Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

AVALAHALLI, DODDABALLAPUR MAIN ROAD, BANGALORE-64

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LABORATORY: 17ECL76

DEPARTMENT VISION
Be a pioneer in Providing Quality Education in Electronics, Communication and Allied
Engineering fields to serve as Valuable Resource for Industry and Society.

DEPARTMENT MISSION
1. Impart Sound Theoretical Concepts and Practical Skills through innovative Pedagogy.
2. Promote Inter-disciplinary Research.
3. Inculcate Professional Ethics.

Course co-ordinators (2020-21)

1. Dr. Vijayalaksmi G V, Associate Professor, ECE

2. Prof. Mamatha K R, Assistant Professor, ECE
3. Prof.Chandraprabha ,Assistant Professor, ECE

Laboratory Instructor
1. Mrs.PriyaRai B

Institute Vision
To emerge as one of the finest technical institutions of higher learning to develop
engineering professionals who are technically competent, ethical and environment-
friendly for betterment of society
Mission of the Institute
Accomplish stimulating learning environment through high-quality academic
instruction, innovation and industry-institute interface.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Programme SpecificOutcomes:

Graduates will be able to:

PSO1 : Exhibit competency in Embedded system domain.
PSO2 : Exhibit competency in RF & Signal Processing domain.

Programme Outcome
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization for the solution of
complex engineeringproblems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex

engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineeringsciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering

problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, and cultural, societal,
and environmentalconsiderations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: The problems that cannot be

solved by straightforward application of knowledge, theories and techniques
applicable to the engineering discipline, that may not have a uniquesolution.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities, with an understanding of thelimitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual

knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineeringpractice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineeringpractice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinarysettings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with the society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding

of t h e engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work,
as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinaryenvironments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Sl No Title of the Experiment Page

No
PART-A
1 ASK generation and detection
2 FSK generation and detection
3 PSK generation and detection
4 TDM for two band limited signals.
5 Losses in Optical Fibers.

6 Resonance characteristics of microstrip ring resonator and computation of

dielectric constant of the substrate.
7 Power division and isolation of microstrip power divider.
8 Coupling and isolation characteristics of microstrip directional coupler.

9 Measurement of directivity and gain of microstrip dipole and Yagi

antennas.
10 Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength and VSWR in a microwave
test bench.
PART-B
11 Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate
eye diagram for binary polar signaling.
12 Pulse code modulation and demodulation
13 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying.
14 Differential Phase Shift Keying.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Course objectives

This course will enable students to:

 Design and demonstrate the digital modulation techniques
 Demonstrate and measure the wave propagation in microstripantennas
 Characteristics of microstrip devices and measurement of itsparameters.
 Model an optical communication system and study itscharacteristics.
 Simulate the digital communication concepts and compute and displayvarious parameters
along withplots/figures.

Courseoutcomes

On the completion of this laboratory course, the students will be able to:
 Apply the concepts of mathematics to design andconduct the digital modulation
techniques
 Conduct and analyse the characteristics of micro strip devices and optical
communication system
 Simulate the digital modulation schemes with the display of waveforms and
computation of performance parameters.
 Design and test in a team for the specified problem with the on hand resources.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Experiment1

BINARY AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

Aim: To generate Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) waveform & demodulate it.

Components Required: Opamp µA-741, CD 4053, Diode-OA79, resistors, capacitors, signal

generator, CRO.

Theory:
There are basically two types of transmission of digital signals:
1) Base band data transmission: The digital data is transmitted over the channel directly.
There is no carrier or any modulation. This is suitable for transmission over shortdistances.
2) Pass band data transmission: The digital data modulates high frequency sinusoidal
carrier. Hence they are also called digital CW modulates techniques. These techniques are
suitable for transmission over long distances. The digital data can modulate phase,
frequency or amplitude of carrier. This gives rise to three basictechniques.
o Phase shift keying: In this technique, the digital data modulates phase of thecarrier.
o Frequency shift keying: Here, the digital data modulates frequency of thecarrier.
o Amplitude shift keying: Here, the digital data modulates amplitude of the carrier.

Amplitude shift keying: Amplitude shift keying is the simplest digital modulation
technique. In this method, there is only one unit energy carrier and it is switched on or off
depending upon the input binary sequence. To transmit symbol ‘1’ that is positive
voltage signal some carrier frequency ‘f’istransmitted.To transmit symbol ‘0’ that is
negative voltage signal, no signal is transmitted The implementation of the above concept is
accomplished by using CD 4053B Multiplexer/De multiplexer IC. The circuit connection is
shown in the figure1.1, A 2:1 mux is used where an input to be transmitted is given to the
one of the input of the mux. The inputs are two levels of ASK – carrier of finite amplitude
and zero amplitude (ground) signal. Thus depending upon whether select line of the mux
selects input one or input zero i.e, the data is ‘1’or ‘0’ either the carrier or the ground signal
is transmitted. Demodulation is performed using the envelop detector and comparator as
shown in figure1.2 and figure 1.3. The comparator compares the output of the envelop
detector with a threshold value, set as the Vref value. If the envelope value is greater than
Vref, op-amp saturates to +15V and if the value is lesser, it saturates to -15V, thus
representing ‘1’ and ‘0’respectively.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
CircuitDiagram:
i) Modulation

Figure1.1: Circuit diagram for Modulation

ii) Demodulation:

Figure1.2: Block diagram for Demodulation

Figure1.3: Circuit diagram for demodulation of ASK waveforms

Design: For the demodulator,

WKT, 1/fm>> RC >>1/fc
RC = 10/fc, fc = 50 KHz; RC = 0.2ms

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Let, C = 0.01µF
.. .R = 20KΩChoose R = 22kΩ

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the figure1.1

2. Adjust the input c(t)- carrier signal fC = 50kHz, peak to peak voltage of carrier
signal VC = 5 VP-P and the m(t)-message signal frequency of message signal
fm = 500Hz, peak to peak voltage of message signal Vm =6-10V.
3. Observe the ASKwaveform.
4. Rig up the demodulation circuit as shown in figure1.3
5. Observe the demodulated outputwaveform after envelope detector and comparator.

