Managing and treating anxiety

Anxiety disorders can affect a person’s ability to work, study and participate in other
activities. Recovery is possible with appropriate treatment. There are different types
of anxiety disorders. These include:

 obsessive compulsive disorder

 panic disorder (and panic disorder with agoraphobia)
 social anxiety disorder
 specific phobias
 post-traumatic stress disorder
 generalised anxiety disorder
 trichotillomania/ dermatillomania or body-focused repetitive behaviours)
 hoarding.

Anxiety disorders can be distressing and debilitating. They may contribute to loss of
educational and employment opportunities and difficulties in family and social
relationships.

Recovery is possible with appropriate treatment such as exposure therapy, attention

training, and a range of anxiety management techniques that can help you manage
your symptoms. You can learn the following strategies yourself (using books or
taking courses, for example) or you can consult with a trained professional.

Managing anxiety

Some of the management options for anxiety disorders include:

 learning about anxiety

 mindfulness
 relaxation techniques
 correct breathing techniques
 cognitive therapy
 behaviour therapy
 counselling
 dietary adjustments
 exercise
 learning to be assertive
 building self-esteem
 structured problem solving
 medication
 support groups
Learning about anxiety

The old adage ‘knowledge is power’ applies here – learning all about anxiety is
central to recovery. For example, education includes examining the physiology of the
‘flight-or-fight’ response, which is the body’s way to deal with impending danger. For
people with anxiety disorders, this response is inappropriately triggered by situations
that are generally harmless. Education is an important way to promote control over
symptoms.

Mindfulness

When feeling anxious, a person can spend a significant amount of time caught up in
anxiety-provoking thoughts. Mindfulness guides us to bring our attention back to the
present moment and unhook from thoughts that may be unhelpful.

Mindfulness is becoming more and more popular as people start to realise how
beneficial it is for a number of issues. There are many resources available to
support you to develop a mindfulness practice.

Relaxation techniques

A person who feels anxious most of the time has trouble relaxing, but knowing how
to release muscle tension can be a helpful strategy. Relaxation techniques include:

 progressive muscle relaxation

 abdominal breathing
 isometric relaxation exercises.

Correct breathing techniques

The physical symptoms of anxiety may be triggered by hyperventilation, which

raises oxygen levels and reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Carbon
dioxide assists in the regulation of the body’s reaction to anxiety and panic.

It can be helpful for a person who suffers from anxiety to learn how to breathe from
their diaphragm, rather than their chest, to safeguard against hyperventilation. The
key is allowing your belly to expand as you breathe in.

You can make sure you are breathing correctly by placing one hand on your lower
abdomen and the other on your chest. Correct breathing means your abdomen
moves, rather than your chest. It also helps to slow your breathing while feeling
anxious.

Some people can find abdominal breathing challenging. There are many other
breathing techniques that you can try. You can also try to hold your breath for a few
seconds. This helps to boost carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Cognitive therapy

Cognitive therapy focuses on changing patterns of thinking and beliefs that are
associated with, and trigger, anxiety. For example, a person with a social phobia
may make their anxiety worse by negative thoughts such as, ‘Everyone thinks I’m
boring’.

The basis of cognitive therapy is that beliefs trigger thoughts, which then trigger
feelings and produce behaviours. For example, let’s say you believe (perhaps
unconsciously) that you must be liked by everyone in order to feel worthwhile. If
someone turns away from you in mid-conversation, you may think, ‘This person
hates me’, which makes you feel anxious.

Cognitive therapy strategies include rational ‘self-talk’, reality testing, attention

training, cognitive challenging and cognitive restructuring. This includes monitoring
your self-talk, challenging unhelpful fears and beliefs, and testing out the reality of
negative thoughts.

Behaviour therapy

A major component of behaviour therapy is exposure. Exposure therapy involves

deliberately confronting your fears in order to desensitise yourself. Exposure allows
you to train yourself to redefine the danger or fear aspect of the situation or trigger.

The steps of exposure therapy may include:

 Rank your fears in order, from most to least threatening.

 Choose to work first on one of your least threatening fears.
 Think about the feared situation. Imagine yourself experiencing the situation. Analyse
your fears -– what are you afraid of?
 Work out a plan that includes a number of small steps – for example, gradually
decrease the distance between yourself and the feared situation or object, or
gradually increase the amount of time spent in the feared situation.
 Resist the urge to leave. Use relaxation, breathing techniques and coping statements
to help manage your anxiety.
 Afterwards, appreciate that nothing bad happened.
 Repeat the exposure as often as you can to build confidence that you can cope.
 When you are ready, tackle another feared situation in the same step-by-step
manner.

Dietary adjustments

The mineral magnesium helps muscle tissue to relax, and a magnesium deficiency
can contribute to anxiety, depression and insomnia. Inadequate intake of vitamin B
and calcium can also exacerbate anxiety symptoms. Make sure your daily diet
includes foods such as wholegrain cereals, leafy green vegetables and low-fat dairy
products.

Nicotine, caffeine and stimulant drugs (such as those that contain caffeine) trigger
your adrenal glands to release adrenaline, which is one of the main stress
chemicals. These are best avoided. Other foods to avoid include salt and artificial
additives, such as preservatives. Choose fresh, unprocessed foods whenever
possible.

Exercise

The physical symptoms of anxiety are caused by the ‘flight-or-fight’ response, which
floods the body with adrenaline and other stress chemicals. Exercise burns up stress
chemicals and promotes relaxation. Physical activity is another helpful way to
manage anxiety. Aim to do some physical activity at least three to four times every
week, and vary your activities to avoid boredom.

Learning to be assertive

Being assertive means communicating your needs, wants, feelings, beliefs and
opinions to others in a direct and honest manner without intentionally hurting
anyone’s feelings. A person with an anxiety disorder may have trouble being
assertive because they are afraid of conflict or believe they have no right to speak
up. However, relating passively to others lowers self-confidence and reinforces
anxiety. Learning to behave assertively is central to developing a stronger self-
esteem.

Building self-esteem

People with anxiety disorder often have low self-esteem. Feeling worthless can
make the anxiety worse in many ways. It can trigger a passive style of interacting
with others and foster a fear of being judged harshly. Low self-esteem may also be
related to the impact of the anxiety disorder on your life. These problems may
include:

 isolation
 feelings of shame and guilt
 depressed mood
 difficulties in functioning at school, work or in social situations.

The good news is you can take steps to learn about and improve your self-
esteem. Community support organisations and counselling may help you to cope
with these problems.

Structured problem solving

Some people with anxiety disorders are ‘worriers’, who fret about a problem rather
than actively solve it. Learning how to break down a problem into its various
components – and then decide on a course of action – is a valuable skill that can
help manage generalised anxiety and depression. This is known as structured
problem solving.

Medication

It is important that medications are seen as a short-term measure, rather than the
solution to anxiety disorders.
Research studies have shown that psychological therapies, such as cognitive
behaviour therapy, are much more effective than medications in managing anxiety
disorders in the long term. Your doctor may prescribe a brief course of tranquillisers
or antidepressants to help you deal with your symptoms while other treatment
options are given a chance to take effect.

Support groups and education

Support groups allow people with anxiety to meet in comfort and safety, and give
and receive support. They also provide the opportunity to learn more about anxiety
and to develop social networks.

Where to get help

 Your GP (doctor)
 Psychologist
 Counsellor
 Anxiety Recovery Centre Victoria – Helpline Tel. (03) 9830 0533 or 1300 269 438
 Australian Psychological Society ‘Find a Psychologist’ Service. Tel. (03) 8662
3300 or 1800 333 497
 Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression (Crufad)