Data Structure and Algorithms -

Linked List

Bhabani Shankar Pradhan

If arrays accommodate similar types of data types, linked lists consist of
elements with different data types that are also arranged sequentially.

But how are these linked lists created?

A linked list is a collection of “nodes” connected together via links. These

nodes consist of the data to be stored and a pointer to the address of the next
node within the linked list. In the case of arrays, the size is limited to the
definition, but in linked lists, there is no defined size. Any amount of data can
be stored in it and can be deleted from it.

There are three types of linked lists −

 Singly Linked List − The nodes only point to the address of the next
node in the list.

 Doubly Linked List − The nodes point to the addresses of both previous
and next nodes.

 Circular Linked List − The last node in the list will point to the first node
in the list. It can either be singly linked or doubly linked.

Linked List Representation

Linked list can be visualized as a chain of nodes, where every node points to
the next node.
As per the above illustration, following are the important points to be
considered.

 Linked List contains a link element called first (head).

 Each link carries a data field(s) and a link field called next.

 Each link is linked with its next link using its next link.

 Last link carries a link as null to mark the end of the list.

Types of Linked List

Following are the various types of linked list.

Singly Linked Lists

Singly linked lists contain two “buckets” in one node; one bucket holds the
data and the other bucket holds the address of the next node of the list.
Traversals can be done in one direction only as there is only a single link
between two nodes of the same list.
Doubly Linked Lists

Doubly Linked Lists contain three “buckets” in one node; one bucket holds
the data and the other buckets hold the addresses of the previous and next
nodes in the list. The list is traversed twice as the nodes in the list are
connected to each other from both sides.

Circular Linked Lists

Circular linked lists can exist in both singly linked list and doubly linked list.

Since the last node and the first node of the circular linked list are connected,
the traversal in this linked list will go on forever until it is broken.

Basic Operations in the Linked Lists

The basic operations in the linked lists are insertion, deletion, searching,
display, and deleting an element at a given key. These operations are
performed on Singly Linked Lists as given below −

 Insertion − Adds an element at the beginning of the list.

 Deletion − Deletes an element at the beginning of the list.

  Display − Displays the complete list.

 Search − Searches an element using the given key.

 Delete − Deletes an element using the given key.

Insertion Operation

Adding a new node in linked list is a more than one step activity. We shall
learn this with diagrams here. First, create a node using the same structure
and find the location where it has to be inserted.

Imagine that we are inserting a node B (NewNode), between A (LeftNode) and

C (RightNode). Then point B.next to C −

NewNode.next −> RightNode;

It should look like this −

Now, the next node at the left should point to the new node.

LeftNode.next −> NewNode;

This will put the new node in the middle of the two. The new list should look
like this −

Insertion in linked list can be done in three different ways. They are explained
as follows −

Insertion at Beginning

In this operation, we are adding an element at the beginning of the list.

Algorithm

1. START

2. Create a node to store the data

3. Check if the list is empty

4. If the list is empty, add the data to the node and assign the head pointer to
it.

5 If the list is not empty, add the data to a node and link to the current head.
Assign the head to the newly added node.

6. END

Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −
C

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {

int data;

struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);
 p = p->next;

printf("]");

//insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;

//point first to new first node

head = lk;

void main(){
 int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatbegin(22);

insertatbegin(30);

insertatbegin(44);

insertatbegin(50);

printf("Linked List: ");

// print list

printList();

Output

Linked List:

[ 50 44 30 22 12 ]

Insertion at Ending

In this operation, we are adding an element at the ending of the list.