Waveforms:

Result: ASK waveform is generated & demodulated using Envelope detector.

Open Ended Experiments: Generate ASK waveform without using IC CD-4053.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Experiment2

BINARY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

Aim: To generate Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) waveform & demodulate it.

Components Required: µA 741, CD 4053, Diode-OA79, resistors, capacitors.

Theory: Frequency shift keying is a modulation scheme in which digital information is

transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. As suggested by
the name, BFSK uses two discrete frequencies to transmit binary information.
With this scheme the ‘1’ is called the mark frequency and ‘0’ is called space
frequency.
Implementation:
BFSK is implemented using CD4053. The input binary data is the select line to the
multiplexer, which selects either of the two input signals f1 or f2 as shown in figure 2.1
Demodulator is as shown in figure 2.2 and figure 2.3 which involves a high pass circuit,
envelope detector and a comparator. The high pass circuit suppresses the lower
frequency signal resulting in an ASK signal to the envelope detector. The output of the
envelope detector amplitude is compared with the Vref, to make the decision, if the data
is ‘1’ the output of the comparator saturates to +15V and if the output of the envelope
detector is less than Vref the output of comparator is-15V.

Circuit Diagram:
i)Modulation:

Figure 2.1: Circuit diagram for Modulation of FSK

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

ii)Demodulation:

Figure 2.2: Block diagram for Demodulation of FSK

Figure 2.3: Circuit diagram for demodulation of FSK Design: For the demodulator,

WKT, fc=1/(2πR1C1) Let C1 = 0.01µF,

fc = 3fc2, fc2 = 5KHz, fc = 15KHz. Then R1 = 1.061 kΩ (use
R1 = 1 kΩ) W.K.T, Af = 1 + Rf / Ri,
Let Af = 2, Rf = 10kΩ ,Ri = 10kΩ
W.K.T, 1/fm>>RC>> 1/fcLetfc = 50KHz, C = 0.01µF
RC=10/fcR = 20kΩ ChooseR=22kΩ

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the figure 2.1
2. Adjust the input c(t)-carrier signal c1(t) = 50kHz, c2(t)= 5 kHz, VC = 5VP-P and the
m(t)-message signal Vm = 6-10VP-P, fm = 500Hz. Note thatfc1>fc2.
3. Observe & note down the FSKwaveform
4. Rig up the demodulation circuit as shown in figure 2.3
5. Observe the outputwaveforms after high pass filter, envelope detector and demodulated
waveform after comparator.

Waveforms:

Result: FSK waveform is Generated & Demodulated using Envelope detector

Open Ended Experiment: Generate FSK waveform using other components without using
ICCD-4053

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Experiment 3

BINARYPHASE SHIFTKEYING

Aim: To generate Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) signal & demodulate it.

Components Required :µA 741, CD 4053, Diode-OA79, op amp uA-741 resistors,

capacitors, signal generator, CRO.

Theory: In BPSK the carrier amplitude and frequency are fixed but the phase has
the value zero radians for symbol ‘1’ and π radians for symbol ‘0’. Therefore in
BPSK, the phase of the carrier switches between zero and π radians for symbol 1
and 0.

Implementation:
Modulation is achieved by using CD4053 IC with the binary data as the select line,
to select either of the two signals with phases Ф1 and Ф2 for ‘1’ and ‘0’ respectively
as shown in figure 3.1

Circuit diagram of
i) Modulation:

Figure 3.1 Circuit diagram PSK modulation

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

iii) Demodulation:

Figure 3.2 Block diagram for Demodulation

Figure 3.3.Circuit diagram for demodulation of BPSK

Design:
For the demodulator,
WKT, Af = 1 + Rf/Ri, Let Af = 2, Rf = 10kΩ andRi(R1) = 10kΩ

WKT,1/fm>>RC >> 1/fc

Let fc = 50KHz, C = 0.01µF RC = 10/fc
R= 20kΩ Choose R = 22kΩ
.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the figure 3.1

2. Adjust the input c(t)- carrier signal fC = 50kHz, VC = 5 VP-P and

the m(t)-message signal fm = 500Hz, Vm =6-10V.
3. Observe the BPSKwaveform.

4. Rig up the demodulation circuit as shown in figure 3.3

5. Observe the demodulated outputwaveform after adder, envelop detector and

comparator.

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Experiment 4

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Aim: TDM and recovery of two band limited signals of PAM signals.

Components Required: IC-CD4053, resistors, capacitors, signal generators, breadboard, CRO.

Theory:

Multiplexing is the process of simultaneously transmitting more than one individual signals over a
single communication link. Multiplexing has the effect of increasing the number of communication
channels so that more information can be transmitted.

