Class8 Science Reduced

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
(Science & Technology)

d{kk - 8 l= 2021&22
(Class - VIII)
DIKSHA ,i dSls MkmuyksM djsa\
fodYi 1 % vius eksckby czkmt+j ij diksha.gov.in/app Vkbi djsaA
fodYi 2 % Google Play Store esa DIKSHA NCTE <wa<+s ,oa MkmuyksM
cVu ij tap djsaA
eksckby ij QR dksM dk mi;ksx dj fMftVy fo"k; oLrq dSls çkIr djsa \

DIKSHA App dks ykWp djs —> App dh leLr vuqefr dks Lohdkj djsa —> mi;ksxdrkZ Profile dk p;u djsaA
ikB~;iqLrd esa QR Code dks Scan djus eksckbZy dks QR Code ij lQy Scan ds i'pkr~ QR Code ls
ds fy, eksckby esa QR Code tap djsaA dsfUnzr djsaA fyad dh xbZ lwph miyC/k gksxhA
MsLdVkWi ij QR Code dk mi;ksx dj fMftVy fo"k;&oLrq rd dSls igq¡ps \
QR Code ds uhps 6 vad dk Alpha czkmt+j esa diksha. gov.in/cg VkbZi djsAa
Numeric Code fn;k x;k gSA
lpZ ckj ij 6 fMftV dk QR izkIr fo"k;&oLrq dh lwph ls pkgh xbZ

CODE VkbZi djsAa fo"k;&oLrq ij fDyd djsaA
jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ NÙkhlx<+] jk;iqj

fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrq
izdk'ku o"kZ 2021
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-N-x-] jk;iqj
©
ekxZ n 'kZ u
,dyO;] Hkksiky] fo|kHkou lkslk;Vh] mn;iqj
leUo;d
MkW- fo|korh pUnzkdj
fo"k; leUo;d
T;ksfr pØorhZ
la i knu
csyk fo'okl] T;ksfr pØorhZ] vuqiek uyxqaMokj
ys[kd ny
csyk fo'okl] 'kkafryrk Ýkafll] T;ksfr pØorhZ] vuqiek uyxqaMokj] uhye vjksjk]
panzHkw"k.k cxfj;k] vfurk JhokLro] nsoukFk eq[kthZ] jkts'k pankuh]MkW- fo|k uk;Mq ]
t;Jh jkBkSj] vuhrk lkSa/kh] fnyhi >k
vkoj.k i`"B
js[kjkt pkSjkxM+s] jk;iqj
lg;ksxh ¼Vad.k½
lqjs'k lkgw] eqdaqn lkgw
iz d k’kd
NŸkhlx<+ ikB~;iqLrd fuxe] jk;iqj
eqnzd
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
eqfnzr iqLrdksa dh la[;k & ------------------------

çkDdFku
ikB~;Øe dk la'kks/ku vkSj uohuhdj.k rFkk mlds vk/kkj ij ikB~;iqLrdksa dh jpuk djuk
'kSf{kd izfØ;k dk ,d vax gSA blh izfØ;k ds varxZr jkT; 'kSf{kd vuql/a kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~]
NRrhlx<+] jk;iqj us 2003&04 esa ikB~;Øe dk la'kks/ku dj d{kk NBoha] 2004&05 esa d{kk lkroha
rFkk 2005&06 esa d{kk vkBoha gsrq iqLrd ^^foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh** dh jpuk dhA
bu iqLrdksa dk mn~ns'; fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks dsoy oSKkfud tkudkfj;ksa ls ykn nsuk ugha gS]
cfYd mu eq[; vo/kkj.kkvksa dks fl[kkuk gS tks lEiw.kZ foKku fo"k; esa dgha u dgha ik;h tkrh gSaA
izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl ds lkFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl izdkj dh f'k{kk nsuk vko';d gks x;k gS tks foKku]
izkS|ksfxdh ,oa lekt ds e/; laca/k LFkkfir dj mUgsa vko';d Kku ,oa dkS'ky iznku djsA
'kSf{kd lanHkZ esa dh tk jgh ppkZvksa esa izk;% c<+rs gq, cLrs ds cks> ij fpark O;Dr dh tkrh
gSA ;'kiky lfefr dh fjiksVZ dk izeq[k eqn~nk Hkh ;gh jgk gSA
bUgha y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, bu iqLrdksa dk ys[ku fd;k x;k gSA iqLrdksa ds v/;;u }kjk
Nk=ksa dks muds jkstkuk ds vuqHkoksa dh ij[k rFkk mudk fo'ys"k.k djus ds volj izkIr gksaxsA lkFk
gh ljy fØ;kdykiksa }kjk fl)karksa dh lgh le> mRiUu djus dk Hkh i;kZIr volj izkIr gksxkA
mueas i;kZoj.k ,oa LokLF; laca/kh eqn~nksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldus dh Hkh {kerk mRiUu gksxhA blls
muesa ,slk n`f"Vdks.k mRiUu gksxk tks mUgsa [kkst rFkk vuqla/kku ds fy, izsfjr djsxkA
f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 cPpksa dks xq.koÙkk;qDr f'k{kk nsus ij tksj nsrk gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-]ubZ fnYyh }kjk d{kk 1&8 rd ds cPpksa gsrq d{kkokj] fo"k;okj vf/kxe izfrQyksa dk
fuekZ.k dj lq>kokRed f'k{k.k izfØ;kvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ftlls cPpksa ds lok±xh.k fodkl ds
y{; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsxkA iqLrdksa esa le;kuqlkj la'kks/ku rFkk ifjo/kZu ,d fujarj izfØ;k gSA
vr% l= 2018&19 gsrq iqLrdksa dks lelkekf;d rFkk izklafxd cuk;k x;k gSA ftlls cPpksa dks
okafNr miyfC/k izkIr djus ds vf/kd volj miyC/k gksaxsA vk'kk gS fd ;g iqLrd f'k{kd lkfFk;ksa
rFkk cPpksa dks y{; rd igq¡pus esa ennxkj gksaxhA
Ldwy f'k{kk foHkkx ,oa jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] N-x- }kjk f'k{kdksa ,oa
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa n{krk laoèkZu gsrq vfrfjDr ikB~; lalkèku miyCèk djkus dh n`f"V ls Energized Text
Books ,d vfHkuo ç;kl gS] ftls v‚u ykbZu ,oa v‚Q ykbZu ¼MkmuyksM djus ds mijkar½ mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ETBs dk çeq[k mn~ns'; ikB~;oLrq ds vfrfjDr v‚fM;ks&ohfM;ks] ,uhes'ku
Q‚jesV esa vfèkxe lkexzh] lacafèkr vH;kl] ç'u ,oa f'k{kdksa ds fy, lanHkZ lkexzh çnku djuk gSA
bl iqLrd ds ys[ku esa gesa fofHkUu 'kkldh; vkSj v'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa]
egkfo|ky;ksa rFkk d`f"k fo'ofo|ky; ds vkpk;ksZa] Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa rFkk izcq) ukxfjdksa dk
ekxZn'kZu ,oa lg;ksx feyk gSA ge muds izfr viuk gkfnZd vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA iqLrd esa vko';d
la'kks/kuksa ds lq>ko ifj"kn~ dks vo'; Hkstsa] ftlls blesa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldsA ifj"kn~ vkids lq>koksa
dk Lokxr djrk gSA
la p kyd
jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
NRrhlx<+] jk;iqj
foKku ds {ks= esa Hkkjr dk xkSjo'kkyh ;ksxnku
(PRESTIGIOUS CONTRIBUTION BY INDIANS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE)
vkius d{kk 6 ,oa 7 esa dqN ,sls oSKkfudksa ds ckjs esa i<+k gS ftUgksaus u dsoy Hkkjr oju~
laiw.kZ fo'o esa foKku dks lektksi;ksxh cukus ds fy, viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA blh Ja`[kyk esa
bl o"kZ Hkh ge dqN ,sls oSKkfudksa dk ifjp; djk jgs gSa ftuds dk;ksZa ds fy, foKku txr
mudk lnSo _.kh jgsxkA
1- ojkgfefgj (VARAHMIHIR)&
budk tUe lu~ 499 esa gqvk FkkA ;s mTtSu ds ikl dfiRFk uked xk¡o ds fuoklh FksA
egku [kxksyK vkSj xf.krK vk;ZHkV ls feydj ;s brus izHkkfor gq, fd T;ksfr"k fo|k vkSj
[kxksy Kku dks gh bUgksaus vius thou dk /;s; cuk fy;kA vk;ZHkV dh rjg bUgksaus Hkh crk;k
fd i`Foh xksy gSA foKku ds bfrgkl esa ;s izFke O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus dgk fd dksbZ ,slh 'kfDr
gS tks phtksa dks tehu ls fpidk, jgrh gSA vkt blh 'kfDr dks xq#Rokd"kZ.k dgrs gSAa
ojkgfefgj us i;kZoj.k foKku] tyfoKku] HkwfoKku vkfn ds ckjs esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ fVIif.k;k¡
dh FkhaA mudk dguk Fkk fd ikS/ks vkSj nhed tehu ds uhps ds ikuh dks bafxr djrs gSaA vkt
oSKkfud txr }kjk bl ij /;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA ojkgfefgj }kjk T;ksfr"k fo|k ij fy[kh
xbZ iqLrdksa dks xzaFk jRu ekuk tkrk gSA
2- czãxqIr (BRAHMAGUPTA)&
budk tUe xqtjkr esa lu~ 518 esa gqvk FkkA ;s ,d iz[kj xf.krK FksA ftUgksaus lcls igys
'kwU; ds dk;Z djus ds fu;e cuk, rFkk vfu/kkZfjr lehdj.kksa ds gy Hkh fn, A ;s mPp xf.kr
dh la[;kRed fo'ys"k.k 'kk[kk ds laLFkkid Hkh FksA blhfy,] HkkLdj tSls izfl) xf.krK us
bUgsa ^^x.kd pØ pwM+kef.k^^ dh mikf/k nhA czãxqIr us gh chtxf.kr vkSj xf.kr dh fHkUurk Hkh
crkbZ rFkk [kxksy x.kuk ds fy, chtxf.kr dk mi;ksx djus laca/kh iqLrd Hkh fy[khA
3- Vh- vkj- 'ks"kkfnz (T.R. SHESHADRI)&

fr:osadV jktsUnz 'ks"kkfnz dk tUe lu~ 1900 esa dqYyhrykbZ] rfeyukMq esa
gqvk FkkA ;s Hkkjr esa dkcZfud jlk;u dh uhao j[kus okyksa esa ls ,d FksA ikS/
kksa ij muds 'kks/k dk;ksZa ls dbZ jklk;fud ;kSfxdksa dk irk pykA ;s 'kSoky
jlk;u ds fo'ks"kK ekus tkrs FksA buds 'kks/k ifj.kke Ñf"k vkSj fpfdRlk
foKku ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ekus tkrs gSaA buds 'kks/k dk;ksZa ds fy, bUgsa ukscy
iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk FkkA
4- vkj-lh- cksl (R.C. BOSE)&
jkepUnz cksl dk tUe lu~ 1901 esa gks'kaxkckn e-iz- esa gqvk FkkA ;s
xf.kr ,oa lkaf[;dh ds fo}ku Fks ftUgksaus nwj lapkj ds fy, u, dksM
fudkysA dksM dh lgk;rk ls =qfVghu lans'k izkIr fd, tk ldrs FksA bl
dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa vesfjdk dk loksZPp oSKkfud lEeku iznku fd;k x;k
FkkA
5- iapkuu ekgs'ojh (PANCHANAN MAHESHWARI)&

budk tUe lu~ 1904 esa t;iqj] jktLFkku esa gqvkA bUgksaus ouLifr
vkÑfr foKku ds varxZr ,sls ikS/ks ftuesa Qwy mRiUu gksrs gS]a mudh vkÑfr]
'kkjhfjdh vkSj Hkzw.k foKku dk v/;;u dj ikS/kksa dh dbZ tkfr;ksa esa o`f) o
fodkl dh izfØ;k dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk ikbZ xbZ fHkUurkvksa ds vk/kkj ij
ikS/kksa dk oxhZdj.k Hkh fd;kA os ,d mRÑ"V Hkz.w k oSKkfud ds :i esa fo[;kr
gq,A budh fy[kh iqLrdsa vkt Hkh 'kkykvksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa v/;;u ds
fy, mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSaA
6- ,l-pUnz'ks[kj (S. CHANDRASHEKHAR)&

lqczã.k;e panz'ks[kj dk tUe lu~ 1910 esa ykgkSj esa gqvk FkkA bUgsa 1983
esa HkkSfrd 'kkL= esa ukscy iqjLdkj feykA flrkjksa ds v/;;u esa ;ksxnku ds
vfrfjDr bUgksaus nks mRÑ"V iqLrdsa Hkh fy[kh gSaA ,l-pUnz'ks[kj fo'oizfl)
HkkSfrd 'kkL=h] [kxksy HkkSfrd 'kkL=h ds lkFk&lkFk xf.krK Hkh FksA
7- ts-oh-ukyhZdj (JAYANT VISHNU NARLIKAR)&

bl l`f"V esa vla[; u{k=] vkdk'k xaxk,a vkSj uhgkfjdk,a gSaA ;g lc
dSls mRiUu gqbZ gkasxh \ bl iz'u ij oSKkfud 'krkfCn;ksa ls fopkj dj jgs
gSaA dksYgkiqj egkjk"Vª esa 1938 esa iSnk gq, [kxksy HkkSfrdfon~ t;ar fo".kq
ukyhZdj us bl iz'u dk mRrj izkIr djus ds fy, ,d u, fl)kar ij dk;Z
fd;k gSA ftlds vuqlkj flrkjs] vkdk'kxaxk vkSj vU; rRoksa ds :i esa inkFkZ
lkjs lalkj esa cjkcj QSyk gqvk gSA ;g fl)kar mruk gh egRoiw.kZ ekuk
tkrk gS ftruk vkabLVkbu dk lkis{krk fl)karA blhfy, bUgsa Hkkjr dk
vkabLVkbu dgk tkrk gSA
fo"k;&lwph
1- vkdk'k n'kZu (SKY VISION) 1

2- la'ysf"kr js'ks vkSj IykfLVd (SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS) 9
3- ok;q (AIR) 17
4- jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ & dc vkSj dSlh&dSlh 29
(CHEMICAL REACTIONS-WHEN AND WHAT TYPE)
5- /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡ (METALS AND NON-METALS) 38

6- dkcZu (CARBON) 50
7- 'kjhj dh jpukRed ,oa dk;kZRed bdkbZ&dksf'kdk 61
(STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF OUR BODY - THE CELL)
8- lw{etho& ,d vn~Hkqr lalkj (MICRO - ORGANISMS : A WONDERFUL WORLD) 69

9- izdk'k dk viorZu (REFRACTION OF LIGHT) 82
10- /ofu (SOUND) 97
11- fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko (CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT) 107
12- ÅtkZ ds lzkrs (SOURCES OF ENERGY) 116
13- [kk| mRiknu ,oa izc/a ku (FOOD PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT) 129
14- ?k"kZ.k (FRICTION) 148
15- fdruk Hkkstu] dSlk Hkkstu (HOW MUCH FOOD, WHAT TYPE OF FOOD) 156
16- dqN lkekU; jksx (SOME COMMON DISEASE) 165
17- fd'kksjkoLFkk (ADOLESCENCE) 183
lh[kus ds izfrQy
lq>kokRed f’k{k.k izfØ;k,¡ vf/kxe ifj.kke (Learning Outcomes)
lh[kusokys dks tksMh+ es@