Algorithm

1. START

2. Create a new node and assign the data

3. Find the last node

4. Point the last node to new node

5. END

Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {

int data;

struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

 printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);

p = p->next;

printf("]");

//insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;
 //point first to new first node

head = lk;

void insertatend(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

struct node *linkedlist = head;

// point it to old first node

while(linkedlist->next != NULL)

linkedlist = linkedlist->next;

//point first to new first node

linkedlist->next = lk;

void main(){
 int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatend(22);

insertatend(30);

insertatend(44);

insertatend(50);

printf("Linked List: ");

// print list

printList();

Output

Linked List:

[ 12 22 30 44 50 ]

Insertion at a Given Position

In this operation, we are adding an element at any position within the list.

Algorithm

1. START

2. Create a new node and assign data to it

3. Iterate until the node at position is found

4. Point first to new first node

5. END

Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {

int data;

struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

 printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);

p = p->next;

printf("]");

//insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;
 //point first to new first node

head = lk;

void insertafternode(struct node *list, int data){

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

lk->next = list->next;

list->next = lk;

void main(){

int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatbegin(22);

insertafternode(head->next, 30);

printf("Linked List: ");

// print list

printList();
}

Output

Linked List:

[ 22 12 30 ]

Deletion Operation

Deletion is also a more than one step process. We shall learn with pictorial
representation. First, locate the target node to be removed, by using searching
algorithms.

The left (previous) node of the target node now should point to the next node
of the target node −

LeftNode.next −> TargetNode.next;

This will remove the link that was pointing to the target node. Now, using the
following code, we will remove what the target node is pointing at.

TargetNode.next −> NULL;

We need to use the deleted node. We can keep that in memory otherwise we
can simply deallocate memory and wipe off the target node completely.

Similar steps should be taken if the node is being inserted at the beginning of
the list. While inserting it at the end, the second last node of the list should
point to the new node and the new node will point to NULL.

Deletion in linked lists is also performed in three different ways. They are as
follows −

Deletion at Beginning

In this deletion operation of the linked, we are deleting an element from the
beginning of the list. For this, we point the head to the second node.

Algorithm

1. START

2. Assign the head pointer to the next node in the list

3. END
Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {

int data;

struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

 while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);

p = p->next;

printf("]");

//insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;

//point first to new first node

head = lk;
}

void deleteatbegin(){

head = head->next;

void main(){

int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatbegin(22);

insertatbegin(30);

insertatbegin(40);

insertatbegin(55);

printf("Linked List: ");

// print list

printList();

deleteatbegin();

printf("\nLinked List after deletion: ");

// print list
 printList();

Output

Linked List:

[ 55 40 30 22 12 ]

Linked List after deletion:

[ 40 30 22 12 ]

Deletion at Ending

In this deletion operation of the linked, we are deleting an element from the
ending of the list.

Algorithm

1. START

2. Iterate until you find the second last element in the list.

3. Assign NULL to the second last element in the list.

4. END

Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {

int data;

struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);

p = p->next;

}
 printf("]");

//insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;

//point first to new first node

head = lk;

void deleteatend(){

struct node *linkedlist = head;

while (linkedlist->next->next != NULL)

 linkedlist = linkedlist->next;

linkedlist->next = NULL;

void main(){

int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatbegin(22);

insertatbegin(30);

insertatbegin(40);

insertatbegin(55);

printf("Linked List: ");

// print list

printList();

deleteatend();

printf("\nLinked List after deletion: ");

// print list

printList();
}

Output

Linked List:

[ 55 40 30 22 12 ]

Linked List after deletion:

[ 55 40 30 22 ]

Deletion at a Given Position

In this deletion operation of the linked, we are deleting an element at any

position of the list.

