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English For Academic And Professional Purposes
Summarizing
What is summarizing?
 Summarizing is taking a large selection of text and then reducing it to
smaller pieces. It is finding the main idea of a text and also finding the
supporting details of the main idea.
 In other words, summarizing is retelling only the important parts of the story
in Your Words.
 The text is distilling its essential concepts in a paragraph or two.
Here are the various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic

texts:
1. Read the work first and understand the author's intent.
2. Present information through facts, skills, and concept in visual formats.
3. Know the main points and the supporting details.
4. Analyze the text to save time in thinking what will you do.
5. Think what information you will put in your summary.
6. Restating the words into different one.
7. Organize all ideas.
8. Write down all information in a coherent and precise form.
9. Paraphrasing.
Typically, a summary has two goals:

 To reproduce the key ideas and points of a text,
 To express these concepts and ideas with precise and specific language.
When reading a text, there are two techniques you can use in order to
prepare:
 Previewing
 Skimming and Scanning
When selecting which parts to include in your summary, take note of:
 Your purpose for summarizing the text
 Your own view on what is essential in the text
Previewing
 Is a strategy that readers use to recall prior knowledge and set a purpose for
reading.
Scanning and Skimming

 are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to move
quickly through text for slightly different purposes.
Skimming
 Is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material.
Scanning
 Is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts.
What is included in a Summary?
○ Main Ideas or Thesis Statement
○ Key Point or Arguments
○ Supporting Details
 An effective summary should be able to condense a passage into a shorter

form because it only communicates the essential facts of the original text.
 You are rewriting the text to be more focused on the main points for easier
reference later on.
 Effective summarizing is important for both research and writing because it
can allow you to return to pertinent information much faster.
Example:
"Children spend a very large proportion of their daily lives in school. They go there
to learn, not only in a narrow academic sense, but in the widest possible
interpretation of the world- about themselves, about being a person within a
group of others, about the community in which they live, and about the world
around them. Schools provide the setting in which such learning takes place."
Leyden, S. (1985)
Summary:
Schools are places for children to learn about life, themselves, other people, as
well as in their academic information.
Example:
From 93 million in 2015, the country has a total population of
103.3 million today.This number is composed or 15% senior citizens,
49.5% youth (14-40 years old),20.5% other adults (41-59 years old), and 15%
children (13 years old and below). These percentages are estimates as they
change through mortality and aging.
Cojuanco, N.(2016).
What do you think is the purpose of summary or summarizing?

 Is to condense a larger text into a shorter version that highlights the main
ideas and key points.
Two aims in summarizing a text:

 To reproduce the overarching ideas of a text in order to identify the general
concepts.
 To express the overarching ideas of a text using precise and specific
language.
Paraphrasing
 Is a restatement of a text, passage, or work and to Give the Meaning in
Another Form.
Characteristics of a Good Paraphrase

 Relays the information from the source text in your own words.
 Leads the readers to the source of the information.
When to Paraphrase
 Paraphrase When Dealing with Short Texts with one or two sentences or a
paragraph with five sentences.
 Paraphrase when you want to minimize Direct Quotation.
 Paraphrase when you want to rewrite the author’s words Without Changing
the Meaning of the Source Text.
Kinds of Paraphrasing
 Change of Parts of Speech
 Change of Structure
 Clause Reduction
 Synonym Replacement
Change of Parts of Speech

 The function of some words in a sentence are changed to a different part of
speech.
Change of Parts of Speech - Example

Source:
 The challenging set of problems proved to be no match for the student-
researchers.
Paraphrase:
 The student-researchers easily overcame even the problematic challenges
in their work.
Change of Structure
The structure of the sentence is changed to reflect the writer’s interpretation
of the
source text.
Change of Structure - Example

Source:
 Ms. Jen will be teaching English next semester.
Paraphrase:
 Next semester, English will be taught by Ms. Jen.
Clause Reduction
Clauses are reduced or changed to phrases to lessen confusion and
interruption and make the sentence simpler.
Clause Reduction- Example

Source:
 Marsupials are endemic to Australia, and many of their species are considered
to be endangered species.
Paraphrase:
 Many species of marsupials endemic to Australia are endangered species.
Synonym Replacement
 It involves the change of words in the sentence with similar words or
synonyms.
Synonym Replacement - Example

Source:
 Smoking is dangerous to your health.
Paraphrase:
 Smoking is hazardous to your health.
What is Plagiarism?
 Plagiarism is claiming ownership of material that is not your own.
Kinds of Plagiarism
Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism
 Also known as “Copy-Paste Plagiarism”.
 Happens when a researcher copies another person’s work word-for-
word or verbatim without proper citation of the author(s).
Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism - Example

 “The measure of intelligence is the ability to change.” ― Albert Einstein
 The measure of intelligence is the ability to change.
Word Order Plagiarism

 Happens when a writer changes some of the words of the author(s) by
looking at the synonyms of the words and replacing or rearranging
them to make the text look as if it were their own.
Word Order Plagiarism - Example

 “The measure of intelligence is the ability to change.” ― Albert Einstein
 The ability to change is the measure of intelligence.
Idea Plagiarism
 Happens when a writer paraphrases the work of another in his or her
own writing but does not properly cite or attribute the idea to the
author(s).
Idea Plagiarism - Example

 “The measure of intelligence is the abilityto change.” ― Albert Einstein
 Your ability to change says a lot about yourintelligence.
What makes an appropriate paraphrase?

