IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2024, pp. 3869~3878

ISSN: 2252-8938, DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v13.i4.pp3869-3878  3869

Implementation of global navigation satellite system software-

defined radio baseband processing algorithms in system on chip

Chetna Devi Kh1, Malode Vishwanatha Panduranga Rao2

1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University),
Bengaluru, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is an international navigation
system that determines users' locations globally using a constellation of
Received Feb 12, 2024 satellites. Conventional hardware-based receivers often face challenges
Revised May 23, 2024 related to cost-effectiveness and lack of reconfigurability. To address these
Accepted Jun 1, 2024 issues, GNSS software receivers have emerged, executing baseband
processing methods on host computers. However, host PC-based GNSS
software receivers encounter obstacles during real-time signal acquisition,
Keywords: such as computational complexity and data loss. This research paper
introduces a real-time system on chip (SoC)-based GNSS software receiver to
Baseband processing mitigate these concerns. The receiver utilizes the USRP N210 radio frequency
Global navigation satellite (RF) front end to acquire GNSS signals in real-time. Baseband processing
system receiver algorithms are executed using the Zynq 7000 SoC board, with modifications
Software defined radio applied to the acquisition module. The effectiveness of the SoC-based GNSS
USRP N210 receiver is evaluated under both stationary and dynamic conditions.
Zynq-system on chip Experimental outcomes indicate that the receiver provides precise user
localization and facilitates prototype development. This methodology not only
overcomes the limitations of conventional hardware-based receivers but also
leverages the benefits of SoC architecture to process GNSS signals in a
flexible and efficient manner.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Chetna Devi Kh
Department of Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology
JAIN (Deemed-to-be University)
45th km, NH - 209, Jakkasandra Post, Bengaluru - Kanakapura Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562112, India
Email: choisiwon.kh@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
The incorporation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) software receivers is crucial in
contemporary navigation systems, as they provide a flexible and programmable method for obtaining accurate
time, location, and navigation data [1], [2]. In contrast to their conventional hardware-based counterparts,
GNSS software receivers function using computational algorithms to analyse signals obtained from a
constellation of satellites [3]. These receivers operate on software-defined principles. The advent of
software-defined receivers has sparked a significant paradigm shift in the field of satellite navigation,
facilitating the development of flexible and individualised approaches to signal processing. By utilising
advanced algorithms and digital signal processing techniques, these software receivers effectively decode,
demodulate, and derive vital navigation data from signals that are transmitted by GNSS satellites [4].
By virtue of its intrinsic adaptability, a software receiver can dynamically adapt to a variety of signal
environments, thereby enhancing its resistance to a wide range of signal degradations, including multipath

Journal homepage: http://ijai.iaescore.com

3870  ISSN: 2252-8938

effects, interference, and other disturbances. Furthermore, the use of a software-based methodology enables
the smooth incorporation of additional features, including assistance for numerous constellations, including
GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, and Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS), in addition to
augmentation systems designed to improve the accuracy and dependability of the system [5], [6]. Satellite
navigation systems have been substantially advanced by GNSS software receivers, which regularly depend on
host PCs and digital signal processors (DSPs). However, these solutions are restricted in their ability to be
modified to accommodate a variety of circumstances [7]. The immobility of host PC-based receivers is a
particularly noteworthy constraint. The fixed configurations of these receivers, which rely on the computational
capabilities of tethered computers, restrict their applicability to tasks that demand portability and compactness.
In a similar vein, although receivers that employ DSP architecture have a more compact physical
appearance, they might not possess the necessary adaptability to facilitate portability. The constraint presents
difficulties when attempting to incorporate these receivers into portable devices or applications where weight
and dimension restrictions are critical. Furthermore, it is imperative to consider the power consumption of both
the host PC and DSP-based receivers. Power consumption can be significant due to the computational
requirements of host PC-based systems and the need for efficient signal processing in DSP-based receivers [8].
This is particularly problematic in situations where power efficiency is critical, such as when operating in
remote or resource-constrained areas or with battery-powered equipment. Moreover, in the case of these
receivers, scalability and real-time performance pose further challenges. The computational capabilities of the
connected PC frequently impact the scalability and real-time processing capabilities of host PC-based solutions
[9]. On the contrary, DSP-based receivers may encounter difficulties when it comes to processing complex
algorithmic structures or multiple satellite constellations in real time, despite their proficiency in signal
processing. Furthermore, external apparatus, including specialised interfaces, antennas, or radio frequency
(RF) front ends, is required for both varieties of receivers. This interdependence has the potential to undermine
the system's overall dependability and maintenance, as well as escalate intricacy, expenses, and possible sites
of failure [10].
Additionally, host PC-based systems share obstacles related to cost, intricacy, scalability, and
maintenance with the implementation of DSP-based solutions. During maintenance or upgrades, adjustments
or updates to the fundamental hardware are required, which makes it difficult to incorporate the most recent
technological developments without requiring a substantial redesign. The constraints highlight the critical need
for progress in receiver technologies that tackle issues including portability, energy efficiency, scalability,
instantaneous functionality, and economical pricing. To address these limitations, emerging technologies like
software-defined radio (SDR) and system on chip (SoC) solutions provide alternatives that are compact,
energy-efficient, and highly customisable for GNSS signal processing and navigation applications.