Algorithm

1. START

2. Iterate until find the current node at position in the list

3. Assign the adjacent node of current node in the list to its previous node.

4. END

Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {

int data;

struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);

p = p->next;

printf("]");
}

//insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;

//point first to new first node

head = lk;

void deletenode(int key){

struct node *temp = head, *prev;

if (temp != NULL && temp->data == key) {

head = temp->next;
 return;

// Find the key to be deleted

while (temp != NULL && temp->data != key) {

prev = temp;

temp = temp->next;

// If the key is not present

if (temp == NULL) return;

// Remove the node

prev->next = temp->next;

void main(){

int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatbegin(22);
 insertatbegin(30);

insertatbegin(40);

insertatbegin(55);

printf("Linked List: ");

// print list

printList();

deletenode(30);

printf("\nLinked List after deletion: ");

// print list

printList();

Output

Linked List:

[ 55 40 30 22 12 ]

Linked List after deletion:

[ 55 40 22 12 ]

Reverse Operation
This operation is a thorough one. We need to make the last node to be pointed
by the head node and reverse the whole linked list.

First, we traverse to the end of the list. It should be pointing to NULL. Now, we
shall make it point to its previous node −

We have to make sure that the last node is not the last node. So we'll have
some temp node, which looks like the head node pointing to the last node.
Now, we shall make all left side nodes point to their previous nodes one by
one.

Except the node (first node) pointed by the head node, all nodes should point
to their predecessor, making them their new successor. The first node will
point to NULL.

We'll make the head node point to the new first node by using the temp node.
Algorithm

Step by step process to reverse a linked list is as follows −

1 START

2. We use three pointers to perform the reversing: prev, next, head.

3. Point the current node to head and assign its next value to the prev node.

4. Iteratively repeat the step 3 for all the nodes in the list.

5. Assign head to the prev node.

Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {

int data;

struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);

p = p->next;

printf("]");

//insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

 //create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;

//point first to new first node

head = lk;

void reverseList(struct node** head){

struct node *prev = NULL, *cur=*head, *tmp;

while(cur!= NULL) {

tmp = cur->next;

cur->next = prev;

prev = cur;

cur = tmp;

}
 *head = prev;

void main(){

int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatbegin(22);

insertatbegin(30);

insertatbegin(40);

insertatbegin(55);

printf("Linked List: ");

// print list

printList();

reverseList(&head);

printf("\nReversed Linked List: ");

printList();

Output

Linked List:
[ 55 40 30 22 12 ]

Reversed Linked List:

[ 12 22 30 40 55 ]

Search Operation

Searching for an element in the list using a key element. This operation is
done in the same way as array search; comparing every element in the list with
the key element given.

Algorithm

1 START

2 If the list is not empty, iteratively check if the list contains the key

3 If the key element is not present in the list, unsuccessful search

4 END

Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {

int data;
 struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);

p = p->next;

printf("]");

//insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;

//point first to new first node

head = lk;

int searchlist(int key){

struct node *temp = head;

while(temp != NULL) {

if (temp->data == key) {

return 1;

temp=temp->next;
 }

return 0;

void main(){

int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatbegin(22);

insertatbegin(30);

insertatbegin(40);

insertatbegin(55);

printf("Linked List: ");

// print list

printList();

k = searchlist(30);

if (k == 1)

printf("\nElement is found");

else

printf("\nElement is not present in the list");

}

Output

Linked List:

[ 55 40 30 22 12 ]

Element is found

Traversal Operation

The traversal operation walks through all the elements of the list in an order
and displays the elements in that order.

Algorithm

1. START

2. While the list is not empty and did not reach the end of the list, print the data
in each node

3. END

Example

Following are the implementations of this operation in various programming

languages −

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node {
 int data;

struct node *next;

};

struct node *head = NULL;

struct node *current = NULL;

// display the list

void printList(){

struct node *p = head;

printf("\n[");

//start from the beginning

while(p != NULL) {

printf(" %d ",p->data);

p = p->next;

printf("]");

}
 //insertion at the beginning

void insertatbegin(int data){

//create a link

struct node *lk = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));

lk->data = data;

// point it to old first node

lk->next = head;

//point first to new first node

head = lk;

void main(){

int k=0;

insertatbegin(12);

insertatbegin(22);

insertatbegin(30);

printf("Linked List: ");

 // print list

printList();

Output

Linked List:

[ 30 22 12 ]