a lewgksa esa@
s O;fDrxr lh[kus okyk
:i ls lekos’kh O;oLFkk dk volj iznku SCI801. oLrqvksa vkSj thoksa esa Hksn djrs gS]a tSl& s
djrs gq, fuEukafdr gsrq izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk izkd`frd ,oa ekuo fufeZr js’ks] vlEidZ
pkfg,A vkSj lEidZ cy] rjy inkFkZ&fo|qr
pkyd vkSj dqpkyd] ikS/kksa vkSj tarqvksa
• laons h vaxksa ds iz;ksx tSl&
s ns[kuk] Li’kZ dh dksf’kdk,¡ fi.Mt vkSj v.Mt
djuk] p[kuk] lwa?kuk] lquuk vkfn }kjk tarqvksa dks muds xq.kksa] lajpuk rFkk
izkd`frd izØe rFkk pkjksa vksj ds ifjos’k dk;Z ds vk/kkj ijA
dh [kkstchuA SCI802. fo’ks"krkvksa ,oa xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij lkefxz;ksa
,oa thoksa dk oxhZdj.k djrs gS]a tSl& s
• iz’u mBkuk ,oa fpUru djuk] ppkZ djuk] /kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvksa] [kjhQ vkSj jch
mi;qDr xfrfof/k;ksa dh :ijs[kk cukdj Qlys]a mi;ksxh vkSj gkfudkjd lw{etho]
mUgsa fØ;kfUor djuk] jksy Iys] okn&fookn] ySafxd vkSj vySfa xd iztuu] [kxksyh;
fi.Mksa] lekIr gksus okys ,oa v{k;
vkbZ-lh-Vh- ds mi;ksx bR;kfn ds }kjk izkd`frd lalk/kuA
mRrj dh [kkst djukA
SCI803. iz’uksa ds mRrj Kkr djus ds fy,
• xfrfof/k] iz;ksx] losZ{k.k] {ks= Hkze.k vkfn ljy [kkstchu djrs gSa] tSls&ngu ds
fy, vko’;d 'krsZa D;k gSa\ ge vpkj
ds nkSjku fd, x, voyksduksa dk fjdkMZ vkSj eqjCcksa esa ued vkSj phuh D;ksa
j[kukA feykrs gSa\ D;k rjy inkFkZ leku
xgjkbZ ij leku nckc Mkyrs gSa\
• vfHkysf[kr vk¡dM+kas dk fo’ys"k.k] fu"d"kksZa vkfnA
dh O;k[;k ,oa vuq e ku yxkuk@ SCI804. izfØ;kvksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dks dkj.kksa ls
lkekU;hdj.k djuk ,oa fu"d"kksaZ dks lkfFk;ksa lacfa /kr djrs gS]a tSl& s gok esa izn"w kdksa
rFkk o;Ldkas ds lkFk ck¡VukA ds dkj.k /kwe&dksgjs dk cuuk] vEy
o"kkZ ds dkj.k Lekjdksa dk {kj.kA
• l`tukRedrk dk izn’kZu uohu mik;ksa@ SCI805. izfØ;kvksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k
fopkjks]a uohu izfrn’kZ] iSVuZ] rkRdkfyd djrs gSa] tSls& euq"; vkSj tUrqvksa esas
izn’kZu vkfn dh lgk;rk ls djukA iztuu( /ofu dk lapj.k rFkk mRiUu
gksuk] fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko(
cgqizfrfcEcksa dk cukuk] Tokyk dh
lajpukA
SCI806. jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy, 'kCn
lehdj.k fy[krs gSa] tSls& /kkrqvksa vkSj
v/kkrqvksa dh gok] ikuh rFkk vEyksa ds
lkFk vfHkfØ;kA
SCI807. vkiru dks.k vkSj ijkorZu dks.k dk
ekiu djrs gSaA
SCI808. lw{ethoks]a I;kt dh f>Yyh] ekuo xky
dh dksf’kdkvksa vkfn dh LykbM~l rS;kj
djrs gSa vkSj muls lacfa /kr lw{e y{k.kksa
dk o.kZu djrs gSaA
SCI809. Ukkekafdr fp= ,oa izokg pkVZ cukrs gS]a
tSl&s dksf’kdk] vk¡[k] ekuo iztuu]
vaxksa ,oa izk;ksfxd O;oLFkkvksa vkfnA
SCI810. vius ifjos’k dh lkexzh dk mi;ksx
djrs gq, ekWMyksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa
vkSj muds dk;Zfof/k dks crkrs gSa tSls
& bdrkjk] bysDVªksLdksi] vfXu 'kked
;a= vkfnA
SCI811. oSKkfud vo/kkj.kkvksa dks le>dj
nSfud thou esa iz;ksx djrs gSa] tSls
& ty dk 'kq)hdj.k] ck;ksfMxzsMscy
vkSj ukWu ck;ksfs MxzM
s cs y dpjs dks vyx
djuk] Qly mRiknu esa o`f)] fofHkUu
dk;ksZa gsrq mi;qDr /kkrqvksa ,oa v/kkrqvksa
dk mi;ksx] ?k"kZ.k dks de@T;knk
djukA fd’kksjkoLFkk essa pqukSrhiw.kZ feFk
vkSj Hkzkafr;k¡A
SCI812. oSKkfud [kkstksa dh dgkfu;ksa ij ppkZ
djrs gSa vkSj mudk egRo le>rs gSaA
SCI813. i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk dk iz;kl djrs gSa]
tSls& lalk/kuksa dk foosdiw.kZ rjhdksa
ls mi;ksx] moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk’kdksa
dk fu;af=r mi;ksx] i;kZoj.kh; [krjksa
ls fuiVus ds lq>ko nsrs gSa] vkfnA
SCI814. jpukRedrk dk izn’kZu djrs gSa & fMtkbu
cukus] ;kstuk cukus ,oa miyC/k lalk/kuksa
dk mi;ksx djus esAa
SCI815. ewY;ksa tSls & bZekunkjh] oLrqfu"Brk]
lg;ksx] Hk; ,oa iwokZxgz ksa ls eqfDr
tSls xq.kksa dks iznf’kZr djrs gSaA
fo"k;&lwph
v/;k; ikB dk uke LOs
1- vkdk'k n'kZu SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI809,SCI814
2- la'ysf"kr js'ks vkSj IykfLVd SCI801,SCI802,SCI803,SCI811
3- ok;q SCI804,SCI805,SCI810,SCI813
4- jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ &
dc vkSj dSlh&dSlh SCI801,SCI803,SCI806,SCI809
5- /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡ SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI805,SCI806
6- dkcZu SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI810
7- 'kjhj dh jpukRed ,oa
dk;kZRed bdkbZ&dksf'kdk SCI801,SCI802,SCI808,SCI809,SCI812
8- lw{etho& ,d vn~Hkqr lalkj SCI801,SCI803,SCI804,SCI806,
SCI809,SCI812
9- izdk'k dk viorZu SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI807,
SCI809,SCI810
10- /ofu SCI801,SCI804,SCI809,SCI810
11- fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko SCI801,SCI803,SCI804,SCI805,SCI809,
SCI810,SCI811,SCI814
12- ÅtkZ ds lzkrs SCI801,SCI802,SCI805,SCI809,SCI810,
SCI812,SCI814
13- [kk| mRiknu ,oa izca/ku SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI805,SCI813
14- ?k"kZ.k SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI805,SCI811,
SCI814
15- fdruk Hkkstu] dSlk Hkkstu SCI801,SCI802,SCI803,SCI804,SCI805,
SCI811
16- dqN lkekU; jksx SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI805,SCI811,
SCI815
17- fd'kksjkoLFkk SCI801,SCI802,SCI803,SCI804,SCI805,
SCI809,SCI811,SCI815
mnkgjk.kkFkZ :fczDl
21
1 vkdk’k n'kZu (SKY VISION)
ge ftl xzg ij jgrs gaS] mls i`Foh dgrs gaSA fnu esa gesa vkdk’k esa lw;Z fn[kk;h nsrk
gSA vkb,] ns[ksa& D;k vkdk’k esa lw;Z ds vykok vkSj dqN Hkh gS \
1-1 vkdk’k esa vkSj D;k&D;k gS \ (WHAT IS THERE IN THE SKY?)
fdlh ,slh va/ksjh jkr esa vkdk’k dks ns[ksa tc ckny u gksaA vkidks cgqr lkjs rkjs
fn[kk;h nsaxsA buesa ls dqN vf/kd pedhys rFkk dqN /kq¡/kys gksaxsA dqN cM+s gksaxs dqN NksVsA
etsnkj ckr ;g gS fd brus NksVs fn[kus okys ;s rkjs gekjh i`Foh ls Hkh dbZ xquk cM+s gaS vkSj
dqN rks lw;Z ls Hkh dbZ xquk cM+s gSAa vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd ;s rkjs gesa brus NksVs D;ksa fn[kk;h
nsrs gSa\ vkb,] bls le>asA
fØ;kdyki (ACTIVITY ) -1
leku vkdkj dh nks QqVckWy ysaA eSnku esa tkdj mUgsa ,d nwljs ls de ls de 50&80
ehVj nwj j[ksaA vc yxHkx 30 ehVj nwj tkdj mUgas ,d rjQ ls bl izdkj ns[ksa fd nksuksa ckWy
rFkk vki ,d ljy js[kk esa gksaA vc nksuksa ckWyksa ds vkdkj dks /;ku ls ns[ksaA D;k nksuksa ckWyksa
dk vkdkj leku utj vkrk gS\ dksbZ oLrq gels ftruh nwj fLFkr gksrh gS mldk vkdkj gesa
mruk gh NksVk utj vkrk gSA vc vki le> x, gksxa s fd okLro esa brus cM+s rkjs gesa brus NksVs
D;ksa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAa
/;ku ls ns[kus ij gesa vkdk’k esa rkjksa tSls dqN vU; fi.M Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA tks
fVefVekrs izrhr ugha gksrs] ;s xzg gSa tks gekjh i`Foh dh gh rjg lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSaA
dHkh&dHkh vkdk’k esa dqN {k.kksa ds fy, izdk’k dh ,d pedhyh js[kk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA okLro
esa ;s tyrs gq, mYdk fi.M gSaA bl rjg gekjh i`Foh rFkk vU; xzg] lw;Z rFkk panzek] mYdk
fi.M vkfn feydj vkdk'k xaxk dh jpuk djrs gSaA vkb,] buds ckjs esa dqN vkSj tkusaA
1-2 rkjs ,oa rkjk e.My (STARS AND THE STAR WORLD)
vkdk’k esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys fi.Mksa esa rkjs lcls vkd"kZd gSaA ;s ,sls
[kxksyh; fiaM gSa tks yxkrkj izdk’k ,oa Å"ek mRlftZr djrs gSaA lw;Z] i`Foh
dk fudVre rkjk gSA fnu ds le; vkdk'k esa lw;Z ds izdk'k ds dkj.k vU;
rkjs fn[kkbZ ugha nsrsA
vf/kdka'k rkjs i`Foh ls bruh vf/kd nwjh ij gSa fd muds izdk'k dks i`Foh
rd igq¡pus esa yk[kksa o"kZ yx ldrs gSaA rkjksa dh nwfj;k¡ izdk'ko"kZ esa n'kkZ;h tkrh gSaA
izdk'k yxHkx 3 yk[k fdyksehVj izzfr lsd.M dh pky ls ,d o"kZ esa ftruh nwjh r; djrk gS]
mls izdk'k o"kZ dgrs gSaA vr% izdk'k o"kZ nwjh dk ek=d gSA bldk eku 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 300000
fdyksehVj ds cjkcj vFkkZr~ yxHkx 9460800000000 km;k 9-46 x1012 km gSA
2 foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh d{kk 8
i`Foh ls lw;Z yxHkx 15,00,00,000 km ¼iUnzg djksM+

/kqoz rkjk fdeh½ nwj gSA lw;Z dss izdk'k dks i`Foh rd igq¡pus esa yxHkx 8-3
(Pole feuV le; yxrk gS blfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd i`Foh ls lw;Z
Star) yxHkx 8-3 izdk'k feuV nwj gSA lw;Z ds ckn i`Foh ds lcls fudV
dk rkjk ^^vYQk lsaVkWjh** gS tks yxHkx 4-3 izdk'k o"kZ nwj gSA
lcls pedhyk rkjk ^^lkbjl** i`Foh ls yxHkx 8-7 izdk'k o"kZ nwj
gSA vkdk'k esa vufxur rkjs fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA /;ku ls ns[kus ij
vkidks rkjksa dh ,d /kq¡/kyh iêh mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj fn[kk;h
nsxh bls vkdk'k xaxk dgrs gSaA czãk.M esa rkjksa ds ,sls dbZ lewg
vFkkZr~ dbZ vkdk'k xaxk,a gSaA gekjh vkdk'k xaxk czãk.M dh bu
fp= 1-1 /kqzorkjs dh fLFkfr yk[kksa vkdk'k xaxkvksa esa ls ,d gSA blh vkdk'k xaxk esa gekjk
( Position of Pole Star)
lkSj ifjokj fLFkr gSA
lw;Z lfgr lHkh rkjs fdlh u fdlh [kxksyh; fiaM ;k fiaM lewg dh rhoz xfr ls ifjØek
dj jgs gaSA fdUrq vR;f/kd nwjh ij fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k buds chp dh nwjh esa gksus okys ifjorZu
dk cks/k gesa ugha gks ikrkA
ge tkurs gSa fd i`Foh vius v{k ds pkjkas vksj if'pe
ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kwe jgh gS tcfd rkjs gesa iwoZ ls if'pe dh (Pole Star)
vksj xfr djrs izrhr gksrs gSaA fdUrq mŸkj fn'kk eas fLFkr ,d
rkjk gesa fLFkj izrhr gksrk gSA bls ge /kzqo rkjs ds uke ls
tkurs gSAa i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu v{k ij fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k /kzqo rkjs
dh fLFkfr i`Foh ds fdlh Hkh LFkku ds lkis{k ugha cnyrh
fn[kk;h nsrhA yEcs le; ls fn'kk Kkr djus ds fy, /kqzo rkjs
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gS ¼fp= 1-1½A
/;ku ls ns[kus ij gesa (Big Saptarishi)
rkjksa ds dqN ,sls lewg fn[kkbZ

nsrs gSa tks fo'ks"k vkd`fr dk fp= 1-2 o`gr lIrf"kZ (Big saptarishi)
vkHkkl nsrs gSaA rkjksa ds ,sls lewgksa dks rkjkeaMy dgrs gSaA
fdlh rkjkeaMy ds lHkh rkjs lnSo lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSaA vr%
rkjkeaMy dh vkd`fr Hkh lnSo leku gksrh gSA gekjs iwot Z ksa us
vkd`fr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij bUgsa dqN uke fn, gSa tSl&s o`gr&lIrf"kZ ;k
mlkZ estj] y?kq lIrf"kZ ;k mlkZ ekbuj rFkk e`x ;k vksjk;u
¼Orion½A
vklkuh ls igpkus tkus okys rkjkeaMyksa esa o`gr&lIrf"kZ
fp= 1-3 e`x rkjkeaMy
(Orion/Hunter or Kalpurush)
rkjkeaMy ,d gSA bls fcx fMij Hkh dgrs gSaA bl rkjkeaMy
vkdk'k n'kZu 3
esa cgqr ls rkjs gSaA ftuesa ls lkr lokZf/kd pednkj rkjs cM+h djNqy ;k iz'u fpUg tSlh
vkd`fr cukrs gSa ¼fp= 1-2½ A
buesa ls rhu djNqy ds gS.My esa gSa rFkk pkj dVksjs esaA djNqy ds 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr nks
rkjs ladsrd rkjs dgykrs gSaA budks feykus okyh js[kk /kqzo rkjs dh vksj ladsr djrh gSA y?kq
lIrf"kZ esa Hkh vf/kd ped okys lkr izeq[k rkjs gksrs gSaA /kqzo rkjk blds gS.My ds fljs ij fLFkr
gksrk gSA
e`x ;k vksjk;u Hkh vkdk'k esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyk izeq[k rkjkeaMy gS ftlesa vU;
rkjkeaMyksa dh vis{kk vf/kd pedhys rkjs gksrs gSaA bl rkjkeaMy dh vkd`fr ,d f'kdkjh dh
rjg fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vr% bls dkyiq#"k ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ¼fp= 1-3½A
jkf= esa bu rkjke.Myksa dks igpkuus dk iz;kl djsa rFkk /kzqo rkjs dh fLFkfr dks tkusaA
buds mÙkj nhft, (ANSWER THESE)&
1- dbZ rkjs lw;Z ls cM+s gksus ij Hkh gesa lw;Z ls NksVs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA D;ksa \
2- ,d rkjk i`Foh ls 3-4 izdk'ko"kZ nwj gS bldk D;k vFkZ gS \
3- mÙkj fn'kk esa fLFkj izrhr gksus okys rkjs dks vki dSls [kkstsaxs \
1-3 xzg vc ukS ugha dsoy vkB (THERE ARE ONLY EIGHT PLANETS NOT NINE)&
xzg ,sls [kxksyh; fi.M gSa tks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSaA ;s rkjksa dh rjg Lo;a izdk'k
mRlftZr ugha djrsA fdUrq vius Åij iM+us okys lkSj izdk'k dks ijkofrZr djrs gSa blfy, ;s
rkjksa dh rjg pednkj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
cq/k ¼edZjh½] 'kqØ ¼ohul½] i`Foh ¼vFkZ½] eaxy ¼eklZ½] c`gLifr ¼tqfiVj½ ,oa 'kfu ¼lSVuZ½
dh [kkst izkphu [kxksyfonksa us dj yh Fkh D;ksafd ;s lkekU;r% vk¡[kksa ls ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
v#.k ¼;wjus l½] o#.k ¼usIP;wu½ vkSj ;e ¼IywVks½ dh [kkst nwjchu ds vkfo"dkj ds ckn dh tk
ldhA bl izdkj iwoZ esa lw;Z ds dqy ukS xzg ekus tkrs jgs gSAa izR;sd xzg vius fuf'pr iFk ¼d{kk½ ij
lw;Z dh ifjØek djrk gS ¼fp= 1-4½A ijUrq IywVks dks vius [kkst ds 76 o"kZ i'pkr~ fooknksa ds ?ksjs esa gksus
ds dkj.k xzgksa dh fcjknjh ls vyx dj fn;k x;kA bl izdkj vc xzg dqy vkB gh gaAS
lw;Z
(Sun) v#.k o#.k
cq/k 'kqØ i`Foh eaxy 'kfu (Neptune)
(Mars) c`gLifr (Saturn)
(Uranus)
(Mercury) (Venus) (Earth)
(Jupiter)
fp= 1-4 lkSj e.My (Solar System)

dqN xzgksa ds Kkr mixzg gSAa mixzg ,slk [kxksyh; fi.M gS] tks fdlh nwljs xzg dh ifjØek
djrk gSA panez k i`Foh dk izkd`frd mixzg gSA c`gLifr] 'kfu] o#.k tSls xzgksa ds ,d ls vf/kd
izkd`frd mixzg gSAa vkb,] xzgksa ds ckjs esa tkusa &
1-3-1 cq/k (MERCURY)&
;g lw;Z ds lcls lehi dk xzg gSA vf/kdka'k le; ;g lw;Z ds izdk'k
ds dkj.k fn[kk;h ugha nsrkA lw;Z ds fudV gksus ds dkj.k ;g vR;f/kd xeZ
gksrk gSA cq/k ds vf/kdka'k y{k.k tSls O;kl vkSj nzO;eku panzek ds yxHkx
leku gaSA panzek ds leku gh cq/k ij Hkh fdlh rjg dk ok;qe.My ugha gS rFkk
fp= 1-5 cq/k /kjkry pV~Vkuh ,oe~ ioZrh; gS ¼fp= 1-5½A bldk dksbZ Kkr mixzg ugha gSA
1-3-2 'kqØ (VENUS)&
;g lw;Z ls c<+rh nwjh ds Øe esa nwljk xzg gSA ftrus [kxksyh; fiaM gesa
fn[kk;h nsrs gSa mu lHkh esa 'kqØ lcls vf/kd pedhyk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA 'kqØ
ds pedhysiu dk dkj.k mldk ?kus cknyksa ls ;qä ok;qeaMy gSA tks vius
Åij iM+us okys lw;Z ds izdk'k ds yxHkx rhu& pkSFkkbZ Hkkx dks ijkofrZr dj
nsrk gSA lw;kZsn; ls dqN igys rFkk lw;kZLr ds rqjar ckn ;g f{kfrt ds ikl fp= 1-6 'kqØ
pedhys rkjs tSlk fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ;|fi ;g rkjk ugha gS] fQj Hkh bldh
ped ds dkj.k bls ^Hkksj dk rkjk* rFkk ^lka/; rkjk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk nzO;eku i`Foh
ds nzO;eku dk yxHkx 4 5 gS tcfd nksuksa dk O;kl yxHkx leku gSA 'kqØ dk viuk dksbZ
mixzg ugha gS ¼fp= 1-6½A
1-3-3 i`Foh (EARTH)&
lw;Z ls nwjh ds Øe esa i`Foh dk LFkku rhljk gS ¼fp= 1-7½A vc rd Kkr
xzgksa esa i`Foh ds vykok vU; fdlh xzg ij thou ugha gSA i`Foh] lw;Z dh
ifjØek 365-26 fnu esa iwjk djrh gSA mls vius v{k ij ,d iw.kZ ?kw.kZu esa 24
?kaVs yxrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k fnu vkSj jkr gksrs gaSA i`Foh vius v{k ij FkksM+h
>qdh gqbZ gS ftlds dkj.k _rq ifjorZu gksrs gSAa i`Foh dk ,d izkd`frd mixzg
fp= 1-7 i`Foh
panzek gSA panzek i`Foh dh ifjØek djus ds lkFk&lkFk i`Foh lfgr lw;Z dh
ifjØek Hkh djrk gSA ;g vius Åij iM+us okys lw;Z ds izdk'k dks gekjh vksj ijkofrZr dj
nsrk gSA ge panzek dk dsoy og Hkkx ns[k ikrs gSa tks gekjh vksj gksrk gSA
1-3-4 eaxy (MARS)&
lw;Z ls c<+rh nwjh ds Øe esa ;g vxyk xzg gSA ;g yky jax dk
fn[kk;h nsrk gS ¼fp= 1-8½A vr% bls yky xzg Hkh dgrs gSaA o"kZ ds vf/kdka'k
fnuksa esa ;g i`Foh ls fn[kk;h nsrk gSA eaxy dh f=T;k i`Foh dh f=T;k ds
fp= 1-8 eaxy
vkdk'k n'kZu 5
vk/ks ls dqN vf/kd gS] ysfdu bldk nzO;eku i`Foh ds nzO;eku dk 19 xquk gSA bl xzg esa ty
vkSj thou izkfIr ds dksbZ iq"V izek.k ugha feys gSaA fQj Hkh [kxksyfon~ bldh [kkst ds fy,
'kks/k dk;Z dj jgs gSaA blds nks izkd`frd mixzg gSaA
1-3-5 c`gLifr (JUPITER)&
lHkh xzgksa esa c`gLifr lcls cM+k gS ¼fp= 1-9½A bldk nzO;eku 'ks"k xzgksa
ds dqy nzO;eku ls Hkh vf/kd gSA lw;Z ls c`gLifr dh nwjh mlls igys pkj
xzgksa dh lw;Z ls nwfj;ksa dks tksM+us ls izkIr nwjh ls vf/kd gSA lw;Z ls bl rd
igq¡pus okyh Å"ek rFkk izdk'k dh ek=k i`Foh vkSj eaxy dh vis{kk de gSA
fdarq ;g xzg 'kqØ rFkk dHkh&dHkh eaxy ds vfrfjä vU; xzgksa dh rqyuk esa fp= 1-9 c`gLifr
vf/kd pednkj fn[kk;h nsrk gSA bldk dkj.k blds ?kus ok;qe.My }kjk vf/kdka'k izdk'k dks
ijkofrZr dj nsuk gSA c`gLifr ds 28 Kkr izkd`frd mixzg gSaA
1-3-6 'kfu (SATURN)&
lw;Z ls nwjh ds Øe esa ;g xzg 6osa LFkku ij gSA lw;Z ls bldh nwjh
c`gLifr dh nwjh ls yxHkx nksxquh gS ¼fp= 1-10½A nzO;eku vkSj lajpuk
esa ;g c`gLifr tSlk gh gS fdarq ;g c`gLifr dh rqyuk esa BaMk gSA blds
pkjksa vksj ik, tkus okys rhu oy;ksa ds dkj.k ;g vU; xzgksa ls vf/kd
lqanj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bu oy;ksa dks nwjchu dh lgk;rk ls ns[kk tk
fp= 1-10 'kfu ldrk gSA 'kfu ds Kkr mixzgksa dh la[;k 30 gSA
1-3-7 v#.k (URANUS)&
nwjchu dh lgk;rk ls [kkstk x;k ;g igyk xzg gS ¼fp= 1-11½A lw;Z
ls bldh nwjh 'kfu ls lw;Z dh nwjh dh yxHkx nksxquh gSA blds Kkr mixzgksa
dh la[;k 21 gSA fp= 1-11 v#.k
1-3-8 o#.k (NEPTUNE)&

lw;Z ls nwjh ds Øe esa ;g vkBoka xzg gSA blds mixzgksa dh la[;k 8 gSA
lw;Z ls vf/kd nwjh ds dkj.k ;g BaMk gS ¼fp= 1-12½A
;e ¼IywVks½ vc xzgksa dh fcjknjh ls ckgj D;kas \ fp= 1-12 o#.k

