Nueva Vizcaya State University

College of Engineering
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Name
REVIEW MATH PLANE GEOMETRY
Course & Yr

I.
DEFINITIONS: If a perpendicular is drawn from the 1. The opposite sides of a
Altitude of a Triangle - is the perpendicular vertex of a right angle to the parallelogram are equal, and so also
from any vertex to the side opposite hypotenuse of a right triangle: are the opposite angles.
Apothem of a polygon – is the radius of its a) the two triangles formed are 2. The diagonals of a parallelogram
inscribed circle similar to each other and to the bisect each other.
Center of a regular polygon – is the common given triangle;ABC, ADC, 3. If two sides of a quadrilateral are
center of its inscribed and circumscribed and BDC are similar. equal and parallel, then the other
circles b) the perpendicular is the mean two sides are equal and parallel, and
Concurrent lines – three or more lines which proportional between the the figure is a parallelogram.
have one point in common segments of the hypotenuse;
Locus – is a figure containing all the points, BD:CD=CD:AD or (CD)2 = (BD)
and only those point, which fulfill a given (AD)
requirement c) the square of either side about
Regular Polygon – a polygon whose angles the right angle equals the
and sides are equal product of the whole
Given diagonals and included angle:
Similar polygons – two polygons whose hypotenuse and the segment A=12 d 1 d 2 sin θ
corresponding angles are equal and their adjacent to that side. Given two sides and one angle:
corresponding sides are proportional (BC)2 = (AB)(BD) and
Tangent to a curve – a straight line which (AC)2 = (AB)(AD) A = ab sin A
touches the curve at only one point
Vertical angles – two angles which have the D Rhombus:
same vertex and the sides of one are the A parallelogram with four equal sides.
prolongation of the sides of the other The diagonals of a rhombus intersect
each other at right angles.
I. PLANE AREAS

A. TRIANGLES B. QUADRILATERALS
Theorems and Properties of Triangles Rectangle:
1. The sum of the angles of a triangle Area = Length x Width
is equal to 180o. Perimeter = sum of the Given diagonals and included angle:
2. The sum of two sides of a triangle is sides 1
greater than the third side, and their Square: A=2 d 1 d 2
difference is less than the third side. Area = (side)2 Given two sides and one angle:
3. If the sides of a triangle are unequal, Perimeter = sum of the
A = a 2 sin A
then the angles opposite are Sides
unequal, and the greater angle is General Quadrilateral:
Trapezoid:
opposite the greater side, and
A quadrilateral with only two sides
conversely.
parallel.
4. If the sides of a triangle are equal,
the angles opposite those sides are
equal, and conversely.
5. Two triangles are congruent if two
angles and the included side of one
are equal respectively to the two
Given diagonals and included angle:
angles and included angle of the 1 A= 12 ( a+b )h
other. A=2 d 1 d 2 sin θ
Length of dividing line parallel to the
6. Two triangles are congruent if two Given four sides and sum of two opposite angles
sides and the included angle of one A=√(s−a)( s−b )(s−c )( s−c )( s−d )−abcd cos2 θ
two parallel sides of a trapezoid:
are equal respectively to two sides a+b+c+d
and included angle of the other. s= A1
2 c
7. Two triangles are congruent if the ∠ A +∠C ∠B +∠ D
three sides of one are equal θ= or θ= A2
2 2
respectively to the three sides of the Given four sides and two opposite angles:
other.
√ ma 2 +nb 2 m A 1
Divide into two triangles .
Right Triangles: Parallelogram: c= ; =
m+n n A2
 360
Cyclic Quadrilateral: θ=
n
A quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the
n n
circumference of a circle. A= R2 sin θ= ( xr )
2 2
P=(n )(x )
n−2 ( AE)( BE)=(CE)( DE)
β= x 180 o
n θ=12 (arc AC +arc BD )
α=θ ∠ ADC =∠ ABC
∠BAD =∠ BCD
D. CIRCLES 8. An angle included by a tangent and
a chord drawn from the point of
A=√(s−a)( s−b )(s−c )( s−d ) contact is measured by half the
intercepted arc.
a+b+c+d
s=
2
Ptolemy’s Theorem: For any cyclic
quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals
equals the sum of the products of the
opposite sides. Theorems on Circles:
d 1 d 2 =ac +bd 1. Through three points not in a straight 9. An angle formed by two secants, two
line, one circle, and only one, can be tangents, or a tangent and a secant,
drawn. drawn to the circle from an external
C. POLYGONS
Convex Polygon – one in which any side, point, is measured by half the
when extended, WILL NOT pass inside difference of the intercepted arcs.
the polygon 10. If from a point outside the circle, a
Concave polygon – one in which any secant and a tangent are drawn, the
side, when extended, WILL pass inside 2. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular tangent is the mean proportional
the polygon. to the radius at the point of between the whole secant and its
tangency, and conversely. external segment.