There are two basic types of multiplexing

1- FDM (Frequency division multiplexing)
2- 2- TDM (Time division multiplexing).

Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital or (rarely) analog multiplexing in which

two or more signals or bit streams are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in
one communication channel, but physically are taking turns on the channel. The time domain is
divided into several recurrent timeslots of fixed length, one for each sub-channel. A sample, byte
or data block of sub- channel 1 is transmitted during timeslot 1, sub-channel 2 during timeslot 2,
etc. One TDM frame consists of one timeslot per sub-channel. After the last sub-channel the cycle
starts all over again with a new frame, starting with the second sample, byte or data block from
sub-channel 1, etc.Time Division Multiplexing is implemented using the IC CD 4053. This IC
consists of 3Multiplexers. The carrier signal (pulse or a square wave) may be used as the select
line to select either of the two input signals – sine wave or triangular wave. Demultiplexing is
obtained by using the same ICCD4053.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Figure 4.1 Pin Diagram of CD 4053

Circuit diagram for TDM (modulation)

Figure 4.2 Modulation circuit diagram of TDM

Circuit diagram for demodulation

Figure 4.3 Demodulation circuit diagram of TDM

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Design:
a) For SineWave
WKT, 1/fm>RC >> 1/fc Let fc = 10kHz, C = 0.1µF
R1C1 =10/fc
R1=1kΩ

b) For Triangular Wave

WKT, 1/fm>RC >> 1/fc Let fc = 10kHz, C = 0.1µF
R1C1 =10/fc
R1=1kΩ

c) for square wave

RC = 0.01 / fC ; let C = 0.01µFR=100Ω

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the figure 4.2

2. The first message signal m1(t) is a sine wave with Vm1 ≤ 10 Vp-p fm1 = 500Hz & the
second message signal m2(t) is a triangular wave with Vm1 ≤ 10 Vp-p fm2=400Hz
3. Carrier signalc(t) is a square wave signal with Vc = 5Vp-p , fc>10kHz.
4. Observe the TDM waveform at the output pin.
5. The TDM o/p is given to the demodulation circuit of figure 4.3 to recover the sine
and triangular waves.
6. Observe the demodulated output.
Note: Do not apply any signal greater than 12Vp-p and less than
5Vp-p

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Figure 4.4 Waveforms of TDM modulation

Figure 4.5 Waveforms of TDM Demodulation

Result: Time DivisionMultiplexing (TDM) of PAM signalisverified

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Experiment 5

MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES AND NUMERICAL APERTURE IN A GIVEN OPTICAL

FIBER
Aim: To determine propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture of the
given optical fiber.
Components required: OFC kit, patch cords, power supply, signal generator,
CRO,1m cable, 1/2m cable, numerical aperture measurement jig.

Part A: To determine the losses in the optical fiber

Theory: Losses are introduced in fiber due to various reasons. As light propagates from one end
of fiber to another end part of it is absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of
the light is reflected back or in some other directions from the impurity particles present in the
material contributing to the loss of the signal at the other end of the fiber. This is called
propagation loss. Losses are also introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when the fiber
is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss. Losses also occur due to
coupling of cables which is termed as coupling loss.

Procedure:
I,To find propagation loss:
1. Make connections as shown in the Figure 5.1.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Feed about 2Vp-p sinusoidal signal of 1 KHz from the signal
generator to the IN port of Analog Buffer.
4. Connect the output port OUT of Analog Buffer to the port TX
IN of transmitter.
5. Insert the Optical fiber cable of 1m carefully.
6. Observe the detected signal.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
7.Measure the amplitude of demodulated output. V1 =….V
8.Simply replace the 1m cable by ½ m and note down the
demodulated output voltage on the CRO. V2 =…….V.
No other knobs should be disturbed while changing the cable
from 1m to 1/2m.
9.Switch off the power supply.

Figure 5.1 Connection diagram of Communication link

Calculation:
V1 / V2 = e [ - α (L 1 + L 2 ) ] Where L1 = 1m; L2 = 1/2m.
α = ………….nepers /m. α in dB/ m = 8.686 * α in nepers/m

II.Tofind Bending loss:

Figure 5.2 Bending of cable ExpectedGraph

Procedure:
1. Follow the procedure to set up analog link. Follow till step 8 of part-A.
2. Without bending the cable note down the amplitude of the received signal.
3. Bend the fiber in loop as shown Figure 5.2. and keep reducing
the diameter of the bend upto about 2cm and take corresponding

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voltage readings. Do not reduce loop diameter less than1cm.
4. Take 3 to 4 readings and tabulatePlot a graph of the voltage v/s
loop diameter. Note that as diameter decreases voltage also
decreases. i.e loss increases.
5. Switch off the power supply

II) To find Coupling loss:

1. Follow the procedure to set up analog link. Follow till step 8 of part-A.

2. Record the output voltage across 1m fiber optic cable. Let it beV1.

3. Now without disturbing the set-up, remove the 1m cable and

connect the coupled cable between the transmitter and receiver and
note down the output voltage. Let it be equal toV2.
Coupling loss = 20 log (V1 / V2 ) = ………… dB.

Part B: To determine the numerical aperture of the optical fiber

Theory:
Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at the light incident on the fiber
end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The
cone formed by the rotations of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of
acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone of
acceptance; else it is refracted out of the fiber core.

