Performance

of Evaporators
Performance of evaporators
There are three main measures of evaporator performance:

Capacity is defined as the number of kilogram of

Capacity = kg vaporized / time water vaporized per hour.

Economy = kg vaporized / kg steam Economy (or steam economy) is the number

kilogram of water vaporized from all the effects per
input kilogram of steam used.

Steam Consumption = Capacity/Economy, kg / h

Economy

The key factor in determining The economy of a single effect Multiple effect evaporators have
the economy of an evaporator is evaporator is always less than higher economy but lower
the number of effects. 1.0. capacity than single effect.

If the feed is cold (below boiling)

The thermal condition of the some of the heat going into the
evaporator feed has an If the feed is not already at its evaporator must be used to raise
important impact on economy boiling point, heat effects must the feed to boiling before
and performance. be considered. evaporation can begin; this
reduces the capacity.
 • The basic equation for solving for
the capacity of a single-effect
Heat and Material evaporator is (1)
Balances for Evaporators • where ΔT (K, oF) is the difference
in temperature between the
condensing steam and the boiling
liquid in the evaporator.
• In order to solve for the value of q
in W(btu/h) must be determined
by making a heat and material
balance on the evaporator.
Heat and mass balance for single-effect
evaporator
• The feed to the evaporator is F kg/h (lbm/h) having a solids content
of xF mass fraction, temperature TF, and enthalpy hF J/kg (btu/lbm).

• Coming out as a liquid is the concentrated liquid L kg/h (lbm/h)

having a solids content of xL, temperature T1, and enthalpy hL.

• The vapor Vkg/h (lbm/h) is given off as pure solvent having a solids
content of yv = 0, temperature T1, and enthalpy Hv.

• Saturated steam entering is Skg/h (lbm/h) and has a temperature

of TS and enthalpy of HS.

• The condensed steam leaving of Skg/h is assumed usually to be at

TS, the saturation temperature, with an enthalpy of hS.

• This means that the steam gives off only its latent heat, λ, where:
λ = HS – hS (2)
• Since the vapor V is in equilibrium with the liquid L, the temperatures of vapor and liquid are the same.

• Also, the pressure P1 is the saturation vapor pressure of the liquid of composition xL at its boiling point
T1. (This assumes no boiling-point rise.)

• For the material balance, since we are at steady state, the rate of mass in = rate of mass out. Then, for
a total balance,

F=L+V (3)

• For a balance on the solute (solids) alone,

F xF = L xL (4)
• For the heat balance, since the total heat entering = total heat leaving,

heat in feed + heat in steam = heat in concentrated liquid + heat in vapor + heat in condensed steam
(5)

• This assumes no heat lost by radiation or convection. Substituting into Eq. (5),

(6)

Substituting Eq. (2) into (6),

(7)
• The heat q transferred in the evaporator is then

(8)

• In Eq. (6) the latent heat λ of steam at the saturation temperature TS can be obtained from
the steam tables.
• However, the enthalpies of the feed and products are often not available; these enthalpy
concentration data are available for only a few substances in solution.
• Hence, some approximations are made in order to make a heat balance. These are as
follows:
• It can be demonstrated as an approximation that the latent heat of evaporation of 1 kg mass
of the water from an aqueous solution can be obtained from the steam tables using the
temperature of the boiling solution T1 (exposed surface temperature) rather than the
equilibrium temperature for pure water. If the heat capacities of the liquid feed and of the
product are known, they can be used to calculate the enthalpies. (This neglects heats of
dilution, which in most cases are not known.)
 EXAMPLE 1. Heat-Transfer Area in Single-Effect Evaporator

A continuous single-effect evaporator concentrates 9072 kg/h of a 1.0 wt % salt solution entering at
311.0 K (37.8°C) to a final concentration of 1.5 wt %. The vapor space of the evaporator is at 101.325
kPa (1.0 atm abs) and the steam supplied is saturated at 143.3 kPa. The overall coefficient (U = 1704
W/m2.K). Calculate the amounts of vapor and liquid product and the heat-transfer area required.
Assume that, since it is dilute, the solution has the same boiling point as water.

F, L, V = ?
xF , xL , = ?
P1 , T1 , = ?
PF , TF , hF = ?
TS , HS = ?
HV =?
Solution:

• For the material balance, substituting into Eq. (3),

F=L+V (3)

9072 = L + V

• Substituting into Eq. (4) and solving,

F xF = L xL (4)
9072(0.01) = L(0.015)
L = 6048 kg/h of liquid

Substituting into Eq. (3) and solving,

V = 3024 kg/h of vapor
• Assume cpF = 4.14 kJ/kg.K

• Boiling point of dilute solution is assumed to be that of water at 101.32 kPa, T1 = 373.2 K (1000C) as datum
temperature.

