CHEMISTRY 5070/0620

States of matter

1 Substances change state when their temperature is changed.

Which changes of state take place when the temperature of a substance is lowered?

1 boiling
2 condensation
3 freezing
4 melting

A 1 and 4 B 2, 3 and 4 C 2 and 3 only D 3 only

2 A bottle of aqueous ammonia is placed on a table in a corner of the laboratory.

The stopper is removed and after a few minutes all the students in the room can smell the
ammonia.
Which process occurs?

A Brownian motion
B diffusion
C dissolving
D distillation
3

4 Four statements about the arrangement of particles are given.

1 Particles are packed in a regular arrangement.
2 Particles are randomly arranged.
3 Particles move over each other.
4 Particles vibrate about fixed points.

Which statements describe the particles in a solid?

A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

5 Diagrams R, S and T represent the three states of matter.

R S T

Which change occurs during freezing?

A R→S B S→T C T→R D T→S

6 The diagram shows how the arrangement of particles changes when a substance changes state.

Which change of state is shown?

A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D sublimation

7 The melting points and boiling points of four elements are shown.

melting boiling
element
point / °C point / °C

W –7 60
X –101 –34
Y 114 184
Z 39 688
In which elements do the particles vibrate about fixed positions at 0 °C?

A W and X B W and Z C X and Y D Y and Z

8 Which statement about liquids and gases is correct?

A 1 cm3 of gas contains more particles than 1 cm3 of liquid.

B A given mass of liquid has a fixed volume at room temperature.
C Particles in a liquid can easily be forced closer together.
D Particles in a liquid have fixed positions.

9 Which process causes the greatest increase in the distance between particles?

A condensation
B freezing
C melting
D sublimation
10 The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter.

P Q R

Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide.

Which row describes the initial and final states?

initial final
state state

A P R
B Q P
C R P
D R Q

11 Which statement describes sublimation?

A Particles moving slowly past each other speed up and move further apart.
B Particles vibrating next to each other become mobile and move slowly past each other.
C Particles vibrating next to each other start to move rapidly and move further apart.
D Rapidly moving particles slow down and move closer together.

12 Four physical changes are listed.

1 condensation
2 evaporation
3 freezing
4 sublimation

In which changes do the particles move further apart?

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

13 The diagrams show particles in a container.

1 2 3

Which two diagrams show the process of evaporation?

A 1→2 B 1→3 C 2→3 D 3→1

14 Hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, reacts with ammonia gas, NH3, to form solid ammonium chloride.
The apparatus is set up as shown.

After a few minutes, solid ammonium chloride forms where the two gases meet.

solid ammonium chloride

source of source of
hydrogen chloride gas ammonia gas

The experiment is repeated using hydrogen bromide, HBr, in place of hydrogen chloride.

How far along the tube does the solid ammonium bromide form?

A B C D

source of source of
hydrogen bromide gas ammonia gas

15 When iodine is heated it turns from a solid to a gas.

When liquid ammonia is cooled it turns into a solid.

When ice is heated it turns into water.

Which terms describe these changes of state?

when liquid
when iodine when ice
ammonia
is heated is heated
is cooled
A boiling freezing melting
B freezing sublimation boiling
C sublimation condensation freezing
D sublimation freezing melting

16 A gas is released at point X in the apparatus shown.

damp Universal Indicator paper

Which gas turns the damp Universal Indicator paper red most quickly?

A ammonia, NH3
B chlorine, Cl 2
C hydrogen chloride, HCl
D sulfur dioxide, SO2
17 Mineral wool soaked in aqueous ammonia is placed in the apparatus shown.

mineral wool soaked damp red

in aqueous ammonia litmus paper

After five minutes, the damp red litmus paper turned blue.

Which process led to this change?

A crystallisation
B diffusion
C distillation
D sublimation

18 Ammonia gas is reacted with hydrogen chloride gas using the apparatus shown.
Solid ammonium chloride is produced.
long glass tube solid ammonium chloride

cotton wool soaked cotton wool soaked

in ammonia solution in hydrogen chloride
solution
Which statement explains why the solid ammonium chloride is formed nearer to the
hydrogen chloride?

A Ammonia solution is a base and hydrogen chloride solution is an acid.

B Ammonia molecules diffuse more slowly than hydrogen chloride molecules.
C Hydrogen chloride has a greater molecular mass than ammonia.
D Hydrogen chloride moves by Brownian motion.

19 A beaker containing solid carbon dioxide is placed in a fume cupboard at room temperature. The
carbon dioxide becomes gaseous.

Which process describes this change of state?

A boiling
B condensation
C evaporation
D sublimation
20 A student investigated the diffusion of ammonia gas, NH3, and hydrogen chloride gas, HCl.

Two sets of apparatus were set up as shown at room temperature and pressure.

source of damp red source of damp blue

ammonia gas litmus paper hydrogen chloride gas litmus paper

apparatus 1 apparatus 2

The damp red litmus paper in apparatus 1 changed colour after 30 seconds.

How long does it take for the damp blue litmus paper to change colour in apparatus 2?

A 64 seconds
B 30 seconds
C 21 seconds
D The blue litmus paper would not change colour.

21 A gas is heated. The pressure is kept constant.

Which statement describes the behaviour of the particles in the gas?

A The particles move faster and become closer together.

B The particles move faster and become further apart.
C The particles move slower and become closer together.
D The particles move slower and become further apart.

22 The statements describe two changes of state.

1 The molecules of substance X are arranged randomly.
During the change of state, they lose energy and become more ordered. The
molecules can still move freely.
2 The molecules of substance Y are arranged in a regular lattice.
During the change of state, they gain energy and become less ordered. The
molecules are still close together.
Which changes of state are described by the statements?
1 2

A condensation evaporation
B condensation melting
C freezing evaporation
D freezing melting

23 Which statement about gases is correct?

A Gases are difficult to compress when pressure is applied.

B The particles in gases are close together.
C The particles in gases have a random arrangement.
D The particles in gases move slowly past each other.
24 When smoke particles are observed with a microscope they are seen to move around randomly.
This is called Brownian motion.

What causes Brownian motion?

A diffusion of the smoke particles

B molecules in the air hitting the smoke particles
C sublimation of the smoke particles
D the smoke particles hitting the walls of the container

25 Oxygen and fluorine are gaseous elements next to each other in the Periodic Table.
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, oxygen diffuses ......1...... than fluorine
because its ......2...... is less than that of fluorine.

Which words correctly complete gaps 1 and 2?

1 2

A faster molecular mass

B faster reactivity
C slower molecular mass
D slower reactivity