2. RELATED WORKS
Grenier et al. [11] proposed the creation of an open-source research platform with the objective of
delivering reference data and shared software that are customised to suit the unique requirements of individual
users and environments. Wang et al. [12] devised smart-precise point positioning (PPP), a method that adapts
the PPP algorithm, originally designed for geodetic receivers. This modification enables cost-effective devices
to attain optimal positioning accuracy. Smart-PPP utilises a model that can integrate single-frequency and
dual-frequency observations from tracked satellites. The devices designate distinct receiver clock terms for the
phase measurements of each signal to rectify any potential discrepancy between the code and carrier phases.
Additionally, adding ionospheric pseudo-observations to the PPP model makes it work better by making it very
hard to guess oblique ionospheric delays.
According to Motella et al. [13], the procedure for integrating software routines that facilitate the
operation of an open service navigation message authentication (OSNMA) receiver with real-time GPS/Galileo
capabilities is comprehensively described. In addition to providing a comprehensive outline of the development
endeavour, the paper also conveys insightful observations regarding implementation. Conversely,
Ferreira et al. [14] presents an innovative methodology that effectively overcomes constraints and seamlessly
incorporates the functionalities of RTKRCV into reactive oxygen species (ROS). To achieve seamless
integration with pre-existing frameworks, the integration process adeptly integrates novel functionalities such
as ROS publication and administration through a ROS service. Furthermore, solution consistency is
substantially improved with the implementation of an innovative observation synchronisation method,
specifically in the moving-baseline placement mode. Practical application instances are incorporated into the
paper to emphasise the benefits of the proposed package.
Nie et al. [15] combined dual-frequency ionospheric-free code and phase data with single-frequency
ionosphere-corrected code measurements and accurate ionospheric products to develop a new location
determination method. Satellites with the second civil signal had ionospheric-free code and phase

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combinations, while all identified satellites had single-frequency ionosphere-corrected code measurements.
Wang et al. [16] presented a compute unified device architecture (CUDA)-based GPU-based chip-shape
correlator architecture that computes chip transitions and multiple correlator values via signal compression. An
SDR-based A-GNSS receiver that can analyse multiple GNSS and regional navigation satellite systems
(RNSS) signals across frequency bands was shown in [17]. Its modular construction makes this receiver
flexible and expandable. For real-time applications, A-GNSS server software provides satellite ephemeris data
quickly. Due to RF front-end sample bandwidth limits, many SDRs processed multi-GNSS/RNSS
multi-frequency signals simultaneously. To avoid RF data overflow, memory buffer management was
improved. The suggested SDR-A-GNSS receiver used concurrent NVIDIA CUDA GPUs and CPU threads for
signal gathering and analysis. Kumar and Paidimarry [18] suggested using the USRP N210 kit to efficiently
gather real-time GPS data. A novel data management queue thread technique was presented to ensure receiver
calibration with accurate specifications to address data overflow and underflow difficulties.
Lapin et al. [19] introduced system for tasking and real-time exploitation (STARE), a real-time
software receiver for location, for fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) and long-term evolution (LTE) cellular
downlink signals. STARE immediately interfaces with the SDR to process signals in real time without storing
data on a disc. It allows multiple-channel SDRs and multiple tracking channels that acquire and track signals
separately. To avoid overstating channel orders and resulting in inaccurate delays and phase estimates, the
tracking channel uses a route selection criterion based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the earliest path
during acquisition. Bahadur and Nohutcu [20] used code and carrier phase measurements to combine
ultra-rapid technology with conventional approaches for real-time single-frequency multi-GNSS localization.
The project tested single-receiver single-frequency localization utilising the ionosphere-free code-carrier
combination.
Srinu and Parayitam [21] examined the positional accuracy of GPS and IRNSS signals in the L5/S
bands and the GPS software receiver changes needed to accept IRNSS. It summarises NavICSR's acquisition,
tracking, and data decoding methods. MATLAB was used to construct a software application at Osmania
University's NERTU Department [22]. Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC's)
GNSS-SDR has a single module for post-processing and real-time use. A cheap RTL-SDR front-end receives
the 1A satellite's digitised NavIC L5 IF signal. Verifying decoded potential fishing zone (PFZ) information
against Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services messages evaluates the messaging receiver.
This receiver can evaluate and monitor message services in real time and optimise their use in corporate and
civilian settings. Nicola et al. [23] discusses the unusual integration of chimaera protocol verification into a
GPS software receiver. Chimaera uses authentication chips in the propagating code. These entities are
cryptographically constructed using a key from the navigation message's digital signature or another source.
Chimaera marker verification is implemented by comparing stored analog-to-digital converter (ADC) signal
samples to receiver marker samples in this investigation. The article also details the L1C signal software tool,
including the chimaera improvement. Since live signals are absent, a suitable software generator is needed to
test the receiver.

