A . C .

I
W
Angular speed
= N :
I2X
= [T] -
0
I
effective
=
=
w

In Irms
Wt O

2
=
2

*
Dam water
I
:
-
- T
> time
Alternating EMF
-

Stdt
- T H =

E =

- If N is no of turns
-T = It
E= NBAw sin(wt)
=
(BAcos(wt)) I = NBAw sin (wt) = Jesincwt]dt
R
R
(cos(wt)
=

BAd EES(sin2 (wt) &t

--

v2 =
&

=
=
BA(-sin(wt)) w m v2y =
X
2
- WBA sin (wt) time vems
EMF = NBAw sin (wt)
En =
for maximum EMF Sin (wt) = 1
I n
Ea
Eo
vrms = -

EMF = MBAW = So
2

Erf so Sin(wt)
> time
=

I =
sin (wt) -Fo O . If the peak value of te volt is 220 Ev and ,
applied to

I = To Sin (wt) T-time period resistor 3ohm Find the effective value of current
·
.
]

[Time a
E
To Sin (wt) fo leff
Eo 2201 =
I >
Io
-
=
=
,
:
IRMs =

E = Er sin (wt)
f= Frequency
Irms
= = 2202
w
= 3
time
=
W =
220
32
= w= 2π

W = 2 xf
=

20 =73 . 33

=> Measurement
Normally
, I = 0

much [invisible]
9 If an EMF = 12 sin (wt) inR = El find peak value of current and hence Irms
.

fluctuate Irms =
so >
-

↑
T
Io
T

Half
cycle (wt)
-
y : do Sin

E = 12 sin (wt]

sohz write down the eg for

= I
& = To -cos(wt) . An Ac
Q
and current at
having peak value

some
Nov and

instant when applied to

Frequency
a resistance I.
ohm
. EMF

To sin (wt
&=
w
⑧

F Sohz
= cos(we)
o
>
-
Irms = /lov =

da = Io sin (Wt) dt E = Er Sin (wt) Fo =

To sin (wt)
O
= 110 sin (100 It)
=
100sin
(100Tt)
Closin
(w + )dt
- Cos
w= =
T Co

MS
- -

(wt)
- Los
N= 10
W a
v

= O
-
8
-

T
G = cos(wt) Q .

·
W O
⑤

2.1 ]
> IMMs
a =
-

(-22 + 12) 2
=
Io 22 +
cos(wT)
a = -
-

= -
LOS(0)
O S 3

cos)
4 + n + 4
- 2
= a=
1
- 2v 3

a =

-1] I
=
= 2A .

a = 0
2
A . c . IN RESISTOR : E= Eosin (wt)

I o
- = sin(wt
#
= =
w
me

-
-
I = Iosin (wt)
T
Phasor 9 Eo

"It is the value of D which produces

Effective value of A /RMs value
C
. 7I
. .
o
= . .
C

resistor 1 we
u
>
- Heat =
u) -
>
-
Heat =
4) same
heating effect in a
>
cw += o) To "So

I =
A n I= 4A
in same time as produced by -
wave
diagram
A that resistor ."
N
V
in time
V
.
c
.
in same
M

I
c
~

.
V
> t
calculation : Sinz (w +) = 1 (os(wt)
-

(
sir ve
/12 Rdt = (wt)d +=

wli
H I2T sin I

Integrate
=

(2wT]
T

. Sin
[0-0]
-

/ C-cos(wt))
12Rdt 2w
I2RT =

= =

in
opposite
=
I2
-

I2T
S14dt IResistance
theLir
=
a

I2T =

O
JESinz
(wt]dt
2
T
IT

[T-sin I
sin(wt) = #
↓
XL ohml
Ac
f
I2T
: -Sin (2 wt)
= 0
- 50 Hz , 100 He
(wt]
=

2w
= Io sin X = 0
* 2 FL
O =

>
- 100TL
Ac
. INPURE INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
I
0 sir
(wt
L= Inductance I =

Josin(nt- Q A cil has .

an industance of 1
Henry
at what
frequency
sir will it have reactance of 3141 What should be the capacity
ne
X = WL .