(PLUTO: WHY IS IT NOT A PLANET? )
lHkh xzgksa dh rqyuk esa lw;Z ls lokZf/kd nwjh ¼lw;Z ls i`Foh dh nwjh dk yxHkx 39-5 xquk½
ij fLFkr ;g fi.M vkdkj esa cgqr NksVk gSA lw;Z ls izdk'k dks bl rd igaqpus esa 32 ?k.Vs dk
le; yxrk gSA dbZ o"kksZa ls IywVks dks xzg ekus tkus ij fookn pyrk jgk gSA varr% 24 vxLr
lu~ 2006 dks varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksy foKku la?k dh izkx ¼psdksLyksokfd;k½ esa gqbZ cSBd us xzg dh
ifjHkk"kk fu/kkZfjr dhA muds vuqlkj xzg ml fi.M dks dgk tk;sxk &
1- tks lw;Z dk pDdj yxkrk gksA

2- ftlesa bruk nzO;eku gks fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k vkdkj xksy gksA
3- ftldk ifjØek iFk lkQ gksA
4- ftlesa vU; [kxksyh; fi.M ekStwn u gkasA
vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd IywVks xzg D;ksa ugha gS \
IywVks lw;Z dk pDdj vo'; yxkrk gS ijUrq NksVk vkSj de nzO;eku gksus ds dkj.k iw.kZr%
xksy ugha gSA nh?kZo`Rrkdkj ¼yxHkx vaMkdkj½ d{kk esa pDdj yxkus ds nkSjku og usIP;wu dh
d{kk dks dkVrs gq, Hkhrj pyk vkrk gSA blds vykok vU; xzg yxHkx ,d gh ry esa lw;Z dh
ifjØek djrs gSa tcfd IywVks buls yxHkx 170 dk dks.k cukrk gSA bu lc dkj.kksa ls mls xzgksa
dh fcjknjh ls ckgj dj fn;k x;k vkSj bls okeu xzg dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA
buds mÙkj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&
1- nh x;h tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij xzgksa dh igpku dhft,&

¼d½ lcls cM+k xzg
¼[k½ xzg ftl ij thou gS
¼x½ lcls pedhyk xzg
¼?k½ yky xzg
¼p½ nwjchu }kjk [kkstk x;k igyk xzg
¼N½ rhu oy;ksa okyk xzg
¼t½ vkB mixzgksa okyk xzg
vki tkurs gSa fd lkSj ifjokj esa lw;Z ds vfrfjDr dbZ xzg rFkk dqN vU; [kxksyh;
fi.M Hkh gSaA vkb,] bu [kxksyh; fi.Mksa ds fo"k; esa tkusa&
1-4 xzfgdk,¡ (ASTEROIDS)&
eaxy vkSj c`gLifr dh d{kkvksa ds chp ik, tkus okys NksVs&NksVs fi.M tks lw;Z dh
ifjØek dj jgs gaSA xzfgdk,¡ ;k {kqnz xzg dgykrs gaS ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd xzfgdk,¡ nzO; ds
os [k.M gSa tks fdlh dkj.k xzg dk :i ugha ys ik,A
1-5 /kwedsrq ¼iqPNy rkjk½ (COMETS)&
/kwedsrq vR;f/kd NksVs [kxksyh; fi.M gSa tks lw;Z dh ifjØek
djrs gSaA bUgsa ge rHkh ns[k ldrs gSa tc ;s lw;Z ds cgqr ikl gksrs gSaA
budk fo'ks"k y{k.k gS ,d NksVk pednkj 'kh"kZ vkSj mlds ihNs yach
iw¡NA /kwedsrq dh iw¡N lnSo lw;Z ls foijhr fn'kk esa gh jgrh gSA /kwedsrq
izk;% ,d fuf'pr le;kof/k ds ckn ckj&ckj izdV gksrs gSaA gsyh dk fp= 1-13 /kwedsrq
vkdk'k n'kZu 7
/kwedsrq ,slk gh /kwedsrq gS tks 76 o"kZ ckn izdV gksrk gSA bls fiNyh ckj lu~ 1986 esa ns[kk x;k
¼fp= 1-13½A
1-6 mYdk,¡ ,oe~ mYdk fiaM (METEORS AND METEORITES)&
va/ksjh jkr esa tc vkdk'k lkQ gks rc vkidks vkdk'k esa dHkh&dHkh izdk'k dh pednkj /kkjh
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA dqN yksx bUgsa ^VwVrs rkjs* dgrs gSaA okLro esa ;s rkjs ugha gSa ;s mYdk,¡ gSaA
mYdk ,d NksVk vkdk'kh; fi.M gksrk gS tks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrk jgrk gSA tc ;g fi.M
i`Foh ds ok;qeaMy esa cgqr rhoz xfr ls izos'k djrk gS rc ?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k ty tkrk gS vkSj
izdk'k dh ,d pednkj /kkjh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA dqN mYdk,¡ ok;qeaMy esa iwjh rjg ugha ty ikrh
gSa] rFkk mudk dqN Hkkx i`Foh ij fcuk tys fxj tkrk gSA mYdk ds bu fcuk tys fi.Mksa dks
mYdk fiaM dgrs gaSA
lkSj e.My esa fofHkUu xzg ,oa mixzg vius&vius ifjiFk esa ,d&nwljs dh xfr ,oa ekxZZ
esa vojks/k igq¡pk, fcuk djksM+ksa o"kksZa ls fujarj lw;Z dh ifjdzek dj jgsa gSaA D;k gekjk O;ogkj
Hkh blh rjg dk gS\ D;k ge vius leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk mUgsa fcuk uqdlku igq¡pk,
leUo; LFkkfir dj 'kkafriw.kZ thou th jgs gSa\
gesa bl ij fopkj djuk pkfg, rkfd leqnk; ds lHkh lnL; 'kkafriwoZd thou th ldasaA
1- fuEu ds ckjs esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa (Give short notes on)&
¼d½ os vkdk'kh; fiaM tks fdlh dkj.k xzg dk :i ugha ys ik,A
¼[k½ og vkdk'kh; fiaM ftldh yEch pednkj iw¡N gksrh gSA
2- mYdk vkSj mYdk fiaM esa varj Li"V djsaA
geus lh[kk (WE HAVE LEARNT)&
rkjs ,sls [kxksyh; fi.M gaS tks Lo;a Å"ek rFkk izdk'k mRlftZr djrs gaSA lw;Z Hkh
,d rkjk gS A
vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa ds chp dh nwjh izdk'k o"kZ ek=d esa ekih tkrh gSA
rkjk e.My] rkjksa ds ,sls lewg gSa tks fdlh fo'ks"k vkd`fr dk vkHkkl nsrs gSaA
xzg ,sls [kxksyh; fi.M gSa tks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSaA
mixzg ,sls [kxksyh; fi.M gSa tks fdlh xzg dh ifjØek djrs gSaA
lkSj ifjokj xzgksa] muds mixzgksa] xzfgdkvksa] /kwedsrqvksa] mYdkvksa rFkk mYdk
fi.Mksa ls feydj cuk gSA
lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjØek djus okys Kkr xzg gSa&
cq/k] 'kqØ] i`Foh] eaxy] c`gLifr] 'kfu] v#.k] o#.kA
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)&
1- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)&

¼d½ rkjksa dh fo'ks"k vkd`fr ds lewg dks &&&&&&&& dgk tkrk gSA
¼[k½ og fi.M tks fdlh xzg dh ifjØek djrk gS &&&&&&&& dgykrk gSA
¼x½ lcls BaMk xzg &&&&&&&& gSA
¼?k½ &&&&&&&& rkjk mÙkj fn'kk esa fLFkj izrhr gksrk gSA
¼³½ &&&&&&&& rkjk eaMy dh vkd`fr ,d f'kdkjh dh rjg fn[kk;h nsrh gSA
2- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct alternative)&
1- lw;Z ds lcls fudV dk xzg gS&
¼d½ 'kqØ ¼[k½ cq/k ¼x½ c`gLifr ¼?k½ i`Foh
2- {kqnz xzg ik, tkrs gS]a fuEu nks xzgksa dh d{kkvksa ds chp&
¼d½ eaxy vkSj c`gLifr ¼[k½ 'kfu vkSj c`gLifr
¼x½ 'kqØ vkSj c`gLifr ¼?k½ i`Foh vkSj eaxy
3- fuEu esa ls fdl xzg ds mixzg ugha gS& a
¼d½ eaxy ¼[k½ v#.k
¼x½ cq/k ¼?k½ o#.k
4- buesa ls dkSu lkSj ifjokj dk lnL; ugha gS&
¼d½ xzfgdk,¡ ¼[k½ xzg
¼x½ mixzg ¼?k½ rkjke.My
5- rkjkeaMy ugha gS&
¼d½ mlkZ estj ¼[k½ mlkZ ekbuj
¼x½ vksjk;u ¼?k½ gsyh
3- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, (Answer the following questions)&
1- lw;Z gesa lcls cM+k vkSj lcls pednkj D;ksa fn[kk;h nsrk gS\S
2- /kzoq rkjk gesa fLFkj izrhr D;ksa gksrk gS \
3- mlkZ estj rFkk vksjk;u esa fofHkUu rkjksa dh fLFkfr dk fp= cukb,A
4- 'kqØ lw;Z dk fudVre xzg ugha gS] fQj Hkh ;g lokZf/kd pedhyk xzg D;ksa gS\
5- /kzoq rkjs dks vki fdl izdkj igpkusx a As
6- lw;Z ls nwjh ds Øe esa lkSj ifjokj ds lHkh xzgksa ds uke fyf[k,A
bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THESE ALSO)&
1- fu;fer :i ls vkdk'k dk voyksdu dj fuEu vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa dks igpkuus dk

iz;kl djs&
a
¼d½ 'kqØ ¼lokZf/kd pednkj½
¼[k½ eaxy ¼yky½
¼x½ c`gLifr ¼lokZf/kd cM+k vkSj pednkj½
¼?k½ 'kfu ¼ihyk½
¼³½ lIrf"kZ vkSj /kzoq rkjk
2- i=&if=dkvksa ls vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa dh jkspd tkudkfj;ksa dks ,d= dj viuh
ladyu iqfLrdk esa yxk,aA
2 la'ysf"kr js'ks vkSj IykfLVd
(SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS)
ge tkurs gSa fd tks diM+s ge igurs gSa os izkd`frd ;k d`f=e lzkrs ksa ls
izkIr js'kksa ls cuk, tkrs gSAa js'kksa dk mi;ksx fofo/k izdkj dh ?kjsyw oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkh
fd;k tkrk gSA js'kksa ls cuh gqbZ oLrqvksa dh lwph cukb, vkSj mUgsa izkd`frd vkSj d`f=e js'kksa ls
cuh oLrqvksa esa oxhZdr` dj lkj.kh&2-1 esa fyf[k, A
lkj.kh&2-1 izkd`frd vkSj Ñf=e js'ks (Natural and Synthetic fibres)
Ø- oLrq dk uke js'ks dk izdkj ¼izkÑfrd@Ñf=e½

(S.No.) (Name of article) [Type of fibre (Natural /Synthetic)]
1- Ckksjk izkÑfrd
2- --------------------------- -------------------------------------------
3- --------------------------- -------------------------------------------
4 --------------------------- -------------------------------------------
5 --------------------------- -------------------------------------------
vkius ns[kk fd dqN oLrq,¡ izkd`frd js'kksa ls rFkk dqN d`f=e js'kksa ls curh gSAa d`f=e js'ks
euq"; }kjk fofHkUu jklk;fud inkFkksaZ ls cuk, tkrs gSAa blfy, bUgsa d`f=e ;k la'ysf"kr ;k ekuo
fufeZr js'ks dgrs gSAa
js;kWu] uk;ykWu] MsØkWu] Vsjy
s hu] Mjou vkfn la'ysf"kr js'ks gSAa la'ysf"kr js'kksa ls cus oL=
vR;f/kd fVdkÅ gksrs gSAa buesa fldqMu+ ugha vkrh] ;s cgqr tYnh lw[k tkrs gSa rFkk bUgsa bLrjh
djus dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA
vkius fo'ks"k voljksa ij yksxksa dks tjh yxs oL= igus ns[kk gksxk]
tjh rk¡cs ds rkj ij lksus ;k pk¡nh dh ijr p<+k dj cuk;h tkrh gSA
2-1 la'ysf"kr js'ks D;k gSa \ (What are synthetic fibres?)
vkius eksfr;ksa dh ekyk ns[kh gksxhA ftl izdkj ekyk esa

/kkxs ls tqM+s eudksa ds dkj.k mldh cukoV ,d lh fn[kk;h nsrh fp=&2-1 la'ysf"kr js'ks dh
gS ,sls gh la'ysf"kr js'ks Hkh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;ksa dks tksM+dj cuk;h NksVh&NksVh bdkb;k¡ ds
x;h ,d Ükà[kyk gS ¼fp=&2-1½A ftldh izR;sd NksVh bdkbZ ,d leku eksrh dh ekyk
jklk;fud inkFkZ gSA bl izdkj dh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;k¡ feydj (Bead joined to
form long chain)
,d cM+h bdkbZ cukrh gSa tks cgqyd ¼ikWyhej½ dgykrh gSA
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh d{kk 8 10
Ckgqyd izdf` r esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSa mnkgj.k ds fy, dikl ,d cgqyd gS tks lsyy q kst
dgykrk gSA lsyy q kst cM+h la[;k esa Xywdkst bdkb;ksa ls curk gSA jcj] js'ke] ydM+h vkfn Hkh
cgqyd gSAa blh izdkj euq";ksa }kjk dkj[kkuksa esa cuk, x, IykfLVd ikbi] cksrys]a ckfYV;k¡ vkfn
Hkh cgqyd ls curs gSAa
2-2 la'ysf"kr js'kksa ds izdkj (Types of Synthetic Fibres)&
¼d½ js;kWu (Rayon)
vki tkurs gSa fd js'ke] js'ke dhV ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA blls cus
dIkM+s dh cqukoV cgqr lqUnj gksrh gS rFkk ;g cgqr eg¡xk gksrk gSA blfy,
js'ke dks d`f=e :Ik ls cukus ds iz;kl fd, x,A 19oha 'krkCnh esa oSKkfudksa us
js'ke ds leku xq.k okys js'ks izkIr djus esa lQyrk ikbZA ftls js;kWu ;k d`f=e
js'ke dgk tkrk gSA ;g dk"B yqxnh ds jklk;fud mipkj ls izkIr ekuo fufeZr
js'kk gS tks js'ke ls lLrk gksrk gSA js;kWu esa dikl feykdj pknjsa vFkok Åu feykdj xyhps
cuk;s tkrs gSAa
¼[k½ ukbykWu (Nylon)
;g Hkh ekuo fufeZr js'kk gSA bls cukus esa fdlh izkd`frd dPps eky ¼ikS/ks ;k tarq ls
izkIr½ dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k vr% ;g izFke iw.kZ :Ik ls la'ysf"kr js'kk FkkA ;g etcwr]
gYdk] izR;kLFk vkSj pedhyk js'kk gS tks /kqykbZ esa vklkuh ds dkj.k diM+kas ds fuekZ.k esa
vR;f/kd izpfyr gSAS bldh etcwrh ds dkj.k iSjk'kwV] jLlh] ekst]s cz'k] ijns vkfn cukus esa
bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼x½ ikWfy,LVj (Polyester)
;g Hkh ,d la'ysf"kr js'kk gSA bl js'ks ls cus diM+kas ij flyoVsa ugha iM+rha vkSj ;s
ljyrk ls /kqy tkrs gSAa Vsjhyhu ,d yksdfiz; ikWfy,LVj gSA blds cgqr eghu js'ks [khaps tk
ldrs gSAa blh izdkj isV (PET) ,d ,slk ikWfy,LVj gS] ftldk mi;ksx cksrys]a crZu] fQYe]
rkj ,oa vU; mi;ksxh lkexzh cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ikWfy,LVj ¼ikWfy$,LVj½ okLro esa ,d jlk;u ,LVj dh bdkb;ksa dh iqujko`fr ls curk
gS vFkkZr~ ikWfy,LVj] ,LVj dk cgqyd gSA blls cus diM+s ikWfydkWV] ikWfyowy] VsjhdkWV vkfn
ukeksa ls csps tkrs gSAa ikWfydkWV] ikWfy,LVj vkSj dikl dk feJ.k gS tcfd ikWfyowy] ikWfy,LVj
vkSj Åu dkA
¼?k½ ,sfØfyd (Acrylic)
ge lfnZ;ksa esa LosVj] 'kky] dEcy vkfn dk mi;ksx djrs gSAa buesa ls dqN izkd`frd Åu
ls ugha oju~ la'ysf"kr js'ks ls cus gksrs gSa tks ,sfØfyd dgykrk gSA blls cus oL= vis{kkd`r lLrs
gksrs gSAa la'ysf"kr js'ks vf/kd fVdkÅ rFkk igq¡p ds Hkhrj gksus ds dkj.k vf/kd yksdfiz; gaAS
2-3 la'ysf"kr js'kksa ds xq.k/keZ (Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres)
vkius izkd`frd ,oa d`f=e js'kksa dks tyk dj ns[kus okyk fØ;kdyki t:j fd;k gksxkA
vkius ns[kk gksxk fd d`f=e js'ks xeZ djus ij fi?ky tkrs gSa] ;g budk ,d gkfudkjd xq.k
gSA ;fn bu diM+ksa esa vkx yx tkrh gS rc ;s fi?ky dj iguus okys O;fDr ds 'kjhj ls fpid
tkrs gaSA
fØ;kdyki (Activity) -1
leku vkdkj vkSj yxHkx leku eksVkbZ okys diM+s ds nks VqdM+s yhft, ftuesa ls ,d
izkd`frd js'kksa ls cuk rFkk nwljk la'ysf"kr js'kksa ls cuk gksA nksuksa VqdM+kas dks nks vyx&vyx
fxyklksa esa fHkxkb,] /;ku jgs fd nksuksa fxyklksa esa cjkcj ek=k esa ikuh Hkjk gksA ik¡p feuV ckn
nksuksa diM+kas dks fxykl ls fudkydj /kwi esa QSykb,A nksuksa fxyklksa esa cps ikuh ds vk;ru dh
ijLij rqyuk dhft,A
• nksuksa izdkj ds diM+kas esa ls fdl diM+s izkd`frd@d`f=e }kjk de ikuh lks[kk x;k\
• ftl diM+s }kjk de ikuh lks[kk x;k og nwljs diM+s dh rqyuk esa tYnh lw[kk ;k nsj ls\
• bl fØ;kdyki ds vk/kkj ij d`f=e js'kksa ls cus diM+kas ds nks xq.k fyf[k,A
vius ekrk&firk vkSj vU; cqtx
q ks@
aZ cM+kas ls izkd`frd js'kksa ls cus diM+kas rFkk d`f=e js'kksa
ls cus diM+kas ds fVdkÅiu] etcwrh] ewY;] j[kj[kko vkfn ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh ,d= dj rqyuk
dhft,A
buds mRrj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&
1- dqN js'ks la'ysf"kr js'ks D;ksa dgykrs gaS \

