.

2
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