Name - sarahat Naaz

Group 4025
Write the definition of these medical terms.

Amentia – Amentia" is an outdated medical term once used to describe severe cognitive
impairment or a lack of mental development, often due to a congenital condition. Today, terms
like "intellectual disability" or "developmental disorder" are used instead.

Catalepsy – Catalepsy is defined as a medical condition in which a person experiences a trance-

like state marked by a loss of voluntary motion, muscle rigidity, and a lack of response to
external stimuli. In this state, the body may remain in a fixed posture for extended periods, and
the person may have "waxy flexibility," meaning that their limbs stay in the position they are
placed by others.

Confabulation – Confabulations are false memories that a person believes to be true, often
created unintentionally to fill gaps in memory. Unlike intentional lies, confabulations occur
without the person’s awareness that they’re incorrect, as they genuinely perceive these
memories as accurate. This phenomenon is often seen in neurological conditions like Korsakoff
syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and certain forms of amnesia.

Conscience –Conscience is an inner sense of right and wrong that guides a person's thoughts,
intentions, and actions. It acts as a moral compass, helping individuals evaluate their behavior
and make ethical decisions based on values, beliefs, and societal norms. When a person’s
actions align or conflict with their conscience, they may experience feelings of pride or guilt,
respectively.

Cryptomnesia – Cryptomnesia is a memory phenomenon in which a person recalls information,

ideas, or experiences but mistakenly believes them to be original or new. In reality, these
memories are drawn from prior knowledge or past encounters that the person has forgotten,
leading them to unknowingly present the information as their own creation. Cryptomnesia
often occurs in creative fields, where someone might unconsciously reproduce music, art, or
writing they’ve been exposed to before. This phenomenon is generally unintentional and differs
from intentional plagiarism.

Delirium – Delirium is an acute, often sudden, disturbance in mental abilities that leads to
confusion, disorientation, and altered consciousness. It typically develops quickly—within hours
to days—and can fluctuate throughout the day. People experiencing delirium may have
difficulty focusing, experience hallucinations, or display unusual behaviors.

Delusion

A delusion is a strongly held false belief that persists despite clear evidence to the contrary.
People experiencing delusions are convinced of their reality, even if others find these beliefs
illogical or impossible. Delusions are commonly associated with psychiatric disorders like
schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and certain mood disorders. Types of delusions include
persecutory (believing one is being targeted), grandiose (believing one has exceptional abilities
or status), and somatic (believing one has a medical condition without evidence).

Dysmorphomania

Dysmorphomania, now more commonly referred to as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), is a

mental health condition in which a person has an obsessive focus on perceived flaws or defects
in their appearance, which are usually minor or even imagined. This preoccupation can lead to
significant distress and impairment in daily functioning, often accompanied by repetitive
behaviors like checking mirrors, excessive grooming, or seeking cosmetic procedures.

Dysphoria

Dysphoria is a state of profound unease, dissatisfaction, or discomfort, often accompanied by

feelings of sadness, irritability, or restlessness. It is commonly seen in mental health conditions
such as depression, anxiety disorders, and gender dysphoria, where it represents a mismatch
between a person's experienced gender and assigned gender. Dysphoria can vary in intensity
and may impact a person's mood and functioning.

Emotion

Emotion is a complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological

response, and a behavioral or expressive component. Emotions are typically short-lived and are
triggered by specific events or situations. They include feelings like happiness, sadness, anger,
fear, and surprise and play a critical role in human motivation, decision-making, and social
interactions.

Hallucinations

Hallucinations are sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind. They
involve perceiving things that aren’t actually present, such as hearing voices, seeing objects, or
feeling sensations. Hallucinations can affect any of the senses and are often associated with
conditions like schizophrenia, neurological disorders, substance use, or severe sleep
deprivation.