Connection diagram:

Figure 5.3 Connection diagram for numerical aperture

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Procedure:

1.Connect power supply to the board.

2. Connect the frequency generator of 1 kHz sine wave output to input of the emitter 1 circuit. Adjust its
amplitude to 4Vp-p
3. Connect one end of fiber optic cable to the output socket of emitter l circuit either to other end of
Numerical aperture measurement.
4. Hold the white screen having facing the fiber such that it cut face is perpendicular to the axis of fiber.
5. Hold the white screen with four concentric circles (10, 15, 20, 25)mm diameter, vertically at the
suitable distance to red spot of the fiber coincide with 10mm circle.
6. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end and note the diameter of the spot.
7. Compute the numerical aperture from the formula
8. Vary the distance between the screen and optic cable and make it coincide with one of the concentric
circles. Note the distance.
9. Tabulate the various distances and diameter of the circles made on the white screen and compute the
numerical aperture from formula given below.

Formulae:
θMAX is the maximum angle at which light is incident properly transmitted through the fiber.
Launching angle LA = θMAX
Numerical aperture NA = Sin θMAX=

Tabular column:

Result: Propagation loss and bending loss of OFC is measured and Numerical Aperture is
calculated.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Experiment 6

Ring resonator
Aim: Measurement of resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring resonator and
determination of dielectric constant of thesubstrate.
Components required:Microwave signal source, VSWR meter, Micro strip Ring
resonator (DUT- device under test), Detector, Matched load, Cables & Adapters.
Theory:
Sections of transmission lines of finite length with their ends terminated in either an
open or a short circuit are used as resonator elements at microwave frequencies. In a
microstrip, an open end is far simpler to realize than a short circuit. Hence in practice,
rectangular resonators with open ends are more commonly employed. Another useful
form that can be conveniently realized in microstrip configuration is the ring
resonator. These resonators find applications in the design of filters, oscillators,
mixers etc

Figure 6.1 Block diagram of Ring resonator

Procedure:
 Set up the system as shown in Figure 6.1
 Keeping the Tuning Voltage Knob at minimum, switch on the power supply.
 Insert a 50 ohm transmission line or SMA (f) to SMA (f) Connector and check for the
output at the end of the system using a CRO/VSWR meter/RF power meter.
 Vary the Tuning voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies
 Replace the 50 ohm transmission line or SMA (f) to SMA(f) Connector with Ring
resonator
 Vary the Tuning voltage, tabulate VCO frequency verses output
 Plot a graph frequency verses output and find the resonant frequency
The effective dielectric constant can be calculation using formula
-1/2
Εeff = + 1 + - 1[1+ 12h]
2 2 W
Where h = height of the known sample (substrate used for ring resonator)=0.762mm
W = width of the transmission line= 1.836mm and =3.2

Calculation:
Using equation, it can be found that effective dielectric constant of the material
- 1/2
εeff = ε = 3.2 + 1 + 3.2 – 1([1+ 12x 0.762])
2 2 1.836
= 2.727

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Tabular column:

Frequency(GHz) Pin Pout(dB) S21(dB)=Pin(dB)-Pout(dB).

2.0

2.1
:
:
:
3.0

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Experiment 7

Measurement of Power Divider and isolation and characteristics of microstrip

3 dB power divider
Aim: Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a microstrip
3dB power divider.

Components required: Microwave signal source, VSWR meter, Micro strip 3dB
power divider (DUT- device under test), Detector, Matched load, Cables & Adapters.
Microwave

Figure 7.1 Layout of equal splitpower divider Figure 7.2 Schematic ofY-junction

Figure 7.3 Block Diagram for connection of power divider

Theory: The function of a power division network is to divide the input

power into two or more outputs. As an equal-split power divider, power
incident at port 1 gets divided equally between the two output ports 2
and 3. Equal power division implies S21 = S31 = 1/2. The phase factors
of S21 and S31 can be made equal to zero(multiples of 360°) by
appropriately choosing the reference planes of ports 2 and with respect

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
to port1.

Procedure:
1. Connect as shown in figure 7.4
2. Select the modulation Square or CW in rare panel (Square for VSWR meter
/ CW for Power meter)
3. Select the frequency 2.5GHz (±0.1GHz) and note down the Power level,
consider it as input power for the power divider.
4. Now connect the power divider to measure Power division at
P2 as shown below and note down the Power at P2
5. Now Terminate P2 and Connect the detector to P3 and
measure the Power at P3.

Figure 7.4 Connection diagram of power divider with and without DUT
6. To measure Isolation for power divider connect the divider as shown figure
7.5,connect the input to P2 and P3 Output and Terminate the P1

7. Conduct the experiment with different frequency (By varying the

Frequency) and flat the frequency response graph for Power divider

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TabularColumn:

Freq. VSWR meter readings (dB)

S21 (dB) S(dB)
31 S32(dB)
f(GHz) P1 P2 P3 P32
2.0
2.1
:

3.0

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Appendix

ASK implementation

FSK implementation

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PSK implementation

PIN DIAGRAM

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Experiment No.8
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Aim: Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a stripline Directional

coupler.
Components required: Microwave signal source, VSWR meter, Micro strip
Directional coupler (DUT- device under test), Detector, Matched load, Cables &
Adapters.