2- jlksb?Z kj esa dke djrs le; la'ysf"kr js'kksa ls cus diM+s ugha iguuk pkfg, D;ksa \
3- NksVh&NksVh bdkb;k¡ feydj cgqyd cukrh gSa mnkgj.k }kjk le>kb,A
2-4 IykfLVd (Plastics)
fØ;kdyki (Activity) -2
vkids }kjk izfrfnu dke esa vkus okyh IykfLVd dh oLrqvksa vkSj muds
mi;ksxksa dh lwph cukdj lkj.kh&2-2 esa fyf[k,A
lkj.kh&2-2 IykfLVd ls cuh oLrq,a vkSj muds mi;ksx (ARTICLES MADE OF PLASTIC AND THEIR USES)
Ø- IykfLVd dh oLrq dk uke mi;ksx
(S.No.) (Name of Plastic articles) (Uses)
1- fMCck phtksa dks j[kus esa
2- da?kh
3- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------
4 ---------------------- ------------------------------------------
vius ns[kk ge vius nSfud thou esa IykfLVd ls cuh dbZ oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSAa vkb,]
vc IykfLVd ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd tkusAa
la'ysf"kr js'kksa dh rjg IykfLVd Hkh ,d
fp=&2-2¼d½ js[kh;
cgqyd gSA lHkh rjg ds IykfLVd esa
mudh bdkb;ksa dh O;OkLFkk ,d gh izdkj O;oLFkk,¡
( Linear)
dh ugha gksrh gSA ;g js[kh; ;k fr;Zdc)
gksrh gS ¼fp=&2-2½ IykfLVd dh oLrq,¡
vyx&vyx vkdkjksa ,oa lkbt esa feyrh fp=&2-2¼[k½fr;Zdc)
gSa D;ksfa d IykfLVd dks vklkuh ls lk¡ps esa O;oLFkk,¡
<ky dj dksbZ Hkh vkdkj fn;k tk ldrk ( Cross linked
gS ¼fp=&2-3½A IykfLVd dk iqu% pØ.k arrangements)
Hkh gks ldrk gSA bls jaxk ;k fi?kyk;k tk
ldrk gS] bls csydj pn~njksa esa cnyk tk
ldrk gS vFkok bldh rkjsa cuk;h tk ldrh gSAa blfy, blds brus izdkj ds mi;ksx gSAa
ikWfyFkhu ¼ikWfy$,Fkhu½ IykfLVd dk gh ,d mnkgj.k gS] tks ikWfyFkhu FkSfy;k¡ cukus ds dke
esa vkrk gSA
fØ;kdyki&3 (Activity 3)
dqN vuqi;ksxh IykfLVd dh oLrq,¡ ysdj fuEufyf[kr fØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij vius

voyksduksa dks lkj.kh 2-3 esa n'kkZb,A
lkj.kh (Table)&2-3
Ø- IykfLVd dh oLrq eksM+us ij vklkuh ls eqM+ xbZ@ xeZ djus ij fod`r gks xbZ@
VwV xbZ@dqN ugha gqvk fi?ky xbZ@dqN ugha gqvk
(S.No.) (Plastic articles) (On forcing, Bends easily/ breaks/ no effect) (On heating, Deformed/melts/no effect)
1 -------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

2- -------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
3- -------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
vkius ns[kk fd dqN oLrq,¡ xeZ djus ij vklkuh ls eqM+ tkrh gSa vkSj fod`r gks tkrh gSaA
,slk IykfLVd FkeksIZ ykfLVd dgykrk gSA blds mnkgj.k
gS&
a ikWfyFkhu vkSj ih-oh-lh- (PVC) budk mi;ksx f[kykSu]s
da?kh] crZu vkfn cukus esa gksrk gSA
dqN oLrq,¡ ,sls IykfLVd ls Hkh cuh gksrh gSa
ftUgsa ,d ckj lk¡ps esa <ky fn;k tkrk gS rks bUgsa xeZ
dj ueZ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s IykfLVd FkeksZlsfVax
IykfLVd dgykrs gaS mnkgj.k&cSdy s kbV vkSj esykekbuA
cSdsykbV Å"ek vkSj fo|qr dk dqpkyd gksrk gS blfy,
;g fctyh ds fLop] crZuksa ds gRFks vkfn cukus ds dke
esa vkrk gSA esykekbu ,d cgqi;ksxh inkFkZ gS ;g vkx
dk izfrjks/kd gS rFkk vU; IykfLVd dh vis{kk Å"ek dks fp=&2-3 IykfLVd dh cuh oLrq,¡
(Things made of plastics)
lgus dh vf/kd {kerk j[krk gSA bldk mi;ksx Q'kZ
dh Vkbysa] jlksbZ ds crZu] vfXu izfrjks/kd diM+s vkfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Vs¶ykWu ,d fof'k"V IykfLVd gS] ftl ij rsy vkSj ty ugha fpidrk blfy, Hkkstu
idkus okys ik=ksa ij u fpidus okyh ijr yxkus ds dke esa vkrk gSA
2-5 IykfLVd ds vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.k (Characteristics of Plastics)&
IykfLVd dk mi;ksx ge twrs] pIiy ls ysdj QuhZpj cukus rd esa djrs gSaA [kk+us dh
phtsa j[kus ds fy, Hkh ge IykfLVd ls cus ik=ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA lksfp,] bldk bruk
vf/kd mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\
vkb,] IykfLVd ds vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.kksa dks tkusa&
¼d½ IykfLVd vuvfHkfØ;k'khy gS (Plastic is non-reactive)&
IykfLVd ty rFkk ok;q ls vfHkfØ;k ugha djrs budk la{kkj.k vklkuh ls ugha gksrk
blfy, budk mi;ksx fofHkUu izdkj ds inkFkksaZ rFkk jlk;uksa dks j[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
¼[k½ IykfLVd gYdk rFkk etcwr gksrk gS (Plastic is light, strong and durable)&
IykfLVd gYdk rFkk izcy gksrk gS] blfy, buls cuh oLrqvksa dk Hkkj rFkk dher de
gksrh gS rFkk lkeF;Z vf/kd gksrk gS vkSj mi;ksx esa vklkuh gksrh gSA /kkrqvksa dh vis{kk gYds
gksus ds dkj.k budk mi;ksx ok;q;kuksa rFkk varfj{k;kuksa esa Hkh gksrk gSA
¼x½ IykfLVd dqpkyd gksrk gS (Plastics are poor conductors)&
;s Å"ek rFkk fo|qr ds dqpkyd gksrs gSa blfy, budk mi;ksx [kkuk cukus ds crZuksa ds
gRFks rFkk fctyh ds rkj dk doj cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2-6 IykfLVd vkSj Ik;kZoj.k (Plastics and the Environment)
vki tkurs gSa fd ge nSfud thou esa IykfLVd dh vusd phtksa] FkSfy;ksa vkfn dk
vR;f/kd mi;ksx djrs gSa ftlls gekjs ?kjksa esa IykfLVd dk dpjk bdÎk gksrk tkrk gSA tks
?kjksa ls fudydj lkoZtfud dwMs+nkuksa esa ;k ukfy;ks]a lM+dksa ds fdukjs] eSnkuksa esa bdÎk gks tkrk
gSA vr% IykfLVd dk fuLrkj.k ,d izeq[k leL;k cu xbZ gSA
vkius d{kk 6 esa tSo fuEuhdj.kh; rFkk tSo vfuEuhdj.kh; inkFkksZa ds ckjs esa i<+k gSA
os inkFkZ tks izkd`frd izfØ;k tSls lw{e thoksa vkfn dh fØ;k ls vi?kfVr gks tkrs gSaA tSo
fuEuhdj.kh; dgykrs gSa rFkk os inkFkZ tks izkd`frd izfØ;kvksa }kjk ljyrk ls vi?kfVr ugha
gksrs tSo vfuEuhdj.kh; dgykrs gSaA
IykfLVd dks vi?kfVr gksus esa dbZ o"kZ yxrs gaS blfy, ;g i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk dkj.k
cu x;k gSA ;fn bls tyk;k tkrk gS rc ;g Hkkjh ek=k esa fo"kSys /kq,¡ dks mRlftZr dj
i;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr djrk gSA lksfp,] bl leL;k dk lek/kku dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS \
dqN 'kgjksa rFkk xk¡oksa esa xzke iapk;r rFkk uxj
ikfydk,¡ dpjs dks ,d= djus ds fy, nks vyx&vyx
dwM+snku iznku djrh gSaA izk;% ,d dk jax uhyk rFkk nwljs
dk jax gjk gksrk gSA uhys dwM+snku esa iqu% mi;ksx fd, tk
ldus okys inkFkZ Mkys tkrs gSa] tSls&IykfLVd] /kkrq,¡ rFkk
dk¡pA os inkFkZ tks dwMs+ ds <sj esa vi?kfVr ugha gksrs] mUgsa
tSo vfuEuhdj.kh; ;k ukuck;ksfMxzsMscy dgrs gSaA gjs
dwMsn+ ku] jlksbZ ?kj rFkk vU; ikni vFkok tarq vif'k"Vksa dks
,d= djus ds fy, gksrs gSaA vki tkurs gSa os vif'k"V tks
feV~Vh esa nckus ij iw.kZr% vi?kfVr gks tkrs gSa] bUgsa tSo
fuEuhdj.kh; ;k ck;ksfMxzsMscy dgrs gSaA
dqN mik; ;s gks ldrs gSa&;Fkk laHko dikl o twV dh cuh FkSfy;ksa dk mi;ksxh
dhft,A IykfLVd ds mi;ksx ls cfp,A vif'k"V dks tSo fuEuhdj.kh; rFkk tSo vfuEuhdj.kh;
esa vyx dj fuLrkj.k djsaA IykfLVd vif'k"V dks iqu% pfØr fd;k tk ldrk gSA 4R fl)kar
dks ;kn jf[k,&mi;ksx de dfj, (Reduce), iqu% mi;ksx dfj, (Reuse), iqu% pfØr dfj,
(Recycle) vkSj iqu% izkIr dfj, (Recover)A Lo;a esa i;kZoj.k ds fgr gsrq vknrsa fodflr dhft,A

1- FkeksZIykfLVd rFkk FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd esa varj fyf[k,A
2- fo|qr Iyx FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd ls D;kas cuk, tkrs gSa \
3- IykfLVd i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk dkj.k gS \ dksbZ nks mnkgj.k }kjk le>kb,A
geus lh[kk (WE HAVE LEARNT)
• d`f=e js'ks euq"; }kjk fofHkUu jklk;fud fof/k;ksa ls cuk, tkrs gSa blfy, ;s
d`f=e ;k la'ysf"kr ;k ekuo fufeZr js'ks dgykrs gSaA
• la'ysf"kr js'ks esa jklk;fud inkFkZ dh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;k¡ feydj cM+h bdkbZ
cukrh gSa tks cgqyd ¼ikWyhej½ dgykrh gaSA
• lsYkqykst] jcj] js'ke] ydM+h vkfn izkd`frd cgqyd gaSA
• js;kWu] ukbykWu] ikWfy,LVj] ,sfØfyd vkfn d`f=e js'ks gSaA
• d`f=e js'ks xeZ djus ij fi?ky tkrs gSaA

• d`f=e js'kksa ls cus diM+ksa }kjk de ikuh lks[kk tkrk gS rFkk ;s tYnh lw[krs gSaA
• IykfLVd Hkh ,d cgqyd gS ftls vklkuh ls lkaps esa Mkydj eupkgk vkdkj fn;k tk
ldrk gSA
• IykfLVd dk iqu% pØ.k ,oa iqu% mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• IykfLVd dks vi?kfVr gksus esa dbZ Ok"kZ yxrs gSa vr% ;g Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk izeq[k
dkj.k gSA
• Lka'ysf"kr js'kksa vkSj IykfLVd dk mi;ksx bl izdkj djuk pkfg, ftlls ge muds xq.kksa
dk ykHk ys ldsa vkSj Ik;kZoj.k iznfw"kr u gksA
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)
1- mfpr fodYi pqudj fyf[k, (Choose the correct answer)&

(i) la'ysf"kr js'ks gaS &
¼d½ ikS/kksa ls izkIr js'ks ¼[k½ tUrqvksa ls izkIr js'ks
¼x½ jklk;fud inkFkksZa ls fufeZr js'ks ¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh A
(ii) daf?k;k¡ cukus esa iz;qDr IykfLVd gS &+
¼d½ FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd ¼[k½ FkeksZ IYkkfaaLVd
¼x½ d rFkk [k nksuksa ¼?k½ d rFkk [k nksukas ugha
(iii) vkx cq>kus okys deZpkfj;kssa ds oL+= cus gksrs gSa&
¼d½ Vs+¶ykWu ls ¼[k½ esykekbu IykfLVd ls
¼x½ cSdsykbV ls ¼?k½ FkeksZ IykfLVd ls
(iv) d`f=e js'ke gS&
¼d½ uk;ykWu ¼[k½ ikWfyLVj
¼x½ jss;kWu ¼?k½ ,ssfØfyd
(v) PET gS ,d izdkj dk &
¼d½ uk;ykWu ¼[k½ ikWfyLVj
¼x½ jss;kWu ¼?k½ ,ssfØfyd
2- dkWye d esa fn, inksa dks dkWye [k esa fn, x, okD;ksa ls feykb, &
dkWye d (Column A) dkWye [k (Column B)
js;kWu iSjk'kwV rFkk jLlh cukus ds fy,A
ukbykWu diM+ksa esa vklkuh ls flyoVsa ugha iM+rhA
FkeksZIykfLVd dk"B yqxnh dk mi;ksx dj rS;kj gksrk gSA
ikWfy,LVj Å"ek nsdj ueZ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd xeZ djus ij vklkuh ls eqM+ tkrs gSaA
3- ukbykWu js'kksa ls fufeZr ,slh 3 oLrqvksa ds uke fyf[k, tks ukbykWu js'ks dh izcyrk
n'kkZrh gksaA
4- [kk| inkFkksZa dks j[kus ds fy, PET ls cus ik=ksa ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k fyf[k,A
5- la'ysf"kr js'kksa dk vkS|ksfxd fuekZ.k ouksa ds laj{k.k esa lgk;d gS] le>kb,A
bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THIS ALSO)&
1- Hkkjr esa vyx&vyx ekSleksa esa igus tkus okys diM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij lkj.kh dks HkjsaA
ekS l e igus tkus okys diM+s ikni@tUrq@d`f=e js'ks ¼ftuls diM+s cus gSa½
(Season) (Clothes used/Worn) [Fibre obtained from (Plant/animal/artificial sources)]
Ckjlkr ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
B.M ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
xehZ ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------
2- yxHkx 60 lseh yEck lwrh /kkxk ysAa bls nhokj ij gqd ;k dhy ls bl izdkj ck¡/ksa fd og
Lora= :i ls yVd tk,A /kkxs ds Lora= fljs ij ,d ikWfyFkhu dh FkSyh bl izdkj ck¡/k nsa ftlesa ckV
;k dk¡p dh xksfy;k¡ j[kh tk ldsAa vc iyM+s esa ,d&,d dj ckV@xksfy;k¡ rc rd j[krs tk,a tc
rd fd /kkxk VwV u tk,A /kkxk VwVus ds fy, vko';d dqy Hkkj dks fy[k ysAa ;g Hkkj js'ks dh etcwrh
dks crkrk gSA ;gh izfØ;k lwrh /kkxs ds leku yEckbZ o eksVkbZ okys Åu] ikWfy,LVj] js'ke] dkslk]
ukbykWu vkfn miyC/k /kkxksa ds lkFk nksgjk,a rFkk izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks lkj.kh esa HkjsAa
Ø- /kkxs dk izdkj /kkxs dks rksMu+ s ds fy, vko';d dqy Hkkj
(S.No.) (Type of thread/fibre) (Total weight required to break the thread)
1- lwrh /kkxk ----------------------------------------------------------------

