INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Write your NAME, SURNAME and YOUR TEACHER’S NAME in the appropriate
spaces on the ANSWER BOOK.

2. This question paper consists of EIGHT questions. Answer ALL questions in the
ANSWER BOOK.

3. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

4. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

5. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

6. YOU ARE ADVISED TO USE THE ATTACHED DATA SHEETS.

7. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.

8. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

9. Round-off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of THREE decimal places.

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Question 1

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each
question has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter
(A–D) next to the question number (1.1–1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example
1.11 E.

1.1 The molecular shape of a molecule with the formula AB2 is …

A. linear or bent.

B. linear or trigonal planar.

C. linear or tetrahedral.

D. linear or trigonal bi-pyramidal. (2)

1.2 Type of covalent bond that forms when two atoms share one pair of electrons
(one electron from each atom) is…

A. single bond

B. triple bond

C. double bond

D. dative covalent bond (2)

1.3 The graph below shows how the potential energy varies with distance between
the nuclei of two nitrogen atoms when a double covalent bond between the
nitrogen atoms is formed.

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 Choose from the table the bond length and bond energy for N2.

BOND LENGTH (pm) BOND ENERGY(kJ.mol-1)

A. 120 0

B. 125 518

C. 125 418

D. 130 -100 (2)

1.4 When oxygen dissolves in water, the intermolecular forces that exists between
the particles in the solution are:

A. Dipole-induced dipole forces.

B. Hydrogen bonds.

C. Ion-diploe forces.

D. London forces (2)

1.5 Which ONE of the following substances will have the highest melting point?

A. NH3

B. HF

C. CH4

D. HBr (2)

1.6 Which ONE of the following statements regarding the kinetic molecular theory
of an ideal gas is INCORRECT?

A. It has identical molecules of zero volume.

B. All the molecules of the gas have the same kinetic energy.

C. The collisions of the molecules with themselves and with the walls of the
container are perfectly elastic. There are no intermolecular forces
between the molecules of the gas

D. There are no intermolecular forces between the molecules of the gas. (2)

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1.7 Which ONE of the following statements about a chemical reaction is
CORRECT?

A. The actual yield of a chemical reaction is usually …

B. equal to the percentage yield.

C. greater than the percentage yield.

D. less than the theoretical yield. (2)

1.8 Which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT for an endothermic

reaction?

A. The temperature of the surroundings increases.

B. The enthalpy change for the reaction is negative

C. Heat flows from the surroundings into the system.

D. The enthalpy of products is less than the enthalpy of reactants (2)

1.9 Which ONE of the following is NOT a typical reaction of hydrochloric acid?

A. It neutralises a base with the release of hydrogen gas.

B. It forms hydronium ions in water.

C. It colours litmus paper red.

D. It forms CO2 when reacting with a metal carbonate. (2)

1.10 Consider the reaction below.

Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Which substance is the oxidising agent?

A. Zn

B. Cu2+

C. Zn2+

D. Cu (2)

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Question 2

Ammonia (NH3) is an important gas used in the preparation of fertilisers. An

ammonia molecule is formed when electrons are shared between three
hydrogen atoms and a nitrogen atom.

2.1 Name the type of chemical bond formed between a hydrogen and a
nitrogen atom. (1)

2.2 How many valence electrons does the nitrogen atom have? (1)

2.3 Write down a Lewis structure for the ammonia molecule. (2)

2.4 For the ammonia molecule, write down the:

2.4.1 Number of electron pairs surrounding the central atom (1)

2.4.2 Number of atoms surrounding the central atom (1)

2.4.3 Name used to describe the molecular shape (1)

2.4.4 The general formula of the geometrical shape (1)

Ammonia dissolves readily in water to form ammonium ions, NH 4+ (aq). An

ammonium ion is formed when an ammonia molecule shares a lone pair of
electrons with a hydrogen ion.

2.5 Name the type of bond formed between an ammonia molecule and a
hydrogen ion. (1)

2.6 Represent the formation of an ammonium ion with the aid of Lewis
structures. (4)

2.7 For the ammonium ion, write down the:

2.7.1 Number of atoms surrounding the central atom. (1)

2.7.2 Name used to describe the molecular shape (1)

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Question 3

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Consider the following list of six substances with their formulae and boiling
points in the table below.