3. METHOD
This section presents a design proposal for a SoC-based real-time GNSS software receiver. By
capitalising on an open-source GNSS SDR framework that was initially designed for personal computers, this
advancement seeks to optimise the incorporation of diverse RF front-ends and expedite the development of the
receiver chain for navigation solutions. The chosen framework, which originates from the open-source GNSS
SDR group, is notable for its straightforwardness, error-free operation, and code reusability. Its adaptability
allows for the creation of optimal executions that are compatible with a wide range of hardware platforms and
operating systems. Furthermore, this framework specifically designs dedicated runtime signal processing
elements for the implementation of software radio applications.
PCs can function with software receivers and modify them to support a wide range of RF front ends.
This system processes raw samples, either in real-time or from offline-stored files. Several signal processing
components compose the framework, such as the source, conditioner, channel, acquisition, tracking, telemetry
decoder, observables, and position, velocity, and time (PVT). Supplying an uninterrupted flow of unprocessed
data, the signal source module operates via an RF front-end or stored file. As an intermediary, the signal
conditioner establishes a connection between the signal source and the channel. The signal conditioner
primarily executes two functions. The signal conditioner filters the signal from the signal source and then
downconverts it according to the channel's specifications. The channel incorporates GNSS software baseband
processing techniques, including decoding, tracking, and acquisition of navigation data. Each channel executes
the baseband processing algorithms for a specific satellite, and the user can configure the number of parallel
channels through software configuration. Following the collection of synchronised data from multiple signal
processing blocks by the observable block, the system generates crucial GNSS metrics such as simulated range,
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carrier phase, and doppler shift. The high computational complexity of the software receiver on a host PC
significantly limits its deployment. Determining the initial position of the software receiver running on the host
PC requires a significant investment of effort. We advise against these constraints and suggest the
implementation of a SoC-based software receiver. The software receiver, which is integrated into the SoC
platform, effectively acquires real-time GNSS signals by utilising the USRP N210 RF front-end module. The
Zynq 7000 SoC board implements the algorithms for processing the GPS baseband. Figure 1 depicts the block
design of a SoC-based GNSS software receiver.

Figure 1. GNSS SDR in SoC

The critical function of the GPS active antenna in capturing real-time GPS signals is depicted in
Figure 1. The receiver end utilises the wide bandwidth transceiver (WBX) daughterboard to enable frequency
band selection, encompassing a frequency range of 50 megahertz to 2 gigahertz. This enables the effective
recording of all GNSS signals. An ethernet connection is used to construct a direct interface between the USRP
N210 and the Zynq 7000 SoC; however, the necessary drivers for integration are not present. In order to address
this disparity, a tailored ethernet driver has been created [24]. In order to optimise the process of data
management, the novel data management queue thread methodology is implemented. The Zynq 7000 SoC
processor facilitates the execution of GPS baseband processing methods, which are responsible for determining
the user's location.