3. The tangents to a circle drawn from  

Theorems on Polygons: an external point are equal, and
1. The sum of the angles of a convex make equal angles with the line 
polygon of n sides is 2(n – 2) x 90o. joining the point to the center.
2. The sum of exterior angles of a
polygon, made by extending each of
its side in succession, is equal to
360o. Two Secants:
3. Homologous parts of congruent ( AB)( AC)=( AD )( AE)
figures are equal. 4. An inscribed angle is measured by
one-half the intercepted arc. θ=12 ( arcCE −arc BD )
4. The diagonal of a polygon is the line
segment joining two non - adjacent ∠CBE =∠CDE ;∠ BCD =∠BED
sides. The number of diagonals is Secant and a Tangent
n ( AB )2 =( AD )( AC )
D= (n−3) 1
θ=2 ( arc BC−arc BD )
given by: 2
1
α =2 arc BD
θ= 12 α
Regular Polygons: 11. A perpendicular from a point on the
Polygons with sides and angles equal. 5. An angle inscribed in a semi-circle is circumference to a diameter of a
a right angle. circle is a mean proportional
6. An angle formed by two chords between the segments of the
intersecting within the circle is
measured by half the sum of the diameter. h2 =ab
intercepted arcs.
7. If two chords intersect in a circle, the
product of the segments of one is h
equal to the product of the segments a b
of the other.