Theory:
A Directional coupler is device with which it is possible to measure the incident and
reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission lines the main arm and
auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other. The power entering, in the
main arm gets divided between port2 and port3, and almost no power comes out in
portr4. Power entering at port2 is divided between port1 and port4.

Block diagram for connecting Directional coupler

Procedure:

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Assemble the set up shown in block diagram.

1. Switch ‘ON’ the source & the VSWR meter. Set the frequency of the source to 2GHz,
without DUT adjust the power output of the source for a reasonable power indication on
the VSWRmeter.
2. Connect the output of the frequency of the source in steps of 0.1GHz from 2to
3GHz & note the corresponding readings of the VSWR meter as Pin(dB)i.e.P1.
3.Now insert the DUT , record the readings of the VSWR meter for the3
cases given below at the abovefrequencies,
a. P2out(dB) (P1 –input, P2- detector, P3& P4- matched load)
b. P3out(dB) (P1 –input, P3- detector, P2& P4- matched load)
c. P2out(dB) (P1 –input, P4- detector, P2& P3- matched load)
Repeat the above steps for all the directional couplers(atleast two). Formulae:
a. Power at direct port-S21(dB)=Pin (dB)-P2out(dB).
b. Coupling (C)-S 31(dB)=Pin (dB)- P3out(dB).
c. Isolation-S 41(dB)=Pin(dB)-P4out(dB).
d. Directivity(D)-S43(dB)=P3out(dB)-P4out(dB). Tabularcolumns:

a). 3dB Branchline Directional Coupler

VSWR meter readings (dB)Direct
Freq. Coupling Isolation Directivity
output
f (GHz) P P P P S31(dB) S41(dB) S43(dB)
S21 (dB)
1 2 3 4
2.0
2.1
:

b) 15 dB Parallel Directional Coupler

VSWR meter readings (dB)Direct

Freq. Coupling Isolation Directivity
output
f (GHz) P P 1 P2 P43 S21 (dB) S31(dB) S41(dB) S43(dB)

2.0
2.1
:
:

3.0

Result: Coupling & isolation characteristics of microstrip directional coupler

have been verified.

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Experiment no.9
ANTENNAS
Aim: Measurement of directivity and gain of antennas: Standard
dipole(or printed dipole), microstrip patch antenna and Yagi
antenna(printed).

Components required: Microwave signal source, CRO, VSWR meter,

Standard dipole, microstrip patch antenna &Yagi antenna, Detector,
Matched load, Cables & adapters.

Setup for Directivity measurement.

Yagi-antenna Patchantenna
Procedure:
Directivity measurement:

1. Connect a Yagi antenna in horizontal plane to the Tx mast &

connect it to the RF output of microwavegenerator.

2. Connect another Yagi (antenna under test) in Horizontal

3. plane to the input of Detector & mount the detector at the

receiving mast.

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4. Set the distance b/w Tx& the Rx at the half meter & set the receiving
antenna at zero degree (in the line of Tx). Use CRO or VSWR meter to
takereadings.

5. VSWR settings(If VSWR meter is beingused):

 Select the transmitter for internal AMmode.

 Select the range switch at SWR meter at -40dB position with normalmode.
 Set both the gain potentiometers (coarse &Fine ) at fully
clockwise position & input select switch should be at 200Ω
position. In case if reading is not available at - 40dB range then
press 200K Ω (input select) to get high gainsreadings.
 Now set any value of received gain at -40dB position with the
help of frequency & mod freq of the Microwave Generator &
adjusting the distance b/w Tx&Rx.

6. Slowly move the Rx antenna in the steps & tabulate the

corresponding readings. Mark the obtained reading on the
radiationpattern.

7.This will give the radiation pattern of the antenna undertest.

8.Directivity of the antenna is the measure of power density. An actual

antenna radiates in the direction of its strongest emission, so if the max
power of the antenna (dB) is received at 00 then directivity will
be……...dB at00.

9. In the same way the directivity of the Dipole antenna can bemeasured.

10. For directivity measurement of the transformer fed Patch antenna, connect
transmitter Yagiantennaintheverticalplane(PatchAntennaisverticalPolarize).Since
itiscomparatively low gain antenna distance can be reduced b/w Tx& Rx.

Gain measurement:

WKT gain of the antenna is given by,

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Where: Vt&Vr --- Transmitted & received voltages respectively G—

Gain of Tx / Rx Antenna (Since we have used 2 identical antennas) S—
Distance b./w antennas , λo – free space wave length (≈ 12.5cm) Tabular
column:
a)Yagi Antenna
Vt=…….

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 Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Experiment no.10
MICROWAVE TEST BENCH

Aim: To determine the frequency, guide wavelength, VSWR and attenuation in a microwave test
bench.
Components Required: Klystron power supply, Reflex Klystron 2K25 mount,
cooling fan), variable attenuator – (2), frequency meter, wave guide, detector, CRO,
Slotted section, matched terminations, short, BNC probe.
Theory: The reflex klystron makes use of the velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed
through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and finally reflects the
electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose an RF-field exists between the
resonators, the electrons traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded as the voltage at the
resonator changes in amplitude. The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased
velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator
will need different time to return due to change in velocities. As a result the returning electrons
group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass though the resonator they interact with
voltage at the resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are
slowed down by thevoltage then energy will be delivered to the resonator; and klystron will
oscillate.

