Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes are a battery powered nicotine delivery system that employs
heat to vaporize a liquid nicotine solution without burning tobacco (Goniewicz, Hajek, &
McRobbie, 2014). They generally consist of three main components: a cartridge, an atomizer,
and a battery. When an e-cigarette user inhales, an airflow sensor activates a battery to heat
the atomizer vaporizing the propylene glycol and nicotine, and as a result of inhalation, a dose
of nicotine as aerosol vapor is delivered to the user’s lungs, and the residual aerosol is exhaled
to environment (Trtchounian, Williams, & Talbot, 2010). E-cigarettes have become popular
especially among young people in recent years despite limited research on their safety and
efficacy. E-cigarette advertising appears in various media including television (TV), radio, print,
online, and at retail point of sale, and has contributed to the popularity of the product and raised
awareness among youth.
Foreign Literature
Because of neurological and hormonal changes during puberty, adolescents tend to follow their
willingness to get involve in risky behaviours as the adolescent development research team
said. Teens and young adults are more exposed to lifelong nicotine addiction through electronic
cigarettes that is why it is important to understand why and how adolescent use vape. Their
study explored and examined the awareness and the correlation of high school students user
and non-user. Youth awareness of e-cigarette has been advertised at retail sites, on TV, and
through social sites. Where the Legacy research team interpreted that 60% of teens ages 13-17
and 69% of young adults ages 18-21 reported seeing the e-cigarette advertisements at
convenience stores, supermarkets, or gas stations, and 45% of teens and 56% of young adults
reported seeing e-cigarette advertisements on TV. As a result, half of the population are
already aware towards electronic cigarettes.
The rate of e-cigarette has been accelerating among middle and high school students in United
States. Based from the National Youth Tobacco survey, it showed that among all students
Grade 6 – 12, the total number of those who used e-cigarettes rose from 3.3% to 6.8% and
current use of e-cigarettes rose from 1.1% to 2.1% during 2011 and 2012. The number of high
school students who used e-cigarettes during 2011-2012 increased from 4.7% to 10.0%, current
e-cigarette users increased from 1.5% to 2.8% and dual use of conventional cigarettes and e-
cigarettes increased from 1.2% to 2.2% as a significant proportion of middle of 61% and high
school student with 81%, e-cigarette users reported current smoking, in accordance of Caroll
Chapman and Wu.
Therefore, the awareness of the experimentation with e-cigarettes are on the rise among
adolescent smokers and adolescent who do not smoke. In addition, Pepper investigated the
awareness among high school students about e-cigarettes and their willingness to try it, by
conducting a survey of males ages 11-19. The result of the study that they conducted was
young adults who are aware of e-cigarettes is about two thirds or 67% of those were willing to
try an e-cigarette specially if it was offered by peers. The growing concern about the negative
effects of nicotine on adolescent's brain development as well as the danger for nicotine
addiction had been emphasized by Drummond and Upson. Where in the media plays an
important role in promoting and elevating the use of electronic cigarettes and that most
electronic cigarettes are sold online. As their study stated that the popularity of electonic
cigarettes from January 2008 to September 2010 has increased. It is a must to put in mind that
the high awareness on the use of e-cigarettes is not a thing to be proud of but it is a matter to
deal with. In addition to this, the health issue about the concern of e-cigarettes affects and harm
human internal organs has also raised. They presented a substantial risk to the general public
as the evidence in regards to the health effects of e-cigarettes. Though the claim that vape are
less harmful than traditional smoking products is baseless. The 400,000 deaths every year in
America are caused by the preventable sickness and death leaded by cigarette and electronic
cigarette smoking proved that these devices are actually dangerous. Whether nicotine is
delivered through smoke or vapor, as it is with e-cigarettes, it still can harm and cause danger to
human body.
Local Literature
According to FDA, e-cigarette is not a proven nicotine replacement therapy and there is no
scientific evidence to confirm that product's safety and efficacy. The e-cigarette is becoming
popular among Filipinos particularly in youth as the number of public places that prohibit
smoking is increasing and recent higher tobacco taxes in the country make smoking more
expensive causing the demand for electronic cigarettes in the market gets high. Metro Manila
Development Authority (MMDA) urged local government units to make ordinances regulating
the sale and use of e-cigarettes in respective localities. The use of e-cigarette is unsafe for kids,
teens and young adults. Many people using e-cigarettes that caused harmed to their lungs and
to has a shortness of breath that can cause to death. As of November 5,2019 there are 39
deaths because of e-cigarettes from different regions in the Philippines.
According to the Department of Health,a 16-year-old girl from the Visayas is the first confirmed
case of e-cigarette or vape-associated lung injury in the Philippines. The teen girl used e-
cigarettes for six months who was admitted last October 2019, initially presented with the
sudden-onset severe shortness of breath, requiring oxygen supplementation and ICU admission
before she died. After these cases, DOH has been pushing for a total ban on e-cigarettes.
User should seek immediate medical help and ask their doctors for ways to quit these harmful
products. Recently, a case of vaping-related injury was reported in Central Visayas involving a
teenage patient, but Duque said further tests have to be conducted to confirm this. President
Rodrigo Duterte emphasize that vaping is dangerous because it is toxic and the government
has the power to issue measures to protect public health and public interest, and said that
electronic cigarettes is to be banned in the country. The ban on vaping or use of electronic
cigarettes was ordered after the Department of Health (DOH), which said there are about a
million e-cigarette users in the country.
The knowledge and beliefs about e-cigarettes can use to inform prevention efforts in our school
campus and in community. Since in grade 7 level, aged 12 to 13 years old is where the stage of
curiosity of the teenagers exist. As a person heard the word “vape” or E-cigarettes as an
another way of smoking, the thought of “vaping is less dangerous than the natural way of
smoking” will automatically deliberated. But the outcome and consequences of using E-cigarette
has always been neglected. At a young age, be aware about your health.
Think about the money as vaping costing a lot of money. Think about sports, how can a person
do his/her best if his/her lung has an inflammation. Think about the poisons that can harm your
health as vape contains harmful chemicals. Think about the nicotine that could affect brain
development and the ability to control impulses that connects the mood and behaviour as an
adult. As smoking is like paying to have a life cut shorter, think about your health. As young
teen, having a goal is a must so be the best healthiest version of one’s self and enjoy life. For it
is worth it to enjoy life with a healthy body and mind.

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Review of Related Literature

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