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    Lec 07 Multi-Dimensional Arrays Intro To Structures

    Uploaded by

    Carlo Jonas Cariño
    This document discusses multi-dimensional arrays and structures in C programming. It begins with a review of single-dimensional arrays and functions that take array parameters. It then covers the declaration and accessing of multi-dimensional arrays, including visualizations of 2D and 3D arrays. Examples demonstrate using 2D arrays to represent lists and matrices. The document also introduces structures as a way to group different data types together under one name. It shows how to declare and define structures, access structure members, and use the sizeof operator with structures. Sample problems demonstrate using structures and arrays to represent voting data and name lists.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lec 07 Multi-Dimensional Arrays Intro To Structures

    Uploaded by

    Carlo Jonas Cariño
    34 views44 pages
    This document discusses multi-dimensional arrays and structures in C programming. It begins with a review of single-dimensional arrays and functions that take array parameters. It then covers the declaration and accessing of multi-dimensional arrays, including visualizations of 2D and 3D arrays. Examples demonstrate using 2D arrays to represent lists and matrices. The document also introduces structures as a way to group different data types together under one name. It shows how to declare and define structures, access structure members, and use the sizeof operator with structures. Sample problems demonstrate using structures and arrays to represent voting data and name lists.

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    This document discusses multi-dimensional arrays and structures in C programming. It begins with a review of single-dimensional arrays and functions that take array parameters. It then covers the declaration and accessing of multi-dimensional arrays, including visualizations of 2D and 3D arrays. Examples demonstrate using 2D arrays to represent lists and matrices. The document also introduces structures as a way to group different data types together under one name. It shows how to declare and define structures, access structure members, and use the sizeof operator with structures. Sample problems demonstrate using structures and arrays to represent voting data and name lists.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views44 pages

    Lec 07 Multi-Dimensional Arrays Intro To Structures

    Uploaded by

    Carlo Jonas Cariño
    This document discusses multi-dimensional arrays and structures in C programming. It begins with a review of single-dimensional arrays and functions that take array parameters. It then covers the declaration and accessing of multi-dimensional arrays, including visualizations of 2D and 3D arrays. Examples demonstrate using 2D arrays to represent lists and matrices. The document also introduces structures as a way to group different data types together under one name. It shows how to declare and define structures, access structure members, and use the sizeof operator with structures. Sample problems demonstrate using structures and arrays to represent voting data and name lists.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 44

    EEE 11

    Lec 07 Multi-Dimensional Arrays Intro to Structures

    Review
    int myarray1[] = {2, 1, 15, 20}; int iVar = 3; int myarray2[] = {25, 30, 40, 70}; What is sizeof(myarray1)? Which of the expressions are valid/safe and what do they do?
    myarray1[1]++; myarray1 = myarray2; myarray2[0] = iVar; myarray2[iVar] = myarray2[myarray1[0]]; scanf(%d, &(myarray1[3])); int myarray3[iVar];

    Review
    int myarray1[] = {2, 1, 15, 20}; int iVar = 3; int myarray2[] = {25, 30, 40, 70}; What is sizeof(myarray1)? sizeof(int)*4 = 4*4 = 16 Which of the expressions are valid/safe and what do they do?
    myarray1[1]++; myarray1 = myarray2; /* Invalid */ myarray2[0] = iVar; myarray2[iVar] = myarray2[myarray1[0]]; scanf(%d, &(myarray1[3])); int myarray3[iVar]; /* Invalid */

    Review
    How do you declare a function parameter that is an array of int?
    void func( <what should be here?>, int iSize) { while (iSize > 0) { /* myarray is an integer array */ printf("%d\n", myarray[--iSize]); } }

    Review
    int myarray1[] = {2, 1, 15, 20, -1};

    What is being passed to func() for each of the expressions?


    func(myarray1[0]); func(myarray1); func(myarray1[5]);

    Sample 07-01
    Implement the following functions int get_sum(int numbers[ ], int count)
    Returns the sum of the numbers in the array

    float get_average(int numbers[ ], int count)


    Returns the average value of the numbers in the array

    Demonstrate modularity

    Sample 07-02
    Demo: functions can modify array contents void myreset(int numbers[ ], int count)
    set all elements in numbers to 0

    void myabsval(int numbers[ ], int count)


    set all elements in numbers to its absolute value

    Review
    char myarray[10] = {a, b, c, '\0'};

    What is sizeof(myarray)? What is myarray[1]? What is strlen(myarray)? How do I access c? Is the code below valid?
    char tmp[10]=abc;

    Review
    char myarray[10] = {a, b, c, '\0'};

    What is sizeof(myarray)? 10 What is myarray[1]? 'b' What is strlen(myarray)? 3 How do I access c? myarray[2] Is the code below valid? Yes
    char tmp[10]=abc;

    Sample 07-03
    Implement using arrays: int mystrlen(char input[ ]);
    Same as strlen(); Displays the number of characters in the string

    Demo:
    fgets( ) char arrays with '\0' inserted in the middle

    Sample 07-04
    Implement using arrays: void mytoupper(char input[ ]);
    Capitalizes all characters in the string

    Sample 07-05
    Implement using arrays: int mystrcmp(char str1[ ], char str2 [ ])
    Same as strcmp; compares two strings

    Implement a program that asks the user to guess a secret code (e.g. eee11)
    Give hints like higher, lower

    Multidimensional Arrays

    Multidimensional Array

    Can be thought of as an array of Arrays Can be used to represent data like:


    Matrix List of words like: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday

    EEE11

    Multidimensional Array Declaration

    Data type

    Column size

    int matrix[2][5] = { {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}};


    Name Row size

    EEE11

    Optional Parts of a Multidimensional Array Declaration


    Warnings appear if there are no internal braces, but it will still work

    int matrix[ ][5] = { {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}};