2- Åu ----------------------------------------------------------------
3- js'ke ----------------------------------------------------------------
4- dkslk ----------------------------------------------------------------
5- ukbykWu ----------------------------------------------------------------
6- ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
uksV & dk¡p dh xksfy;ksa dk mi;ksx djus ij ,d xksyh ds Hkkj ds vk/kkj ij dqy Hkkj dh
x.kuk dj ysAa
3- vius ?kj ds vklikl] 'kkyk] xk¡o@'kgj dks IykfLVd eqDr cukus ds fy, vfHk;ku pyk,a
rFkk leqnk; dks tkx:d djus ds fy, xfrfof/k;k¡ ,oa ukjs cuk,aA
3
21 ok;q (AIR)
ok;q gekjs pkjksa rjQ gSA bls ge ns[k rks ugha ldrs ij bldk vuqHko dj ldrs gSaA ;g
lthoksa ds fy, vko';d gS D;ksafd lkal fy, fcuk ge dqN feuV Hkh thfor ugha jg ldrsA
blds vykok i`Foh ds rkieku dk fu;a=.k] o"kkZ dk gksuk] chtksa dk ,d txg ls nwljh txg
igq¡puk vkfn dqN ,slh fØ;k,a gSa tks ok;q ds fcuk laHko ugha gSA vki Hkh ,slh gh dqN vU;
fØ;kvksa dh lwph viuh dkWih esa cukb,A
3-1 ok;qe.My (ATMOSPHERE)
ge i<+ pqds gSa fd ok;q feJ.k gSA vkb,] ns[ksa fd ok;q ds eq[; vo;o dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\
ok;q esa yxHkx 78 izfr'kr ukbVªkstu ¼N2½] 21 izfr'kr vkWDlhtu ¼O2½] 0-9 izfr'kr vkxZu
¼Ar½] 0-04 izfr'kr tyok"i] 0-03 izfr'kr dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM rFkk 'ks"k lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM
vkSj vU; xSlsa rFkk /kwy ds d.k mifLFkr gksrs gSaSA i`Foh dh lrg ls 16 ls 23 fdyksehVj dh
+Å¡pkbZ ij vkstksu ijr ik;h tkrh gSA vkstksu dk ,d v.kq ¼O3½ vkWDlhtu ds 3 ijek.kqvksa ls
feydj curk gSA ;g ijr gkfudkjd ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSA ftlls Ropk
ds dSUlj ls cpko gksrk gSA
buds mRrj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE) &
1- ok;q dkSu&dkSu lh xSlksa dk feJ.k gS \
2- vkstksu ijr D;k gS \ bldk egRo fyf[k, \
3- ok;qe.My esa dkSu lh xSlsa cgqrk;r esa ik;h tkrh gaS \
3-2 vkWDlhtu (OXYGEN)
ge lHkh vius nSfud thou esa vkWDlhtu ds egRo ls ifjfpr gaSA ;g ,d izk.knkf;uh
xSl gSA vkb,] bls cukus dh fof/k xq.k vkSj mi;ksxksa dk v/;;u djsaA
3-2-1 cukus dh fof/k (METHOD OF PREPARATION) &
fØ;kdyki (Activity) &1
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required)& LVSaM] xeZ djus dk lk/ku] eksVs dk¡p dh
ij[kuyh] fudkluyh] Vc] ikuh] nks ij[kufy;k¡] dkdZ] #bZ] iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusVA
eksVs dk¡p dh ij[kuyh esa nks ls rhu xzke iksVSsf'k;e ijeSaxusV yhft,A fp= 3-1x ds
vuqlkj midj.k tekb,A vc eksVs dk¡p dh ij[kuyh dks xeZ dhft, rFkk fudyus okyh xSl
dks ikuh ls Hkjh mYVh j[kh ij[kuyh esa ,d= dhft,A ikuh ls Hkjh ij[kuyh dks rS;kj djus
ds fy, ,d ij[kuyh dks ikuh ls iwjk Hkfj,A vc mlds eq¡g dks vaxBw s ls can djds ¼fp= 3-1 d½
ij[kuyh dks ikuh ls Hkjs Vc esa mYVk [kM+k dj viuk vaxBw k gVk yhft, ¼fp= 3-1 [k½A vaxBw k
gVkus ij ij[kuyh dk ikuh fxjs ugha ;g /;ku jf[k,A tc ij[kuyh esa xSl Hkj tk, rc mls
gVk yhft,A bl ij[kuyh dks ,ssls gh jgus nhft,A blls ge dksbZ iz;ksx ugha djsaxs D;ksafd
blesa xSl ds vykok FkksM+h cgqr gok gksxhA vc ,d vkSj ij[kuyh esa cuus okyh xSl dks
,df=r dj dkdZ yxk nhft, ,df=r xSl vkWDlhtu gSA
2 KMnO4 K2MnO4 $ MnO2 $ O2
iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV iksVSf'k;e eSaxusV $ eSaxuht MkbvkWDlkbM $ vkWDlhtu
Potassium-per-manganate potassium magnate + manganese dioxide + oxygen
dkdZ (Cork)
#bZ dh MkWV
(Cotton Plug)
vkWDlhtu
iksVfS 'k;e jcj dh (Oxygen)
ijeSxusV uyh ikuh
(Potassium (Rubber tube)
(Water)
permaganate)
Vc
d [k (Trough)
x
fp= 3-1 vkWDlhtu xSl cukuk (Preparation of Oxygen Gas)
lko/kkuh (Precautions) & iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV ls vkWDlhtu cukrs le; eksVs dk¡p dh
ij[kuyh dks fgykrs jguk pkfg, ftlls iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV mNy dj Åij u vk tk,A
3-2-2 vkWDlhtu ds HkkSfrd xq.k (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&

lkj.kh 3-1 dks dkWih esa cuk dj fØ;kdyki 1 esa ,df=r dh xbZ vkWDlhtu xSl ds
fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa ds laca/k esa fu"d"kZ fyf[k,&
lkj.kh (TABLE) 3-1 vkWDlhtu ds xq.k (PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&
l-Ø- xq.k (Properties) fu"d"kZ (Observations)

1 lkekU; voLFkk &&&&&&&&
2 jax &&&&&&&&
3 xa/k &&&&&&&&
4 ty ls gYdh vFkok Hkkjh &&&&&&&&
5 ty esa foys;rk vYi foys;
19 ok;q
3-2-3 vkWDlhtu ds jklk;fud xq.k (CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&
fØ;kdyki (Activity)&2
vko';d lkexzh & vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh] vxjcRrh] ekfplA

vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh yhft,A ,d vxjcRrh dks
ekfpl ls tykb,A vc bl Tokyk ds lkFk tyrh gqbZ vxjcRrh
dks vkWDlhtu xSl ls Hkjh ij[kuyh ds eq¡g ds lehi ys tkb,
¼fp= 3-2½ rFkk fuEu iz'uksa ds mRrj viuh dWkih essa fyf[k,&
1 D;k vkWDlhtu Lo;a tyrh gS \
vxjcRrh
2 D;k og vxjcRrh ds tyus esa lgk;d gS\ (Incense Stick)
vkius ns[kk fd vxjcRrh dks vkWDlhtu xSl ls Hkjh

ij[kuyh ds eq¡g ds lehi ys tkus ij vxjcRrh rsth ls
tyrh gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd vkWDlhtu Lo;a ugha
tyrh fdUrq tyus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
vkWDlhtu /kkrq o v/kkrq rRoksa ls la;ksx dj vkWDlkbM fp=tyrh
3-2 vkWDlhtu xSl ds lehi
vxjcRrh ys tkus ij
cukrh gS vki tkurs gSa fd tc eSXuhf'k;e ds rkj dks gok esa (On bringing a lighted
tyk;k tkrk gS rc og izdk'k ds lkFk tyrk gS rFkk lQsn incense stick near oxygen gas)
pw.kZ izkIr gksrk gSA ;g lQsn pw.kZ eSXuhf'k;e dk vkWDlkbM gksrk gSA
2 Mg + O2 2MgO
eSXuhf'k;e $ vkWDlhtu eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required)& dks;ys dk VqdM+k] NksVk pEep] xeZ djus
dk lk/ku] vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh] pwus dk ikuhA
NksVs pEep esa dks;ys ds VqdMs+ dks yky rIr gksus rd xeZ dhft, vc bls vkWDlhtu
ls Hkjh ,d ij[kuyh esa ys tkb,A vkidks fdl jax dh Tokyk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS \
vc bl ij[kuyh esa pwus dk ikuh Mkfy,A D;k pwus dk ikuh nwf/k;k gks tkrk gS \
C $ O2 CO2
dkcZu $ vkWDlhtu dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide
blh fØ;kdyki dks fi?kys gq, xa/kd ¼lYQj½ ds lkFk nksgjk,aA xa/kd ¼lYQj½ ds tyus
ls fuEufyf[kr fØ;k gksrh gS&
S $ O2 SO2
lYQj$vkWDlhtu lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM
3-2-4 vkWDlhtu ds mi;ksx (USES OF OXYGEN)
1- 'olu & vkWDlhtu dk mi;ksx ikS/ks o tho/kkjh 'olu esa djrs gSaA ioZrkjksgh]
varfj{k ;k=h] xksrk[kksj bls lqfo/kktud flys.Mjksa esa Hkj dj vius lkFk ys tkrs gSaA
vLirky esa nes vkSj fny ds ejht rFkk uotkr f'k'kq ftUgsa 'olu esa dfBukbZ gksrh
gS ds fy, vkWDlhtu ekLd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2- osfYMax esa & vkWDlhtu vkSj vU; xSlksa ds feJ.k ds Toyu ls mRiUu Tokyk dk
mi;ksx /kkrqvksa dks tksM+us esa gksrk gSA
1- iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV dks xeZ djus ij gksus okyh fØ;k le>kb,\

2- vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh esa tyrk gqvk dks;yk ys tkus ij D;k gksrk gS\
3- nSfud thou esa vkWDlhtu ds D;k mi;ksx gaS \
3-3 ukbVªkstu dk mi;ksx (USES OF NITROGEN)
D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS ok;qe.My esa flQZ vkWDlhtu xSl gh gksrh rks D;k
gksrk \ D;k gekjk thou laHko gksrk \ ok;q esa ukbVªkstu dh mifLFkfr vkWDlhtu dh
lfØ;rk dks de djrh gSA blds vfrfjDr ukbVªkstu gekjs fy, dbZ izdkj ls
mi;ksxh gS] ukbVªkstu ds dqN mi;ksx fuEukuqlkj gSa&
1- ;g ikS/kksa vkSj tho/kkfj;ksa dh o`f) gsrq vko';d gSA
2- ukbVªkstu dh fo'kky ek=k gkbMªkstu ds lkFk fØ;k dj veksfu;k cukrh gSA
veksfu;k ls ;wfj;k tSls moZjdksa dk mRiknu gksrk gSA
3- fuf"Ø; izo`fRr ds dkj.k fo|qr ySaiksa esa Hkjus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
4- bldk mi;ksx HkaMkfjr HkksT; inkFkksZa dks rjksrktk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA iSdsV can tyiku lkexzzh tSls vkywfpIl rFkk fcuk ids vkSj rys
Hkkstu ds fy, rS;kj [kk| inkFkksZa ds iSdsV esa ;gh xSl Hkjh tkrh gSA ;g HkksT;
inkFkksZa dk gok dh vkWDlhtu ls lEidZ ugha gksus nsrhA
21 ok;q
3-4 ok;q iznw"k.k (AIR POLLUTION)
ok;q iznw"k.k dk vFkZ gS fd fuyafcr d.kksa o

vokafNr xSlksa dk gekjs okrkoj.k esa bruh vf/kd oS l yhu
ek=k esa ik;k tkuk] ftlls euq"; tho tUrqvksa o (Vaseline)
lQsn dkxt
vU; oLrqvksa dks gkfu igq¡psA jkst+ejkZ dh gksus (White paper)
okyh fØ;kvksa ls gekjs okrkoj.k dh ok;q fdl
izdkj izHkkfor gksrh gSA vkb,] ;g le>us dk
iz;kl djsa&
fØ;kdyki 4 (Activity -4)
vko';d lkexzh & lQsn dkxt] rsy ;k oS l yhu

oSlyhuA (Vaseline)
lQsn dkxt ij ,d rjQ rsy ;k oSlyhu

fp= 3-3 ok;q iznw"k.k dh tk¡p (Testing of air pollution)
yxkb,A vc bl dkxt dks [kqys LFkku ij nl
feuV ds fy, NksM+ nhft, /;ku jgs fd oSlyhu yxk fgLlk Åij dh vksj gks ¼fp= 3-3½A nl
feuV ckn bl dkxt dh rqyuk lkQ dkxt dks lkeus j[k dj dhft,A vki D;k varj ns[krs
gaS\ vc vki le> x, gksaxs fd vkids vklikl dh ok;q fdruh iznwf"kr gSA blh fØ;kdyki
dks d{kk ds vyx&vyx fo|kFkhZ vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij djds ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj izkIr
ifj.kkeksa dks lkj.kh 3-2 esa fy[kdj vkil esa rqyuk dj ldrs gaSA lkj.kh 3-2 esa fn;s x, LFkkuksa
ds vfrfjDr vU; LFkkuksa dk p;u Hkh vki dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj vki tku ldsaxs fd vkids
xkao@'kgj dk lcls T;knk iznwf"kr {ks= dkSu lk gSA
lkj.kh (TABLE) 3-2
l-Ø- LFkku (PLACE) voyksdu (OBSERVATIONS)

1 flxM+h ds ikl &&&&&&&&&&&
2 pkSjkgk &&&&&&&&&&&
3 dkj[kkus ds ikl &&&&&&&&&&&
4 ?kj dh f[kM+dh ds ikl &&&&&&&&&&&
5 &&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&
iznw"k.k dh tkudkjh izkIr djus dk ,d vkSj rjhdk Hkh gSA blds fy, vki fofHkUu
LFkkuksa tSls m|ku] lM+d] ou] Ldwy] vkS|ksfxd LFky bR;kfn ls isMk+ as dh ifRr;ka ,d= dhft,A
ifRr;ksa dks nsf[k,] mu ij yxh /kwy dks Åaxyh ls gVk dj nsf[k, dh /kwy dh ijr fdruh
eksVh gSA ;fn /kwy dh ijrksa esa dqN fHkUurk fn[ks rks dkj.k tkuus dh dksf'k'k dhft,A
iznw"kd ok;q esa fdlh Hkh :i esa gks ldrs gS] tSls Bksl ;k xSlh; d.kA Bksl d.kksa dks
fuyafcr d.k Hkh dgrs gaSA ;s d.k euq"; ds LokLF; dks gkfu ig¡qpkus ds lkFk&lkFk okrkoj.k
dks /kqa/kyk dj nsrs gSaA iznw"k.k ds dqN eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gaS&
1- okgu (Vehicles) & okguksa dk mi;ksx fnu izfrfnu c<+rk tk jgk gSA dkj]
cl] Vªd] frifg;k okgu ¼vkVks fjD'kk½ isVªksy ;k Mht+y ls pyrs gSaA bu baZ/kuksa
ds tyus ds dkj.k o vDlj tyus dh v/kwjh fØ;k ds dkj.k dkQh ek=k esa
dkcZu& eksuksvkWDlkbM] ukbVªkstu ds vkWDlkbM ]lhlk bR;kfn fudyrs gSaA ;s
xSlsa euq"; ds LokLF;] ouLifr o oLrqvksa ij gkfudkjd izHkko Mkyrh gSaA
'kgjksa esa okguksa dh la[;k T;knk gksus ds vykok vU; dkj.k tSls okgu dk
batu dSlk gS\ batu esa bLrseky dh xbZ rduhd ubZ gS ;k iqjkuh gS\ vkfn
dkj.k Hkh iznw"k.k dks ?kVkrs ;k c<+krs gaSA
2- m|ksx (Industrialization)&LVhy m|ksx] lhesaV m|ksx] moZjd m|ksx vkfn
vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa ls fudyus okys iznwf"kr Bksl d.kksa dk gkfudkjd izHkko
euq"; ds LokLF; ij rks gksrk gS]lkFk gh tho&tUrq] ouLifr o bekjrkas ij Hkh
gksrk gSA c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k o c<+rs m|ksx ds lkFk gh ÅtkZ dh vko';drk
Hkh c<+ xbZ gS budh iwfrZ ds fy, cM+h&cM+h ifj;kstuk,a cuh gSaA ftlesa dks;ys
ds c<+s gq, bLrseky us ok;q izn"w k.k esa c<+kRs rjh dh gSA blds vykok bu laLFkkuksa
ls cgqr ek=k esa jk[k Hkh fudyrh gS tks Hkwfe ds dkQh fgLls dks <d ysrh gSA
ok;q iznw"k.k ds vU; dkjdksa dh ppkZ viuh d{kk esa dj dkWih esa fy[ksaA
3-4-1 ok;q iznw"k.k ls cpko ds mik; (MEASURES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION) &
ok;q izn"w k.k dks de djus ds fy, gesa izn"w k.k fu;a=.k ds rjhds bLrseky djus gksxa s tSl&
s
1- vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa esa fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa cnyko ykuk ftlls de ek=k esa
iznw"kd fudyasA
2- ÅtkZ mRiknu ds de iznw"k.kdkjh mik;ksa tSls lkSj ÅtkZ ,oa iou ÅtkZ dk
vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx djukA
3- okguksa dh ok;q iznw"k.k laca/kh tkap fu;fer :i ls djukA
4- lw[ks iRrksa] isM+ksa dh Vgfu;ksa] dkxt ,oa dpjs dks [kqys esa u tykuk rFkk
buds lqjf{kr fuiVku dk rjhdk viukukA
5- vf/kd o`{k mxkuk] ;s izd`fr ds QsQMs+ gSaA vius vkl&ikl ds o`{kksa dh ns[kjs[k
djukA
6- QSDVªh dh fpeuh dh ÅapkbZ c<+kuk] ftlls dh iznwf"kr ok;q fupys bykdkas
esa lhfer u jgsA
7- ok;qq iznw"k.k dks de djus okyh vknrksa dks viukukA
8- /kweziku jksdus dh izo`fRr dks c<+kok nsukA
9- b=] nqxZa/kuk'kd Lizs] izlk/ku lkexzh rFkk blh izdkj vU; Lizs vkfn dk mi;ksx
de ls de djukA
10- isVªky s ] Mhty dk mi;ksx vko';drkuqlkj gh djukA
23 ok;q
3-5 /kwe dksgjk (SMOG)