CRO

Klystron Power
supply Detector

Klystron Isolator Attenuator Frequency

meter Slotted
oscillator

Slotted section
CRO

Block Diagram of Microwave TestBench

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Initial settings:
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in fig 5.1. Set the cooling fan to blow the
air across the tube.
2. Set the beam voltage control knob -MINIMUM Repeller voltage to –MAXIMUM
3. Meter select to –current(C). This reads the beam current value. If
meter select is voltage (V) it reads the beam voltage. If the meter select
is REP it reads the repeller voltage.
4. Set the AM and FM frequency and amplitude knobs to middleposition.
5. Set AM modulation.
6. Switch on the power supply. Wait for 10 sec, let the tube warm up &
power supply get properlystabilized
7. Switch to HT position.
8. The beam current slowly starts increasing to a finite value. Now by
varying the beam control knob set the beam current to 13 mA (ensure
that Ibeam< 15mA).
9.Record the values of beam current, beam voltage and repeller voltage
by varying the meter selectknob.
10. Connect the CRO probe to detector. Vary (decrease) the repeller
voltage to get a maximum demodulated square wave on the CRO. If the
square wave has spikes then vary the amplitude knob of AM to discard
the spikes and obtain a pure squarewave.
11. Measure the signal amplitude on theCRO.
12. Now adjust the klystron tube flunger to get maximum amplitude and
then tighten the flunger.
13. Adjust the vernier caliper of the slotted section to get maxo/p
14. Now adjust the detector flunger to get maximum amplitude and then
tighten the flunger.
15. Adjust the tunable probe on the slotted section to get maxo/p
16. Vary the variable attenuator (screw gauge) to adjust the signal
amplitude to 1V (reference).

II. To determine the frequency of Klystron oscillations

(Using direct method):

1. Adjust the frequency meter such that the copper wires in the meter are
set at the bottom.
2. Vary the frequency meter until a dip (decrease in amplitude) of the

3. signal is obtained on theCRO.

4. At the dip, note the frequency in the frequency meter (in GHz). (Each
subdivision in the frequency meter measures 0.005). Do not keep the o/p
in dip position for a long time as the tube can get overheated.
III. To determine the guide wavelength λ g:

Procedure:
1. Remove detector. Connect any component i.e matched / short / open.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Take output on slotted linesection.
2. Keep slotted line section to the extreme right. Tune the tunable probe
to obtain max output.
3. Move the slotted line section from right to left to get the 1st minimumamplitude
on the CRO. Measure the distance ‗d1‘ on the slotted line section
scale. (note the point where the o/p starts to increase. The previous
point is the minimum amplitude).
4. Again move the slotted line section in the same direction to obtain the
2nd minimum amplitude on the CRO. Measure the distance ‗d2‘ on the
slotted line section scale. (note the point where the output starts to
increase. The previous point is the minimum amplitude).
5. Note that the value of λ g will remain the same for all types ofload.
IV. To find λ c:

Measure the wider length of the inner mouth of the rectangular

wave guide. Let it be equal to ‗a‘.

V. To determine theVSWR
1. Let the load be a matched termination.
2. Keep the slotted line section to the extreme right. Note that o/p is
taken from the slotted linesection.
3. Tune the tunable probe to get maximum square waveoutput.
4. Move the slotted line from right to left to get maximumoutput.
5. Now connect the CRO probe to the VSWRmeter.
6. VSWR meter settings: meter
select –Normal mode Range –dB

Input select - 200Ω crystal

Coarse and fine gain knobs – minimum.
7. Adjust the pointer of the scale to 1 by varying the coarse and fine gain
knobs and by changing therange.
8. Now vary the vernier scale from right to left. The pointer also moves
in the same direction. At one instant the pointer starts to deflect in the
backward direction. That corresponding reading on the meter gives
theVSWR.
9. Repeat steps 2-7 for open and shortloads.

Note: While measuring VSWR, let us say the pointer is set to 1 in the
range 30dB. While moving the slotted line section, the pointer also
moves from right to left. If the pointer exceeds 4, then increase the range
dB to next higher level (i.e 40 in this case) and read the 2nd lower scale.
i.e 3-10. If again the pointer exceeds 10 by moving the slotted section in

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
the same direction then increase the range dB to next higher level and
read the 1st scale.
Multiply 10 to the reading obtained on the 1st scale. The pointer will
deflect backwards in aparticular range. .
Therefore for 30 dB:1-4scale (only if 1 is
set in 30 dB range) 40 dB: 3-10scale
50 dB: (1-4) +10
60 dB: (3-10) + 10

VI. To measure attenuation in the microwave testbench:

Block diagram to measure attenuation

1. Disconnect the slotted line. Connect the detector directly to frequency

meter and the CRO probe from detector to CRO. A square wave of a
finite amplitude is obtained. Measure the amplitude and this gives the
input voltageVi.
2. Connect the probe to VSWR meter.
VSWR meter settings: Meter select –
Normalmode
Range – 0dB
Input select - 200Ω crystal
Coarse and fine gain knobs – minimum.
3. Adjust the pointer of the scale to 0 (red colored scale) by varying the
coarse and fine gain knobs and by changing the range and set a
convenient reference of 0dB. Do not disturb any knob after making
thesesettings.
4. Connect the variable attenuator to the frequency meter. Keep the
variable attenuator the minimumposition.
5. Now, connect the detector to the other end of the variableattenuator.

