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    Ethernet Slides

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    Ethernet Slides

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    ethernet slides

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    ethernet-slides

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    ethernet slides

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views16 pages

    Ethernet Slides

    Uploaded by

    Shiv
    ethernet slides

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    Data Link Layer:

    Ethernet -- Overview
    Kameswari Chebrolu
    Background
    ● Very successful and widely used technology (as
    of 2010, market of $16 billion per year)
    ● Cheap: Only 5$ (300Rs) for 100Mbps
    ● Kept up with speed race: 10Mbps to 100Gbps
    ● IEEE 802.3 working group
    – Many standards (different speeds, different
    physical media)
    History
    ● 1970’s: Metcalfe conceived the idea
    ● Up to early 1990’s: Bus topology based on co-axial
    cable
    – Thicknet (10Base5)
    – Thinnet (10Base2)
    ● Media Access Control: CSMA/CD
    Metcalfe’s Ethernet sketch
    Problems with Bus Topology
    ● Co-axial cables were expensive
    ● Break/Fault in co-axial cable affects all nodes
    ● Adding/removing nodes disrupts the entire
    network
    ● Cabling Issues lead to star topology
    Star Topology
    ● Connect via hub or switch
    Hub or Switch
    ● 10BaseT, 100BaseT (Fast
    Ethernet), 1000BaseT
    (Gigabit Ethernet)
    – Based on twisted pair cables
    – Low cost, reliable, easy
    management/troubleshooting
    Hub
    ● Physical layer repeater: bits from one link sent
    out on all other links at same rate after boosting
    up the energy
     No frame buffering
     No MAC protocol (CSMA/CD) at hub
    Interconnecting Hubs
    ● Can increases reach
    ● Cannot connect 10BaseT with 100BaseT

    One big collision domain


    Restrictions
    ● Can increase distance but many restrictions
    – 10BaseT: terminal to hub 100m; at most 4
    repeaters; network diameter 500m
    – 10Base5: terminal to hub 500m; at most 4
    repeaters; network diameter 2.5km
    – 100BaseT: terminal to hub 200m; at most 2
    repeaters; network diameter 200m
    – Maximum number of hosts: 1024
    Layer-2 Switch
    ● Also called Ethernet Bridge
    ● Most used configuration
    ● Transfers frames from an input to an
    output link
    – Runs MAC protocol on each interface
    – Buffer packets
    – Break up collision domains
    – Can switch speeds (10Mbps, 100Mbps)
    Interconnection with Switch

    Hub Switch Hub

    Hub

    Three separate collision domains


    Modes of operation
    ● Shared Mode (Half-duplex)
    – Employs MAC protocol
    ● Full duplex mode
    – Separate wires for transmission and
    reception
    – No need for MAC
    – Works only on point-to-point links
    Ethernet Service
    ● Connectionless: No handshaking between
    sender and receiver
    ● Unreliable: Does not provide any means for
    recovering lost frames
    – If application needs reliability, it needs to employ
    TCP
    Ethernet Frame Structure
    ● Preamble: Sequence of alternating 1’s and 0’s
    for synchronization
    – 10BaseT: Manchester encoding
    ● SFD: 10101011 (start frame delimiter)
    ● Source and Destination addresses: 48 bit MAC
    address
    56 8 48 48 16 32
    Dest Src
    Preamble SFD Type Data CRC
    address address
    Ethernet Frame Structure
    ● Type: Demultiplexing key – specifies which
    higher layer protocol the packet is intended
    ● Data: IP payload
    – Minimum 46 bytes and up to 1500 bytes
    ● CRC: Error Detection
    ● Inter Frame Gap: 96 bits (12 bytes)
    56 8 48 48 16 32
    Dest Src
    Preamble SFD Type Data CRC
    address address
    Ethernet Address
    ● Unique address belonging to the adaptor
    – Each manufacturer allocated different prefix
    – E.g. Intel: C4-85-08 (C4-85-08-30-33-48)
    ● In normal mode, an adaptor passes up frames if
    – Addressed to it (Unicast)
    – Broadcast address (all 1’s)
    – Multicast address (first bit is 1) if it belongs to the group
    and adaptor appropriately configured
    Summary
    ● Ethernet underwent significant evolution over
    the years
    – Speed increased by 10,000 times
    – Variety of media (coaxial, twisted pair, fiber optics)
    – Switching circumvented need for MAC
    – Many standards to cater to various versions
    – Only constant: frame format
    ● Going Forward: CSMA/CD MAC

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