3.1. Global navigation satellite system software-defined radio baseband processing algorithms
The foundation of GNSS receivers consists of baseband processing algorithms, which are responsible
for decoding and extracting critical data from satellite signals. Algorithms such as these are crucial in the
management of signal acquisition, tracking, and data demodulation, thereby guaranteeing precise positioning
in the face of external interference. In the initial phase of signal acquisition, the receiver identifies and secures
satellite signals. Sophisticated algorithms can efficiently synchronise with satellites across a wide range of
frequencies and codes, even in extremely crowded urban areas or in conditions of feeble signal strength.
Following their acquisition, surveillance algorithms are activated to monitor and subsequently latch onto these
signals. By adapting dynamically to atmospheric or physical signal distortions, these systems guarantee the
ongoing and accurate surveillance of satellite trajectories. Furthermore, data demodulation methodologies are
implemented in order to decipher these signals. These techniques exhibit the capability to decipher encrypted
navigation data, which in turn reveals crucial information, including clock corrections, satellite orbits, and
other essential location parameters. Three distinct components comprise this framework: acquisition, tracking,
and data decoding.

3.1.1. Acquisition
Acquisition involves a systematic inquiry that seeks to identify and localise pseudo-random-noise
(PRN) codes in addition to the code phase of GNSS signals that have been detected. This operation is executed
utilising the acquire function and functions as an essential preliminary stage to commence the monitoring
procedure. The level of accuracy needed is set by the chip width of the discriminators used by the code tracking

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loop and the bandwidth of the carrier tracking loop working together. The search technique investigates every
possible combination by utilising initial estimations. This intricate process requires substantial computational
resources and the provisional retention of data for several milliseconds in random-access memory (RAM). It
is critical to finish the acquisition phase prior to initiating the tracking phase, as this establishes its primacy in
the GNSS measurement procedure. To estimate the visible satellites in incoming signals, Magiera et al. [25]
have identified three distinct acquisition methods: parallel code phase search (PCPS), parallel frequency search
(PFS), and serial search.
We identify the serial search as the most direct method for performing arithmetic operations; it is only
pertinent to fundamental operations such as addition, multiplication, and square. The sequential search
procedure, on the other hand, results in an increase in computational time. The fourier transform is utilised by
the two remaining methods to facilitate the conversion of signals from the time domain to the frequency
domain. As a result, a more thorough investigation of the frequency spectrum becomes viable. We conduct
both a coarse and a refined search during the acquisition process. In order to determine GNSS codes and
provide an approximate doppler frequency, the former functions in conjunction with the PCPS. This
preliminary investigation identifies the code phase with exceptional accuracy. Conversely, when combined
with the PFS, the fine search yields a result that closely matches the detected GNSS signal's coarse doppler
frequency.
Figure 2 depicts the PCPS acquisition method, renowned for its rapidity and effectiveness in obtaining
GNSS signals. Initially, a local oscillator divides the incoming signal into two constituent parts, denoted as
I and Q. We then implement a fourier transform (FFT) procedure on these components. Next, we process the
FFT result by multiplying it with the complex conjugate of the local code sequence. This multiplication
operation creates an additional FFT process. The second FFT's output illustrates the correlation between the
incoming signal and the local code sequence. Next, peaks in the correlation output are scrutinised as they
function as indicators of the presence of the signal. The PCPS acquisition method distinguishes itself from
traditional sequential search techniques by virtue of its exceptional capability to search all prospective code
phases simultaneously. Concurrent searching not only improves efficacy, but it also significantly reduces
acquisition time.

