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NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2

FEBRUARY/MARCH 2018

MARKING GUIDELINES
This memorandum consists of 9 pages.

MARKS: 150

These marking guidelines consist of 10 pages.

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Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2018

NSC – Marking guidelines

SECTION A

QUESTION 1

1.1 1.1.1 A 
1.1.2 C 
1.1.3 D 
1.1.4 B 
1.1.5 D 
1.1.6 B 
1.1.7 A 
1.1.8 C 
1.1.9 D 
1.1.10 A  (10 x 2) (20)

1.2 1.2.1 G 
1.2.2 A 
1.2.3 C 
1.2.4 D 
1.2.5 H  (5 x 2) (10)

1.3 1.3.1 Innovation/creativity 

1.3.2 Budget 
1.3.3 Multiple alleles 
1.3.4 Family selection 
1.3.5 Genetic modification/engineering/manipulation (5 x 2) (10)

1.4 1.4.1 Co-operative 

1.4.2 Occupational Health and Safety 
1.4.3 Species crossing 
1.4.4 Heterozygosity 
1.4.5 Gene  (5 x 1) (5)

TOTAL SECTION A: 45

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Agricultural Sciences/P2 3 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2018

NSC – Marking Guidelines

SECTION B

QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

2.1 Table on marketing

2.1.1 Marketing system used

Farmer A - Free marketing  (1)
Farmer B - Controlled marketing  (1)

2.1.2 Reason for the system used by farmer B

Price is determined/controlled by the government  (1)

2.1.3 Justification for mass marketing

Farmer B is reaching a wide range of consumers(larger markets) (1)
via the internet 

2.1.4 TWO ways to facilitate marketing in rural areas

 Improve roads/infrastructure 
 Improve market information through technology 
 Transportation of produce in vehicles with cooling facilities. 
 Cold storage depots 
 Market collectively by combining loads  (Any 2) (2)

2.2 TWO roles of legislation in ensuring effective marketing

 Ensures increased market access to all participants 
 Makes provision for quality control over imports and exports of
products  (2)

2.3 Component of a business plan

2.3.1 Title/cover page  (1)

2.3.2 Human resource plan  (1)

2.3.3 Financial plan  (1)

2.4 THREE common mistakes when drawing a business plan

 Provision of unrealistic assumptions/over-ambitious 
 Not being able to identify the potential risks/hiding risks 
 Provision of too much unnecessary information/leaving gaps/being too
vague 
 Committing budget and cash flow errors/incomplete financials 
 No information on competitors/not highlighting competition 
 Use of incorrect format/poor writing/incomplete plan 
 Inadequate/poor research 
 Insufficient technical details  (Any 3) (3)

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2.5 Supply and demand of peaches

2.5.1 Line graph showing the supply and demand of peaches

The supply and demand of peaches at different prices

10
4,50 9
Supply
4,00 8
3,50 7
Price (R)

3,00 6
2,50 5
2,00 4
1,50 3
1,00 2
Demand
0,50 1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Quantities (kg)

Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines
 Correct heading 
 X axis - correctly calibrated and labelled (Quantities) 
 Y axis - correctly calibrated and labelled (Price) 
 Correct unit (R and kg) 
 Line graph 
 Accuracy  (6)

2.5.2 Determination of the equilibrium price

R2,50  (1)

2.5.3 Situation when price is below the equilibrium price

 The quantity demanded is high  and the quantity supplied is
low  OR
 Quantity supplied is low  and quantity demanded is high  (2)

2.6 Linking statements to factors hampering marketing of products

2.6.1 Perishability  (1)

2.6.2 Political situation  (1)

2.6.3 Lack of control over production  (1)

2.6.4 Bulkiness  (1)

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2.7 THREE requirements of a container for packaging

 It must be clean/dry/undamaged 
 Not import any foreign taste/odour to the product 
 It must be free from signs of fungal growth 
 It must be strong/rigid  (Any 3) (3)

2.8 Type of consumers

2.8.1 Retailers  (1)

2.8.2 Food processing companies/factories  (1)

2.8.3 Exporters  (1)

2.9 The law of demand

 The higher the price  the less the people/consumers will demand the
product 
OR
 The lesser the price  the more the people/consumers will buy the
(2)
product 
[35]

QUESTION 3 : PRODUCTION FACTORS

3.1 Two groups of farmers

3.1.1 Factor of land addressed by the two scenarios

Land availability/ area of production  (1)

3.1.2 TWO benefits of the practices by Group B contributing to

higher production
 Able to work on a large area faster
 Use of machinery is more effective 
 More cost effective to produce 
 Specialisation  (Any 2) (2)

3.1.3 TWO techniques for Group A that can improve production

 Use of scientific methods/technology 
 Consolidation of small units  (2)

3.1.4 Economic characteristic negatively affected by monoculture

and continuous cultivation
Production potential of the land  (1)

3.1.5 TWO functions of land as a production factor

 Provides food 
 Provides raw materials 
 Provides space 
 Source of raw minerals  (Any 2) (2)

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3.2 Highly ethical and efficient work force

3.2.1 The type of permanent labour who operates an advanced

tractor
Skilled labour  (1)

3.2.2 Indication of the expertise needed by the employee

Technical/operational  (1)