Hypomnesia

Hypomnesia refers to a diminished or reduced memory capacity, making it difficult for a person
to remember information or events. It may result from various conditions, including brain
injury, aging, or psychiatric disorders, and can affect short-term or long-term memory.
Illusion

An illusion is a misinterpretation of a real external stimulus. Unlike hallucinations, which have

no basis in reality, illusions occur when the brain misinterprets actual sensory information, such
as seeing a shadow and mistaking it for an animal. Illusions can occur in healthy individuals and
are also seen in conditions affecting perception.

Intelligence

Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, reason, solve problems, and adapt to new
situations. It encompasses various cognitive functions, including memory, attention, language,
and analytical skills. Intelligence is typically measured through tests assessing logical reasoning,
verbal and mathematical ability, and other cognitive skills.

Mental Retardation (Now Known as Intellectual Disability)

Intellectual disability (formerly known as mental retardation) is a developmental condition

characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning (such as reasoning, problem-
solving, and learning) and adaptive behaviors, which affect everyday social and practical skills.
The condition usually originates before the age of 18.

Micropsia

Micropsia is a visual distortion where objects appear smaller than they actually are. This
phenomenon may be associated with neurological conditions like migraines, epilepsy, or drug
effects. It is sometimes part of Alice in Wonderland syndrome, where a person’s perception of
size, distance, or time is altered.

Mood

Mood is an emotional state that is generally less intense than emotions but lasts longer. It
influences a person's perception, thoughts, and behavior and can range from positive (e.g.,
happy, optimistic) to negative (e.g., sad, anxious). Moods can be affected by external events,
health, and individual temperament.

Mutism
Mutism is the inability or refusal to speak, often due to psychological factors, such as selective
mutism in children, or neurological conditions, such as damage to speech centers in the brain.
Mutism can be either selective (occurring only in certain situations) or complete (where the
person remains mute in all situations).

Obsessive Ideas

Obsessive ideas are persistent, unwanted thoughts, impulses, or mental images that cause
significant anxiety or distress. These thoughts often intrude repeatedly, and despite efforts to
dismiss or control them, they persist. Obsessive ideas are a primary feature of obsessive-
compulsive disorder (OCD).

Oneiroid

Oneiroid (also called oneiroid syndrome) is a dream-like state of consciousness in which a

person experiences vivid, often fantastical imagery and hallucinations as if they were in a
dream. It is typically associated with certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia or
drug-induced states, and the person may have difficulty distinguishing these experiences from
reality.

Pseudo-reminiscence

Pseudo-reminiscence is a memory distortion in which a person recalls events that never

actually occurred, though they believe them to be true. Unlike confabulation, pseudo-
reminiscences are usually more limited to incorrect details rather than entirely fabricated
stories and may occur in conditions like dementia.

Stupor

Stupor is a state of near-unconsciousness or significantly reduced responsiveness to stimuli. A

person in stupor appears awake but is unresponsive to their environment, with minimal or
absent reactions to external stimuli. Stupor can result from severe psychiatric conditions, brain
injury, metabolic imbalances, or intoxication.

Task 1
The patient exhibits several psychopathological symptoms that suggest a severe psychiatric
disorder, likely a psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia or a delusional disorder. Below are
the key symptoms based on the description:
Grandiosity (Delusions of grandeur):

The patient believes he is a powerful figure, referring to himself as "Field Marshal" and "ruler of
the World."

He claims to control the universe, celestial bodies, and even has the power to travel to other
planets.

These delusions suggest an inflated sense of self-importance and grandiosity.

Auditory Hallucinations:

The patient hears "voices" from other worlds and talks to them, indicating auditory
hallucinations, a common symptom of schizophrenia.

Paranoid Delusions:

He believes that external forces (such as "wrong thoughts" and "electrons from London") are
acting on his brain and body.

He perceives smells of gasoline and alcohol, which are not present, further indicating paranoid
delusions and possibly olfactory hallucinations.

The belief that he is being manipulated or controlled by others (using protons and electrons)
reflects a persecutory delusional belief system.

Somatic Delusions:

The patient believes he is being acted upon by "protons" and "electrons" created by others,
possibly indicating somatic delusions, where the patient believes something abnormal is
happening to their body or mind.

