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    GRGPTB

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    shivanshmishraalld

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    GRGPTB

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    shivanshmishraalld
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    GRGPTB

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    MAT3TH51 - RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY

    i.e. geodesics have constant speed (length of velocity vector is


    constant).

    Corollary: Each geodesic can be parametrized proportionally to


    arc-length.
    Proof: Let 𝜎: 𝐼 → 𝑀 be a geodesic. Then, ∥ 𝜎̇ (𝑡) ∥= 𝑐 ; ∀𝑡 ∈ 𝐼
    where 𝑐 is a constant.
    Let us assume that 𝑐 ≠ 0, i.e. we consider the geodesics which
    do not reduces to a point. Then the arc-length 𝑠 of 𝜎 measured from
    a fixed point 𝑡 = 𝑡0 is given by,
    𝑡 𝑡

    𝑠(𝑡) = ∫ ∥ 𝜎̇ (𝑡) ∥ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑐. 𝑑𝑡
    𝑡0 𝑡0
    ⟹ 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑐 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
    ⟹ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡.

    Remark: If parameter of a geodesic is arc length, then we say that


    the geodesic is normalized.

    Local equations satisfied by a geodesic:


    Let (𝑈, 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , … , 𝑥 𝑛 ) be a chart on a Riemannian manifold (𝑀, 𝑔).
    On 𝑈,
    a curve 𝜎(𝑡) = (𝑥 1 (𝑡), 𝑥 2 (𝑡), … , 𝑥 𝑛 (𝑡)), 𝑡 ∈ 𝐼 is a geodesic
    𝐷 𝑑𝜎 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
    𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝜎̇ (𝑡) = 0 ; where 𝜎̇ (𝑡) = =( , ,…, )
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
    𝑛 𝑛
    𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑖
    𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    𝑗
    𝜕
    𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓𝑓 ∑ [ ( ) + ∑ Γ𝑖𝑗 . . ] 𝑘=0
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥
    𝑘=1 𝑖,𝑗=1
    𝜕
    As, 𝑘 , 𝑘 = 1,2, . . . , 𝑛 are linearly independent vector fields. So, we
    𝜕𝑥
    have,
    𝒏
    𝒅 𝟐 𝒙𝒌 𝒊
    𝒌 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
    𝒋
    + ∑ 𝚪𝒊𝒋 . =𝟎 ; 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒌 = 𝟏, 𝟐, … , 𝒏
    𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
    𝒊,𝒋=𝟏
    which is system of 𝑛 − second order non-linear differential
    equations.
    MAT3TH51 - RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY

    These are the equations satisfied by a geodesic on the chart


    (𝑈, 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , … , 𝑥 𝑛 ).

    Note: Geodesics are auto-parallel curve.


    MAT3TH51 - RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY

    Ram Ji Pandey
    Department of Mathematics, ECC, Prayagraj
    Objective:
    In this study material we will discuss about the following:
    Theorems related to existence and homogeneity of geodesics.

    Theorem: Let (𝑴, 𝒈) be a Riemannian manifold. Given 𝒑 ∈ 𝑴, ∃


    an open set 𝑽 ⊆ 𝑴, 𝒑 ∈ 𝑴, a numbers 𝜹 > 𝟎, 𝜺𝟏 > 𝟎 and a 𝑪∞ − 𝒎𝒂𝒑
    𝜸: (−𝜹, 𝜹) × 𝒖 → 𝑴
    where 𝒖 = {(𝒒, 𝒗): 𝒒 ∈ 𝑽, 𝒗 ∈ 𝑻𝒒 𝑴, |𝒗| < 𝜺𝟏 } such that 𝒕 ⟼ 𝜸(𝒕, 𝒒, 𝒗), 𝒕 ∈
    (−𝟐, 𝟐) is the unique geodesic of M which at the instant 𝒕 = 𝟎
    passes through 𝒒 with velocity 𝒗, ∀𝒒 ∈ 𝑽 and 𝒗 ∈ 𝑻𝒒 𝑴 with |𝒗| <
    𝜺𝟏 .
    Proof: Let 𝑝 ∈ 𝑀 and (𝑈, 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , … , 𝑥 𝑛 ) be a chart around 𝑝.
    Suppose, 𝑝 = (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , … , 𝑝𝑛 ) 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 (𝑝), 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛.
    Let 𝑣 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀, where ∈ 𝑈 , then 𝑣 can be written as
    𝑛
    𝜕
    𝑣 = ∑ 𝑉𝑖 |
    𝜕𝑥 𝑖 𝑞
    𝑖=1
    Consider the following system of geodesic equations on 𝑈,
    𝑛
    𝑑2 𝑥 𝑘 𝑖
    𝑘 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    𝑗
    + ∑ Γ𝑖𝑗 . = 0 ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
    𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
    𝑖,𝑗=1
    where Γ𝑖𝑗𝑘
    are connection coefficients of the Levi-civita connection ∇
    on 𝑀.
    This system can be written as,
    𝑑𝑥 𝑘
    = 𝑌𝑘
    𝑑𝑡
    𝑛
    𝑘
    𝑑𝑌
    𝑎𝑛𝑑 = − ∑ Γ𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑌 𝑖 𝑌𝑗 ; 𝑘 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
    𝑑𝑡
    𝑖,𝑗=1

    with initial conditions,


    (𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , … , 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦 2 , … , 𝑦 𝑛 ) = (𝑞1 , 𝑞 2 , … , 𝑞 𝑛 , 𝑉1 , 𝑉 2 , … , 𝑉 𝑛 ) = (𝑞, 𝑣)
    So, by existence and uniqueness theorem of system of differential
    equations, for some numbers 𝛿 > 0, 𝜖1 > 0 and for some nbd 𝑉 of 𝑝
    in 𝑈 s.t. 𝑞 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀 with |𝑣| < 𝜖1 , ∃ a unique solution of the
    system given by,

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