Conductometry

1. Draw and explain the nature of the graph obtained when HCL is
titrated against NaOH conductometrically.
A: Nature of graph = V shaped
2. Give the construction of a conductivity cell.
A: Constructed with metal electrodes placed at a fixed distance in
either glass or plastic body and surrounded by an outer tube
3. Define conductance of an electrolyte. Give two factors which affect
conductance of electrolyte.
A: Conductance of an electrolyte is the flow of electricity due to free
ions present in 1 cc of electrolyte.
Factors: Nature of electrolyte, Temp, concentration
4. What is the difference between metallic conductor and electrolytic
conductor?
A: Metallic: Ions are immobile
Electrolytic: Ions are mobile
5. Give two advantages of conductometric titration over volumetric
estimation.
A: Advantage: - More accurate
- No chances of human error
- No wastage of resources
6. What is the common ion effect?
A: The term "common-ion effect" describes the decrease in solubility of
an ionic precipitate caused by the addition of a soluble compound that
has an ion with the precipitate to the solution.
7. What is conductometric titration?
A: Conductometric titration is a laboratory method of quantitative
analysis used to identify the concentration of a given analyte in a
mixture.
8. What is cell constant?
A: The ratio of the distance between the electrodes divided by the area
of cross-section of the electrode
9. What is specific conductance?
 A: Specific conductance is defined as the conducting capacity of a
solution of the dissolved electrolyte and the whole solution is placed
between two electrodes 1 sq. cm and length 1 cm.
10. How to prepare 100 mL of 0.1M KCL solution? (gram molecular
weight of KCL is 74.55).
A: You can also prepare 0.1M KCl by dissolving 0.746 g of KCl in a 100
ml standard flask, dissolving well and making up to the mark.

Calorimetry
1. Define Beer-Lambert's law.
A: The Beer-Lambert law states that, for a given material sample path
length and concentration of the sample are directly proportional to the
absorbance of the light.
2. Write an expression for Beer-Lambert's law.
A: The Beer Lambert Law is expressed as: A = εLc, where,
A is the amount of light absorbed for a particular wavelength by the
sample : ε is the molar extinction coefficient : L is the distance covered
by the light through the solution : c is the concentration of the
absorbing specie

3. What is the necessity of a blank solution in colorimetry?

A: It is used to calibrate instruments taking into account any
interactions with solvents, equipment variations, etc.
4. Absorbance vs concentration plot is straight line in colorimetry.
Justify.
A: As absorbance is directly and linearly proportional to
concentration.
5. Why is ammonia added in the colorimetric estimation of copper?
A: When ammonia is being added to the solution of copper sulphate
for colorimetric estimation,an intense blue colour of the cupric
ammonia complex is formed, which is measured for absorbance for
estimating the copper ions present in it.

6. Name the complex formed in the colorimetric estimation of copper.

 A: Cupric ammonia complex [Cu(NH3)4]2+ is formed.
7. Why is colorimetric estimation of copper done at 620 nm?
A: Colorimetric experiment is performed at 620 nm of wavelength
because at this wavelength the scattering of light is minimum.
8. What is the composition of brass?
A: Brass is composed of copper and zinc.
9. What is brass?
A: Alloy of copper and zinc
10.What is the role of urea while preparing the brass solution?
A: The purpose of adding urea to determine copper in brass is to
destroy excess nitrous acid and oxides of nitrogen which interfere with
the determination.
11. What is the purpose of making an alloy?
A: The reason for alloying is to increase the strength of a metal and
resistance against corrosion
12. What is an alloy?
A: A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements.

Potentiometry
1. There is a sudden increase in potential at the equivalence point in
potentiometric titration, Justify.
A: Equivalence point in a potentiometric titration is indicated by the
condition where the amount of titrant added is stoichiometrically
equal to the amount of analyte present in the solution. At this point,
there is a sudden change in the emf of the system due to the
completion of the reaction.
2. Give two advantages of potentiometric titration over volumetric
estimation.
A: The advantages of potentiometric titration are give
below. 1) No indicator is used in potentiometric titrations. It is useful
when it is not possible to identify the color change during the titration.
2) Potentiometric titrations are useful in the analysis of dilute
solutions.
3. Give an example for redox electrode. Give its electrode representation
 A: Zinc and copper cell: In this cell, oxidation takes place at the zinc
anode, and reduction takes place at the copper cathode. The zinc
anode is the negative electrode, and the copper cathode is the positive
electrode.
The cell representation for a zinc and copper cell is Zn|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu.
4. Give electrode representation of calomel electrode.
A: The electrode representation of a calomel electrode is
Hg2Cl2(s)|Hg(l)|HCl(aq).
5. What is an indicator electrode? Give an example.
A: An indicator electrode is a type of electrode that measures the
potential of a solution it's dipped into.
Example: glass electrode.
6. The potential of the calomel electrode is constant. Justify.
A: Because the concentration of Cl– is fixed by the solubility of KCl, the
potential of an SCE remains constant even if we lose some of the inner
solution to evaporation
7. Mention the reagents used in estimation of iron present in FAS.
A: The reagents used to estimate iron in ferrous ammonium sulphate
(FAS) are potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid
8. Write the reaction involved in estimation of iron using potentiometric
titration.
A: Write the reaction which shows the oxidation of Fe2+to Fe3+ and the
basic reduction reaction of (Cr2O3)2- to Cr3+ by losing 6 electrons.

pH
1. What is pKa? Give cell representation of the electrochemical cell set
up in the estimation of pKa.
A: pKa is a measure of a molecule's acidity or basicity, and is
calculated using the negative base-10 logarithm of the acid
dissociation constant (Ka).
2. Which is the indicator electrode used in the estimation of pKa? Why
is it called so?
A: The electrode used is a glass electrode. It's called so because the
electrode is specific to H+ ions and it helps in the measurement of pH
and pKa.
3. Name two electrodes required to determine pH of any solution.
A: The electrodes are reference electrodes and glass electrodes.
4. How do you relate pH and pKa?
A: pH = pKa + log ([conjugate base]/[weak acid]
5. What is dissociation constant?
A: The acid dissociation constant (Ka) is a measure of the extent to
which an acid dissociates in solution and therefore its strength.
6. Write Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
A: pH = pKa + log ([conjugate base]/[weak acid]
7. What is a glass electrode? Write the cell representation of a glass
electrode.
A: A Glass Electrode is a sensing electrode made of a thin glass bulb
containing a fixed concentration of HCl solution, with an Ag-AgCl wire
serving as the electrode.
8. What is a buffer solution? Name the buffer formed during pKa
experiment.
A: A buffer solution is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base,
or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffers are useful because they
resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
The buffer solution formed is CH3COOH &CH3COONa
9. Give examples for strong acid ,base and weak acid,base
A: If you guys can't answer this drop engineering.
10. Account for the sudden jump in pH at equivalence point.
A: The pH increases rapidly at the equivalence point in a pH metric
titration because the concentration of unreacted acid becomes smaller
and smaller. As the equivalence point is approached, each increment of
titrant neutralises a greater fraction of the remaining acid, which causes a
large change in the pH