In
which have same reactance of same
XL L
of capacitor frequency
2

.
=

know at coust .
so sin (wt)
and
we I

L
= >
-
7000 H2 0 12.
If
dt
(do sin (wt)dt =
dI X =
wh
Integrate 2 fL
Sinwe/dt
>
- =
I
-
=

X
f =

Here to must
be To
so
2πL

resin w
XL - 314
-

2 X3 14
inductive circuit
.

wh is effective on t the flow of current in

purly I M PEDENCE :
OR

wh Inductive Resistance
· i mir c
=
= so sin (wt]
wL = XL
N
I = To sin
(wt-l)
PHASOR E = Eosin (w+)
E= so Sin (wt) phason diagram Vn
&
-
Eo

I = Josin (wt -(2) E=

#
Vre+ VI

(wt 12 12 R + IX (2 /X
<
E =

>x I VR

Impedance
(F(z
#2 A
3 peeche]
R2 + X
=

se90 series circuit

-Io V L = R2 + Xi
WAVE DIAGRAM VL

E O Phase difference
=

Ein k
I
behind the

Xt-voltage
current voltage 10
- is
-

> VR

is ahead of current .

of current Josin (w + 4)
Eg I :
-

tan
Cos
=
=> A Circuit
.
c .
IN PURE Capacitive .

9 when R ,
inductors L , RMs = 12V in series ·
Sohz
supply , A current O SA
.

flaws
. The Current
11
E= so sin (wt) differs in Phase from applied voltage by ,
Calculate R
.
-

a V = IR
g
cos
=

V = [2
A =
c Eosin (wt) L XL
12 = 0 52
Differential or
.

/3 z = 24 12 = R

= <to (sin (wt) Q Abulb (R 101) completed

. = to inductor L in Series Force=100V 50Hz Calculate R ,

E =

(to cos (we)

r) Xc tan0 :
: My
I =
w
/Eo (wt))
los
R
tand = 2 xfL
zosin (w + (2)
*
I =
we + 10
10 = 2
1/50) L
=
I Sir
jut + ) 0 03 . = L

Helle -
we
must be effective resistance . 12
& ohm Resistance and inductance of , 0 05 1
.
in series , 1301 Ac Johz
.

ol
calculate in circuit and Phase difference btw I and .
V
opposition 0000000

or I = Erms
XX ,
capacitive
130
2

resistance I
&
=

PHASOR WAVE DIAGRAM R2 + XL2

M 130
A I =

122+
(2πf1)2

2 I
T
To I = 130
M

[2()j2
Inn +
/2
i) not
/30
I
sch
=
=
10A
a .
A pure inductor of 25mh is connected to a source of 220V .
find the inductive reactance
P=_Johz Resistor or Capacitor [Series]
.
source in pure
-Mc
X
.

wL
L =
25 MH
=
In 11

w= 2π Xc 100 10-3
=
X 25 X
= 100 T
2500 T X 10-3
phasor diagram
=>

find current I
ame
.

22 t

2500TX10-3 [Parallelogram law]

X 102 E VR2+ VI
I 22
Xc
=

CBSE
=
23
25 T
inductance of what f reactance will be 31421 ? z
O A coil has an 1
Henry At I2 =
IPR+ 12X-
&
. .

L = H XL = WL
I
Xx VR R2 + X2
=

P
=
2πFX
f =

S/42
>
X1 = 3142
1571
=

2xx) .
9 Maseries R =
301 , C = 0 25 mf
.

,
V = 100V ,
w =
10 , 000 radian/see , find I in

· Calculate resistor and capacitor

50hz - circuit vacross If the algebric
.
=

imp(16)
voltages
of is than the source If how be
200mh inductor and 22m5 capaitol Connected
sum more v? yes
can
Q . I
by one across a sinus oidial Ac sooc E
.
Possible ?
>
-
v 70 75 sin (1000
+
=

R
.

C
obtain expression for current in both
. W 11
X Twe =

200mh

I
L= 30
- L = 0 25X .
10-6 #
Losin (w + -)
I
& =
c =
54f =

10"X 25 x 10-6
V = 100 V
sin
v = 70 7 Sin (1000 +
rad/sec
.

= to
w = 10 , 000

To sin (1000+ *
(2) Fo sin
(1000 +
+
)
-

Irms-vums
2 = X
(1) [02-70 7 wh ·
=
70 7 x 1000
.

X5X10 = 2 4 .
2 = 400

vems =
IR
= 0 25 .
/30
(t) - t
To 70 7
Parallelogram Law
-

= VL =
Ve

1000X2000X
& UR
Va-V
i = R2 + (Xc X) z
-

70
- 2 R2
= 0 35 .
2 =

O
Connected
when to source
& find the value of current
through inductor ofIn 2 =
R
. an VR
condition for maximum
.
* sou sollz .