• Latent heat of water Hv at 373.2 K (from steam tables) is 2257 kJ/kg.

• Latent heat of the steam λ at 143.3 kPa (saturation temp., TS = 383.2 K) is 2230 kJ/kg

• Enthalpy of the feed can be calculated from:

• T1 = 373.2 K; hL = 0 since it is at the datum of 373.2 K; substitute into Eq. (7) gives

9072(4.14)(311.0 - 373.2) + S(2230) = 6048(0) + 3024(2257)

S = 4108 kg steam/h
 The heat q transferred through the heating surface area A is, from Eq. (8),
q=S(λ) (8)
q = (4108)(2230)(l000/3600) = 2 544 000 W

Substituting into Eq. (1), where ΔT = TS - T1,

q = 2 544 000 = UA ΔT
= 1704(A)(383.2 - 373.2)
Solving, A = 149.3 m2
Effects of Processing Variables on Evaporator Operation

1. Effect of feed temperature

The inlet temperature of the feed has alarge effect on the operation of the evaporator. If the feed is under pressure
and enters the evaporator at atemperature above the boiling point in the evaporator, additional vaporization is
obtained by flashing part of the entering hot feed. Preheating the feed can reduce the size of evaporator heat-
transfer area needed.
2. Effect of pressure
A larger ΔT is desirable, since, as ΔT increases, the heating-surface area A and cost of the evaporator decrease. To
reduce the pressure below 101.32 kPa, that is, to be under vacuum, a condenser and vacuum pump can be used.
Alarge decrease in heating-surface area would be obtained.
3. Effect of steampressure
Using higher-pressure, saturated steam increases ΔT, which decreases the size and cost of the evaporator.
However, high-pressure steam is more costly as well as often being more valuable as a source of power elsewhere.
Hence, overall economic balances are really needed to determine the optimum steam pressures.
Boiling -point elevation

As evaporation proceeds, the liquor remaining in the evaporator becomes more

concentrated and its boiling point will rise.

The extent of the boiling-point elevation depends upon the nature of the material
being evaporated and upon the concentration changes that are produced.

The extent of the rise can be predicted by Raoult's Law, which leads to

• ∆T= kx

where ∆T is the boiling point elevation, x is the mole fraction of the solute and k is a
constant of proportionality
Duhring plot

• Duhring's rule states that the ratio of the temperatures at

which two solutions (one of which can be pure water) exert
the same vapour pressure is constant.
• Thus, if we take the vapour pressure/temperature relation of
areference liquid, usually water, and if we know two points
on the vapour pressure/temperature curve of the solution
that is being evaporated, the boiling points of the solution to
be evaporated at various pressures can be read off from the
diagram called a Duhring plot.
• The Duhring plot will give the boiling
point of solutions of various
concentrations by interpolation, and at
various pressures by proceeding along a
line of constant composition.
 Triple effect evaporator

Estimate the heat transfer area, mass flow rate of evaporation, steam economy, steam
requirement in triple effect evaporator. Feed is entering at a flow rate of 500 kg/h with
a concentration of 10% to 30 %. Condensing steam is available at 200 kPa gauge
pressure and 60 kPa (abs) is the operating pressure at the third effect evaporator.
Assume negligible sensible heat, no boiling point elevation and equal heat transfer.
U1=2270 J/m2s0C; U2=2000 J/m2s0C; U3=1420 J/m2s0C.
Given:
F = 500 kg/h
Xf =10%, xl =30%
Ps = 200kPa(g) = 300kPa(a) = 3 bar => Ts = 133.5oC = λs = 2163.2kJ/kg
P3 = 60kPa(a) = 0.6bar => T3 = 85.95oC = λ3 = 2293.7kJ/kg
U1=2270 J/m2s0C; U2=2000 J/m2s0C; U3=1420 J/m2s0C
Estimate 1. heat transfer area, 2. mass flow rate of evaporation, 3. steam economy, 4.
steam requirement ??
i) Mass Balance
ii) Mass flow rate of evaporation
iii) Steam requirement
iv) Steam economy
v) Area of heat transfer
• Mass Balance
F xF = L xL
L = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗𝟎.𝟏 = 166.6 kg/h
𝟎.𝟑
E = 500 – 166.66 = 333.33kg/h
Since net transfer is equal;
q1 = q2 = q3
U1A1∆T1= U2A2∆T2 = U3A3∆T3
Usually in multiple effect evaporator, A1 = A2 = A3
Then U1∆T1= U2∆T2 = U3∆T3 ------1
∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T2 + ∆T3 ------2
∆Toverall = Ts – T3 = 133.5 – 85.95 = 47.5oC
From equation 1, (U1∆T1= U2∆T2 = U3∆T3)