Visual Hallucinations:

The patient reports seeing various animals with closed eyes (e.g., cancer, scorpion), which
indicates visual hallucinations.

Impaired Reality Testing:

The patient’s beliefs (e.g., traveling to other planets, controlling the universe) are inconsistent
with reality, suggesting a significant breakdown in reality testing.

The patient’s inability to distinguish between what is real and what is imagined is indicative of a
psychotic process.

Affective Symptoms:

The patient is described as angry, aggressive, and annoyed at times, which might reflect
emotional dysregulation or agitation commonly seen in psychotic episodes.

Cognitive Functioning:
Despite the delusions, when discussing abstract topics, the patient shows reasonable logical
thinking, which may suggest periods of lucid thinking. This could be indicative of a fluctuating
course of the illness or a possible dissociation between cognitive abilities and psychotic
symptoms.

Likely Diagnosis:

Given the presence of grandiose and paranoid delusions, auditory and visual hallucinations, and
impaired reality testing, schizophrenia is a strong possibility, although delusional disorder (if the
symptoms are less pervasive) or another psychotic disorder should also be considered. The
severity of the psychotic symptoms—particularly the presence of auditory hallucinations and
delusions—suggests the need for further psychiatric evaluation to confirm the diagnosis and
assess treatment options.

Task 2
The psychopathological symptoms exhibited by Patient G. include:

Cognitive Impairment:

Memory loss: The patient cannot remember basic information such as his doctor, roommates, or relatives, and has difficulty
recalling his age, the date, or other essential facts.

Confusion and disorientation: He does not recognize where he is (thinks he is at home) and cannot identify the correct time or
place.

Impaired judgment and attention: The patient is unable to perform simple tasks such as eating properly or finding his ward. He
is confused about his surroundings and often forgets his location.

Behavioral Symptoms:

Aggression: The patient exhibits irritability, anger, and verbal aggression, including swearing and threatening to strike the nurse
or other staff members.

Repetitive or compulsive behaviors: He ties the bedding into a knot, which may suggest anxiety-driven or compulsive behavior.

Inappropriate behavior: He sits on other patients' beds and exhibits untidy, sloppy eating and personal hygiene habits,
indicating a loss of self-care abilities.

Hallucinations and Delusions:

Paranoid delusions: The patient believes that he is surrounded by "thieves" and "robbers," and he demands police intervention,
indicating a distorted perception of reality.

Misidentification: He claims his boots were stolen and appears to be delusional, believing that theft has occurred.

Emotional Symptoms:

Mood fluctuations: He is sometimes complacent and laughs at other patients, but more often he displays irritability and anger.

Anxiety: He shows signs of anxiety, such as searching under the bed and feeling agitated about his situation.

These symptoms suggest the presence of a severe cognitive disorder, potentially dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease or another
form of neurodegenerative disorder) or another psychotic condition affecting cognition and behavior. The confusion, delusions,
memory loss, and disorientation are particularly notable signs of cognitive decline.
Task 3

Based on the description of Patient T.'s symptoms, several psychopathological features can be identified:

Auditory Hallucinations: The patient reports hearing "voices" of a large group of people. This is a classic example of auditory
hallucinations, where the individual perceives sounds or voices that are not present in the external environment.

Delusions: The patient exhibits paranoid delusions or delusions of control. She believes that these people’s heads are
"connected" to hers through some apparatus and that they can manipulate her thoughts, emotions, and sensory perceptions.
This is indicative of a belief that others have control over her body or mind.

Thought Insertion/Thought Withdrawal: The patient feels that her thoughts can be "taken away" by these people, which
suggests a delusion of thought withdrawal (the belief that someone can remove her thoughts) or thought insertion (the belief
that thoughts are being placed in her mind by external forces).

Mood Disorders: The patient mentions that these people can "change her mood," which suggests the presence of mood
disturbances linked to her perception of external control over her emotions.

Perceptual Disturbances: The patient reports changes in the taste and smell of food, which indicates somatic hallucinations or
distorted sensory experiences.

