The terms that multiply the flux in this equation are

known as the reluctance R of the core and air gap,

respectively,

In general, for any magnetic circuit of total reluctance R tot, the flux can be found as

1
Lecture 2
Note that Eqs. 1.15 and 1.16 are similar to the relationships between the current and
voltage in an electric circuit.

This similarity between the solution of electric and magnetic circuits can often be
exploited to produce simple solutions for the fluxes in magnetic circuits of considerable
complexity. Lecture 2
2
 3
Lecture 2
  From Eq. 1.13
we see that high material permeability can result in low core reluctance, which can often
be made much smaller than that of the air gap; i.e., for (μAc/lc) >> (μoAg/g), R c << R g
and thus Rtot ≈ R.g . In this case, the reluctance of the core can be neglected and the flux
and hence B can be found from Eq. 1.16 in terms of F and the air-gap properties alone:

 Practically magnetic materials have permeabilities which are not constant but vary
with the flux level. From Eqs. 1.13 to 1.16 we see that as long as this permeability
remains sufficiently large, its variation will not significantly affect the performance of
the magnetic circuit.

4
Lecture 2
 In practical systems, the magnetic field
lines "fringe" outward somewhat as
they cross the air gap, as illustrated in
the next figure.

 The effect of these fringing fields is to

increase the effective cross-sectional
area Ag of the air gap.

 In this course the effect of fringing

fields is usually ignored.

 If fringing is neglected, Ag = Ac.

5
Lecture 2
  In general, magnetic circuits can consist of multiple elements in series and parallel.

 where . F is the mmf (total ampere-turns) acting to drive flux through a closed loop
of a magnetic circuit,
 and F k = Hklk is the mmf drop across the kth element of that loop. This is directly
similar to Kirchoff's voltage law for electric circuits consisting of voltage sources and
resistors

 Similarly, the analogy to Kirchoff's current law

which says that the sum of currents into a node in an electric circuit equals zero is

which states that the sum of the flux into a node in a magnetic circuit is zero.

6
Lecture 2
Example 1
The magnetic circuit shown in the the figure
next to has dimensions Ac = Ag = 9 cm2, g =
0.050cm, lc = 30 cm, and N = 500 tums.
Assume the value μr = 70,000 for core
material. (a) Find the reluctances, R c and R g .
For the condition that the magnetic circuit is
operating with Bc = 1.0 T ,find (b) the flux ϕ
and (c) the current i.

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Lecture 2
Solution
Ac = Ag = 9 cm2 =(9*10-4)m2, g = 0.050cm=(5*10-4)m, lc = 30 cm=0.3m, and N = 500
tums. Assume the value μr = 70,000 for core material.

a. The reluctances can be found from Eqs. 1.13 and 1.14:

b. From Eq. 1.4,

c. From Eqs. 1.6 and 1.15,

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Lecture 2
Example 2
The magnetic structure of a synchronous
machine is shown schematically in figure next
to. Assuming that rotor and stator iron have
infinite permeability (μ→ infinity) find the
air-gap flux ϕ and flux density Bg. For this
example I = 10 A, N = 1000 turns, g = 1 cm,
and Ag = 2000 cm2.

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Lecture 2
Solution
Notice that there are two air gaps in series, of total length 2g, and that by symmetry the
flux density in each is equal. Since the iron permeability here is assumed to be infinite,
its reluctance is negligible and Eq. 1.20 (with g replaced by the total gap length 2g) can
be used to find the flux

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Lecture 2
Home work 1 : (To be submitted be for next lecture)

1. Find the flux ϕ and current for Example 1 if (a) the number of turns is
doubled to N = 1000 turns while the circuit dimensions remain the same and
(b) if the number of turns is equal to N = 500 and the gap is reduced to 0.040
cm.

2. For the magnetic structure of the figure in Example 2 with same dimensions
as given in Example 1.2, the air-gap flux density is observed to be Bg = 0.9 T.
Find the air-gap flux ϕ and, for a coil of N=500 turns, the current required to
produce this level of air-gap flux.

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Lecture 2
End of lecture 2

Lecture 2 12