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6. Rotate the variable attenuator in steps of 1mm (up to 10mm) and note
down the corresponding power readings on the VSWR meter in dB.
(One rotation of the variable attenuator is equal to0.5mm.)
7. Tabulate thereadings.

Observation and calculations:

A. Frequency using direct method=……………..GHz.

B. Frequency using indirectmethod:

FINDIRECT = c / λ0 ;where λ0 is the free space wavelength

λ0= λg/λC ; where λg is the guidewavelength.

√ ( λg2 +λC2) λC is the
cut-off wavelength. λg = (d1~ d2)
whereLC=0.01cm
d1 = MSR1 + (VSR1*
LC)= ………cm d2 =
MSR2 + (VSR2*
LC)=……….....cm

λC = 2a / m where m = 1 (TE mn = TE 10 mode): a is the wider length of

the inner mouth of the rectangular waveguide(matched/short)
a=…….cm
Therefore λ o
=……….cm=……….m.
Finally FINDIRECT = c / λ0
=……….GHz.
C. VSWRmeasurements:

LOAD VSWR

MATCHED

OPEN

SHORT

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
A. PowerMeasurement

Sl. No. No. of rotations in mm Power in dB

Screw gauge
1
2
.

1
0
Result: Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, Power VSWR and
attenuation in a Microwave test bench have been done accordingly.

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
PART B

Experiment no.1

Aim: Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram
for binary polarsignaling.

Program:
% (binary_eye.m)
% generage and plot eyediagramsclear
all;clf;
%data = sign(randn(1,5)); %Generate n random bits
data=[1 0 1 0 1];
Tau=16;
dataup = upsample(data, Tau); %Generate impulse train

yrz=conv(dataup,prz(Tau)); %Return to zero polar signal

yrz=yrz(1:end-Tau+1);
figure(1); plot(yrz,'k'), grid on;
title('YRZ data pulse train');
ynrz=conv(dataup,pnrz(Tau)); %Non-return to zero polar
ynrz=ynrz(1:end-Tau+1);
figure(2);
plot(ynrz,'k');grid on; title('YNRZ data pulse train');

ysine=conv(dataup,psine(Tau)); %Half sinusoid polar

ysine=ysine(1:end-Tau+1);
figure(3);
plot(ysine,'k');grid on; title('YSINE data pulse train');
Td=1; %Truncating raised cosine to 4 periods yrcos=conv(dataup,prcos(0.5,Td,Tau)); %

rolloff factor = 0.5 yrcos=yrcos(2*Td*Tau:end-2*Td*Tau+1); % generating RC pulse train

figure(4);

plot(yrcos,'k');grid on; title('YRCOS data pulse train');

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eye1=eyediagram(yrz,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2,'k');grid on;title('RZ eye-diagram');
eye2=eyediagram(ynrz,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2,'k');grid on;title('NRZ eye diagram');

eye3=eyediagram(ysine,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2,'k');grid on;title('Half-sine eye-diagram');

eye4=eyediagram(yrcos,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2,'k');grid on;title('Raised-cosine eye-diagram');

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Experiment no.2

Pulse code modulation and demodulation

Aim: To Generate Pulse code modulation and demodulation waveforms.

Program:
clc;

closeall;

clearall;
n=input('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');
n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');
L=2^n;

% % Signal Generation
% x=0:1/100:4*pi;
% y=8*sin(x); % Amplitude Of signal is8V
% subplot(2,2,1);
% plot(x,y);grid on;
% Sampling Operation
x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi; % n1 number of samples have to be selected
s=8*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Analog Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s);grid on; title('Sampled Sinal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->');xlabel('Time--->');
% Quantization Process
vmax=8;
vmin=-vmax; del=(vmax-vmin)/L;

part=vmin:del:vmax; % level are between Vmin and Vmax

withdifference ofdel
code=vmin-(del/2):del:vmax+(del/2); % Contain Quantized values
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code); % Quantizationprocess
% ind contain index number and q contain

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
quantizedvalues
l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);

fori=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0) % To make index as binary decimal so started from 0 to N
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
endi=i
+1;
end
fori=1:l2
if(q(i)==vmin-(del/2)) % To make quantize value in between the levels
q(i)=vmin+(del/2);
enden
d
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q);gridon; % Display the Quantize values
title('QuantizedSignal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Encoding Process
figure
code=de2bi(ind,'left-msb'); % Convert the decimal to binary
k=1;
fori=1:l1
forj=1:n
coded(k)=code(i,j); % convert code matrix to a coded row vector
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1); grid on;
stairs(coded); % Display the encoded signal axis([0 100 -2 3]);
title('EncodedSignal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Demodulation Of PCM signal6

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

qunt=reshape(coded,n,length(coded)/n;
index=bi2de(qunt','left-msb'); % Get back the index in decimalform
q=del*index+vmin+(del/2); % get back Quantized values
subplot(2,1,2); gridon;
plot(q); % Plot Demodulatedsignal
title('Demodulated Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
Output:
Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : 20
Enter number of samples in a period : 15

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

Experiment no.3
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Aim: To generate Quadrature Phase Shift Keying modulation and demodulation waveforms.