12. The circumferences of two circles

are in the same ratio as their radii,
 and the arcs of two circles
subtended by equal central angles PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
are in the same ratio as their radii. 1. Two sides of a triangle measure 36
m and 49 m. One possible
Circumference of a circle: C=2 πr =πD dimension of the third side is:
A quad a. 84 m c. 85 m
πD2 b. 12 m d. 13 m
A=πr 2= r=
s 2. The altitude of the hypotenuse of a
Area of a circle: 4
Sector of a circle: A quad =√ abcd right triangle divides the hypotenuse
into two segments of 8 cm and 2 cm
s=rθ( radians) E. PARABOLIC SEGMENT in length. Find the area of the
triangle.
1
A=2 r 2 θ( rad ) A= 23 bh a. 10 cm2 c. 30 cm2
b. 20 cm2 d. 40 cm2
Segment of a circle: 3. A cord 93 cm long is divided into two
parts from which two equilateral
A=A sec tor ± A triangle triangles are formed. If the total area
of the triangles is 220 cm2, find the
A=12 r 2 θ( r)±12 r 2 sin θ ratio of the perimeter of the smaller
and the larger triangle.
Length of Arc: a. 0.66 c. 0.72
Radius of Circles: b. 0.75 d. 0.61
1. Circle circumscribed about a triangle
A=A ADB− A ADE + A BFC + A CFE 4. The sides of a triangle are 127 m,
(circumcircle) A=23 ( AC )(h) 188 m, and 203 m. It is divided into
two equal parts by a line parallel to
abc Spandrel of a Parabolic Segment the 188 m side. Find the length of
r= A= 13 bh the dividing line.
4 A triangle a. 123.94 m c. 116.94 m
F. ELLIPSE b. 132.94 m d. 161.94 m
A=π ab 5. The sides of a parallelogram are
2. Circle inscribed in a triangle (incircle) G. AREA BY APPROXIMATION 17.78 cm and 10 cm. If one of the
A triangle Trapezoidal Rule: diagonals is 16 cm long, compute
r= d the length of the other diagonal.
2[ 1
s
a +b + c
A= h +2 (h2 +⋯+h n−1 )+hn ] a. 24.01 cm c. 20.93 cm
s= b. 30.62 cm d. 25.49 cm
2 Simpson’s 1/3 Rule: n must be odd 6. The diagonals of a rhombus
d measure 32 cm and 40 cm. How far
3. Circles escribed about a triangle
(excircle)
A= [ h +2 ∑ hodd +4 ∑ heven+hn ]
3 1 is the intersection of the diagonals
from the sides?
a. 12.49 cm c. 14.29 cm
b. 9.11 cm d. 17.80 cm
7. The base angles of a trapezoid are
34o and 48o, respectively. If its upper
and lower bases are 120 m and 220
AT A m, respectively, compute the area of
ra= rb= T the trapezoid.
s−a s− b a. 400 m2 c. 460 m2
AT H. AREA BY COORDINATES b. 440 m2 d. 420 m2
rc = 8. A trapezoid with bases and altitude
s− c
4. Circle circumscribed about a measuring 100 m and 160 m, 12 m,
quadrilateral (X1, Y1) respectively, is to be divided into two
equal parts by a line parallel to the
bases. Find the length of the dividing
line.
(X2, Y2) a. 133.42 m c. 120.53 m
(Xn, Yn)
b. 145.16 m d. 126.09 m
9. A quadrilateral ABCD has sides AB
(X5, Y5)
= 57 m, BC = 32 m, CD = 41 m, and
r =√
( ab+cd )(ac+bd )(ad +bc ) DA =25 m. If its area is 1,300 m2,
4 Aquad (X3, Y3) one possible measurement of BAD
is:
(X4, Y4) a. 122.82o c. 68.69o
b. 103.19 o
d. 89.97o
5. Circle inscribed in a quadrilateral
1
A= 2 |
[ x1 x2 x2
|+|
y1 y2 y2
x3
y3
x
|+⋯+| n
yn
x1
y1
|
] 10. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a
circle. Its consecutive sides are
68.50 m, 155.54 m, 101.61 m, and
 127.11 m. Find the radius of the a. 804.25 c. 615.75 a. 15.32 cm c. 13.25 cm
circle. b. 530.93 d. 706.86 b. 8.98 cm d. 17.29 cm
a. 69.91 m c. 90.57 m 18. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in 27. The owner of a rectangular parcel of
b. 83.47 m d. 102.64 m a semicircle with side AD coinciding land that is 50 m x 200 m wishes to
11. Find the length of the common with the diameter of the circle. Side double the area of the lot. She wants
external tangents to two circles of AB = 8 cm, BC = 10 cm, and CD = to acquire a strip of land to the end
radii 10 cm and 18 cm if the distance 12 cm. What is the diameter of the of the lot and another strip exactly
between their centers is 32 cm. circle? the same width to add to the side of
a. 37.33 cm c. 43.10 cm a. 22.3 c. 18.5 the lot. What should be the width of
b. 33.16 cm d. 30.98 cm b. 20.1 d. 24.7 the strips?
12. Find the area of the shaded region 19. Three circles of different diameters a. 24.12 m c. 52.36 m
shown in the figure. are tangent externally. The triangle b. 45.87 m d. 35.08 m
a. 312.88 cm2 c. 256.08 cm2 formed by the line joining their 28. A regular hexagon have sides
b. 282.74 cm2 d. 305.31 cm2 centers have sides 16 cm, 20 cm, measure equal to “h”. Find the area
and 24 cm, respectively. Find the of the largest equilateral triangle that
area of the biggest circle in square can be inscribed in this hexagon.
cm. a. 1.3h2 c. 1.4h2
a. 897.67 c. 678.98 b. 1.2h2 d. 1.5h2
b. 543.21 d. 615.75 29. The area of a rhombus is 132 sq.
20. A chord is 24 cm long and its cm. If its shorter diagonal is 12 cm,
midpoint is 8 cm from the midpoint of find the length of the longer
its shorter arc. Find the radius of the diagonal.
circle. a. 20 cm c. 22 cm
36 cm a. 15 cm c. 8 cm b. 21 cm d. 23 cm
13. A railroad curve is to be laid on a b. 5 cm d. 13 cm 30. A trapezoid has an area of 36 m2
circular path. What should be the 21. Two sides of a parallelogram and an altitude of 2 m. Its two bases
radius if the track is to change measure 68 cm and 83 cm and the have ratio of 4:5. What are the
direction by 30o at a distance of 300 shorter diagonal is 42 cm. Determine length of the bases in meters?
m? the smallest interior angle of the a. 12 and 15 c. 16 and 20
a. 303.77 m c. 275.48 m parallelogram. b. 7 and 11 d. 8 and 10
b. 572.96 m d. 325.31 m a. 23.87o c. 49.45o
14. A goat is tied outside a triangular b. 30.27 o
d. 12.65o
fenced garden at point A. The sides 22. Determine the area of the
of the fence are AB = 8 m, BC = 9 quadrilateral ABCD shown if OB =
m, and CA = 12 m. If the rope with 80 cm, OA = 120 cm, OD = 150 cm,
which the goat is tied is 14 m, find and  = 25o.
the area over which the goat can a. 2272 sq cm c. 2572 sq. cm
graze outside the fence? b. 7222 sq. cm d. 2722 sq. cm
a. 565.87 m2 c. 500.32 m2 23. In the figure shown, ABCD is a
b. 597.34 m2 d. 532.64 m2 square and PDC is an equilateral
15. In the figure, find the area of the triangle. Find .
shaded region.  B
A
a. 35.16 m2 c. 30.95 m2 P
b. 39.27 m 2
d. 25.13 m2
5m

C D
a. 5o c. 20o
5m b. 15 o
d. 25o
24. Determine the area, in square units,
16. A road is tangent to a circular lake. of the quadrilateral having (8, -2), (5,
Along the road and 12 miles from 6), (4, 1), and (-7, 4) as consecutive
the point of tangency, another road vertices.
opens towards the lake. From the a. 22 c. 32
intersection of the roads to the b. 44 d. 48
periphery of the lake, the length of 25. The area of a decagon inscribed in a
the new road is 11 miles. If the new circle of 15 cm diameter is:
road will be prolonged across the a. 156 sq. cm c. 165 sq. cm
lake, find the length of the bridge to b. 158 sq. cm d. 177 sq. cm
be constructed. 26. A circle is circumscribed about a
a. 1.92 mi c. 2.13 mi triangle. The radius of the circle is 9
b. 2.09 mi d. 2.17 mi cm. The area of the triangle is 43.23
17. A regular hexagon is inscribed in a sq. cm and one of its side measures
circle. The area of the circle outside 18 cm. Determine the measure of
the hexagon is 122.2912 cm2. What one of the other two sides of the
is the area of the circle in cm2? triangle.