ge tkurs gSa fd Tokykeq[kh ds QVus ls cuh xSlsa] ouksa dh vkx ls mBk /kqvk¡ vkfn ok;q
iznw"k.k ds izkd`frd lzksr gSa ogha QSDVjh] fo|qr la;a=] Lopkfyr okgu] fuokZrd] ydM+h ds
tyus ls fudyk /kqvk¡ ekuoh; fØ;kdyki ds }kjk mRiUu iznw"k.k ds lzksr gaSA rsth ls c<+rh
okguksa dh la[;k ls ok;qeM a y esa dkcZu ekWuksvkWDlkbM] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ukbVªkts u vkWDlkbM
rFkk /kq,¡ dh ek=k ok;qeaMy esa c<+ jgh gSA
lfnZ;ksa ds fnuksa esa /kq,¡ esa mifLFkr ukbVªkstu ds vkWDlkbM] vU; ok;q iznw"kd dksgjs ls
la;ksx dj eksVh ijr cukrs gSa ftls /kwe dksgjk dgrs gSaA blds dkj.k lkal ls lacaf/kr jksx]
tSls&nek] [kk¡lh vkfn gks tkrs gSaA i=&if=dkvksa ls /kwe dksgjs ds gksus ds dkj.k rFkk cpko
ls lacaf/kr lekpkjksa dk ladyu dj d{kk esa lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ppkZ djsaA
3-6 ikS/kk?kj izHkko ¼xzhugkÅl izHkko½ (GREENHOUSE EFFECT)
lkekU;r% i`Foh vius Åij iM+us okyh lw;Z dh fofdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr
dj Å"ek izkIr djrh gSA buesa ls izdk'k
dh vf/kdka'k ek=k dks i`Foh ijkofrZr dj
nsrh gSA bl ijkofrZr izdk'k esa vojDr
fdj.ksa Hkh 'kkfey gksrh gaSA ok;qe.My dh
dqN xSlsa bu vojDr fdj.kksa dks lks[k
dj jksd ysrh gaS] i`Foh ls ckgj ugha tkus
nsrha blls i`Foh dh lrg xeZ gks tkrh
gS A dkcZ u MkbvkW D lkbM] ehFks u ]
Dyksjks&¶yksjks dkcZu] vkstksu ,slh gh dqN
xSlsa gSa tks vojDr fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr
djrh gSa] bUgsa xzhugkÅl xSlsa dgrs gSaA fp= 3-4 ikS/kk?kj izHkko (Greenhouse effect)
xzhu gkÅl xSlksa ds }kjk vojDr fdj.kksa
dks jksdk tkuk gh xzhugkÅl izHkko dgykrk gS ¼fp= 3-4½A ;fn ;g ?kVuk ugha gksrh rks i`Foh
vkt dh rqyuk esa vf/kd BaMh gksrh vkSj laHkor% ;gka thou Hkh ugha gksrkA
vc vki crk,¡ ;fn ok;q iznw"k.k ds dkj.k xzhugkÅl xSlksa dh ek=k c<+ tk, rks i`Foh
ds rkieku ij D;k izHkko iM+sxk \
xz hugkÅl ¼ikS/kk?kj½ (Greenhouse)
BaMs izns'kksa esa ikS/kksa dks thfor j[kus ds fy, dk¡p ds ?kj
¼dejs½ esa j[kk tkrk gSA dk¡p dh nhokjksa ls lw;Z dk izdk'k
ikS/kksa rd igq¡prk gS] fdUrq dk¡p dh nhokjsa i`Foh }kjk ijkofrZr
vojDr fdj.kksa dks ckgj tkus ugha nsrha] ftlls vanj dk okrkoj.k
xeZ jgrk gS vkSj ikS/kksa dks thfor jgus ds fy, vko';d Å"ek
izkIr gksrh gSA ikS/kksa ds fy, cuk, x, dk¡p ds ;s dejs ¼?kj½ gh fp= 3-5 ikS/kk?kj
ikS/kk?kj ;k xzhugkÅl dgykrs gSa ¼fp= 3-5½A
3-7 vEy o"kkZ (ACID RAIN)
ok;qe.My dh ok;q esa fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls lYQj vkSj ukbVªkstu ds vkWDlkbM feyrs jgrs
gaSA tc o"kkZ gksrh gS rks o"kkZ ds ty esa ;s vkWDlkbM ?kqy dj o"kkZ ds ty dks lkekU; ls
vf/kd vEyh; cuk nsrs gSa bls vEy o"kkZ ;k rst+kch ckfj'k dgrs gaSA blesa ukbfVªd vEy o
lY¶;wfjd vEy eq[; :i ls mifLFkr gksrs gaSA
vEy o"kkZ ds izHkko (Effects of acid rain) &
Û vEy o"kkZ ds dkj.k ikS/kksa ds iRrs igys ihys iM+ tkrs gaS vkSj fQj u"V gks tkrs gaSA
Û vEy o"kkZ e`nk rFkk taxyksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkrh gSA
Û blls ty lzksr Hkh iznfw "kr gks tkrs gSa ftlls eNfy;ksa dh cgqr lh iztkfr;ka foyqIr
gks jgh gSaA ;g ekuoh; LokLF; ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjd gSA
Û vEy o"kkZ Hkouksa] ewfrZ;ksa fo'ks"k dj iRFkj ,oa laxejej ls cuh oLrqvksa ls vfHkfØ;k
dj {kj.k djrh gSa tSls & vkxjk fLFkr rktegy dk {kj.kA
buds mRrj nhft, (ANSWER THESE) &

1- ok;q dks iznwf"kr djus okyh izeq[k xSlsa dkSu&dkSu lh gaS \
2- lM+d ds ut+nhd fLFkr isM+ dh iRrh o mlls nwj fLFkr isM+ dh iRrh dh
lrg ij tes inkFkZ esa vki D;k varj ikrs gSaA bldk ikS/ks dh tSfod izfØ;kvksas
ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS \
3- xzhugkÅl izHkko ds fy, dkSu lh xSlas mRrjnk;h gSa \
4- vEy o"kkZ esa eq[;r% dkSu&dkSu ls vEy gksrs gSa\ ;s tuthou dks fdl izdkj
izHkkfor djrs gaS \
25 ok;q
3-8 ok;qe.Myh; nkc (ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE)
vkius ns[kk gksxk fd tc xkM+h ds V;wc esa gok Hkjh tkrh gS rks V~;wc
Qwy tkrh gSA ,slk D;ksa\ vkb,] bls le>us ds fy, ,d fØ;kdyki djsa&
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required)& lkbfdy iai] lkbfdy V~;wc] xqCckjkA
loZizFke lkbfdy iai dh lgk;rk ls lkbfdy V~;wc vkSj xqCckjs esa gok Hkfj,A vc vki
ns[ksaxs fd xqCckjk rFkk lkbfdy V~;wc nksuksa gh Qwy x;s gSa bldk D;k dkj.k gS\ ok;q esa
mifLFkr xSlksa ds lw{e d.k xqCckjs vkSj lkbfdy V~;wc dh nhokjksa ls Vdjkdj mu ij nkc
Mkyrs gSaA ftlls mudh Hkhrjh nhokjksa ij iM+us okys ok;q ds ncko ds dkj.k os Qwy tkrs gSaA
bl rjg mruh gh txg esa vkSj ok;q Hkj nh tkrh gS rks og Hkh nkc Mkyrh gSA
bl izdkj gekjs pkjksa vksj fLFkr ok;qeaMy }kjk vkjksfir nkc ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgykrk
gSA i`Foh dh lrg ls Åij tkus ij ok;q dk ?kuRo cnyus ds dkj.k nkc Hkh cny tkrk gSA
Åij tkus ij ok;q dk ?kuRo ?kVrk gS ftlls ok;qe.Myh; nkc esa Hkh deh gks tkrh gSA
3-8-1 ok;qe.Myh; nkc ds dqN izHkko (SOME EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE)
gekjs 'kjhj ij ok;qe.My vR;f/kd nkc Mkyrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd] tc
;g nkc cgqr vf/kd gksrk gS rc ge fipd D;ksa ugha tkrs \ gekjk vkSj vU; tho/kkfj;ksa dk
'kjhj dksf'kdkvksa dk cuk gksrk gS] ftuesa ,sls rjy inkFkZ gksrs gSa tks vanj ls nkc vkjksfir djrs
gSaA dksf'kdk ds vanj ls vkjksfir ;g nkc ok;qe.Myh; nkc ds cjkcj gksrk gSA vc vki le>
x, gksaxs fd ge D;ksa ugha fipdrsA
D;k gksxk ;fn rjy inkFkZ ds }kjk dksf'kdk ds vanj ls vkjksfir ;g nkc ok;qe.Myh;
nkc ls vf/kd gks tk,A vkb,] bls le>us gsrq fØ;kdyki djsaA
fØ;kdyki (Activity) & 6
vko';d lkexzh & Xywdksl dh [kkyh uyh
cksry] dkdZ] dk¡p dh nks eqM+h gqbZ ufy;k¡] xqCckjkA (Glass tube)
dkdZ
loZizFke dkdZ esa nks Nsn dj fp=kuqlkj eksM+dj (Cork)
cksry
dkap dh uyh yxkb,A igyh uyh ds fupys Hkkx esa (Bottle)
xqCckjk yxkb, ¼fp= 3-6 d½A dkdZ dks cksry ds e¡qg xqCckjk
(Balloon)
ij yxkb,] vkSj nwljh uyh dks e¡qg eas yxkdj cksry
ds Hkhrj dh gok ckgj [khafp,A ,slk djus ij uyh ij d [k
fp= 3-6 d] [k
ca/ks xqCckjs ij D;k izHkko iM+k bls uksV dhft,
¼fp= 3-7 [k½A vki ik,axs dh xqCckjk /khjs&/khjs Qwy tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ;g vf/kd Qwydj
QV Hkh tkrk gSA ,slk eq[;r% cksry ds Hkhrj ok;qnkc de gks tkus ds dkj.k gksrk gSA blh
izdkj tc ge i`Foh ls Åij tkrs gSa rks ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gksrk tkrk gS] ftlls jDr
okgfu;ksa dk nkc vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k os Qwy tkrh gaS vkSj dHkh&dHkh QV Hkh tkrh gaAS
ok;qeaMyh; nkc eas ifjorZu ekSle dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA tc fdlh LFkku dk
ok;qe.Myh; nkc vpkud de gks tkrk gS rc vak/kh&rwQku vkrs gaS vkSj tc ok;qe.Myh; nkc
cgqr de gks tkrk gS rks o"kkZ Hkh gksus yxrh gSA
3-8-2 ok;qe.Myh; nkc dk ekiu (MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE)
ok;qe.Myh; nkc dk ekiu djus ds fy, lu~ 1643 esa VkWfjlsyh us ,d ;a= cuk;k ftls
cSjksehVj ;k ok;qnkcekih dgrs gSaA ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa& 1- ikjn cSjksehVj 2- ,suhjkW;M
cSjksehVjA lkekU;r% ok;qe.Myh; nkc dk eku 1-013 x 105 ikLdy ;k U;wVu@ehVj2 ;k 76
lseh ikjs ds LraHk ds nkc ds rqY; gksrk gSA
3-9 D;k nzo leku xgjkbZ ij leku nkc Mkyrs gaS\
fØ;kdyki& 7
vko';d lkexzh& IykfLVd dh ,d [kkyh cksry ;k
fVu dk fMCck] ikuhA
cksry@fMCcs esa isans ls FkksM+k Åij fp= 3-7 esa n'kkZ,
vuqlkj pkjksa vksj leku Å¡pkbZ ij dhy dh lgk;rk ls
,d&,d Nsn dhft,A vc cksry dks ikuh ls Hkj nhft,A D;k
lHkh Nsnksa ls fudyrk ikuh cksry ls cjkcj nwjh ij fxjrk gS\
;g fØ;kdyki n'kkZrk gS fd nzo crZu dh nhokjksa ij leku
xgjkbZ ij leku nkc Mkyrs gSaA fp= & 3-7 nzo] crZu dh
nhokjksa ij leku xgjkbZ
buds mRrj nhft, (ANSWER THESE)& ij leku nkc Mkyrs gaSA
1- ok;qe.Myh; nkc ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
2- fdlh LFkku ij ok;qe.Myh; nkc ds cgqr de gks tkus dk ekuo 'kjhj ij D;k
izHkko iM+rk gS \ le>kb,A
gekjs pkjksa rjQ ok;q mifLFkr gSA
ok;q esa eq[;r% 78 izfr'kr ukbVªkstu ¼N2½] 21 izfr'kr vkWDlhtu ¼O2½] 0-9
izfr'kr vkxZu ¼Ar½] 0-04 izfr'kr tyok"i] 0-03 izfr'kr dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM]
lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM rFkk /kwy ds d.k mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
vkstksu ijr gkfudkjd ijkcSxuh fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSA
vkWDlhtu ok;q ls Hkkjh vkSj ty ls gYdh gSA
vkWDlhtu Lo;a ugha tyrh fdUrq tyus esa lgk;d gSA
27 ok;q
vkWDlhtu esa /kkrq vkSj v/kkrq tydj vkWDlkbM cukrs gaSA

ukbVªkstu dk mi;ksx veksfu;k la'ys"k.k esa gksrk gS] tks moZjd fuekZ.k ds
fy, vko';d gSA
ok;q iznw"k.k dk dkj.k ekuoh; xfrfof/k;k¡] thok'e baZ/kuksa dk ngu o dy
dkj[kkus gSaA
ok;q iznw"k.k ok;q esa dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM] lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM] ukbVªkstu ds
vkWDlkbM rFkk fuyafcr d.kksa vkfn ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
xzhugkÅl izHkko ds fy, mRrjnk;h xSlsa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ehFksu] vkstksu
vkSj Dyksjks&¶yksjks dkcZu gaSA
vEy o"kkZ esa ukbfVªd vEy vkSj lY¶;wfjd vEy mifLFkr jgrs gaSA
gekjss pkjksa vksj fLFkr ok;qeM
a y }kjk vkjksfir nkc ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgykrk gSAa
ok;qnkc dk ekiu ikjn vFkok ,suhjkW;M cSjksehVj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
cSjksehVj dk vkfo"dkj VkWfjlsyh us fd;k gSA
lkekU;r% ok;qe.Myh; nkc dk eku 1-013 x 105 ikLdy ;k U;wVu@ehVj2 ;k
76 lseh ikjs ds LraHk ds nkc ds rqY; gksrk gSA
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)
1 lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k, (Choose the correct alternativ)&

1- ok;qe.My esa dkSu lh xSl lcls vf/kd ek=k esa mifLFkr gS&
d vkWDlhtu [k- ukbVªkt s u
x ghfy;e ?k dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
2- ukbVªkstu dk mi;ksx HkaMkfjr HkksT; inkFkksZa esa fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd&
d- ;g Hkkstu dks vkWDlhtu iznku djrh gSA
[k- ;g Hkkstu dks dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM iznku djrh gSA
x- ;g Hkkstu dks izksVhu iznku djrh gSA
?k- ;g Hkkstu dks rktk cuk, j[krh gSA
3- ikjs ds LrEHk dk dkSu&lk eku] ekud ok;qe.Myh; nkc dks n'kkZrk gS&
d- 76 lseh [k- 76 feeh
x- 1-013 feeh ?k- 10-13 feeh
4- vkWDlhtu xSl ty ls &
d- Hkkjh gS [k- gYdh gS
x- u gYdh u Hkkjh ?k- buesa ls dksbZ ugha
5- i`Foh ds ok;qe.My ds xeZ gksus dk dkj.k gS&
d- vkstksu ijr [k- xzhugkÅl izHkko
x- ukbVªkt
s u ?k- vkWDlhtu
2 fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)&

1- &&&&&&&& xSl inkFkkZsa ds tyus esa lgk;d gSA
2- ukbVªkstu ;qDr moZjd izkIr djus gsrq &&&&&&&& izeq[k L=ksr gSA
3- i`Foh lrg ls Åij tkus ij ok;q nkc &&&&&&&& gksrk gSA
4- vEyo"kkZ &&&&&&&& vkSj &&&&&&&& xSlksa ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
5- vkWDlhtu ikuh esa &&&&&&&& gksrh gSA
3 fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa lgh o xyr dh igpku dj xyr dFku dks lgh
djds fyf[k, (Find the correct sentences from these and rewrite the wrong
sentences correctly) &
1- ok;qe.My esa vkWDlhtu dh ek=k 10 izfr'kr gSA
2- iksVSsf'k;e ijeSaxusV dks xeZ djus ij ukbVªkstu xSl curh gSA
3- lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM ds ok;q esa feyus ls ok;q iznwf"kr gksrh gSA
4- xqCckjs esa ok;qnkc mlesa Hkjh ok;q ds Hkhrjh nhokj ls Vdjkus ds dkj.k
mRiUu gksrk gSA
5- ukbVªkt s u xSl dh fuf"Ø; izof` Rr ds dkj.k mls fo|qr cYcksa esa Hkjk tkrk gSA
4 mfpr laca/k tksfM+, (Fill in the blanks)&
1- xzhugkÅl izHkko 'olu
2- vkWDlhtu HkksT; inkFkksaZ dks rktk j[kus
3- ukbVªkt s u ukbfVªd vEy vkSj lY¶;wfjd vEy
4- vEyo"kkZ dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
5 fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft, (Answer the following questions) &
1- ok;q dk la?kVu crkb, \
2- vkWDlhtu cukus dh fof/k dk LoPN ukekafdr js[kkfp= [khap dj
fof/k dk o.kZu dhft, \
3- ok;q iznw"k.k ds fofHkUu dkj.k fy[kdj mls jksdus ds fy, vki D;k mik;
dj ldrs gaS \ fyf[k,A
4- ukbVªkstu xSl ds izeq[k mi;ksx fyf[k,A
5- vEyo"kkZ D;k gS \ ;g gekjs fy, fdl izdkj gkfudkjd gS \
bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THIS ALSO) &

1- lkSjeaMy ds fdrus xzgksa ds okrkoj.k esa ok;qe.My mifLFkr gS tkudkjh
,df=r dhft,A
2 xzhugkÅl izHkko ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh i=&if=dkvksa ls ,df=r dhft,A
4 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ dc vkSj dSlh&dSlh
(CHEMICAL REACTIONS-WHEN AND WHAT TYPE)
4-1 jklk;fud ifjorZu (Chemical Changes)

ge vius pkjksa vksj fofHkUu izdkj ds ifjorZu ns[krs gaS
tSSls cQZ dk fi?kyuk] yksgs ij tax yxuk] lk;fdy ds Vk;j dk f?kl tkuk]
Hkkstu dk lM+uk] ?kMs+ dk VwVuk bR;kfnA bl lwph esa vki dqN vU; mnkgj.k
vkSj tksfM+,A vkb,] vc bu ifjorZuksa dks le>sa&
fØ;kdyki&1 ¼f’k{kd }kjk izn’kZu½

vko’;d lkexzh (Materials required)&nks chdj] lkanz lY¶;wfjd vEy] vucq>k pwuk]
ikuh] dkap dh NM+A
,d chdj esa 50 feyh ikuh ysa rFkk lko/kkuhiwoZd 1&2 feyh lkanz lY¶;wfjd vEy
MkysaA dkap dh NM+ ls foy;u dks fgyk,aA vc chdj dks Nwdj ns[ksaA D;k cuk gqvk foy;u
xeZ gS \
vc nwljs chdj esa FkksM+k lk vucq>k pwuk ysdj mlesa ikuh MkysaA vki ns[ksaxs fd
lulukgV dh vkokt+ gksrh gSA bl chdj dks Hkh Nwdj ns[ksaA D;k ;g Hkh xeZ gks x;k gSS \
vkius ns[kk nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa Å"ek fudyus ds dkj.k chdj ds inkFkZ xeZ gks tkrs gSaA
D;k bl vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd nksuksa ifjorZu leku gSa \
vkb,] bls le>us ds fy, ,d vkSj fØ;kdyki djsaA
fØ;kdyki (Activity & 2)
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required) & ij[kuyh] ij[kuyh gksYMj] yky rFkk uhyk
fyVel isij] xeZ djus dk lk/ku] lksMkokVj] [kkus dk lksMk
lksMkokVj dh cksry dks [kksysaA vki D;k ifjorZu ns[krs gSa \ fudyus okyh xSl ds
lehi Øe'k% xhyk fd;k gqvk uhyk rFkk yky fyVel isij ys tk,a rFkk lksMkokVj foy;u
esa Hkh nksuksa fyVel isij Mkydj fyVel isij ds jax esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks uksV djsaA
,d pEep esa [kkus dk lksMk ysa rFkk xhys fyVel isij ¼uhyk rFkk yky½ ls ijh{k.k dj
mldh vEyh;@{kkjh; izd`fr dh tk¡p djsaA
vc dM+s dk¡p dh ij[kuyh esa [kkus dk lksMk ysdj xeZ djsAa fudyus okyh xSl ds lehi
uhyk rFkk yky fyVel isij ys tk,a rFkk fyVel isij ds jax esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks uksV
djsaA lkj.kh 4-1 dks viuh dkWih esa cuk,a rFkk fyVel isij ds jax esa gq, ifjorZu ds vk/kkj
ij vEyh;@{kkjh; izd`fr dks uksV djsaA
30 jklk;fud fØ;k,¡ dc vkSj dSlh&dSlh
lkj.kh (Table) 4-1
Ø- inkFkZ fyVel ds lkFk ijh{k.k vEyh;@{kkjh; iz d ` f r