Name Formula Boiling point (°C)

Water H2O 100
Ethanol CH3CH2OH 78
Bromine Br2 58,8
Iodine Ɪ2 184,3
Ammonia NH3 -33,3
Phosphine PH3 -87,7

3.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

3.2 Explain why the boiling point of iodine is much higher than that of
bromine, by referring to the intermolecular forces present in each
substance. (4)

3.3 Compare ammonia and phosphine and explain the difference in their
boiling points by referring to the intermolecular forces present in each of
the substance. (4)

3.4 Define the term vapour pressure. (2)

3.5 Which substance in the table above will have the lowest vapour (1)
pressure?

3.6 Give a reason for the answer. (3)

3.7 Explain why iodine is not soluble in water by referring to the intermolecular
forces present in each substance. (3)

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Question 4

A fixed mass of oxygen is used to verify one of the gas laws. The results
obtained are shown in the graph below.

4.1 Write down:

4.1.1 A mathematical expression, in symbols, for the relationship (2)

between the variables shown in the graph

4.1.2 The name of the gas law investigated. (1)

4.1.3 Explain the relationship in QUESTION 4.1.1 in terms of the kinetic

theory of gases. (2)

4.2 Write down TWO variables that must be kept constant during this
investigation and briefly describe how this is done. (2)

4.3 From the graph, write down the volume of oxygen, in cm3, when the
pressure is 120 kPa. (2)

4.4 Calculate the pressure, in kPa, exerted on the gas when it is compressed to
5 cm3 . (4)

4.5 At low temperatures, it is found that a real gas deviates from an ideal.
Explain this deviation. (3)

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Question 5

The following graph shows a potential energy diagram for the reaction:

A+B→C+D

5.1 Define the term heat of reaction. (2)

5.2 Is the reaction above endothermic or exothermic? Give a reason for the
answer. (2)

5.3 Calculate ΔH of the above reaction. (2)

5.4 Define the term activation energy. (2)

5.5 Write down the activation energy for the reverse reaction. (2)

5.6 What is the energy of the activated complex? (1)

5.7 A catalyst is now added to the reaction.

5.7.1 Define the term catalyst. (2)

5.7.2 How does a catalyst influence a chemical reaction? Explain in

detail. (3)

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Question 6

6.1 A certain chemical substance is made up of 85,71 % C and 14,29 % H.

The molecular mass of the substance is 42 g.mol-1.

6.1.1 Define the term empirical formula. (2)

6.1.2 Determine, by calculations, the molecular formula of the (6)

substance.

46 g magnesium sulphate reacted with 650 cm3 sodium carbonate of 0,1

mol.dm-3 according to the balanced chemical equation below:

MgSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → MgCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

6.1 Define term limiting reagent. (2)

6.2 Determine the limiting reactant. (5)

6.3 Determine the mass in EXCESS of the other reactant. (5)

6.4 If 7,9 g of NaNO3 is obtained after the reaction, determine the percentage
yield. (6)

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Question 7

7.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory (2)

7.2 Consider the following acid-base reaction:

H2PO4- (aq) + NH3 (aq) → HPO42- (aq) + NH4+ (aq)

7.3 Write down the formula of ONE conjugate acid-base pair in the above
reaction (2)

7.4 Define the term ampholyte. (2)

7.5 Write the formula of an ampholyte in above reaction. (1)

7.6 The salt NH4Cℓ is produced through hydrolysis reaction.

7.6.1 Define the term hydrolysis. (2)

7.6.2 Is the above salt ACIDIC or BASIC? Use a balanced chemical

equation to support the answer. (4)

7.7 A sample of calcium carbonate is added to 200 cm 3 of a 0,4 mol.dm-3

solution of hydrochloric acid. The acid is in EXCESS.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

CaCO3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(s) + H2O (ℓ) + CO2(g)

7.7.1 Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid. (3)

The EXCESS acid neutralises 40 cm3 of a solution of 0,2 mol.dm-3 of

magnesium hydroxide.
2HCℓ(aq) + Mg(OH)2(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

7.7.2 Calculate the mass of the calcium carbonate sample. (7)

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Question 8

8.1 Calculate the oxidation number of manganese and chromium in the

following substances:

8.1.1 CrO₄²⁻ (2)

8.1.2 Mn(NO3)2 (2)

Iron (III) oxide reacts with aluminium according to the following unbalanced
equation: Fe2O3 + 2Aℓ → Aℓ2O3 + 2Fe

8.2 Define the term reduction in terms of electron transfer. (2)

8.3 For the reaction above , write down the FORMULA:

8.3.1 Oxidising agent. Give a reason for the answer using oxidation
numbers. (3)

8.3.2 Reduced substance. (1)

8.4 Use the standard reduction potential table and write down a balanced net
reaction. Show all your workings. (5)

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TOTAL:150

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