2 Vi Vo
>
-
IMMs =
L = 2 X- Xc -
=

ou
V= 15
R Xc Xa
f
=

=
50

/vc-va)
<
E =
(VR) +
Q 20012 28mh find reactance
.
flowing
. ·

2 R2 + (Xx X))2
=
>
-
XI = Lw -

LX2Tv
=

2 2
+ (X Xa)2 -

=
28X10 - 6x2XTX200
impedence of LR
 and and
.
0 Impedence of series LCR if reactance of Cach Lare 250 220
Ov
R =
10
· > 900

> I
XI =
25o
- z =
X1 (same slide)
p2+
(X Xc)2 220
=
-

Induced circuit
(nor + (30 ) w
2 =

Irms Erms

P =
0
2 =
502 = 502

and 201-r connected in series with A C .? P Erms Irms Cosgo P Erms Irms Cos 90
& solf Capacitor 2 Henry Inductor
. = =
.
=

EMF E 310 sin su + (V) P Erms Irms P

= =
: = 0
2 = Sin we
cis what is impedences pure capacitor
(ii) Reactance ? circuit me paper
iii) current of circuit consumption Cero

(i)
hota hai
w = 3 14 =
2 C 3 .

14 .

f :
solz
X = w( =
314X2
2.
> (50) 2+ (628-106 1st ·
2
=
628
WATTLESS CURRENT Sin
Erms = Xc =
>
Irms
-

y
Irms Erms

Component in
Este
=

10-6

IwsO
2 -

314X30x10-6 sams
Irms
10 < Ir
Resonance in LCR Circuit ,
90
%

! inductor in series with to source What should be the P-Erms Irms cost
"Irms
sind
resistance
.

& A .
2 If capacitor , nor on -

- of Ac for which current is maximum

.

P Erms
=
(Irms sing) Cos 90 ·

Peak v = zooV

Also find for more current P = 0

is inductive and capacitor Reactance

POWER IN AC CIRCUIT
ii) Total impedance of circuit
will peak value of current
P E I
-Phase
= .

(iv) Pheus diff btwv and resistor across inductor

P =
Eosin(wt) Josin(w + -d) difference
2uf
-et
c
hoga hi
=

L =
84 to P =
Solo
[sin(wt)) Sir (w+ -P1]
R = 1001 I
& P

Eo =
200V
=
=
[2 sin(wt) Sin(wt O
/
) -

2 : 8 x2x10-6

(i) Xr =
X
P
Soto
=

+cosd-cos(2wt-6]
zero

X- = wh It is the fruction oftime

XL
Peto Cost
=
2 fL

X =
2x(2m8 * 0 ]o
(ii) z =
R =
1001
xx ,

power-cost
Powell =
Erms Irms cost
· sharpness > -

Quality factor
n o LOR ENERGY STORED IN INDUCTOR :

Xa l
- I

- RI
R3LRzLRI
esserst
> w
u =
+ Cv2
wa

a v =
+ Cv2
w =

Sidt
O :

voltage drop across (cor) Q2

Jadt
U =

applied voltage
2C w =

P = EI
u =
V

SLIdt
W=
ratio of
quality
applied
factor is the
of Resistance
voltage drop across forc to the

voltage .
w= L
SIdI

bandwith
Q > wr
a
12
bandwidth
-
W= L
I
Z
quality ↓

:
v =

t LI2

O = wa

Band width -
transformationa
turns ratio

Wo Wi W2
> w
=
* and
was widths =
w we

U
=
v
-

RATIO
-

↑ TRANSFORMER
M2 > M , M
, M2

a
,

e ⑤ Mus
↓
>

POWER FACTOR former

P
Stepdown
= Erms Irms cosk S
Transformer
XL -

X
R2 +
(x Xc) -

fewd
by
ein ma
OR a =

2 *
Xc -XL
#

dono same
.
E
a
M
E2 =
n ,
R
factor an

Induca
Emax? cosp > - power

E VL-Va
cosp power Factor
= Now >
-
P =
Erms Irms Cosy El
OR
Vc VL

by P values
-

Lost
VI not
getting real No Power
Up we
=
, :
were

so we introduced 'ws' Pr -

P2
as power Factoll
. E , I =
Ey I z

= Powell

=
AC. . GENRATOR
-
Misleading
Mechanical
N S
Actually
is converted
Energy

slippe
into electrical Energy
↓
load
helps in

Rotion I current ekattha =

-
Karenge) E = -Md (BAcos(wt))
principle-works on the principle
dt
of EMI .

6 BA O
E = -

MBA (-sin Curt) wI

=
cos

6 = BA cos(wt) c =
MBAW Sin(wt)

sin(wt
10 : To Sin (wt]
& = 0 >
-
I = 0

O =
90 > - max .