(S.No.) (Substance/Compound) (Test with litmus paper) (Acidic/basic nature)
1 lksMk okVj ¼d½ fudyus okyh xSl dk -----------------------------------

¼[k½ lksMk okVj dk -----------------------------------
2 [kkus dk lksMk ¼d½ [kkus dk lksMk dk -----------------------------------
¼[k½ fudyus okyh xSl dk ------------------------------------
bl fØ;kdyki dh nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa D;k varj fn[kk;h nsrk gS \ D;k vki ;g crk
ldrs gSa fd fdl fLFkfr esa u;k inkFkZ cuk gS \
;fn fØ;kdyki 1 ls izkIr fu"d"kksZa ij /;ku nsa rks ge ns[krs gSa fd lY¶;wfjd vEy dks
ty esa feykus ij Å"ek mRiUu gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k chdj xeZ gks tkrk gS ;g HkkSfrd
ifjorZu gSA vucq>s pwus dks ikuh esa Mkyus ij Hkh Å"ek mRiUu gksrh gS ;g jklk;fud ifjorZu
gSA nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa Å"ek ds mRiUu gksus ds vk/kkj ij ge gksus okys ifjorZu dh izd`fr ds
ckjs esa ugha le>k ldrsA
vr% ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ,sls ifjorZu tks leku fn[kk;h nsa ,d gh izdkj ds gksaA
jklk;fud ifjorZu dh igpku djus ds fy, gesa ;g ns[kuk gksxk fd fØ;k ds i'pkr~ dksbZ u;k
inkFkZ cuk gS ;k ughaA
fØ;kdyki 2 esa lksMkokVj ls fudyus okyh xSl rFkk lksMkokVj nksuksa dh izd`fr vEyh;
gksrh gSA tcfd [kkus ds lksMs dh izd`fr {kkjh; rFkk mls xeZ djus ij fudyus okyh xSl dh
izd`fr vEyh; gksrh gS] u, inkFkZ dk cuuk vkSj mldks igpkus tkus ds vk/kkj ij gh ge dg
ldrs gSa fd jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k@fØ;k lEiUu gks jgh gSA
lksMkokVj dh cksry [kksyus ij mlesa ?kqyh gqbZ dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ckgj fudyrh gSA
;gk¡ dksbZ jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ugha gksrhA fdarq [kkus ds lksMs dks xeZ djus ij fuEufyf[kr
vfHkfØ;k gksrh gSA
2 NaHCO3 xeZ djus ij Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV lksfM;e dkcksZusV ikuh dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
bl fØ;k esa [kkus ds lksMs ¼lksfM;e ckbdkcksZusV½ dks xeZ djus ij lksfM;e dkcksZusV]
ikuh rFkk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM curh gSA tks fy, x, inkFkksZa ls fHkUu gSA D;k vkius iz;ksx
djrs le; cuh gqbZ ikuh dh cw¡nksa dks ns[kk gS \ ,slh fØ;k,¡ ftuesa u;k inkFkZ curk gks
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ dgykrh gaSA tks inkFkZ jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ysrs gSa ^^vfHkdkjd**
dgykrs gSa tcfd vfHkfØ;k esa cuus okys u;s inkFkZ ^^mRikn** dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj fdlh
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa vfHkdkjd mRikn esa ifjofrZr gksrs gSaA
4-2 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds y{k.k (PROPERTIES OF A CHEMICAL REACTION) &
vkb,] vc jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ds dqN y{k.kksa dks ns[ksa&

vko';d lkexzh& ij[kuyh] dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV] ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEyA
,d ij[kuyh esa dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV yas] blesa ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy MkysAa vEy Mkyus
ij D;k ifjorZu gksrk gS \ fØ;k ds QyLo:i fudyus okyh xSl dkSu lh gS \ uksV djsa
;gk¡ ge ns[krs gSa fd vfHkdkjd dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV ,d vfoys; Bksl inkFkZ gS tks
gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy ls fØ;k dj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl cukrk gSA bl fØ;k esa cuk
dSfY'k;e DyksjkbM cus gq, ty esa ?kqy tkrk gSA
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy dSfY'k;e DyksjkbM dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ikuh
¼Calcium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride + Carbon dioxide + water)
xSl dk fudyuk rFkk vfHkdkjdksa dh voLFkk esa ifjorZu jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds y{k.k gSAa
geus ns[kk fd ;gk¡ nks inkFkksZa dks vkil esa feykus ij fØ;k gqbZA D;k vki bl izdkj
dh vU; fØ;kvksa dk mnkgj.k crk ldrs gSa \ tax yxuk] Hkkstu dk [kjkc gksuk vkfn ,sls gh
dqN mnkgj.k gSaA

vko';d lkexzh& 'kDdj] xeZ djus dk lk/ku]
ij[kuyh gksYMj] dM+s dk¡p dh ij[kuyhA
,d dMs+ dk¡p dh ij[kuyh (test tube) ysaA mlesa FkksM+h
lh 'kDdj ysdj xeZ djsaA ¼fp= 4-1½ xeZ djus ij gksus okys
ifjorZu dks ns[kasA 'kDdj xeZ djus ij igys fi?kyrh (melts)
'kDdj (Sugar)
gS vf/kd xeZ djus ij ty dj dkyh gks tkrh gS rFkk vkSj
ij[kuyh dh nhokj ij ikuh dh cw¡nsa fn[kk;h nsrh gSaA xeZ djus dk lk/ku
(Heating apparatus)
bls 'kDdj dk vaxkj.k ¼Chharring½ dgrs gSaA D;k ;gk¡
fp= 4-1 'kDdj dk vaxkj.k
fØ;k ds ckn cus u;s inkFkZ fØ;k ds igys fy, inkFkZ ds (Charring of Sugar)
leku gSa \
geus ;gk¡ ns[kk fd u, inkFkZ ds cuus dh ;g fØ;k xeZ djus ij lEiUu gksrh gSA vr%
ge dg ldrs gaS fd dqN jklk;fud fØ;k,¡ xeZ djus ij lEiUu gksrh gSA bu fØ;kvksa esa Å"ek
dk vo'kks"k.k gksrk gSA ,slh vfHkfØ;k,¡ ^^Å"ek'kks"kh** (Exothermic) dgykrh gSaA
vkius ns[kk fØ;kdyki 1 esa vucq>s pwus esa ikuh Mkyus ls Å"ek dk mRltZu gksrk gS vr%
dqN jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ds lEiUu gksus esa Å"ek mRlftZr gksrh gSA bUgsa ^^Å"ek{ksih** ¼Endot-
hermic½ vfHkfØ;k dgrs gSaA

vko';d lkexzh&ij[kuyh] nw/k] uhacw dk jl] xeZ djus dk lk/kuA
ij[kuyh dks nw/k ls vk/kk Hkj yasA vc bls xeZ dj uhacw ds jl dh dqN c¡awnsa MkysaA
jklk;fud fØ;k ds QyLo:i gksus okys ifjorZu dks ns[ksaA
;gk¡ lQsn vo{ksi izkIr gksrk gSA vo{ksi dk cuuk dqN jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds
lEiUu gksus dk ,d y{k.k gSA
fØ;kdyki &6 ¼f'k{kd }kjk izn'kZu½

vko';d lkexzh & ij[kuyh] rk¡cs dh Nhyu] lkanz ukbfVªd vEyA
,d ij[kuyh esa yxHkx 1 xzke rk¡cs dh Nhyu ysdj mlesa 2&3 feyh lkanz ukbfVªd vEy MkysAa
vki ns[ksxa s fd jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds QyLo:i Hkwjs jax dh xSl curh gSA vr% vfHkfØ;k ds
QyLo:i fØ;kdkjd ds jax esa ifjorZu Hkh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk ,d y{k.k gSA
bl izdkj geus ns[kk jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ xSl ds fudyus] jax ifjorZu] vo{ksi cuuk
Å"ek ifjorZu vkSj voLFkk ifjorZu }kjk igpkuh tk ldrh gaSA dbZ jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,a ,d
ls vf/kd vfHky{k.k Hkh n'kkZrh gSaA
buds mÙkj nhft, (ANSWER THESE) &

1- jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
2- eksecÙkh dk tyuk ,d jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k gSA bl vfHkfØ;k ls tqM+s laHkkfor
y{k.k fyf[k,A
3- vfHkdkjd rFkk mRikn fdls dgrs gSa \ mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
4-3 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds izdkj (TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION)
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds y{k.kksa ds ckjs esa tku ysus ds ckn vkb,] ge fofHkUu izdkj
dh jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa tkuas&
1- la;kstu vfHkfØ;k (Combination reaction) &
fØ;kdyki & 7
vko';d lkexzh& eSXuhf'k;e dk VqdM+k] fpeVh] xeZ djus dk lk/kuA
,d fpeVh dh lgk;rk ls eSXuhf'k;e ds VqdM+s dks tyk,aA tyus ds QyLo:i Å"ek
rFkk izdk'k mRiUu gksrs gSa rFkk lQsn jax dk inkFkZ curk gSA ;g lQsn jax dk inkFkZ D;k gS\
D;k bl vk/kkj ij vki ;g dg ldrs gSa fd eSXuhf'k;e rFkk vkWDlhtu ds chp dksbZ
jklk;fud fØ;k gks jgh gSA
bl fØ;k esa eSXuhf'k;e vkSj vkWDlhtu vkil esa feydj ,d u;k lQsn jax dk inkFkZ
eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM cukrs gSaA
2Mg + O2 2MgO
eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlhtu eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM
,slh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ ftuesa nks jklk;fud inkFkZ vkil esa tqMd + j ,d u;k inkFkZ
cukrs gSa ^^la;kstu vfHkfØ;k,¡** dgykrh gSaA
vkius vk;ju vkSj lYQj dks feykdj vk;ju lYQkbM cuuk i<+k gS ;g Hkh la;kstu
vfHkfØ;k dk mnkgj.k gSA veksfu;k ¼NH3½ dk gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy ¼HCl½ ds lkFk feydj
veksfu;e DyksjkbM ¼NH4Cl½ cukuk la;kstu vfHkfØ;k dk ,d vkSj mnkgj.k gSA
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
veksfu;k gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy veksfu;e DyksjkbM
dbZ jklk;fud inkFkksaZ dk cM+s iSekus ij fuekZ.k Øeokj la;kstu fØ;kvksa ds QyLo:i fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls lY¶;wfjd vEy fuekZ.k ds le; rhu la;kstu fØ;k,¡ Øeokj dh tkrh gSa igys lYQj
dks tykus ij mldh vkWDlhtu ls fØ;k gksrh gS rFkk lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM ¼SO2½ curh gS &
S + O2 SO2
lYQj vkWDlhtu lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM
lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM] fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkWDlhtu ls la;kstu dj lYQj
VªkbvkWDlkbM¼SO3½ cukrh gSA
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM vkWDlhtu lYQj VªkbvkWDlkbM
lYQj VªkbvkWDlkbM ty ds lkFk la;ksftr gksdj lY¶;wfjd vEy cukrh gSA
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
lYQj VªkbvkWDlkbM ikuh lY¶;wfjd vEy
2- vi?kVu ;k fo;kstu vfHkfØ;k (Decomposition reaction)
fØ;kdyki 2 esa geus ns[kk fd [kkus ds lksMs ds vi?kVu ls lksfM;e dkcksZusV] ikuh rFkk
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM curh gS bl rjg dh vfHkfØ;kvksa esa ,d vfHkdkjd VwV dj nks ;k
vf/kd inkFkZ ¼mRikn½ cukrs gSa ^^vi?kVu vfHkfØ;k,¡** dgykrh gaSA tc vi?kVu rki ds }kjk
gksrk gS rks mls rkih; vi?kVu dgrs gSaA ty dk fo|qr vi?kVu Hkh vi?kVu dk mnkgj.k gSA
2H2O 2H2+ O2
fo|qr fpaxkjh
ikuh gkbMªkstu vkWDlhtu
pwus ds iRFkj ¼dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV½ dks xeZ djus ij pwuk vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM esa
fo;ksftr gksuk ¼VwVuk½ Hkh vi?kVu vfHkfØ;k dk mnkgj.k gSA
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV dSfY'k;e vkWDlkbM dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
3- foLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k (Displacement reaction) &
fØ;kdyki&8
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required) & ij[kuyh] gkbMªkstu xSl dh ykS
(Flame of Hydrogen gas)
ekfpl] ftad] ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEyA
,d ij[kuyh esa ftad ds dqN VqdM+s yhft,A vc blesa
ekfpl
FkksM+k ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy Mkfy,A D;k dksbZ xSl fudy (Match stick)
jgh gS \ ;g xSl dkSu lh gS \ ij[kuyh ds eq¡g ds lehi
tyrh ekfpl dh rhyh vFkok eksecÙkh ys tkb, ¼fp= 4-2½A
D;k fdlh izdkj dh vkokt+ lqukbZ nh\
bl vfHkfØ;k esa ftad us gkbMªkDs yksfjd vEy esa mifLFkr
ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy
gkbMªkstu dks foLFkkfir dj mldk LFkku ys fy;k gSA (Dilute Hydrochloric
ftlds QyLo:i ftad DyksjkbM rFkk gkbMªkstu xSl curh acid)
gSA ,slh vfHkfØ;k,¡ ^^ foLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,¡ dgykrh gSaA

ftad /kkrq
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 (Zinc Metal)
ftad gkbMªksDyksfjd ftad DyksjkbM gkbMªkstu fp= 4-2 foLFkkiu (Displacement)
vEy
4- vo{ksi.k vfHkfØ;k (Precipitation reaction) &
fØ;kdyki 2 esa geus ns[kk fd [kkus ds lksMs ds vi?kVu ls tks xSl cu jgh gS mls ;fn
pwus ds ikuh esa izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS rks pwus dk ikuh nwf/k;k gks tkrk gSA bl vfHkfØ;k esa
pwus dk ikuh ftls jklk;fud Hkk"kk esa dSfY'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM ¼Ca¼OH½2½ dgk tkrk gS dkcZu
MkbvkWDlkbM ls vfHkfØ;k dj dSfY'k;e dkcksuZ Vs ¼CaCO3½ cukrk gS ,slh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡
ftuesa cuus okyk u;k inkFkZ v?kqyu'khy inkFkZ ds :i esa izkIr gksrk gS ^^vo{ksi.k vfHkfØ;k,¡**
dgykrh gaSA bl izdkj cus Bksl inkFkZ dks vo{ksi dgrs gSaA
dSfY'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM$dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV$ikuh
pwus dk ikuh dSls rS;kj djsa (How to prepare limewater) &
vko';d lkexzh& nks dk¡p dh cksrysa] dhi] NUuki=d] vucq>k pwukA
,d dk¡p dh cksry dks nks&frgkbZ ikuh ls Hkj ysaA vc blesa nks pEep vucq>k pwuk
Mky dj j[k nsaA vxys fnu bl ikuh dks Nku ysa vkSj nwljh cksry esa Hkj ysaA bl izdkj
ikjn'khZ pwus dk ikuh rS;kj gks tkrk gSA
1- fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa dks nks&nks mnkgj.kksa }kjk Li"V djsa&