𝑈1
∆T2= ∆T1 ----- 3
𝑈2

𝑈1
∆T3= ∆T1 ----- 4
𝑈3

Substitute equ 3, 4 in equation 2 (∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T2 + ∆T3)

𝑈1 𝑈1
∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T1 + ∆T1
𝑈2 𝑈3

𝑈1 𝑈1
47.5oC = ∆T1 [1+ + ]
𝑈2 𝑈3

47.5oC = ∆T 1 [1+ 2270 + 2270 ]

2000 1420
∆T1 = 12.72 oC ;
 𝑈1 2270
∆T2= ∆T1 = x12.72 = 14.43 oC
𝑈2 2000

𝑈1 2270
∆T3= ∆T1 = x12.72 = 20.33 oC
𝑈3 1420

Now,

∆T1 = 12.72 oC = Ts – T1= 133.5- T1 => T1 = 120.78 oC = λ1= 2202 kJ/kg

∆T2 = 14.43 oC = T1 – T2= 120.73- T2 => T2 = 106.35 oC = λ2= 2240 kJ/kg

∆T3 = 20.33 oC = T2 – T3= 106.35- T3 => T3 = 86.02 oC = λ3= 2293.5 kJ/kg

Mass flow rate of evaporation
q1 = q2 = q3

E1 λ1 = E2 λ2 = E3 λ3 -----5
E1+ E2+ E3= 333.34 kg/h ----6

From equation 5,
λ λ
E2 = 1 E1; E3 = 1 E1
λ2 λ3
λ1 λ
Equation 6 ➔ E1+ E1+ 1 E1= 333.34 kg/h
λ2 λ3

λ1 λ1
E1 [1+ + ] = 333.34 kg/h ➔ E 1= 113.26 kg/h
λ2 λ3

E2 = 111.31 kg/h
E3 = 108.61 kg/h
•Steam requirement
msλs = E1λ1
E λ 113.2 x 2202
ms = 1 1 = = 115.3 kg/h
λs 2163.2
𝐸
• Steam Economy = = 333.34 = 2.89
𝑚𝑠 115.3

• Area of heat transfer

Q = UA∆T

A = Q1 = msλs = 115.3 kg/h2 x0 2163.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 x 1000 = 2.39 m2

U1∆T1 U1∆T1 2270 J/m s Cx 12.720C 3600

Total heat transfer area = 3(2.39) = 7.19 m2

Tomato juice is to be concentrated from 12% solids to 28% solids in a climbing film
evaporator, 3 m high and 4 cm diameter. The maximum allowable temperature for
tomato juice is 57°C. The juice is fed to the evaporator at 57°C and at this temperature
the latent heat of vaporization is 2366 kJ kg-1.

Steam is used in the jacket of the evaporator at a pressure of 170 kPa (abs). If the overall
heat-transfer coefficient is 6000 J m-2 s-1 °C-1, estimate the quantity of tomato juice feed
per hour. Take heating surface as 3 m long x 0.04 m diameter.
Mass balance: basis 100kg feed
Fxf = Pxp ➔ 100*0.12 = P*0.28 ➔ P = 43kg/h ➔ E = 57kg/h

Heat balance
Area of evaporator tube ᴫDL
= 3.14 x 0.04 x 3
= 0.38 m2
Condensing steam temperature at 170 kPa (abs) = 115°C from Steam Tables.
Making a heat balance across the evaporator
q = UA ∆T
= 6000 x 0.38 x (115 - 57)
= 1.32 x 105 J s-1
Heat required per kg of feed for evaporation
= 0.57 x 2366 x 103
= 1.34 x 106 J
Rate of evaporation = (1.32 x 105)/ 1.34 x 106)
= 0.1 kg s-1
Rate of evaporation = 360 kg h-1
Quantity of tomato juice feed per hour = 360 kg
A single effect evaporator is to produce a 35% solids tomato
concentrate from a 6% solids raw juice entering at 18oC. The
pressure in the evaporator is 20kPa absolute and steam is
available at 100kPa gauge. The overall heat transfer coefficient is
440Jm-2 s-1oC-1, the boiling temperature of the tomato juice
under the conditions in the evaporator is 60oC, and the area of
the heat transfer surface of the evaporator is 12m2. Estimate the
rate of raw juice feed that is required to supply the evaporator.
Mass balance: basis 1kg feed
Fxf = Pxp ➔ 1*0.06 = P*0.35 ➔ P = 0.17kg ➔ E =0.82kg