3.2.3 Act of misconduct

Sleeping on duty  (1)

3.2.4 Legislation that the employer would use to justify disciplinary

steps
Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997  (1)

3.2.5 TWO problems related to farm labour

 Social/HIV and AIDS 
 Scarcity 
 Employers' concerns 
 Competition from industries/economic migrants 
 Lack of training/ education 
 Poor labour management 
 Safety 
 Poor working conditions  (Any 2) (2)
3.2.6 TWO actions an employer should take
 Provide incentives 
 Rewards for good work 
 Provide training/education 
 Improve working conditions 
 Improved living conditions 
 Mechanisation 
 Labour management  (Any 2) (2)

3.3 Management
3.3.1 Risk management strategy
Diversification  (1)
3.3.2 Reason for the management strategy
There are a number of enterprises in one farm/agri-tourism  (1)
3.3.3 TWO primary sources of risk in a farming business
 Technical 
 Market/price 
 Financial 
 Production 
 Legal 
 Human resources  (Any 2) (2)

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3.3.4 General business management skills applied by the manager

(a) Co-ordination/organisational  (1)
(b) Analytic skills  (1)
(c) Interpersonal/communication  (1)

3.3.5 Definition of strategic management

Management that allows the business to anticipate  and adapt to
changes in the future 
OR
The process of developing strategies that allow a business to
achieve its vision, mission and objectives  and adapt to changing
conditions  (2)

3.4 Capital

3.4.1 Fixed capital

Land  (1)

3.4.2 TWO sources of capital

 Grant 
 Loan  (2)
3.4.3 Problem of capital
Scarcity  (1)
3.4.4 Term of repayment
Medium term/5 years  (1)
3.4.5 Calculation of the profit made by the community in 5 years
 Turnover: R12 000 000 x 5 = R60 000 000 
 Expenses: R4 000 000 x 5 = R20 000 000 
Interest: R2 000 000 x 5% = R100 000 
 R2 000 000 + R100 000 = R2 100 000 
 Turnover – expenses:
R60 000 000 – R20 000 000 – R2 100 000 =
 Profit: R37 900 000  (5)
[35]

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Agricultural Sciences/P2 8 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2018

NSC – Marking Guidelines

QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

4.1 Heterozygous pea plant (G) and a pure breed pea plant (g)

4.1.1 Genotype of each parent in the first crossing

 Parent 1 - Gg 
 Parent 2 - gg  (2)

4.1.2 Punnett square determining the possible genotype of the

offspring in the first crossing

Gametes G g 

g Gg gg 

g Gg gg

Punnett square with gametes and offspring 

Marking Guideline
 Complete Punnett square with gametes and offspring 
 Correct gametes 
 Correct offspring  (3)

4.1.3 Type of dominance in the cross

Complete dominance  (1)

4.1.4 Reason for the type of dominance

50% of the seeds are yellow (G)  and 50% of the seeds are
green (g) 
OR
No intermediate/new colour  as seeds resemble their parents  (2)

4.1.5 Calculation of the percentage of heterozygous offspring

2 x 100 
4
= 50%  (2)

4.2 Identification of the breeding system

4.2.1 B (1)

4.2.2 A (1)

4.2.3 D (1)

4.2.4 C (1)

4.2.5 A (1)

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4.3 Variation

4.3.1 TWO genetic processes causing variation

 Mutations 
 Meiosis/crossing over 
 Recombination of genes 
 Fertilisation  (Any 2) (2)

4.3.2 TWO importance of variation

 Animals/plants with superior characteristics can be selected for
breeding purposes 
 Helps to improve the progeny/offspring 
 Generate new varieties/ breeds/cultivars 
 Maintains biodiversity  (Any 2) (2)

4.3.3 Distinction between

Continuous variation
 Displays a complete range of quantitative characteristics  (1)
Discontinuous variation
 Qualitative characteristics have a few clear cut/distinct
forms/with no intermediate forms in between  (1)

4.4 Selection

4.4.1 Group of cattle to be selected

Group with a mass of 250 kg  (1)

4.4.2 Reason
It has a higher average mass/average mass higher than the herd  (1)

4.4.3 Identification of the type of selection method

Mass selection  (1)

4.4.4 Explanation of this selection method

 Selection based on the individuals with superior characteristics 
within the group  (2)

4.4.5 TWO other selection methods

 Family selection 
 Pedigree selection 
 Progeny selection 
 Breeding values/EBV/biometrics  (Any 2) (2)

4.5 GM

4.5.1 Identification of the year

2012/2013  (1)

4.5.2 Reason
An increase in yield/from10,6 – 12t/ha (1)
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4.5.3 TWO advantages that Farmer B got from using GM maize

 Yields increased 
 Increase started from 2012  (2)

4.5.4 TWO important characteristics of GM maize crops

 Resistant to herbicides 
 Not affected by insecticides 
 Crops have lower water requirements 
 Better adapted to the environment/region  (Any 2) (2)

4.5.5 Reason for the resistance against the use of GM's

 Health risks 
 Environmental risks 
 Ethical/socio-economic concerns  (Any 1) (1)
[35]

TOTAL SECTION B: 105

GRAND TOTAL: 150

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