Program:

clc;
clearall;
closeall;%GENERATE QUADRATURE CARRIER SIGNAL

Tb=1;t=0:(Tb/100):Tb;fc=1;
c1=sqrt(2/Tb)*cos(2*pi*fc*t); c2=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t); %generate message signal
N=8;m=rand(1,N); t1=0;t2=Tb
fori=1:2:(N-1)
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
ifm(i)>0.5 m(i)=1;m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end%odd bits modulated signal
odd_sig(i,:)=c1.*m_s;
ifm(i+1)>0.5 m(i+1)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i+1)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end
%even bits modulated signal
even_sig(i,:)=c2.*m_s;
%qpsk signal
qpsk=odd_sig+even_sig;
%Plot the QPSK modulated signal
subplot(3,2,4);plot(t,qpsk(i,:));
title('QPSKsignal');xlabel('t ---- >');ylabel('s(t)');grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
holdoff
%Plot the binary data bits and carrier signal

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
subplot(3,2,1);stem(m);
title('binarydatabits');xlabel('n ---- >');ylabel('b(n)');gridon;
subplot(3,2,2);plot(t,c1);
title('carriersignal-1');xlabel('t ---- >');ylabel('c1(t)');grid on;
subplot(3,2,3);plot(t,c2);
title('carriersignal-2');xlabel('t ---- >');ylabel('c2(t)');grid on;
t1=0;t2=Tb
fori=1:N-1
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
%correlatorx1=sum(c1.*qpsk(i,:))
;
x2=sum(c2.*qpsk(i,:));
%decision device
if(x1>0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=1;
elseif(x1>0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=0;elseif(
x1<0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif(x1<0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=1;
end

t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
endsubplot(3,2,5);stem(demod);
title('qpskdemodulatedbits');xlabel('n ---- >');ylabel('b(n)');grid on;

Output:

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
Experiment no.4

Differential Phase Shift Keying

Aim: To test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by
simulating the non-coherent detection of binary DPSK.

Program:

N = 10^4 % number of bits or symbols

rand('state',100); % initializing the rand() function
randn('state',200);% initializing the randn() function
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5;% generating 0,1 with equal probability
ipD = mod(filter(1,[1 -1],ip),2); % %differential encoding y[n]=y[n-1]+x[n]
s = 2*ipD-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
Eb_N0_dB = [-3:10]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
forii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
y = s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise ipDHat_coh
= real(y) > 0; % coherent demodulation
ipHat_coh = mod(filter([1 -1],1,ipDHat_coh),2); %differential decoding
nErr_dbpsk_coh(ii) = size(find([ip - ipHat_coh]),2); % counting the number of errors
end
simBer_dbpsk_coh = nErr_dbpsk_coh/N;

theoryBer_dbpsk_coh =
erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))).*(1.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))));
close all

figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_dbpsk_coh,'b.-');
holdon
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer_dbpsk_coh,'mx-');

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
axis([-2 10 10^-6 0.5])
gridon
legend('theory', 'simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('Bit error probability curve for coherent demodulation of DBPSK')

Output:

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the properties of Magictee?

2. What are the applications of magic tee?Why it is called ―magictee‖?
3. Give the scattering matrix of magictee
4. Give the scattering matrix of directional coupler
5. Define : Coupling coefficient, directivity, insertion loss,isolation
6. Give the applications of directional coupler
7. How does oscillations take place in reflex klystron?
8. Why can‘t we use conventional vaccum tubes at microwave frequencies?
9. Give the applications of reflex klystron
10. What is meant by ETR,ETS?
11. Define gunneffect
12. What are the modes of operation of gunn diode
13. Define transit timemodes.
14. Define LSA mode
15. What are the applications of gunndiode.
16. How does gunn diodeoscillate?
17. What are the advantages of gunndiode?
18. Draw the J v/s E characteristics of gunn diode showing NDC region
19. How velocity modulation takes place
in reflex klystron 20.Explain the modes
of reflexklystron?
21. What is the difference between transmission lines and coaxiallines
22. Why cylindrical cavity resonators are not used withklystrons?
23. What are the advantages of directional couplers
24. What arewaveguides?What are cavity resonators? Mention itsapplications
25. By what method cavity resonators aretuned
26. What are the applications ofcirculators?
27. What is modulation? Mention different types of digital modulationtechniques?
28. What is base band and band passtransmissions
29. Mention the two main resources available with communicationchannels
30. What are formattingblocks
31. What is samplingprocess?State sampling theorem for low passsignals
32. Mention different types of samplingprocess?
33. What is aliasing ? Mention the conditions for aliasing tooccur?
34. How can aliasing bereduced?
35. What is aperture effect? How it isreduced?
36. What is the minimum transmission bandwidth of transmissionchannel?
37. What are the requirements that a digital modulation scheme mustsatisfy
38. What is M-arytransmission?
39. What is demodulation anddetection?Define coherent and non-
coherentdetection?
40. What is the drawback of BPSK?Mention the minimum transmission bandwidth
ofBPSK,DPSK,QPSK?
41. Mention the advantages of DPSK? Also what are itsdisadvantages?
42. What are the advantages and disadvantages ofQPSK

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Advanced Communication Lab Dept of ECE
43. Differentiate ASK, FSK,PSK
44. Explain flat topsampling?
45. What isantenna?What is radiationpatternWhat isdirectivity?
46. Define antennagain?Explain effective aperture ofantenna
47. Define bandwidth and beamwidth ofantenna
48. What is near field and far field ofantenna
49. What is polarization ofantenna?
50. Explain structure of opticalfiber?What is refractiveindex?
51. What is numericalaperture?What are the advantages and disadvantages of
OFC?

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