Figure 2. PCPS acquisition method

3.1.2. Tracking
Tracking is crucial in GNSS software receivers because it synchronises with satellite signals to
pinpoint the user's location. This level includes carrier and code tracking, which are crucial. Carrier tracking
accurately determines satellite broadcast phase and frequency to maintain synchronisation with the satellite's
carrier signal. This approach requires the highest accuracy to correct for doppler shifts caused by
satellite-receiver movement. We constantly improve receiver computations of carrier phase, code phase, and
other positioning parameters. These processed data enable receiver position, timing, and velocity
determination. During tracking, the receiver uses advanced algorithms and signal processing to monitor
multiple satellite signals simultaneously. The receiver iteratively refines its estimations to improve location
data accuracy and provide a reliable navigation solution. Figure 3 block diagram depicts the configuration of a
carrier and code tracking loop system, which is a typical element of a GNSS software receiver. GNSS
terminology frequently refers to the code tracking loop as a delay lock loop (DLL). On the other hand, GNSS
terminology designates the carrier tracking loop as a phase lock loop (PLL).
The code tracking loop's critical function is to monitor the coding phase of an incoming GNSS signal
with extreme precision. The phase in question represents the difference between the incoming signal's PRN
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code and the local PRN code generated by the receiver. Correlating the incoming signal with three locally
generated PRN codes-early, prompt, and late-is its mode of operation. We deliberately offset the "early" and
"late" codes by a small margin in relation to the prompt code. The carrier tracking loop mostly adjusts to the
incoming GNSS signal's carrier frequency. The carrier frequency is the sine wave modulating the GNSS signal.
To function, this loop compares the incoming signal's carrier frequency phase to the locally generated carrier
frequency. It adjusts the locally generated carrier frequency via a phase difference.

Figure 3. Code and carrier loops in tracking

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SDR can be implemented on DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), SoCs, and host PCs. In
these platforms, SoC is more flexible. SoC-implemented real-time GNSS SDR is our research focus. The Zynq
7000 programmable SoC was used to create GNSS baseband processing algorithms first. The USRP N210 kit
and ADFMCOMMS 3-EBZ were used as RF front-ends. The chosen SoC platform is multi-core for flexibility
and cost-effectiveness. Baseband processing algorithms from the GNU radio open-source programme helped
us comprehend basic operations. GNU radio offers many communication toolboxes for Linux (Ubuntu).
Adding the GNU Radio tool and USRP hardware driver (UHD) and analogue device RF drivers allowed control
of both RF front ends. A brief description of the Zynq 7000 SoC and RF front ends follows. The Xilinx
Zynq-7000 extensible processing platform powers the ZedBoard, a development and evaluation platform. The
Zynq-7000 EPP's dual-core cortex-A9 processing system (PS) and 85,000 series-7 programmable logic (PL)
cells make it versatile. With its onboard peripherals and expandability options, the ZedBoard suits designers
of all levels. Figure 4 shows the multi-core SDR design. The USRP kit has two antennas that can receive and
send signals. These antennas catch zero-IF signals around the GPS L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz. GPS L1
signals typically have a 10 MHz bandwidth. The daughter boards in USRP kits digitise signals after reception.
The host computer's hard disc stores the digital signal. For USRP kit operation, GNU Radio software and the
UHD driver are required. A host computer running Ubuntu Linux runs this programme. The Zynq 7000 SoC
target device connects directly to the USRP N210 RF front end. USRP RF front-end management uses a
bespoke Linux operating system that supports innovative baseband processing methods. The Zynq SoC
incorporates these changes. Table 1 lists experimental acquisition and tracking configuration options.
The ADFMCOMMS3-EBZ RF front end and the Zynq 7000 SoC establish a communication link
through a standard parallel 110 interface, allowing for the transmission of high-speed sampled data at an
estimated 123 complex MSPS. Additionally, the serial peripheral interface (SPI) serves the functions of
configuration, management, and surveillance. Figure 5 depicts the integration of the Zynq 7000 SoC board
with the ADFMCOMMS3-EBZ interface.

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Figure 4. Zynq 7000 SoC architecture

Table 1. GNSS SDR receiver configuration

S. No Parameter Configuration value
GPS IRNSS
1 Centre frequency 1575.42MHz 1176.45 MHz
2 Sampling frequency 20MHz 20MHz
3 Gain 60dB 60dB
4 No of channels 12 8
5 Acqustion threshold 0.2 0.1
6 Freqency step 300Hz 300Hz
7 PLL bandwidth 40Hz 30Hz
8 DLL bandwidth 6Hz 4Hz

Figure 5. Zynq 7000 SoC with ADFMCOMMS3-EBZ

The system uses internal static random access memory (SRAM) to process SPI samples. FPGA
topologies allocate blocks for IQ correction, up/down conversion, decimation/interpolation, and higher-order
computation. One A9 processor handles modulation and packet processing, while the other controls transmit
and receive signals and data flow. A fast SoC AXI bus connects CPU cores with FPGA fabric. The system
uses the ADFMCOMMS3-EBZ framework and works at 1575.42 MHz, the GPS L1 frequency band. The
signal bandwidth is 10 MHz, and the sampling rate is 30 MSPS. Hardware gain is 71 dB to boost the signal.
For reliable connectivity, the system receives satellite signals via a Vert 900 antenna. Figure 6 shows the
frequency spectrum.
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Figure 6. GPS L1 frequency spectrum