    Row size: (leftmost size) Only if there is initial value. The compiler automatically allocates enough memory to accommodate the initial values

    EEE11

    Visualization - Multidim Arrays


    1d Array:
    int aArray1d[5];
    A collection of five (5) integers

    Visualization Multidim Arrays


    2d Array:
    int aArray2d[2][5];
    A collection of two (2) 5-integer array (10 integers in all)

    Visualization Multidim Arrays


    int aArray2d[2][5];
    0 0 1 1 2 3 4

    aArray2d[1][3]

    Accessing the Elements of a Multidimensional Array

    Suppose we want to print the numbers in matrix[][]:


    int matrix[2][5] = { {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {6, 7, 8, 9, 10} }; int i; int j; for(i=0; i<2; i++) { for(j=0; j<5; j++) printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]); /* (matrix[i])[j] */ printf("\n");

    EEE11

    List - 2D Array of char


    Recall that a string is a 1D-array of char 2D-array of char can be thought of as a collection of several 1D-array of char Example: {'d', 'e', 'f', '\0' } }; /* alpha[0] ==> {'a', 'b', 'c', '\0'} ==> abc alpha[1] ==> {'d', 'e', 'f', '\0'} ==> def */

    char alpha[2][4] = { {'a', 'b', 'c', '\0' },

    EEE11

    Using Lists
    char alpha[2][4] = { {'a', 'b', 'c', '\0' }, {'d', 'e', 'f', '\0' } }; int i; for (i=0; i<2; i++) printf("%s\n", alpha[i]);

    EEE11

    Using lists
    char days[7][10] = { "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday" }; int i; for (i=0; i<7; i++) puts(days[i]); /* printf("%s\n", days[i]); */
    EEE11

    Using lists
    char temp[ ] = testing; char sample[7][10]; int i; for (i=0; i<7; i++) strcpy(sample[i], temp);

    EEE11

    Sample 07-06

    Use a 2D array (list) to implement a simple number to word converter (0-9 only)

    EEE11

    Sample 07-07

    Use a 2D array to store a list of 5 names, and display them.

    Modify the code so the content of the list is in all caps

    EEE11

    3D Arrays
    3d Array:
    int aArray3d[4][2][5];
    A collection of four (4), two(2) 5-integer array (40 integers in all)

    2x5 array

    Accessing 3D arrays
    int aArray3d[4][2][5];
    0

    1
    0 1 2 3 4 0 1

    aArray3d[2][1][3]

    N-dimensional Array

    In practice, programmers avoid using array dimension >2

    becomes hard to understand/maintain

    EEE11

    Multidim Array Parameters


    What does func() do?
    /* NUM_ROWS and NUM_COLS are constants */ void func (int aMatrix[NUM_ROWS][NUM_COLS]) { int iRows, iCols; for (iRows = 0; iRows < NUM_ROWS; iRows++) { for (iCols = 0; iCols < NUM_COLS; iCols++) aMatrix[iRows][iColumns] = 0; } }

    Intro to Structures

    So far, we know how to represent


    a variable (of basic data types) an ordered set of the same data type (array) student (name, ID #) Credit card

    How do we represent the following?


    EEE11

    31

    Structure

    Collection of one or more variables, possibly of different types, grouped together under a single name for convenient handling

    EEE11

    32

    Structure for student Info


    struct student_info { char name[32]; unsigned long long number; /*why ull?*/ };

    EEE11

    33

    Structure for Student Info


    Declaring a new data type Tag is the identifier of the container of the structure

    struct student_info {
    Variables or Members

    char name[32]; ... };


    Semicolon

    EEE11

    Braces as delimiter

    34

    Structure Mandatory Parts


    keyword

    struct { };
    Semicolon

    Braces
    EEE11 35

    IMPORTANT

    Declaration of a structure does NOT create a variable It is just a new data type

    EEE11

    36

    Declaration and Initialization of Structure


    Data type Variable name

    struct student_info bayani = { Jose Rizal, 189800001 }; /* 1 to 1 correspondence */

    EEE11

    37

    Accessing structure members

    We use the DOT operator:


    struct student_info bayani = { "Jose Rizal", 189800001 }; printf(%s\n, bayani . name); /* bayani <dot> name = the name member */ /* %llu is for unsigned long long*/ printf("%llu\n",bayani.number);

    EEE11

    38

    Dot operator
    /*We can also modify each member*/ snprintf(bayani.name, sizeof(bayani.name), "%s", "Andres Bonifacio"); /*OR*/ strncpy(bayani.name, "Andres Bonifacio", sizeof(bayani.name) - 1);

    EEE11

    39

    Structure members behave like a normal variable


    /* unsigned long long variable */ bayani.number = 10; bayani.number++; bayani.number *= 100; scanf(%llu, &(bayani.number)); /* char array variable */ bayani.name[0] = 'a'; bayani.name[1] = '\0';
    EEE11 40

    sizeof a Structure

    sizeof a Structure is just the sum of the sizeof its members

    EEE11

    41

    sizeof Student Info


    struct student_info { char }; printf(%d bytes\n, sizeof(struct student_info)); /* 40 bytes */ name[32]; /* 32 bytes */ /* 8 bytes */ unsigned long long number;

    EEE11

    42

    Sample 07-07

    Define candidate structure


    Name Votes

    [80 characters] [integer]

    Declare 2 variables, president1, president2


    Get 9 votes, asking users to pick which candidate Display winner at the end

    EEE11

    43

    References

    Largely from actual coding and sheer curiosity If you are looking for a hard copy:

    The C Pogramming Language by K&R Problem Solving and Program Design in C by Hanly Open source codes

    EEE11

    44

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