MGP 2025 Test Code 812401 Sol Eng

MGP 2025
Test Code : 812401
Solution
Instruction to Students
Answers provided in this booklet exceed the word limit so as to also act as source of
good notes on the topic.
Candidates must focus on the keywords mentioned in the answers and build
answers around them. Elaborate answers are given with the purpose that candidates
understand the topic better.
We have also adopted a grey box approach to provide context wherever necessary,
which is not to be considered a part of the answer.
For any feedback, please write to us at helpdesk@forumias.academy
Forum Learning Centre: Delhi - 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19 Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 | Patna - 2nd floor, AG Palace, E Boring Canal
Road, Patna, Bihar 800001 | Hyderabad - 1st & 2nd Floor, SM Plaza, RTC X Rd, Indira Park Road, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500020
9311740400, 9311740900 | https://academy.forumias.com | admissions@forumias.academy | helpdesk@forumias.academy
Page 1 of 18
Q.1) “Independence in 1947 brought India not just freedom but also the arduous challenges of nation-building
and socio-economic development”. Discuss the changes introduced by the Indian Independence Act 1947 and
the consequent challenges.
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining the Indian Independence Act, 1947. In the body, discuss the
changes brought forth by the Indian Independence Act. In the next part, discuss how this legislation also
inadvertently created challenges for the country. Conclude the answer by highlighting how the legacy of this
legislation continues to impact the nation.
The Indian Independence Act, 1947 was enacted in the British Parliament to provide independence to the
dominions of India and Pakistan. It received royal assent on July 18, 1947, came into effect on August 15, 1947.
The changes introduced by the Indian Independence Act, 1947 are:
1. It ended the British rule in India and paved the way for creation of an independent and sovereign state;
provisioned for the partition of India, creating two independent dominions of India and Pakistan, with
the right to secede from the British Commonwealth; granted freedom to princely states to join either
of the Dominions or to remain independent. It proclaimed the lapse of British paramountcy over the
princely states; the office of Viceroy was abolished and replaced with the post of governor general.
2. It dropped the title of Emperor of India from the royal titles of the King of England; discontinued the
appointment to civil services and reservation of posts by the Secretary of State for India. It empowered
the constituent assembly of the country to frame and adopt a constitution of its own volition; allowed
the constituent assembly to function as a legislating body till the new constitution was enforced.
It also created significant challenges:

1. Led to political turbulence and communal crisis, e.g., communal riots; refugee crisis etc; lapse of
paramountcy opened the pandora’s box, wherein the princely states desired autonomy; integration of
the country came at a huge diplomatic, economic, and political cost, e.g., operation Polo for
annexation of Hyderabad; Kashmir issue got internationalised.
2. Delay in the announcement of the boundary award (Radcliffe), and its unscientific approach created
social cleavages. It resulted in economic drags for the country, e.g., unsettled the established
economic linkages like case of cotton and jute growing areas; food shortages etc. Constituent
assembly was also overburdened with legislative duties.
3. Absence of transitional institutional structures and appointment of different governor general for India
(Mountbatten) and Pakistan (Jinnah) made partition process administratively challenging. E.g., division
of administrative staff.
Indian Independence Act, 1947 was the culmination of a long-drawn struggle against the colonial rule; however,
the legacy of the ensuing partition continues to impact the region even to this day. (363 words)
Q.2) The Indian Constitution, as a living document, embodies adaptability and responsiveness to meet evolving
social, economic, and political realities. Elaborate.
Approach: Introduce the answer by elaborating on Art 368. In the body, highlight why a constitution needs to be
a living document and be adaptable to changing scenarios. Then, discuss the ways in which the Indian
constitution can be called a living document. Conclude by emphasizing the importance of the constitution for
Indian democracy.
Article 368 of Part XX of the constitution provides for the amendment procedure of the constitution. Till now the
Indian constitution has been amended more than 100 times to adapt to the social, political, economic or
strategic requirements of the society.
Page 2 of 18
The need for Constitution to be a living document is to recognize the changing needs of society; to rectify errors
and lapses of judgement during its genesis; to protect the essence of democracy by reflecting people’s
sovereignty and adapting to their demands.
Indian constitution is a living document as:
1. As a dynamic document it continues to work effectively due to its openness to interpretation, and
ability to respond to changing situations. Provides opportunity to further socio-economic development
by adopting new laws, institutions and reforming existing ones. E.g., 102nd CAA gave constitutional
status to NCBC.
2. The doctrine of basic structure checks the amending the power of parliament thus balancing the rigidity
and flexibility. Protects the essence of democracy by representing the voice of the underprivileged
sections. E.g., 106th CAA providing 33% of reservation to women in the parliament.
3. The constitution has become a source of many values such as constitutional morality, provides for
values like secularism, conservation and peaceful coexistence. Strengthened the spirit of federalism,
e.g., GST Council by the 101st amendment has paved way for cooperative federalism in the country.
Democracy is not merely about votes and people’s representation. It is also about protecting the rule of law,
upliftment of the society, developing institutions and working through these institutions. The Indian constitution
is a living document with the ability to fulfill these conditions. (265 words).
Q.3) "The 7th Schedule is vital for demarcation of legislative powers, yet it disproportionately empowers the
Union, diluting the federal spirit." Comment.
Approach: Introduce with Article 246 and Schedule VII. In the body, first discuss the significance of 7th schedule.
Next, mention points to show how it disproportionately empowers the Union. Conclude by highlighting the need
for periodic reassessment and adjustments to promote cooperative federalism.
Article 246 and the 7th Schedule of Indian Constitution through the three lists viz. the Union List, the State List,
and the Concurrent List demarcates the legislative powers between the Union and the States.
The 7th schedule is vital for demarcation of legislative powers as:

1. By clearly specifying the subjects under the three lists, the 7th Schedule helps avoid legislative overlap
and assigns responsibilities to the most appropriate level of government (principle of subsidiarity).
2. The division of powers allows both levels of government to function independently within their
respective domains. Concurrent List provides the scope for collaboration and coordination between
states and Union over certain matters. E.g., education, marriage and divorce, etc.
3. The Union and State governments can focus on their respective areas, leading to more informed and
specialized legislation (principle of subsidiarity). For e.g., the Union can focus on defence and foreign
affairs, while States can concentrate on public health and local infrastructure.
However, it is argued that the 7th Schedule disproportionately empowers the Union as:
1. The Union List contains more subjects, covering broader and more significant areas of governance. In
case of any inconsistency between Union and State laws on subjects in the Concurrent List, the Union
law prevails (Article 254). This also leads to disagreements and conflicts between the Union and states.
E.g., Agricultural Laws (Farm Laws 2020), Environmental Laws (Coastal Regulation Zone Notification),
etc.
2. Major taxation (customs duties, income tax, etc.) are under the Union List, granting the Union significant
control over major sources of revenue. States often rely on grants and financial assistance from the
Union, which can limit their financial autonomy and decision-making capacity.
Page 3 of 18
3. Any subject not enumerated in any of the lists falls under the Union’s jurisdiction (residuary powers).
This grants Parliament the authority to legislate on new and emerging issues. E.g., Information
Technology, Artificial Intelligence, etc.
While the evolving political, economic, and social landscape necessitates periodic reassessment, the
Schedule’s ability to adapt through constitutional amendments and judiciary’s application of doctrine of pith
and substance to adjudicate on matters of legislative competence ensures that it remains relevant and effective
in addressing contemporary challenges. (356 words)
Q.4) The Inter-State Council has significant potential for resolving federal disputes, but its potential is yet to be
fully realized. Discuss.
Approach: Start the answer with the constitutional basis of the Inter-State Council. In the body, first list ways in
which the council facilitates resolution of federal disputes. Then, list the challenges of resolving these disputes.
Lastly, provide suggestions to improve its effectiveness. Conclude with the need for concerted efforts from all
stakeholders to make the Indian federalism more cooperative.
The Inter-state Council (ISC) is a constitutional body established under Article 263 of the Indian Constitution.
Its primary purpose is to promote cooperation and coordination between the Centre and the States.
The ISC has significant potential for resolving federal disputes as:
1. Acting as a platform for dialogue, ISC helps in finding common ground, and fostering consensus
among the parties involved. It encourages cooperative solutions to federal disputes.
2. The council has the authority to give recommendations to the centre and states on matters of common
interest, such as boundary disputes, policies etc.
3. The council monitors the implementation of its own recommendations as well as those of the Punchhi
Commission and Sarkaria commission on centre-state relations.
The challenges associated with ISC are:

1. Its recommendations are not binding on the central or state governments which limits the
effectiveness of the dispute resolution process. Lack of political will undermines the role of ISC as a
platform for resolving federal disputes. E.g., ISC mechanism remained suspended for 10 years
between 2006-2016. The complexity and technical nature of certain issues require detailed analysis
and expert inputs, which delays the process.
2. Different political parties have divergent interests, and the short-term electoral priorities complicate
the resolution process making it challenging to achieve consensus. The implementation of the
recommendations relies on the voluntary acceptance and cooperation of the concerned parties. Due
to politicization of federal issues, cooperation becomes unviable.
Following suggestions can help improve the role of ISC:

1. Reinforcing the permanent nature of the ISC, e.g., having a maximum period between meetings. The
recommendations of ISC should be made binding through a constitutional amendment. Functional
interlinkages with other interstate bodies like GST council, NITI Ayog etc. to improve the political
stature of ISC.
2. Working of the ISC must be depoliticized, so that political parties rise above narrow political interests,
e.g., rotational chairing of ISC’s Standing Committee by leaders from states. Bureaucratic discussions
on policies must be invested with measures for on-time resolution and implementation on ground, e.g.,
tabling of reports in the ISC sessions.
Page 4 of 18
Enhancing the council's role, providing it with more resources, ensuring a time-bound resolution process, and
encouraging a cooperative mindset among all stakeholders can contribute to effective dispute resolution within
the cooperative federalism framework in India. (377 words)
Q.5) Explain the method of appointment, duties and functions of the Attorney General of India. Also, mention
the limitations placed in the office.
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining the post of Attorney General of India. In the body, discuss the
method of appointment, duties and functions of the Attorney General of India. Next, mention the limitations
placed in the office. Conclude the answer by impressing on the fact that despite being a part of the Union
Executive, the AGI can continue private practice.
Attorney General of India (AGI) is the highest and senior most law officer in the country. Article 76 of the
constitution provides for the post of the Attorney General for India.
AGI is appointed by the President provided she should be qualified to become a judge of the Supreme Court.
Holds the office during the pleasure of President. As a convention, being a political appointee, AGI submits her
resignation to the President upon the change of government.
Duties and functions of AGI:

1. As the chief law officer of the GOI, she gives advice on legal matters referred by the President. In the
performance of her duties, she has the right of audience in all courts in India. She has the right to speak
and take part in the proceedings of both the Houses of Parliament, joint sittings of the Houses,
committee of the Parliament, of which she is named a member, but without a right to vote.
2. She appears on behalf of the GOI in all cases in the Supreme Court and High Courts where the GOI is
concerned. She represents the GOI in any reference made by the President to the SC under Article 143
of the Constitution. The certification of AGI is necessary to initiate the contempt proceedings in
Supreme Court.
Limitations placed in office of AGI:

1. The AGI is disallowed to advise or hold a brief against the GOI. Further, The AGI should not defend
accused persons in criminal prosecutions without the permission of the GOI. To prevent conflict of
interests, the AGI should not accept appointment as a director in any company or corporation without
the permission of the GOI.
2. AGI should not advice any ministry or department of GOI or any statutory organization or any public
sector undertakings unless the proposals or a reference in this regard is received through the Ministry
of Law and Justice.
AGI though a member of the Union Executive is not a full-time member of the Government. With some
restrictions, she can continue her private legal practice. (341 words)
Q.6) The burden of inadequate healthcare infrastructure falls heavily on the poor, perpetuating cycles of poverty
and poor health outcomes. In this context, discuss the issues with the country’s health infrastructure and
suggest measures to strengthen it.
Approach: Introduce by describing insufficiency of health infrastructure and its implication for pulling people in
poverty trap. In the body, discuss the issues in India’s health infrastructure. After this, give suggestions to reform
the health infrastructure of the country. Conclude with a way forward through National Digital Health Mission.
Page 5 of 18
The health infrastructure in the country often falls short of meeting the needs of the vast number of poor and
marginalised sections. Issues in health infrastructure threaten to push people into the vicious cycle of poverty,
keeping them just one disease away from falling into poverty.
India’s health infrastructure suffers from following issues:

1. The public expenditure on health sector remains very low at 1.3- 1.4% of the GDP. The investment in
health research is modest at 1% of the total public health expenditure. High OOPE, (~ 47%) vs UK’s
100% publicly funded system. Poor insurance penetration, while AB-PMJAY caters to bottom 50% of
the strata, another 30% remain vulnerable to sudden health expenditure as ‘the missing middle’.
2. The health infrastructure has an urban and tertiary sector bias which gets overburdened due to lack of
rural, primary and preventive health care infrastructure. India’s doctor-to-patient ratio is 0.74 doctors
per 1,000 people against the WHO recommendation of 1:1000. This results in an underserved
population with high disease burden, high MMR and IMR
3. Other issues such as the pharmaceutical manufacturing is dependent on API imports and foreign IPs;
lack of sufficient cold storage for medicine supplies; inadequate paramedics etc.; inter-State
variations in per capita health-care expenditure between states like Kerala (high) versus Bihar (low).
Following measures can be undertaken:

1. A stronger regulatory framework for regulation of clinical establishments, professional and technical
education, etc.; strengthening the rural public health care systems; local body grants of the Finance
Commission can be tied with improvements in healthcare delivery systems.
2. Exploring public-private partnership model (NITI Aayog). Traditional systems of medicine and health
like Yoga, naturopathy etc. need to be promoted to address increasing share of non-communicable
diseases like diabetes, depression etc. Preventive health care such as sanitation measures can
provide high-impact, low-cost intervention.
3. NHP’s target for public health expenditure (2.5% of GDP) should be made more ambitious. Best
practices from countries such as UK, Canada, USA, Cuba could be used.
With an ailing health infrastructure, development goals of the country cannot be achieved. Initiatives like
National Digital Health Mission provide leapfrogging opportunities to fill gaps in health infrastructure. (360
words)
Q.7) To what extent, in your opinion, will the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act help in increasing women's
representation and empowerment in the Indian political process?
Approach: Introduce the answer with 106th CAA. In the body, first highlight how the Act may help in increasing
women’s representation and empowerment in the Indian political process. In the second part, highlight its
shortcomings. Conclude by highlighting the need for additional steps.
The 106th Constitutional Amendment Act (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam) reserves one-third of the total number
of seats in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for women. It will be effective after the upcoming census
for 15 years (determined by Parliament), with seats rotated after each delimitation as determined by Parliament.
It is a major milestone in increasing women’s representation and empowerment:

1. Reservation of seats ensures direct participation in lawmaking; provides greater voice in governance;
promotes inclusive decision-making; continues the bottom-up (reservation in local bodies) processes
of empowerment; may further political and social empowerment through leadership development;
Page 6 of 18
help women to become agents of change and drivers of social transformation. E.g., more women as
ministers.
2. Promote representation of women in international arena; transform gender stereotypes and break
shackles of patriarchy, e.g., Angela Merkel; function as role model in politics and beyond (business
etc.); present alternative model of governance based on care and compassion; rotation of seats can
establish an assembly line of new women leaders.
3. Greater investment and discussion on women specific issues (women safety); increase accountability
on women’s concerns; build linkages between women centric civil societies and political parties;
create gender sensitive political institutions, e.g., intra-party gender parity.
However, experts have pointed out several shortcomings:

1. Political representation may have a limited impact on patriarchal attitudes, e.g., usage of sexist
language, trolling of women politicians, sarpanch pati; doesn’t address the issues of
intersectionality in lives of women representatives, e.g. women from backward classes.
2. Separate constituencies may counter the objective by perpetuation of unequal status, as they may
be seen as not competing on merit; rotation of reserved seats may also reduce the winnability
(only 15% women in panchayats get re-elected after rotation); reduce the incentive for MPs to work
for their constituencies.
3. Does not address the challenges in accessing campaign resources, e.g. funds, media visibility;
lack of support structures (training modules) for women members; does not cover the Rajya
Sabha, Legislative Councils or District Councils; does not provide for maintaining intra-party
gender parity (reservation in party executives); delay in implementation, e.g., likely to be enforced
after 2029 due to linking it with census.
Despite the delays in its implementation, the Act is a welcome step in the right direction reflecting the paradigm
of “women led development”. (390 words)
Q.8) What do you understand by malnutrition? Discuss the role of various nutrition-specific and nutrition-
sensitive interventions to address the problem of malnutrition in the country.
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining malnutrition and its types briefly. Define nutrition-specific and
nutrition-sensitive interventions. In the body, list points highlighting the role of nutrition-specific interventions
to address malnutrition. Then, list the role of nutrition-sensitive interventions. Conclude by mentioning need to
integrate nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions to achieve SDG of Zero Hunger.
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of food and nutrients. It
includes three conditions viz., undernutrition: wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and
underweight (low weight-for-age)]; micronutrient deficiencies or excess; and overweight.
Strategies to counter malnutrition consists of two types: a) nutrition-specific interventions, which directly
address immediate needs of nutritional nourishment such as food fortification, and b) nutrition-sensitive
interventions, which create enabling environment for nutrition through education, sanitation, women-
empowerment etc.
Role of nutrition-specific interventions to address the problem of malnutrition:

1. Nutrition-specific interventions address the immediate needs of fetal and new-born health, such as
promoting nutritious diet for pregnant woman, encouraging exclusive breastfeeding for children till first
six-months of birth etc.
Page 7 of 18
2. Issues of under-nutrition among children such as stunting and wasting are addressed through
measures such as midday meals. A study published in Nature highlighted that the midday meal
scheme contributed to 13-32% of the improvement in height-for-age among children between 2006 and
2016.
3. Micro-nutrient imbalance such as iodine-deficiency have been dealt with successfully through
compulsory iodization of salt. As a result, incidents of Iodine-deficiency diseases like goiter have
reduced substantially.
4. A study has pointed out that girls with access to midday meals at government schools had children
with a higher height-to-age ratio than those who did not, reflecting intergenerational benefits.
Role of nutrition-sensitive interventions:

1. The risk of stunting and underweight prevalence is known to be higher in children born to adolescent
mothers. Family planning interventions like Mission Parivar Vikas for contraceptive-access have
implications for reducing malnutrition.
2. Financial empowerment of women in the household increases expenditure on education and nutrition.
Campaigns such as Beti-Bachao-Beti-Padhao can help in reducing incidents of malnutrition through
education and delayed marriage.
3. Nutrition-sensitive agriculture focused on increasing availability and access through orienting
agriculture production can ensure food security as well as dietary diversity. E.g., promoting the
cultivation of millets and horticulture crops.
4. Poor mental health affects mothers’ capacity for childcare increasing the risk of infections and
impaired growth in children. Nutrition interventions must target improvement in the mental wellbeing
of mothers.
5. There are direct linkages of high disease burden and ability to absorb nutrition in association with
practices like open defecation and poor access to clean drinking water. Schemes such as Swachh
Bharat Mission and Jal Jeevan Mission are some examples of nutrition-sensitive schemes promoting
sanitation.
Thus, a multidimensional strategy integrating both nutrition-specific measures like strengthening of nutritional
content and delivery along with nutrition-sensitive measures nurturing health and wellness are needed to
comprehensively end all forms of malnutrition and achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ‘Zero
Hunger’. (435 words)
Q.9) Do you think that the G7 has lost its relevance in a world of emerging powers and a changing global order?
Approach: Start with a short description of G7. In the body first present arguments showing declining relevance
of G7. Next, present counter arguments showing its continued importance. Conclude the answer by mentioning
that G7 must prioritize stronger collaborations with emerging economies to remain relevant.
The Group of Seven (G7) is an informal forum of the world’s seven advanced economies viz. Italy, Canada,
France, Germany, Japan, UK, and USA. Recently, its 50th summit was held in Italy where India participated as
an ‘outreach country’. Since its formation in 1973, the G7 has significantly influenced global political and
economic affairs.
However, some scholars argue that G7 has lost its relevance in contemporary times because:
1. The rise of countries like China, India and other emerging economies has shifted global economic
power away from the traditional West-centric G7, and these countries are not its members.
2. G7 has not responded satisfactorily to address economic and geo-political crisis like 2008 global
financial crisis, recent Russia-Ukraine conflict, Israel-Hamas conflict, etc.; G20 has emerged as a
Page 8 of 18
more representative and relevant platform for building consensus on global economic and political
issues.
3. Its influence has been challenged by regional groupings such as BRICS, SCO, ASEAN; G7 has also been
criticized as an elitist, non-inclusive group, lacking the broad outlook required for meaningful global
coordination.
However, G7 is still relevant in changing global order because:

1. The G7 still represents a significant portion of global wealth, technological innovation, and financial
markets; it plays an important role in setting agendas and guiding the workings of global agencies like
WTO and IMF, e.g. Global Minimum Corporate tax; all G7 countries (except Japan) are the key members
of NATO, which is a major ‘collective security’ organization in the world. During the 50th summit, the
G7 reaffirmed its commitment to support Ukraine in its conflict with Russia.
2. It is a group of like-minded democracies with shared values regarding governance, human rights, rule
of law and thus act as a bulwark against authoritarian regimes like China, Russia. At the recent summit,
the G7 emphasized the importance of promoting democratic values and human rights globally.
3. It can play a significant role in advancing global infrastructure to foster sustainable development and
provide viable alternative to China's BRI. E.g., During the recent summit, it reaffirmed its support to PGII
(Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment), Lobito Corridor in Central Africa and IMEC.
Thus, the G7 is still relevant but it must adapt to contemporary changes by fostering stronger collaborations
with emerging economies and addressing global challenges in a more inclusive manner to maintain its
influence. (387 words)
Q.10) Discuss the contribution of the Indian diaspora to the economies of West Asia and Africa. Also, state the
issues faced by them and suggest steps needed to address these issues effectively.
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining the term Indian diaspora. In the body, discuss the contribution of
the Indian diaspora to the economies of West Asia and Africa. Next, discuss various issues faced by them in
these regions. Finally, suggest initiatives that can be taken to address these issues. Conclude by stressing on
the importance of Indian diaspora for host as well as the source country.
Indian Diaspora is a generic term used for addressing people who have migrated from the territories that are
currently within the borders of the Republic of India.
Contribution of Indian diaspora to the economies of West Asia and Africa are:
1. Constitutes a substantial part of short-term immigrant labour force, both skilled and unskilled, in the
Gulf/Middle East and North African countries. E.g., Post the oil boom, the Indian diaspora filled acute
labour shortages in these regions.
2. Provides the professional services as part of the white-collar workforce in Africa and in middle East,
e.g., doctors, engineers, architects etc. They have transitioned from their origins as indentured
labourers to prominent roles such as businessmen, e.g., South Africa.
3. Contributed significantly to both personal prosperity and the economic growth of their host countries
such as in East African countries of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. E.g., Manu Chandaria, CEO of the
Comcraft group of companies, Ruparelia group of industries in Uganda etc.
Despite their tremendous contribution, the diaspora faces several issues, such as:
1. Denial of local citizenship to the workers by most countries in the Gulf region. Long working hours,
inhumane living conditions, withholding of salaries, etc., affect their human rights situation. E.g.,
Page 9 of 18
Kuwait fire accident. Poor connectivity, insufficient economic linkages, limited consular access. E.g.,
students, medical patients, businessmen etc., often face trouble.
2. Kafala system (private sponsorship) binds the labourers in domestic and construction sector to one
owner, restricting their economic rights. Nitaqat system creates bias in the favour of local workers.
Vulnerability to drug smuggling rackets; rise of radicalisation and terrorism may leave the Indian
diaspora vulnerable to security threats in these regions.
Following initiatives are needed to address these challenges;

1. Cooperation between the labour ministry and external affairs ministry to check malpractices of the
recruiting agents in India as well employers in the host country. E.g., steps towards abolition of Kafala
system, as done by Qatar. Negotiating a “standard labour export agreement” with Gulf countries
prescribing minimum wage, medical care, working hours, overtime allowances etc.
2. Union and state government can initiate awareness missions to educate Indian workers about their
rights and obligations. Increasing the number of consulates, regional offices etc., to improve consular
access for the Indians. Increasing the connectivity between India and West-Asia/Africa, to facilitate
cheap flights and easy return.
Indian diaspora contributes to the economic well-being of both host and source countries. In this light, it is an
imperative to identify and address the issues faced by Indian diaspora. (414 words)
Q.11) Discuss the evolution of the doctrine of basic structure with the help of relevant case laws. Also, bring out
the significance of basic structure in preserving the basic construct of the constitution.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the doctrine of basic structure of the constitution. In the body of
the answer, discuss the evolution of doctrine of basic structure, citing case laws. Next, describe its significance
in preserving the basic construct of the constitution. Conclude by highlighting the relevance of the basic
structure doctrine.
The basic structure doctrine is an Indian judicial innovation, stating that Constitution has certain basic features
that cannot be altered or destroyed through amendments by the parliament. This doctrine puts restriction on
amending powers of legislature guaranteed under Article 368 of Indian constitution.
The evolution of the doctrine of basic structure is discussed below:

1. In Shankari Prasad case (1951), SC held that the power of the parliament to amend the constitution
under Article 368 also includes the power to amend fundamental rights. In Sajjan Singh case (1965),
SC reaffirmed that the Parliament has the authority to amend any part of the Constitution including the
fundamental rights. However, in Golaknath Case (1967), the SC ruled that fundamental rights are
transcendental and immutable, and restricted the Parliament from curtailing them.
2. The parliament enacted the 24th CAA (1971), which declared that Parliament has power to abridge any
of the fundamental rights. Although, SC in Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973), upheld the validity of 24th
amendment Act, it ruled that such changes should not alter the ‘basic structure’ of the constitution.
3. Parliament reacted by enacting the 42nd CAA (1976). It declared that there is no limitation on the
constituent power of the parliament and no amendment can be questioned on any ground. The SC in
Minerva Mills case (1980), invalidated this provision, establishing that the judicial review is a basic
structure of the constitution.
Despite its extra-constitutional origin, the basic structure has immense significance in preserving the basic
construct of the constitution as:
Page 10 of 18
1. It ensures that ‘brute majority’ does not turn into the ‘tyranny of majority’; acts as an embargo upon
the parliamentary power to ensure that the basic spirit of the constitution remains intact. It safeguards
the ideals on which the founding fathers envisaged our constitution.
2. It enables the judiciary to perform its envisaged role as the guardian of the constitution. Independence
of judiciary and Judicial review both have been held as part of the basic structure. It upholds secularism
and federalism as basic to the character of the constitution, hence, inalienable.
3. It established a fine working balance between individual rights and collective rights, socialism and
capitalism.
Although the basic structure doctrine is criticised for being vague and as instance of judicial overreach, it has
enabled the judiciary to interpret the laws in a manner that accommodates society's changing aspirations
without compromising the constitution's core principles. (398 words)
Q.12) Compare and contrast the positions of the Speaker in the Indian Parliament and the British Parliamentary
system. Highlighting various issues related to the functioning of the Office of the Speaker in India, suggest
remedial measures.
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining the constitutional position of the speaker. In the body of the
answer compare the position (similarities and differences) of British and Indian speaker. In the next part, explain
the controversies related to the office of speaker and suggest remedial measures. Conclude the answer by
briefly highlighting the importance of office of speaker.
The Speaker (Article 93) is the presiding officer and head of the Lok Sabha. The office of speaker in India is
modelled on the office of speaker in the UK, hence there are certain similarities in power and functions.
Similarities in office of Speaker in India and UK are that both are elected by members and are presiding officer
of their respective houses; responsible for conducting business of the house, guardian of powers and privileges
of the members, their rulings are binding on the members of the house.
However, there are also certain marked differences:

UK India
1. Speaker resigns from the party to maintain 1. Usually remains the member of party.
neutrality.
2. As a convention, Speaker is elected for life (once a 2. No such convention in India.
speaker, always a speaker).
3. Speaker is position of great prestige and dignity. She 3. Does not enjoy same level of confidence of
commands respect of all members because of her members as enjoyed by his UK counterpart.
neutrality. 4. Speaker enjoys power to disqualify a member
4. No power for speaker to disqualify members for under Anti-defection law.
switching parties.
There are various issues related to the functioning of the Office of the Speaker in India:
1. Evident misuse of powers under anti-defection law; delay in deciding disqualification petition;
selective disqualification and acceptance of resignation favouring ruling party. E.g., Maharashtra
speaker’s conduct.
2. Inherent partisan bias i.e. elected on a party’s ticket; not recognizing the LOP leading to delay in critical
appointments; criticism for providing more time to the ruling party in debates, resorting to harsh
punishment against opposition. e.g., West Bengal Speaker suspending LOP.
Page 11 of 18
3. Alleged misuse of discretionary powers. E.g., declaring ordinary bill as money bill (e.g., Tribunals
Reforms Act 2017, Aadhar Act); also criticized for her role in not referring bills to parliamentary
committees.
Some remedial measures that can be adopted:

1. The disqualification matters under Anti defection law should be decided by the President on the advice
of ECI (Dinesh Goswami committee, NCRWC); Speaker may resign from her party upon entering the
office (UK model); Speaker's decisions be made appealable to a committee (USA model).
2. Greater clarity in parliamentary rules and convention to limit the scope of discretion; abiding by
Supreme Court rulings, e.g. Nabam Rebia 2016; Manipur Speaker 2020; the matter of money bill can
be decided by a committee having both ruling and opposition parties; members should refrain from
politicising the role of the speaker.
The impartiality of the office of the speaker is a sine qua non to make parliamentary democracy work in true
sense. (434 words)
Q.13) The Constitution envisages the use of ordinances only under extraordinary circumstances, yet they are
sometimes used to serve political expediency. Describe the rationale behind the inclusion of ordinance-making
power in the Constitution and the various safeguards against its misuse. Do you think that the ordinance-making
power has outlived its utility?
Approach: Start your answer by mentioning constitutional articles related to ordinances. In the first part, discuss
the rationale behind the inclusion of ordinance-making power in the constitution. In the second part, mention
the safeguards against its misuse. Next, discuss if the ordinance-making power has outlived its utility or not.
Finally, conclude by stressing upon the need for adhering to the doctrine of separation of power.
Articles 123 and 213 grant the President and the Governor, respectively, the power to promulgate ordinances
under certain circumstances.
The rationale behind the inclusion of ordinance provisions in the constitution was: a) to provide a temporary law-
making power to the executive for unforeseen circumstances; b) to fill a legal vacuum for a certain fixed period
(6 weeks) when the legislature cannot meet.
Following safeguards have been provided to prevent its misuse:

1. Promulgated only when either both or one of the two houses is not in session; not a parallel power of
legislation or replacement for the law-making power of the legislature (DC Wadhawan case 1987). In
Krishna Kumar Singh Case 2017, the SC reiterated that the authority to issue ordinances is not an
absolute entrustment but is conditional; satisfaction of President can be questioned on grounds of
malafide (RC Cooper case 1970).
2. Subject to the same limitations as any ordinary law in matters of jurisdiction and abridgement of
fundamental rights. Must be laid before both the Houses on reassembly within 6 weeks; can be
declared void by means of a substantive motion; can be promulgated only on the advice of the council
of ministers.
Page 12 of 18
The alleged misuse of the ordinance making power has led to certain critics calling its utility into question:
Has outlived its utility Has not outlived its utility
1. Bypasses legislative deliberations, goes against the 1. Continue to remain effective in tackling
ethos and spirit of democracy (over 200 ordinances unforeseen situations, e.g. COVID-19;
passed in Bihar in 1970s), violates principle of address urgent popular concerns, e.g.
separation of powers; may be misused to achieve Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance 2013
undesirable ends, e.g. extension of tenure for CBI and issued in response to protests for Nirbhaya
ED directors through an ordinance. gang rape incident.
2. Technological and infrastructural advancements allow 2. Can be used to implement important policy
for legislatures to assemble on short notices. E.g. virtual decisions that require prompt action;
parliament sessions. continuity of administration and
governance when the legislature is
prorogued or dissolved.
The separation of power is part of the basic structure of the constitution. It is imperative upon the executive to
promulgate ordinances in a fair and just manner without impinging on the role of the legislature. (377 words)
Q.14) Independent judiciary is a vital pillar of a vibrant democracy; however, executive encroachment
jeopardizes the efficacy and credibility of the judiciary. Discuss.
Approach: Introduce the answer with importance of an independent judiciary. In the body of the answer, explain
role of independent judiciary as the vital pillar of democracy. Then, explain how executive encroachment affects
judiciary’s credibility and efficacy. Provide some suggestions to safeguard judicial independence. Conclude the
answer with need for constructive engagement between executive and judiciary.
Judiciary is the vital pillar of democracy which has a crucial mandate of interpreting the constitution and
upholding the rule of law. The constitution stresses on the need for independent judiciary (Article 50).
An independent judiciary is significant for democracy:

1. Acts as a guardian of constitutional values; prevents executive excesses and legislative overreach
through judicial review; ensures complete justice (Article 142), e.g., judgement on appointment of
CEC; ensures progressive realisation of rights, e.g., Navtej Singh Johar case, Sabarimala case, etc.
2. Judicial activism (PIL) fills policy vacuum which may arise due to legislative or executive inaction;
resolves disputes between individuals, organizations, and the government organs, ensures smooth
functioning of democracy; Writ jurisdiction (Article 32 and 226) for enforcement of fundamental rights.
However, executive encroachment can affect judiciary’s credibility and efficacy:

1. Perception of pandering to executive view (committed judiciary) harms public trust in its
independence, e.g. perception of favourable judgement for post-retirement benefits; executive
inaction over collegium’s recommendation amounts to coercion; affects the performance of an over-
burdened judiciary, especially in high courts.
2. Overturning judicial pronouncements through law. E.g. Shah Bano case; dilution of separation of
power and conflict of interest due to tribunalization of justice.
Page 13 of 18
Following measures can help safeguard judicial independence:

1. Ensuring compliance with court decisions despite disagreements to uphold the rule of law; promoting
transparency and accountability within the judiciary. E.g. disclosure of collegium recommendations;
bringing under the RTI.
2. Modernisation of judiciary to address pendency of cases. E.g., Inter-operable Criminal Justice System,
All India Judicial Services; mandatory cooling off period for post-retirement appointments of judges.
Independence of judiciary is the cornerstone of democracy as justice should not only be done but be seen to be
done. Judiciary and executive as the two important pillars of democracy should respect separation of powers
and must settle key differences through constructive deliberations. (327 words)
Q.15) Discuss the various administrative challenges faced by local self-governments (LSGs). What measures do
you suggest for devolving administrative powers to LSGs, enabling them to function as institutions of genuine
self-governance?
Approach: Introduce your answer with a brief background of LSGs. In the first part, discuss the various
administrative challenges faced by the local bodies. In the second part, give suggestions to improve the
situation. Conclude the answer by highlighting the importance of grassroot democracy in local governance.
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts established the institutions of local self-government in India
and provided for various provisions to ensure their smooth functioning. However, even three decades after the
passage of laws, these bodies continue to face various administrative challenges:
1. Absence of a dedicated cadre of officials for these institutions.; insufficient training and capacity
building, especially related to financial management and accounting among elected representatives;
unavailability of technical expertise at their disposal for project execution (engineers, architects)
inadequate supportive infrastructure (panchayat bhawans, internet connections); lack of
accountability of officials to elected representatives; tussle between elected and appointed members,
e.g. Mayor vs Municipal Commissioner.
2. Devolution of administrative subjects hinges on the discretion of the state government which have
been reluctant to do so; dependence on grants-in-aid from Union and state, LSGs inability to raise
revenue from own sources; political apathy towards the recommendations of State Finance
Commissions.
Following measures can be taken to enable LSGs to function as institutions of genuine self-governance
1. Create a dedicated cadre of the local bodies to ensure administrative efficiency; make officials
accountable to the elected representatives; special emphasis on training and capacity building of
elected representatives; design special schemes for building supportive infrastructure (Panchayat
Sashaktikaran Abhiyan); provide technical assistance to local bodies in project planning and
execution.
2. Meaningful devolution of subjects from 11th and 12th schedules like health, education, sanitation,
water supply etc as per the principle of subsidiarity; allow own resource mobilization to enhance
autonomy and reduce dependence on Union and states grant; curb political interference in the
functioning of local bodies; ensure implementation of State Finance Commission recommendations.
To empower the LSGs in a true sense and realize Gandhiji’s dream of Gram Swaraj, administrative
decentralization should be done in tandem with political decentralization. (301 words)
Page 14 of 18
Q.16) While the NCST has made significant contributions to tribal welfare, a multi-faceted approach is
necessary to complement its efforts and ensure the holistic development of tribals. Elaborate.
Approach: Introduce the answer with a brief background of the NCST. In the body, first discuss the contribution
of NCST in tribal welfare. Next, state the measures needed to complement NCST efforts. Conclude with a
comment on the multi-dimensional vulnerability of STs.
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) is a constitutional body created by 89th CAA, 2003 to
effectively protect the interests of Scheduled tribes and promote their socio-economic development. NCST has
made significant contributions to the welfare of the STs:
1. Legislative activism (Forest Rights Act) and policy interventions (recognition for PVTGs); monitoring
and evaluation of existing schemes and policies (Tribal Welfare Development Board); ensuring
accountability of public officials for protecting the rights of STs; research and data collection on tribal
issues for better policy making.
2. Taking suo-motu cognizance of crimes against STs. E.g. Guna land dispute case; capacity building
among tribal communities; providing avenues and platforms to report violations of rights and atrocities
against STs. E.g. NCSTGRAMS portal; raising awareness at national and international level for tribal
rights. E.g. National Tribal Conference 2022.
However, the holistic development of tribal requires a multi-faceted approach to complement NCST efforts:
1. Political empowerment through better enforcement of legal and constitutional rights, e.g. Panchayat
Extension to Scheduled Areas Act (1996), FRA (2006); providing a say in the developmental process
through dialogue and consultations; capacity building and sensitisation of public officials over tribal
related issues; ensuring legal aid and assistance, developing synergy between state and civil society
for better implementation, monitoring and resolution of issues related to STs.
2. Socio-economic empowerment through better education and health services, e.g. Ekalavya schools,
National Sickel Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission, PM JANMAN; greater economic opportunities
through vocational education and development of entrepreneurship, e.g. through Stand up India
scheme, MSP for MFP; create awareness among STs about their rights; encourage the expression of
tribal ways of living and thinking; dissemination of tribal knowledge; conservation of tribal heritage, e.g.
TKDL.
Vulnerability of STs is not just a law-and-order problem but also a consequence of socio-economic deprivations.
An institutionalized approach through the NCST should be complemented by other mechanisms to make STs
more visible in regular developmental discourse. (318 words)
Q.17) Discuss the significance of public sector data sharing in promoting inclusive and efficient governance in
the country. Outline the challenges faced in the sharing of public data and suggest strategies to overcome these
challenges.
Approach: Introduce the answer by defining public sector data. In the first part of the body, discuss the
significance of public data sharing. In the second part, discuss the challenges faced in the sharing of public
data. In the last part, suggest strategies to overcome these challenges. Conclude by emphasizing the need for
creating a comprehensive framework for data sharing.
Public sector data means the data on people, places and businesses collected through censuses, surveys and
those present in administrative records.
Page 15 of 18
Significance of public sector data sharing in inclusive and efficient governance:

1. Informed decision making; easy identification and targeting of beneficiaries. E.g. T-PDS; real time
policy formulation and implementation; ensures greater success of welfare schemes E.g., Ayushman
Bharat Digital Mission, PM-Jan Dhan Yojna; aid innovation to design tailor made schemes, especially
for the marginalized sections. E.g. PM-Poshan.
2. Accelerating socio-economic transformation; development of measurable outcome indicators;
promote competitive federalism e.g. Aspirational Districts Programme; schemes framed as a result of
public data sharing lead to an inclusive society. E.g., Ayushman Bharat used data from SECC (2011).
However, the sharing of public data faces several challenges:

1. Challenges related to digitisation of existing data (in physical form); resource constraint in effective
data management and sharing; complex legal and regulatory framework related to data sharing and
usage; lack of technical tools and standards for public data sharing.
2. Privacy breach and security threat in the event of cyber-attacks e.g., reports of Aadhar data breach
(Oct 2023); misuse of data; transnational technology companies pose a threat to the data sovereignty
of India.
Overcoming the challenges of public data sharing may be achieved through several strategies:
1. Data should be governed as public good belonging to all citizens; government should be the data
custodian; fiduciary responsibility to promote data use for common good; build accountable
institutional mechanisms to ensure democratization of data; usage of ethical hacking to check data
theft/cyber-threats.
2. Effective implementation of the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP); making non-
sensitive public data accessible, especially in tier 2 and tier 3 cities; encouraging private sector to
leverage public data on a user-charge basis.
Data is rightly believed as the new oil in the era of knowledge economy. Hence, there is a need to create a
comprehensive framework for data sharing to promote inclusive and efficient governance. (325 words)
Q.18) “Understanding poverty should not be restricted to economic deprivation; rather, it has multiple
connotations.” Discuss. What steps do you suggest to effectively address the multifaceted nature of poverty?
Approach: Introduce the answer by explaining multi-dimensional poverty. In the body, discuss how poverty is
not restricted to economic deprivation but has multiple connotations. Next, suggest steps to address the multi-
faceted nature of poverty. Conclude by highlighting the need to eliminate poverty to achieve SDGs.
Multidimensional poverty is a way of understanding the many facets of poverty, and the ways they intersect and
overlap. It encompasses the challenges that people face in health, education and standard of living.
As the multi-dimensional poverty approach suggests, poverty is not restricted to economic deprivation but also
exists as:
1. Poor access to healthcare and nutrition; prevalence of malnutrition and hunger; greater susceptibility
to diseases; gender-related issues in healthcare (maternal mortality, menstrual hygiene); restricted
access to mental health services and opportunities for emotional wellbeing.
2. Lack of quality education (poor learning outcomes) and learning opportunities (dropouts at middle
school level); inability to afford early childhood care and education; reduced opportunities for
vocational training and professional education (high cost of pursuing STEM courses); limited access to
educational technology (digital divide in education) and other resources.
Page 16 of 18
3. Prevalence of a poor standard of living; inability to afford basic infrastructure (house, electricity, water
supply, sanitation); exclusion from financial architecture; digital marginalization; inability to acquire
basic natural resources especially energy.
4. Separation from social networks leading to restricted access to cultural resources and limited
opportunities for cultural expression (cultural poverty); inability to effectively exercise rights of political
representation and freedom (political poverty); threats to safety in the form of physical violence and
forced displacement.
The multifaceted nature of deprivation necessitates comprehensive strategies to address it effectively through:
1. Promotion of health (NHM) and nutritional (PM-Poshan) security, especially among marginalized
communities; holistic healthcare management (National Mental Health policy, Health and Wellness
centers); reduction of out-of-pocket expenditure on health through greater public investment (2.5% of
GDP) in health services; health education and awareness campaigns; special focus on women’s
health including access to reproductive health services and menstrual hygiene services; supporting
community health programmes.
2. Evolving a comprehensive education system that supports quality in education and lifelong learning;
vocational training (PMKVY) to continuously retrain and upskill individuals; create decent and stable
employment opportunities (PMEGP) and ensuring inclusive growth.
3. Improving the quality of life of the poor; providing affordable housing (PMAY); ensuring access to basic
drinking water and sanitation services (Jal Jeevan Mission); financial inclusion (PMJDY, microfinance)
by creating a viable social security net (APY); adoption of progressive fiscal and monetary policies;
digital empowerment (Digital India); providing access to safe and affordable sources of energy (Ujjwala
Yojana, PM-Suraj)
4. Protecting cultural rights (Article 29); empowering communities and ensuring their political
participation in decision making (PESA); supporting human rights and social justice to promote social
cohesion.
5. Cross-sector collaboration between public, private (Corporate Social Responsibility) and non-profit
organizations (Social entrepreneurship); ensure effective utilization of resources; convergence of
schemes (Aspirational districts programme) and micro-targeting of beneficiaries (TPDS) effectively;
fostering international cooperation and knowledge sharing; promoting transparency and
accountability in governance.
It is important to identify and address the multifaceted nature of poverty to achieve the SDG 1.2 of halving Multi-
dimensional Poverty by 2030. (475 words)
Q.19) Describe the structure and mandate of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Also, enumerate the
challenges it faces in fulfilling its mandate.
Approach: Introduce with a brief background of ICJ. In the first part of the body, describe the structure and the
mandate of the court. In the second part, enumerate the challenges it faces in fulfilling its mandate. Conclude
by highlighting the need for reforms in the ICJ.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the UN and was established in 1945 at
the Hague in Netherlands. The mandate of the ICJ is to settle disputes between states (contentious cases) in
accordance with international law and render advisory opinions on legal matters referred to it by duly authorized
UN organs and specialized agencies.
Page 17 of 18
The UN Charter established the structure of the ICJ as follows:

1. 15 judges, each elected to 9-year term by the General Assembly and the Security Council with absolute
majority; five judges elected every three years to ensure continuity within the court; judges are eligible for
re-election; secret ballot to elect a President and a Vice-President for 3 years; in case of death or
resignation, election is held to fill the unexpired part of the term.
2. Informal understanding over the geographic distribution of seats on the court to provide representation to
all regions; Article 6 of the statute of ICJ calls for the election of “persons of high moral character" who are
either qualified for the highest judicial office in their home states or lawyers with expertise in international
law; provision for ‘Judges ad hoc’, if State party to a case before the ICJ does not have a judge of its
nationality on the Bench.
The ICJ faces several challenges in fulfilling its mandate:

1. While the ICJ's decisions are binding, the Court lacks the power to enforce its rulings, e.g. ICJ’s order
(May 2024) to Israel to halt offensive in Gaza is not being implemented; non-cooperation by state
parties, e.g. USA refused to submit to its jurisdiction in Nicaragua case (1986), Russia’s refusal to
participate in ICJ proceedings in the Ukraine vs Russia case (2022); issues of state sovereignty and
immunity.
2. Accusations of bias and lack of impartiality against the ICJ; bureaucratic delays and long drawn
proceedings; proliferation of other international courts and tribunals has created a complex web of
jurisdictions (e.g., ICC, PCA); cannot take suo-moto cognizance of cases; complex and fluid nature
of international law due to its non-codification.
3. Lack of accessibility for a wider audience, exclusion of non-state actors from its jurisdiction;
navigating complexity of relationships between state and non-state actors; lack of expertise in
dealing with cases that involve complex scientific and technical issues (environmental disputes);
does not have the authority to decide on criminal matters. E.g. crimes against humanity; limited
ability to provide reparations to the victims of international law violations.
Despite these challenges, the ICJ has made significant contributions by clarifying legal principles and norms
through its judgments and advisory opinions. To realize its full potential as the 'world court,' ICJ reforms should
be included in any comprehensive package of UN reforms. (452 words)
Q.20) While the expansion of BRICS offers new opportunities, realizing its full potential will require concerted
efforts from member states to address internal contradictions and foster meaningful cooperation. Elaborate.
Approach: Introduce by giving a brief background of the BRICS and its latest expansion. In the body, explain the
new opportunities created due to the expansion. Next, list out the internal contradictions and measures to
overcome them. Conclude by highlighting the need for collaborative efforts to enhance its role as a significant
player in the global landscape.
BRICS is an intergovernmental organization originally comprising five countries viz., Brazil, Russia, India, China
and South Africa (which joined a year later). Recently, it was expanded to include five new members viz., Saudi
Arabia, Iran, Ethiopia, Egypt and UAE. This expansion offers significant new opportunities for the BRICS:
1. It lends the grouping greater economic and demographic weight (37.6% of world GDP and 46% of the
world population); can build ‘economic complementarity’ among member states and enhance access
to natural resources. E.g., Saudi Arabia, Iran are major oil producers while China and India are major
crude oil importers.
2. Brighter prospects for intra-BRICS trade and investment through widening of market access; potential
hedge against ‘weaponization’ of global financial architecture, strengthens the financial profile of the
Page 18 of 18
New Development Bank; collaboration on technological and industrial projects can spur innovation
in emerging areas such as smart manufacturing, AI, clean energy, etc.
3. An expanded BRICS can wield greater influence and advocate for reforms in international organizations
like the UN, IMF and World Bank; opportunity for enhanced South-South Cooperation and finding
effective solutions to common challenges, such as poverty, climate change, infrastructure deficit; can
contribute towards creating a multipolar world order.
However, internal contradictions prevent BRICS from realizing its full potential:
1. Geopolitical rivalries and strategic distrust between members, e.g. Egypt-Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia-Iran,
India-China; different political systems that can lead to conflicting approaches to governance, human
rights, (Monarchy in Saudi Arabia; one-party system in China, democracy in India).
2. Economic disparity, trade imbalances and competing interests (India’s opposition to CPEC; IMEC vs
BRI) limits trade integration; varying needs for resources and energy security also create
contradictions (oil vs renewable).
3. Lack of a single unifying factor among members; differing approaches on various international
matters. E.g. relations with the West, reforms in UNSC, etc.
To address internal contradictions and foster meaningful cooperation, following measures can be
taken:
1. Political and strategic dialogue for peaceful resolution of bilateral disputes, e.g. India-China boundary
talks; promoting cultural exchanges, tourism, people-to-people connections (BRICS Network
University Initiative, BRICS Film Festival) to enhance mutual understanding and goodwill among the
populations of BRICS countries.
2. Cooperation and collaboration in less confrontational areas like education, skill development, climate
change; promoting equitable intra- BRICS trade through reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers
(concluding PTA, FTA).
3. Strengthening and leveraging the capacities of BRICS institutions to support development projects and
economic stability. E.g., BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS Dispute Resolution Center.
Thus, through targeted measures and collaborative efforts, BRICS can enhance its role as a significant player in
the global economic and political landscape. (428 words)

MGP 2025 Test Code 812401 Sol Eng

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MGP 2025 Test Code 812401 Sol Eng

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MGP 2025 Test Code 812401 Sol Eng

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MGP 2025

Test Code : 812401

For any feedback, please write to us at helpdesk@forumias.academy

It also created significant challenges:

The 7th schedule is vital for demarcation of legislative powers as:

The challenges associated with ISC are:

Following suggestions can help improve the role of ISC:

Duties and functions of AGI:

Limitations placed in office of AGI:

India’s health infrastructure suffers from following issues:

Following measures can be undertaken:

It is a major milestone in increasing women’s representation and empowerment:

However, experts have pointed out several shortcomings:

Role of nutrition-specific interventions to address the problem of malnutrition:

Role of nutrition-sensitive interventions:

However, G7 is still relevant in changing global order because:

Following initiatives are needed to address these challenges;

The evolution of the doctrine of basic structure is discussed below:

However, there are also certain marked differences:

Some remedial measures that can be adopted:

Following safeguards have been provided to prevent its misuse:

Has outlived its utility Has not outlived its utility

An independent judiciary is significant for democracy:

However, executive encroachment can affect judiciary’s credibility and efficacy:

Following measures can help safeguard judicial independence:

Significance of public sector data sharing in inclusive and efficient governance:

However, the sharing of public data faces several challenges:

The UN Charter established the structure of the ICJ as follows:

The ICJ faces several challenges in fulfilling its mandate:

You might also like