Peak markers mark real-time GPS signal peaks at frequencies of 1571.995 MHz, 1572.072 MHz,
1572.134 MHz, and 1572.20 MHz, with gains ranging from -20.95 to -33.66 dB. This study emphasises the
importance of evaluating satellite data to determine the methodology's accuracy. To do this, our results are
compared to those from the conventional PFS approach and validated using U-center software.
Figure 7(a) shows a histogram of conventional methodology acquisition data. The graph displays PRN
numbers for each satellite on the horizontal axis, as well as their optimal metric values on the vertical axis. A
visibility threshold of 2 was selected during the experiment to match the signal content in the received data.
Satellites with a maximum metric value below this threshold are marked blue. Figure 7(a) shows that no
satellite's peak metric value exceeds the threshold. Insufficient samples for signal processing cause an incoming
signal's carrier frequency to vary from its original frequency, resulting in data loss.
Figure 7(b) shows the results of the acquisition algorithm after data collection, using our proposed
method of data control via the queue thread. Satellites that demonstrate peak metrics that exceed a
predetermined threshold are classified as visible and denoted by the colour green highlighting. Satellites 1, 11,
13, 17, and 30 have been identified as visible. The u-center application, compatible with both mobile devices
and personal computers, simplifies the administration of the u-blox GPS sensors. Figure 8 illustrates how to
execute the u-center application on a mobile device to observe visible satellites.

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Acquisition results of standard and proposed PCPS method: (a) regular method and (b) proposed method

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Figure 8. Detected satellites from U-center software

Under stationary conditions, the study evaluates the precision of receiver location estimation using a
SoC-based method. This configuration features the active GPS antenna positioned atop the tallest point of a
structure, thereby guaranteeing an atmosphere devoid of obstructions. Preloaded baseband processing
algorithms are utilised to process the incoming signal on the SoC board. After performing the computation of
PVT, the OLED panel exhibits the resultant latitude and longitude coordinates. The displayed latitude and
longitude coordinates are 78.51773 and 17.40774, respectively. The SoC-based receiver calculates the initial
location (latitude and longitude) in an average of ten seconds. We undertake a comparative examination
between the SoC-based receiver and a commercially accessible Ublox receiver to authenticate these results.

5. CONCLUSION
A GNSS-SDR receiver has been successfully developed using a USRP RF front end. The acquisition
of GNSS data in real-time was accomplished by utilising GNU-radio, a programme that is both free and
open-source. The GNSS baseband processing methods were modified to allow them to be executed on a SoC
target device. This modification enabled the capture and handling of GPS-L1 signals, making a noteworthy
contribution to this effort. During the procedure, incoming signals were processed using preloaded baseband
processing algorithms that were built into the SoC chip. After the PVT computation was finished, the resulting
latitude and longitude values were shown on an OLED panel. A comparative analysis was undertaken to verify
the correctness of the experimental results by comparing the SoC-based receiver with an Ublox receiver.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Chetna Devi Kh received the B.Tech. degree in Electronics and Communication

engineering from Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2012; the M.Tech. degree in VLSI Design
and Embedded System from PESIT under VTU, Belgaum, in 2014. Currently she is pursuing
her Ph.D. from Jain University. Her research interests are VLSI design and software defined
radio. She can be contacted at email: choisiwon.kh@gmail.com.

Malode Vishwanatha Panduranga Rao obtained his Ph.D. degree in computer

science from National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, India. He has completed
a Master of Technology in computer science and Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
communication Engg. He is currently working as Professor in Jain (Deemed to be University)
Bengaluru, India. His research interests are in the field of real-time and embedded systems -
internet of things. He has published various research papers in journal and conferences across
India, also in the IEEE international conference in Okinawa, Japan (visited) 2008. He has
authored two reference books on Linux Internals. He is the life member of Indian Society for
Technical Education and IAENG. Now from past three years, he has published 12 indian patents
and three patents are stepping towards grant status. One research scholar under his guidance was
awarded a Ph.D. degree. He can be contacted at email: r.panduranga@jainuniversity.ac.in.

Int J Artif Intell, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2024: 3869-3878