Social Withdrawal and Apathy: The patient is described as lying in bed most of the time, with her head covered, and engaging in
minimal conversation. This suggests significant social withdrawal, lack of engagement, and possibly apathy, which is common in
certain psychiatric disorders.

These symptoms—auditory hallucinations, delusions, sensory distortions, mood disturbances, and social withdrawal—are often
associated with schizophrenia or a related psychotic disorder, although further clinical assessment would be necessary for a
more precise diagnosis.

Disorders of consciousness

TASK 1

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Anxiety: The patient feels intense anxiety and agitation, especially in the evening.

Hallucinations: Visual (e.g., a monster with horns, gray mice, half-dog half-cat creatures), auditory (voices from behind the wall,
shouts, knocking), and tactile hallucinations (insects crawling on the skin).

Paranoia and Delusions: The patient believes that people are trying to kill him and that he is being persecuted. He flees to the
police station, indicating a belief in imminent danger.

Disorientation and Confusion: The patient is agitated, distracted, and has difficulty focusing on the conversation.
Disorganized Behavior: The patient is impulsive (tearing at doors and windows), laughs uncontrollably, and shakes something
off himself as if trying to rid himself of insects.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

This syndrome is most consistent with Acute Psychosis or Acute Delirium, likely triggered by a psychotic disorder such as
Schizophrenia or a severe affective psychosis. The mix of hallucinations, delusions, disorientation, and anxiety suggests an acute
psychotic episode with delirium-like features.

TASK 2
1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Apathy and Withdrawal: The patient is isolated, shows no interest in communication, and remains in a fixed, unresponsive
state.

Emotional Blunting: The patient's expression is absent, and there is a lack of reaction to external stimuli.

Confusion and Disorientation: The patient is unaware of the surroundings, has no sense of time, and shows impaired reality
testing (unaware of where they are, who they are).

Hallucinations: The patient experiences vivid visual hallucinations (e.g., people in white/red clothes and an unusual scene with a
snake).

Repetitive or Stereotyped Behavior: Episodes of uncontrollable laughing, disconnected from the environment.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

This presentation is characteristic of Catatonic Schizophrenia, especially given the combination of stupor, disorientation,
hallucinations, and bizarre perceptions. The disconnection from reality and emotional blunting also suggest this diagnosis.

TASK 3
1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Mood Instability: The patient's state fluctuates rapidly from excited to depressed, showing extreme mood changes.

Confusion and Disorientation: The patient does not recognize their surroundings, cannot identify time or place, and is confused
about personal information.

Hallucinations: The patient hears voices (e.g., from relatives) and seems to experience persecutory or intrusive thoughts.

Incoherent Speech: The patient’s speech is fragmented and nonsensical, with disorganized thoughts ("You took the crumbs
from me...").

Psychomotor Agitation: The patient demonstrates agitation, including movements and restlessness (rushing about in bed).

Psychomotor Retardation: There is also a sudden shift to deep prostration, where the patient becomes passive and silent,
showing signs of exhaustion.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

This presentation suggests a Psychotic Disorder or Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features, possibly Schizoaffective Disorder or
a Severe Depressive Episode with Psychotic Features. The combination of mood fluctuations and psychotic symptoms suggests
a complex psychotic syndrome.

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:
Sudden Onset of Aggression and Delusion: The patient abruptly becomes agitated, believes in a delusion involving "bandits,"
and acts violently, shooting at people.

Amnesia: The patient experiences amnesia regarding the events of the episode. After the event, they cannot recall the violent
actions and are shocked upon realizing what they have done.

Emotional Response: The patient experiences profound guilt and despair after regaining awareness of the situation.

Disorientation: The patient is confused about what happened, and there is no memory of the violent actions they undertook.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

This is most consistent with Dissociative Amnesia with Dissociative Fugue features, which can result in sudden violent actions
during the fugue state, followed by amnesia. The delusions and amnesia are characteristic of Dissociative States or possibly a
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) episode triggered by the stress or trauma experienced.