Source
 Because the intracellular concentration of potassium ions is relatively high,
potassium ions tend to diffuse out of the cell. (Martini and Bartholomew,
1997)
Paraphrase 1
 The high intracellular concentration of potassium ions is relatively high,
resulting in K’s tendency to diffuse out of the cell. (Martini and Bartholomew,
1997)
 You can spot a good or bad paraphrase by comparing it with the source text
and checking if the paraphrase is.
 The writer’s understanding of the source text, or
 Copied portions of the text or committed plagiarism.
Reaction Paper
 The response of the writer about another piece of work.
 Aims to discuss a piece of work, evaluate its merit, and recommend it to
others.
Features Of Reaction Paper

○ Summary
○ Reaction
Summary
 The summary is an objective report about the work.
The summary contains the following:

○ Title and author of work
○ Highlights of the main points
○ Direct quotes for illustration of points
○ Objective and factual approach to the summary
The writer should reflect on the following questions before composing a

reaction:
○ How is the main idea of the text related to concepts that you are familiar with
and have previously been discussed?
○ How does the work relate to any present-day problems?
○ How is the material related to personal life experiences, feelings, and ideas?
○ Evaluate the merit of the work: What is the value, accuracy, completeness,
and organization of the work?
○ Would you recommend this work to other people?
Structure of the Reaction Paper

 Introduction: integrated summary of works; includes the thesis statement,
which contains the reaction of the writer
 Reaction: three main ideas to support the thesis statement of the writer.
 Conclusion: summarizes the thesis statement and main points of the
reaction paper
Remember!
 The Reaction Paper is a three-part essay, so it should follow the rules of
paragraph development. The Introduction and Conclusion should be
Relatively Shorter than the Reaction found in the body of the essay.
Prewriting the Reaction Paper

○ Prewriting is the first stage of the writing process
○ Reading from various sources and materials
○ Outlining
○ Using graphic organizers
○ Creating a thesis statement
Constructing a Reaction Paper

I. Introduction
A. Summary
B. Thesis statement: The Blackest Night is a story not only about the Green
Lantern but the entire Justice League, and it has aged well with time, as the story
and artwork are still relatable and beautiful to readers.
II. Body
A. Justice League-centric story

1. Role of the Justice League
2. The Herculean efforts of all the characters
3. nspiration for readers
B. Green Lantern’s story

1. Individualized fears and hopes
2. Heroism found in all forms
3. Relatability through emotional reactions
C. The comics artwork

1. The contrast of colors
2. The Color Spectrum made flesh
3. The well-drawn and vivid visuals
III. Conclusion
A. Restatement of thesis statement
B. Summary of main points
C. Recommendation
Activity Time! Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. It is a flow of paragraph that can either be "author's and your idea" or "author's
idea in contrast to yours".
2. Is an objective report about the work.
3. It is the response of the writer about another piece of work.
4. It integrated the summary of works; includes the thesis statement, which
contains the reaction of the writer.
5. It summarizes the thesis statement and main points of the reaction paper.
6. The introduction and conclusion should relatively shorter than the _____ found
in the body of the essay.
7. It aims to discuss a piece of work, evaluate its merit, and recommend it to
others.
8. It contains of three main ideas to support the thesis statement of the writer.
9-10. What are the two features of reaction paper?
ANSWER KEY:
 Summarizing
When reading a text, there are two techniques you can use in order to
prepare:
 Previewing
 Skimming and Scanning
What is included in a Summary?

 Main Ideas or Thesis Statement
 Key Point or Arguments
 Supporting Details
 Paraphrasing
When to Paraphrase
 When Dealing with Short Texts
 Direct Quotation
 Without Changing the Meaning of the Source Text
Kinds of Paraphrasing
 Change of Parts of Speech
 Change of Structure
 Clause Reduction
 Synonym Replacement
 Plagiarism
Kinds of Plagiarism
 Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism
 Word Order Plagiarism
 Idea Plagiarism

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English For Academic And Professional Purposes

Here are the various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic

Typically, a summary has two goals:

Scanning and Skimming

 An effective summary should be able to condense a passage into a shorter

What do you think is the purpose of summary or summarizing?

Two aims in summarizing a text:

Characteristics of a Good Paraphrase

Change of Parts of Speech

Change of Parts of Speech - Example

Change of Structure - Example

Clause Reduction- Example

Synonym Replacement - Example

Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism - Example

Word Order Plagiarism

Word Order Plagiarism - Example

Idea Plagiarism - Example

What makes an appropriate paraphrase?

Features Of Reaction Paper

The summary contains the following:

The writer should reflect on the following questions before composing a

Structure of the Reaction Paper

Prewriting the Reaction Paper

Constructing a Reaction Paper

A. Justice League-centric story

B. Green Lantern’s story

C. The comics artwork

Activity Time! Instruction: Answer the following questions.

What is included in a Summary?

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