lecture 4

Crystal structures
- Body-centered cubic (BCC)

- Face-centered cubic (FCC)
- Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
- Face-centered cubic (FCC) :

Atoms are located at each of the corners and on the centers of all
the faces of cubic unit cell
Cu, Al, Ag, Au have this crystal structure.
1
1-The coordination number, CN = the number of closest neighbors
to which an atom is bonded = number of touching atoms, CN = 12
2- Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 4
In FCC unit cell we have: 6 face atoms shared by two cells: 6×1/2 = 3
8 corner atoms shared by eight cells: 8×1/8 = 1
3+1 =4
3-Relationship between lattice parameter (a) and radius of atom (R)
The hard spheres touch one another along cube diagonal the cube edge
length, a= 4R/√2 a= 2R√2
d =4r
d2= a2+a2=2a2
d =√2 a
4r= √2 a
a =4r/ √2
a= 2R√2
2
4-Atomic packing factor, APF =
( n) (Sum of atomic volumes) ( 4/3∏r3) / (Volume of cell)a3 (4r/ √2)3
= 0.74 (maximum possible)
4 * 4/3 ∏r3
Atomic packing factor, APF =
(4r/ √2)3
√2∏
APF = =.74
6
74% atoms and 26 % space

-Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) :
- HCP is one more common structure of metallic crystals

- Cd, Mg, Zn, Ti have this crystal structure.
3
1-The coordination number, CN = 12 (same as in FCC)
2-Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 6.
3 mid-plane atoms shared by no other cells: 3 x 1 = 3
12 hexagonal corner atoms shared by 6 cells: 12 x 1/6 = 2
2 top/bottom plane center atoms shared by 2 cells: 2 x 1/2 = 1
3-Relationship between lattice parameter (a) and radius of atom (R)

Unit cell has two lattice parameters a and c. Ideal ratio c/a = 1.633
a = 2r
4-Atomic packing factor, APF = 0.74 (same as in FCC).
Volume of cell = Area of Hexagonal * Height

Height = C , C = 1.633 a
Area of Hexagonal = 6 Triangles
4
A B
a
F C
600
a
E D
O
a a
60
E
P D
EDO = ½ ED * OP , ED =a
Op = sin 60 *OE = √3/2 * a
EDO = 1/2 a * √3/2 * a = √3/4 * a2
a =2r , EDO = √3/4 * (2r)2 , EDO =√3 r2
Area of Hexagonal = 6 * √3 r2
5
Volume of cell = Area of Hexagonal * Height
Volume of cell = 6 * √3 r2 * C = 6 * √3 r2 * 1.633 a

= 6 * √3 r2 * 1.633 (2r )
Vc = 33.878 r3
8∏ r3
nVa
APF= = =.74
3
VC 33.878 r
Calculate the radius of a palladium (Pd) atom, given that Pd

has an FCC crystal structure, a density of 12.0 g/cm3 , and an
atomic weight of 106.4 g/mol.
Calculate the theoretical density of a Titanium(Ti)

atom, given that Ti has an hcp crystal structure, a radius of
0.1445nm , and an atomic weight of 47.87 g/mol.
6
Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes
Miller Indices
Miller plane Indices can be defined as a set of three numbers that

describe the location and direction of the plane in the crystal
These transactions are useful for understanding the number of
phenomena in materials and privacy of the unique crystals and the
formal structural structures of the materials through the use of the Sunni
rays and the bachelors defects and their movement, which specify the
mechanical properties of the materials.
‫يمكن تعريف معامالت ميلر للمستوى بأنها مجموعة مكونة من ثالثة أرقام تصف مكان واتجاه‬
‫المستوى في البلورة‬
‫اﻟظواﻫر ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻟﻤواد وﺨﺼوﺼﺎ اﻟﺒﻠورات اﻟﻤﻔردة وﺸﻛﻝ ﻤن ﻤﻔﻴدة ﻟﻔﻬم اﻟﻌدﻴد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼت ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺨﻼﻝ اﺴﺘﺨدام ﺤﻴود اﻻﺸﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻴوب اﻟﺒﻠورﻴﺔ وﺤرﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘرﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟدﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤواد‬
‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤدد اﻟﺨواص اﻟﻤﻴﻛﺎﻨﻴﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤواد‬.
7
Miller Indices
Direction [uvw] Plane (hkl)
1- axis
2-origin
3- value of miller
8
9
10
FCC
[110]
Example :
Atomic radius of copper is 128 nm copper has fcc crystal structure .
Find linear density of copper in [100] ?
Number of contained on a direction

LD100 = vector
Length of direction
vector
11
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PLANES
12
13
14

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Crystal structures

- Body-centered cubic (BCC)

- Face-centered cubic (FCC) :

2- Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 4

74% atoms and 26 % space

- HCP is one more common structure of metallic crystals

3-Relationship between lattice parameter (a) and radius of atom (R)

Volume of cell = Area of Hexagonal * Height

Volume of cell = 6 * √3 r2 * C = 6 * √3 r2 * 1.633 a

Calculate the radius of a palladium (Pd) atom, given that Pd

Calculate the theoretical density of a Titanium(Ti)

Miller plane Indices can be defined as a set of three numbers that

Direction [uvw] Plane (hkl)

Find linear density of copper in [100] ?

Number of contained on a direction

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