Making a heat balance across the evaporator

q = UA ∆T
= 440 x 12 x (120 - 60)
= 317856 J/s
• Heat required per kg of feed for evaporation
= m Cp ∆T + mλ
= [1kg x 4.186kJ/kgC x (60-18)C] + [0.829kg x 2359 kJ/kg]
= 2131kJ per kg of feed
The rate of feed of raw juice = Q/heat reqd
317856 𝐽/𝑠
= = 536 kg/h
2131kJ/kg
Apple juice is being concentrated in a natural-circulation single-effect
evaporator. At steady-state conditions, dilute juice is the feed introduced at
a rate of 0.67 kg/s. The concentration of the dilute juice is 11% total solids.
The juice is concentrated to 75% total solids. The specific heats of dilute
apple juice and concentrate are 3.9 and 2.3 kJ/(kg0C), respectively. The
steam pressure is measured to be 304.42 kPa. The inlet feed temperature is
43.30C. The product inside the evaporator boils at 62.20C. The overall heat-
transfer coefficient is assumed to be 943 W/(m2 0C). Assume negligible
boiling-point elevation. Calculate the mass flow rate of concentrated
product, steam requirements, steam economy, and the heat-transfer area.
Estimate the steam economy, mass flow rate of each evaporator in
a double effect evaporator. Feed is entering at 10000kg/hr with
concentration of 12% to 48% total solids in feed and product resp.
Steam is available at 200 kPa gauge pressure and evaporation
pressure at 2nd evaporator is 50 kPa. Assume there is no boiling
point elevation, and have equal heat transfer. U1 and U2 are 2250
and 2350 J/m2s0C
Given:
F = 10000 kg/h
Xf =10%, xl =48%
Ps = 200kPa(g) = 300kPa(a) = 3 bar => Ts = 133.5oC = λs = 2163.2kJ/kg
P2 = 50kPa(a) = 0.5bar => T2 = 81.35oC = λ2 = 2305.4kJ/kg
U1=2250 J/m2s0C; U2=2350 J/m2s0C;
Estimate the 1. heat transfer area, 2. mass flow rate of evaporation, 3. steam
economy, 4. steam requirement ??
• Mass Balance
F xF = L xL
L = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗𝟎.𝟏𝟐 = 2500 kg/h
𝟎.𝟒𝟖
E = 10000 – 2500 = 7500 kg/h
Since net transfer is equal;
q1 = q2
U1A1∆T1= U2A2∆T2
Usually in multiple effect evaporator, A1 = A2
Then U1∆T1= U2∆T2 ------1
∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T2 ------2
∆Toverall = Ts – T2 = 133.5 – 81.35 = 52.15oC
From equation 1, (U1∆T1= U2∆T2)
𝑈1
∆T2= ∆T1 ----- 3
𝑈2
Substitute equ 3, in equation 2 (∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T2)
𝑈1
∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T1
𝑈2
𝑈1
52.15oC = ∆T1 [1+ ]
𝑈2
2250
52.15oC = ∆T1 [1+ ]
2350
∆T1 = 26.64 oC ;
 𝑈1 2250
∆T2= ∆T1 = x26.64 = 25.5 oC
𝑈2 2350
Now,
∆T1 = 26.64 oC = Ts – T1= 133.5- T1 => T1 = 106.86 oC = λ1= 2237.8 kJ/kg

∆T2 = 25.5 oC = T1 – T2= 106.86 - T2 => T2 = 81.36oC = λ2= 2305.4 kJ/kg

• Mass flow rate of evaporation
q1 = q2
E1 λ1 = E2 λ2 -----5
E1+ E2= 7500 kg/h ----6
From equation 5,
λ1
E2 = E1;
λ2
λ1
Equation 6 ➔ E1+ E1= 7500 kg/h
λ2
E1 [1+ λλ1] = 7500 kg/hr ➔ E1= 3805.79 kg/h
2
E2 = 3694.202 kg/h
• Steam requirement
msλs = E1λ1
E1λ1 3805.79 x 2237.8
ms = = = 3937.03 kg/h
λs 2163.2
𝐸 7500
• Steam Economy = = = 1.9
𝑚𝑠 3937.03

• Area of heat transfer

Q = UA∆T

A= Q1 = msλs = 3937.03 kg/h x 2163.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 x 1000 = 39.46 m2

U1∆T1 U1∆T1 2250 J/m2s0Cx 26.640C 3600

Total heat transfer area = 2(39.46) = 78.9 m2

Estimate a) the evaporation temperature in each evaporator b) the
requirement of steam c) the area of heat transfer surface for a
double effect evaporator. Steam is available at 100 kPa gauge
pressure and pressure at the evaporator is 20 kPa. Assume U1 and
U2 are 600 and 450 J/m2s0C. The evaporator is to concentrate
50000 kh/hr of raw milk with 9.5% total solids to 35%. There is
no boiling point elevation.
Given:
F = 15000 kg/h
Xf =9.5%, xl =35%
Ps = 100kPa(g) = 200kPa(a) = 2 bar => Ts = 120.2oC = λs = 2201.6kJ/kg
P2 = 20kPa(a) = 0.2bar => T2 = 60.09oC = λ2 = 2358.4kJ/kg
U1=600 J/m2s0C; U2=450 J/m2s0C;
Estimate the 1. heat transfer area, 2. mass flow rate of evaporation, 3. steam
economy, 4. steam requirement ??
• Mass Balance
F xF = L xL
L = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟓= 4071.42 kg/h
𝟎.𝟑𝟓
E = 15000 – 4071.42 = 10928.52 kg/h
Since net transfer is equal;
q1 = q2
U1A1∆T1= U2A2∆T2
Usually in multiple effect evaporator, A1 = A2
Then U1∆T1= U2∆T2 ------1
∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T2 ------2
∆Toverall = Ts – T2 = 120.2 – 60.09 = 60.11oC
From equation 1, (U1∆T1= U2∆T2)
𝑈1
∆T2= ∆T1 ----- 3
𝑈2
Substitute equ 3, in equation 2 (∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T2)
𝑈1
∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T1
𝑈2
𝑈1
60.11 oC = ∆T 1 [1+ ]
𝑈2
600
60.11oC = ∆T 1 [1+ ]
450
∆T1 = 25.79 oC ;
 𝑈1 600
∆T2= ∆T1 = x25.79 = 34.32 oC
𝑈2 450

Now,
∆T1 = 25.79oC = Ts – T1= 120.2- T1 => T1 = 94.41 oC = λ1= 2272.8 kJ/kg

∆T2 = 34.32oC = T1 – T2= 94.41 - T2 => T2 = 60.09oC = λ2= 2358.8 kJ/kg

• Mass flow rate of evaporation
q1 = q2
E1 λ1 = E2 λ2 -----5
E1+ E2= 10928.52 kg/h ----6
From equation 5,
λ1
E2 = E1;
λ2
λ1
Equation 6 ➔ E1+ E1= 10928.52 kg/h
λ2
E1 [1+ λλ1] = 10928.52 kg/h ➔ E1= 5565.55 kg/h
2
E2 = 5336.62 kg/h
• Steam requirement
msλs = E1λ1
E1λ1 5565.55 x 2272.8
ms = = = 5745.54 kg/h
λs 2201.6
𝐸
• Steam Economy = = 10928.52 = 1.9
𝑚𝑠 5745.54

• Area of heat transfer

Q = UA∆T

A= Q1 = msλs = 5745.54 kg/h x 2201.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 x 1000 = 227.07 m2

U1∆T1 U1∆T1 600 J/m2s0Cx 25.790C 3600

Total heat transfer area = 2(227.07) = 454.14 m2

a) Calculate the evaporation in each effect for triple effect
evaporator. The concentration of solution from 5% to 25%
total solids at the input feed rate of 10000 kg/h. Steam is
available at 100 kPa (g) and pressure in evaporting space is 55
kPa. U1=600 J/m2s0C; U2=500 J/m2s0C; U3=350 J/m2s0C.
b) Calculate per kg of water evaporated.
Given:
F = 10000 kg/h
Xf =5%, xl =25%
Ps = 100kPa(g) = 2 bar => Ts = 120.2oC = λs = 2201.6 kJ/kg
P3 = 55kPa(a) = 0.55bar => T3 = 83.7 oC = λ3 = 2299.7kJ/kg
U1=600 J/m2s0C; U2=500 J/m2s0C; U3=350 J/m2s0C
Estimate the 1. heat transfer area, 2. mass flow rate of evaporation, 3. steam
economy, 4. steam requirement ??
• Mass Balance
F xF = L xL
L = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗𝟎.𝟎𝟓= 2000 kg/h
𝟎.𝟐𝟓
E = 10000 – 2000 = 8000 kg/h
Since net transfer is equal;
q1 = q2 = q3
U1A1∆T1= U2A2∆T2 = U3A3∆T3
Usually in multiple effect evaporator, A1 = A2 = A3
Then U1∆T1= U2∆T2 = U3∆T3 ------1
∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T2 + ∆T3 ------2
∆Toverall = Ts – T3 = 120.2 – 83.7 = 36.5oC
From equation 1, (U1∆T1= U2∆T2 = U3∆T3)
𝑈1
∆T2= ∆T1 ----- 3
𝑈2
𝑈1
∆T3= ∆T1 ----- 4
𝑈3
Substitute equ 3, 4 in equation 2 (∆Toverall = ∆T1 + ∆T2 + ∆T3)
𝑈1 𝑈1
∆Toverall = ∆T1 + 𝑈 ∆T1 + 𝑈 ∆T1
2 3
𝑈1 𝑈1
36.5 C = ∆T1 [1+ + ]
o
𝑈2 𝑈3
600 600
36.5 C = ∆T1 [1+
o + ]
500 350
∆T1 = 9.32 oC ;
 𝑈1 600
∆T2= ∆T1 = x9.32 = 11.18 oC
𝑈2 500
𝑈1 600
∆T3= ∆T1 = x9.32 = 15.97 oC
𝑈3 350
Now,
∆T1 = 9.32 oC = Ts – T1= 120.2- T1 => T1 = 110.88 oC = λ1= 2230 kJ/kg
∆T2 = 11.18 oC = T1 – T2= 110.88- T2 => T2 = 99.7 oC = λ2= 2259.6 kJ/kg
∆T3 = 15.97 oC = T2 – T3= 99.7- T3 => T3 = 83.73 oC = λ3= 2301.2 kJ/kg
• Mass flow rate of evaporation
q 1 = q 2 = q3
E1 λ1 = E2 λ2 = E3 λ3 -----5
E1+ E2+ E3= 8000 kg/h ----6
From equation 5,
λ1 λ1
E2 = E1; E3 = E1
λ2 λ3
λ1 λ1
Equation 6 ➔ E1+ E1+ E1= 8000 kg/h
λ2 λ3
λ1 λ1
E1 [1+ + ] = 8000 kg/hr ➔ E1= 2706.4 kg/h
λ2 λ3
E2 = 2670.9 kg/h
E3 = 2622.66 kg/h
• Steam requirement
msλs = E1λ1
E1 λ1 2706.4 x 2230
ms = = = 2741.31kg/h
λs 2201.6
𝐸 8000
• Steam Economy = = = 2.89
𝑚𝑠 2741.31

• Quantity of steam required = 𝑚 𝑠 = 2741.31 = 0.342

𝐸 8000
• If in the problem 4, the boiling point elevation is 0.6oC, 1.5oC,
4oC in the triple effect evaporators, what is the change in the
requirement of input steam per kg of water evaporation.

T1 = 110.88 oC + 0.6 oC = 111.48 oC => λ1= 2226.3 kJ/kg

T2 = 99.7 oC + 1.5 oC = 101.2 oC => λ2= 2254.3 kJ/kg
T3 = 83.73 oC + 4 oC =87.73 oC => λ3= 2289.4 kJ/kg
• Mass flow rate of evaporation
q 1 = q 2 = q3
E1 λ1 = E2 λ2 = E3 λ3 -----5
E1+ E2+ E3= 8000 kg/h ----6
From equation 5,
λ1 λ1
E2 = E1; E3 = E1
λ2 λ3
λ1 λ1
Equation 6 ➔ E1+ E1+ E1= 8000 kg/h
λ2 λ3
λ1 λ1
E1 [1+ + ] = 8000 kg/h ➔ E1= 2702.6 kg/h
λ2 λ3
E2 = 2669.0 kg/h
E3 = 2628.11 kg/h
• Steam requirement
msλs = E1λ1
E1 λ1 2702.6 x 2226.3
ms = = = 2732.92 kg/h
λs 2201.6
𝐸 8000
• Steam Economy = = = 2.92
𝑚𝑠 2732.92

• Quantity of steam required = 𝑚 𝑠 = 2732.92 = 0.341

𝐸 8000