1- la;kstu 2- vi?kVu 3- foLFkkiu 4- vo{ksi.k
2- ;fn pwus dk ikuh cukdj mls [kqyk NksM+ fn;k tk, rks vxys fnu mlesa D;k
ifjorZu gksxk vkSj D;ksa \
5- mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k (Neutralization reaction) &
fØ;kdyki&9
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required)& ij[kuyh] lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM] gkbMªksDyksfjd
vEy] fQukWy¶Fksyhu] MªkWij] yky rFkk uhyk fyVelA
,d ij[kuyh esa 20 cw¡nsa ruq lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM foy;u ysdj mlesa ,d ;k nks cw¡n
fQukWy¶Fksyhu dh MkysaA foy;u esa dkSu lk jax mRiUu gqvk \ foy;u ds jax ifjorZu ls vki
tku ldrs gSa fd foy;u vEyh; gS ;k {kkjh;A
vc bl {kkjh; foy;u esa MªkWij }kjk cw¡n&cw¡n djds ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy Mkysa vkSj
foy;u dks fgykrs tk,¡A ,d fLFkfr ,slh vk,xh tc foy;u dk xqykch jax lekIr gks tk,xkA
vc bl foy;u esa Øe'k% yky o uhyk fyVel Mky dj ns[ksaA bl izdkj vEy o {kkj dh
vkilh fØ;k ls yo.k rFkk ikuh dk cuuk ^^mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k** dgykrk gSA
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
{kkj vEy yo.k ikuh
;g fØ;kdyki lko/kkuhiwoZd djsa vU;Fkk mnklhuhdj.k fLFkfr ds i'pkr~ vEy dh ,d
cwan dh vf/kdrk foy;u dh izd`fr dks vEyh; dj nsrh gSA
6- vkWDlhdj.k] vip;u vfHkfØ;k (Oxidation Reduction reaction) &
fØ;kdyki 6 esa tc geus eSXuhf'k;e ds rkj dks tyk;k Fkk rc eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM
dk fuekZ.k gqvk FkkA ;g vkWDlhdj.k dk Hkh mnkgj.k gSA fdlh inkFkZ dk vkWDlhtu ls
la;kstu ^^vkWDlhdj.k** dgykrk gSA vki tkurs gSa yksgs ds vkWDlhtu ds lkFk la;kstu ls gh
tax yxrk gSA vr% yksgs esa tax yxuk Hkh vkWDlhdj.k fØ;k dk mnkgj.k gSA lYQj dks
tykus ij lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM izkIr gksrh gS ;gk¡ Hkh lYQj dk vkWDlhdj.k gksrk gSA
S + O2 SO2
blds foijhr fdlh ;kSfxd esa vkWDlhtu dh deh ^^vip;u** dgykrh gSA
tc ejD;wfjd vkWDlkbM dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rc ejdjh ¼ikjk½ rFkk vkWDlhtu izkIr gksrh gSA
2HgO 2Hg + O2
ejD;wfjd vkWDlkbM ejdjh vkWDlhtu
;gk¡ ejD;wfjd vkWDlkbM dk vip;u gqvk gS D;ksafd blesa vkWDlhtu dh deh gqbZ gSA
vkWDlhdj.k vkSj vip;u dks Øe'k% gkbMªkstu dh deh vkSj gkbMªkstu ds ;ksx ls Hkh
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tc veksfu;k dks jä rIr dk¡p dh uyh esa izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc og vi?kfVr
gksdj ukbVªkstu rFkk gkbMªkstu cukrh gSA
2NH3 N2 + 3H2
veksfu;k ukbVªkstu gkbMªkstu
bl vfHkfØ;k esa veksfu;k ls gkbMªkstu vyx gks x;h gS vr% ;gk¡ veksfu;k dk
vkWDlhdj.k gqvk gSA
vkb,] vc gkbMªkstu rFkk Dyksjhu }kjk gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy ds cuus ij fopkj djsa&
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
gkbMªkstu Dyksjhu gkbMªkstu DyksjkbM
bl vfHkfØ;k esa Dyksjhu ls gkbMªkt
s u dk ;ksx gqvk gS vr% ;gk¡ Dyksjhu dk vip;u gqvk gSA
tSo jklk;fud fØ;k,¡ (Bio chemical reactions)
tSo jklk;fud fØ;kvksa esa jklk;fud inkFkksZa ds lkFk&lkFk lw{e thok.kq Hkh Hkkx ysrs
gSaA ngh dk teuk] nkslk cukus ds fy, fHkxks, x, pkoy vkSj mM+n dh nky esa [kehj dk
mBuk] Hkkstu dk lM+uk] gekjs o vU; tho&tarqvksa ds 'kjhj ds vanj gksus okyh fØ;k,¡ tSls
ikpu vkfn Hkh tSo jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ gSaA
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gSaA gekjs vkSj nwljs tho tarqvksa ds
'kjhjksa rFkk isM+ ikS/kksa esa yxkrkj cgqr lh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ gksrh jgrh gaSA dkj[kkuksa esa
Hkh cgqr lh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds }kjk gekjs nSfud thou ds fy, vko';d oLrq,¡ tSls&
nokb;k¡] [kkn] dhVuk'kd] iasV] ikWfy'k] lhesaV] lkcqu] lkSan;Z izlk/ku vkfn cuk, tkrs gSaA
1- mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k D;k gS \ ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A
2- vo{ksi D;k gS \ ,d ,slh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k fyf[k, ftlesa vo{ksi dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gksA
3- vkWDlhdj.k rFkk vip;u vfHkfØ;kvksa dks le>kb,A
geus lh[kk (WE HAVE LEARNT) &
,slh fØ;k,¡ ftuesa u;k inkFkZ curk gS jklk;fud fØ;k,¡ dgykrh gSaA tks
inkFkZ jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ysrs gSa vfHkdkjd dgykrs gaS tcfd vfHkfØ;k
esa cuus okys u, inkFkZ mRikn dgykrs gSaA
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ xSl ds fudyus] jax&ifjorZu] vo{ksi ds cuus] Å"ek
ifjorZu ;k voLFkk ifjorZu ds }kjk igpkuh tkrh gSaA
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ fofHkUu izdkj dh gksrh gSaA mUgsa la;kstu] vi?kVu]
foLFkkiu] vo{ksi.k] mnklhuhdj.k] vkWDlhdj.k] vip;u vfHkfØ;kvksa esa oxhZd`r
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,slh jklk;fud fØ;k,¡ ftuesa jklk;fud inkFkksZa ds lkFk&lkFk thok.kq Hkh Hkkx
ysrs gSa tSo jklk;fud fØ;k,¡ dgykrh gSaA
fofHkUu jlk;uksa dh izkfIr ds fy, bu vfHkfØ;kvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vH;kl ds iz'u (Questions For Practice) &
1- lgh mÙkj dk p;u dhft, (Choose the correct answer)
1- NaOH+HCl NaCl+H2O ;g gS&
¼d½ vi?kVu vfHkfØ;k ¼[k½ la;kstu vfHkfØ;k
¼x½ mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k ¼?k½ vo{ksi.k vfHkfØ;k
2- ngu ds le; inkFkZ vkWDlhtu ls tqMr+ k gS rks ;g fØ;k gksxh&
¼d½ vip;u ¼[k½ vkWDlhdj.k
¼x½ vi?kVu ¼?k½ foLFkkiu
3- buesa ls dkSu lk y{k.k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk ugha gS&
¼d½ fØ;k esa Å"ek mRiUu gksukA ¼[k½ mRikn ds jax esa ifjorZu gksukA
¼x½ xSl mRiUu gksuk ¼?k½ u, inkFkZ dk u cuukA
4- 2 KClO3 2 KCl+3O2 ;g gS&
¼d½ la;kstu vfHkfØ;k ¼[k½ vi?kVu vfHkfØ;k
¼x½ foLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k ¼?k½ mnklhuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k
2- jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk izdkj fyf[k, (Write the type of chemical reaction)
¼1½ NH3+HCl NH4Cl
¼2½ NaOH+HCl NaCl+H2O
¼3½ 2NH3 N2+3H2
¼4½ CuSO4+Zn ZnSO4+ Cu
3- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A (Answer the following questions)
1- tc dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rc dSfY'k;e vkWDlkbM
vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM izkIr gksrs gaS%
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
;g fdl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k gS\ blesa dkSu ls vfHkdkjd vkSj dkSu ls mRikn gS\a fy[ksAa
2- fuEufyf[kr jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds nks&nks mnkgj.k nhft, ftuesa &
1 vo{ksi curk gSA
2 Å"ek fudyrh gSA
3 jax ifjorZu gksrk gSA
4- uhps dqN fØ;k,¡ nh xbZ gSa] buesa ls jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa dh igpku
dj dkj.k lfgr Li"V dhft,&
1- cQZ dk fi?kyukA
2- 'kDdj dk ikuh esa ?kqyukA
3- ydM+h dk tyukA
4- dVs gq, vkyw] cSaxu rFkk lso dk dkyk iM+ tkukA
5- ekse dk fi?kyukA
6- pk¡nh ds vkHkw"k.kksa dk dkyk iM+ tkukA
7- nw/k dk [kV~Vk gks tkukA
8- gjs ikS/kksa }kjk lw;Z ds izdk'k esa Hkkstu dk fuekZ.k djukA
5- varj Li"V djsa (Point out the difference between) &
1- vkWDlhdj.k rFkk vip;u
2- la;kstu rFkk vi?kVu
6- jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds y{k.k fyf[k,A
7- ,slh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds mnkgj.k fyf[k,] tks ,d ls vf/kd y{k.kksa dks
iznf'kZr djrh gksaA
8- vius vkl&ikl gksus okys jklk;fud ifjorZuksa dh lwph cukb;s rFkk mUgsa
jklk;fud fØ;kvksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa esa ck¡fV,A
9- lhek us tc Xywdkst eq¡g esa Mkyk rc thHk esa mls BaMk&BaMk yxkA ,slk D;ksa
gqvk gksxkA bl fØ;k dks D;k dgsaxsA
5 /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡
(METALS AND NON-METALS)
5-1 rRo (Element)
vki tkurs gSa fd 118 rRoksa dh [kkst dh tk pqdh gSA ,sls ik¡p rRoksa ds
uke ftudk vki mi;ksx djrs gSa viuh dkWih esa fyf[k,A vkids }kjk cuk;h
x;h lwph esa yksgk] rk¡ck] ,sYkqfefu;e] lksuk] pk¡nh] vkWDlhtu] dkcZu] gkbMªkts u
bR;kfn esa ls dqN rRoksa ds uke gks ldrs gSAa D;k ;s lHkh rRo xq.kksa esa leku gS\a
vkb,] fØ;kdykiksa }kjk dqN rRoksa ds xq.kksa ds ckjs esa tkus&
a
5-1-1 rRoksa ds xq.k (Characteristics of Elements)

vko’;d lkexzh (Materials required) & isfUly ysM ¼xzQ s kbV½] rk¡cs dk rkj] yksgs
dk VqdM+k] dks;yk] xa/kd] jsxeky isij] gFkkSMh+ A
xsQ
z kbV] rk¡cs ds rkj] yksgs ds VqdM+]s dks;yk vkSj xa/kd dks jsxeky isij ls jxM+dj nsf[k,
rFkk budks gFkkSMh+ ls ihfV,A ihVus ls D;k ifjorZu gqvk\
jsxeky isij ls jxM+us ij rk¡cs ds rkj vkSj yksgs ds VqdM+s esa ped fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vFkkZr~
/kkrq,¡ pednkj gksrh gSAa gFkkSMh+ ls ihVus ij ;s QSydj pknj cu tkrs gS]a ;g xq.k vk?kkro/;Zrk
dgykrk gSA ihVus ij xzQ s kbV] dks;yk vkSj xa/kd dk VqdM+kas esa VwV tkuk Hkaxjq rk dgykrk gSA
vko’;d lkexzh& rk¡cs dk rkj] isfUly ysM ¼xzQ s kbV½] eksecÙkh] ekfplA
rk¡cs ds rkj vkSj isfUly ysM ds ,d fljs dks vyx&vyx eksecÙkh dh ykS ij xeZ dhft,A
dqN le; ckn muds nwljs fljksa dks Nwdj nsf[k,A D;k rk¡cs ds rkj vkSj isfa ly ysM dk nwljk
fljk] xeZ gksrk gS \ rk¡cs ds rkj ds nwljs fljs dk xeZ gksuk ;g iznf’kZr djrk gS fd blesa ls Å"ek
izokfgr gksrh gS] vFkkZr~ rk¡ck Å"ek dk lqpkyd gSA fdUrq xzQ s kbV Å"ek dk lkekU; pkyd gSA
fØ;kdyki & 3 xzQ

s kbV dh NM+ xa/kdpw.kZ
(Graphite rod) (Sulpher
vko';d lkexzh& yksgs dk powder)
rkj] xa/kd] fo|qr rkj] cYc] ,d 'kq"d

lsy] xzQs kbV] dk¡p dh LykbM] eksecÙkh]
ekfplA 'kq"d lsy 'kq"d lsy
rkj] cYc vkSj lsy ysdj fp= (Dry Cell) (Dry Cell)
5-1 esa fn;k x;k ifjiFk cuk yhft,A

ifjiFk ds nks rkj [kqys jf[k,A nksuksa cYc cYc
[kqys rkjksa dks fp=kuqlkj yksgs ds rkj ls fp= 5-1 /kkrq rFkk v/kkrq dh pkydrk (Bulb)
tksfM+, vc nsf[k, cYc tyrk gS ;k ugha \ bl iz;ksx dks yksgs ds rkj ds LFkku ij xzQ s kbV
yxkdj dhft,A D;k cYc vHkh Hkh tyrk gS \ vc xa/kd pw.kZ dks dk¡p dh LykbM ij j[kdj
eksecÙkh dh ykS ls fi?kyk,a vkSj BaMk djsAa vkidks xa/kd dh ijr izkIr gksxh ifjiFk ds [kqys rkj
ds chp j[kdj iz;ksx dks nksgjk,¡] D;k cYc tyrk gS \ ¼fp= 5-1½
yksgs ds rkj vkSj xzQ
s kbV dks ifjiFk esa tksMu+ s ls cYc dk tyuk iznf'kZr djrk gS fd os
fo|qr ds lqpkyd gS]a tcfd xa/kd fo|qr dk dqpkyd gSA vr% cYc ugha tyrkA
mijksDr fØ;kdykiksa ds vk/kkj ij lkj.kh 5-1 dks viuh dkWih esa fy[kdj iwjk djs& a
lkj.kh&5-1
Ø- rRo ped vk?kkro/;Z r k Hkaxqjrk Å"ek pkydrk fo|qr pkydrk
(S.No.) (Element) (Brightness) (Malleability) (Fragility) (Heat conductivity) (Electric conductivity)
1- yksgk &&&& &&&&&&&& &&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&

2- rk¡ck &&&& &&&&&&&& &&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
3- dks;yk &&&& &&&&&&&& &&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
4- xzQ
s kbV &&&& &&&&&&&& &&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
5- xa/kd &&&& &&&&&&&& &&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
ge ns[krs gSa fd yksgk vkSj rk¡ck pednkj] vk?kkro/;Z] Å"ek rFkk fo|qr ds lqpkyd gaAS
tcfd dks;yk vkSj xa/kd Hkaxjq ] Å"ek vkSj fo|qr ds dqpkyd gSa vFkkZr~ ge rRoksa dks muds xq.kksa
ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdr` dj ldrs gSAa yksgk vkSj rk¡ck tSls rRoksa dks /kkrq dgrs gSAa izd`fr esa
vf/kdka'k rRo /kkrq gaAS /kkrqvksa ds vU; mnkgj.k gS&
a lksuk] pk¡nh] ,sYkqfefu;e] fVu] ysM] ftad bR;kfnA
blds foijhr dkcZu vkSj xa/kd tSls rRoksa dks v/kkrq dgrs gSAa izdf` r esa budh la[;k cgqr
de gSA v/kkrqvksa ds vU; mnkgj.k gS& a Dyksjhu] czkes hu] vkWDlhtu] ghfy;e] vk;ksMhu] ukbVªkt s u]
QkWLQksjl bR;kfnA xzQ s kbV Hkh v/kkrq gS fdarq mlesa fo|qr pkydrk ik;h tkrh gSA
buds mRrj nhft, (ANSWER THESE)&

fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks) &
1- /kkrqvksa dh la[;k v/kkrqvksa ls &&&&&&& gSA
2- &&&&&&& Å"ek vkSj fo|qr dh lqpkyd gksrh gSAa
3- &&&&&&& Hkaxjq gksrh gSAa
4- &&&&&&&] &&&&&&& vkSj &&&&&&& /kkrqvksa ds mnkgj.k gSAa
5-1-2 D;k lHkh /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡ Bksl gksrh gS\a (Are all metals and non metals solids ?)
D;k vki fdlh ,slh /kkrq ds ckjs esa tkurs gS] tks lkekU; rki ij Bksl voLFkk ds vfrfjDr
fdlh vkSj voLFkk esa ik;h tkrh gS\ ikjk ,d ,slh /kkrq gS tks nzo voLFkk esa ik;h tkrh gS] ysfdu
dksbZ Hkh /kkrq xSlh; voLFkk esa ugha ik;h tkrhA
v/kkrq,¡ izk;% xSlh; voLFkk esa ik;h tkrh gSAa ik¡p v/kkrq,¡ Bksl voLFkk ¼dkcZu] QkWLQksjl]
xa/kd] flysfu;e] vkSj vk;ksMhu½ vkSj ,d nzo voLFkk esa ¼czkes hu½ ik;h tkrh gSA
lksuk o pk¡nh lcls vf/kd pednkj /kkrq,¡ gaS pk¡nh ,d cgqr gh vPNh ijkorZd /kkrq gSA og vius
ij iM+ u s okys yxHkx 90 iz f r'kr iz d k'k dks ijkofrZ r dj ns r h gS A bldk mi;ks x
niZ.kksa ds ihNs dh iryh /kkrq dh rg cukus esa gksrk gSA
5-1-3 D;k lHkh /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡ dBksj gksrh gSa \ (Are all metals and non metals hard)
/kkrq,¡ izk;% dBksj gksrh gSAa bUgsa dkVuk vR;ar dfBu gksrk gSA dBksjrk ds bl xq.k ds
dkj.k ;s gekjs fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gksrh gSAa yksgk cgqr dBksj /kkrq gS] blfy, bldk mi;ksx
edku] iqy] jsy ykbu] okgu vkSj e'khuas cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA nwljh vksj lksfM;e vkSj
iksVfS 'k;e /kkrq,¡ uje gksrh gS]a bUgsa pkdw ls vklkuh ls dkVk tk ldrk gSA
v/kkrq,¡ izk;% dBksj ugha gksrh gSAa ysfdu ghjk ¼dkcZu dk ,d :i½ izkd`frd inkFkksaZ esa
lcls dBksj gSA
5-1-4 D;k lHkh /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡ rU; gksrh gSa\ (Are metals and non-metals ductile)
vkius izk;% fdu rRoksa ds rkj ns[ks gSa \ D;k vkius lYQj ds rkj ns[ks gSa \
fdlh /kkrq dk og xq.k ftlds dkj.k mlds rkj [khaps tk ldrs gS]a rU;rk dgykrk gSA
gekjs ?kjksa esa iz;qDr fctyh ds cYcksa esa VaXLVsu /kkrq dk iryk rkj ¼rar½q gksrk gSA
v/kkrqvksa eas rU;rk dk xq.k ugha gksrk gSA ge v/kkrqvksa ds rkj ugha izkIr dj ldrsA fdarq
vk/kqfud rduhd dk mi;ksx dj dkcZu ds Hkh rarq cuk, tkrs gaAS
Û rU;rk dk xq.k lcls vf/kd lksus esa gksrk gSA nl xzke lksus ls yxHkx nks fdyksehVj yacs rkj [khaps
tk ldrs gSaA
Û lksuk vkSj pk¡nh vf/kd vk?kkro/kZuh; gksrh gSaA blh xq.k ds dkj.k bUgsa ihVdj budh cgqr iryh pknjsa
cukbZ tkrh gaSA pk¡nh ds odZ ls feBkb;ksa dks Hkh ltk;k tkrk gSA
Û blh rjg ,sYkqfefu;e dh iryh pknj dk mi;ksx nokbZ;ks]a flxjsV] pkWdysV dks lqjf{kr j[kus esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
vkb,] /kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvksa ds dqN vkSj xq.kksa dk v/;;u djas &
/ofudrk (Sonorous) & lkekU;r% /kkrq,¡ /ofud gksrh gaAS vkius viuh 'kkyk esa /kkrq ds
?kaVs dh /ofu lquh gksxhA ;fn /kkrqvksa ij izgkj fd;k tkrk gS rks os /ofu mRiUu djrh gaAS ;gh
dkj.k gS fd rkack] yksgk vkfn /kkrqvksa dk mi;ksx ?kaVh cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA okn~;;a=ksa tSls
flrkj] fxVkj] cSt a ks vkfn esa Hkh /kkrqvksa ds rkjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
v/kkrq,¡ izgkj fd, tkus ij /ofu mRiUu ugha djrhaA
xyukad (Melting Point) & lkekU;r% lHkh /kkrqvksa dk xyukad mPp gksrk gSA yksgs dk
xyukad 15350C rFkk rkacs dk 10830C gSA
v/kkrqvksa ds xyukad de gksrs gSAa lYQj dk xyukad 1190C rFkk vk;ksMhu dk 1130C gSA

lgh mÙkj dk p;u djsa (Choose the correct alternative) &
1- /kkrq,¡] vf/kdrj v/kkrqvksa ls ¼dBksj@e`n½q gksrh gSAa
2- vf/kdka'k /kkrq,¡ Å"ek dh ¼dqpkyd@lqpkyd½ gksrh gSAa
3- ¼/kkrq,¡@v/kkrq,¡½ pednkj gksrh gSAa
4- /kkrqvksa dk og xq.k ftlds dkj.k mUgas ihVdj iryh pknjksa esa cnyk tk ldrk
gS ¼rU;rk@vk?kkro/;Zrk½
HkkSfrd xq.kksa ds leku D;k /kkrqvksa o v/kkrqvksa ds jklk;fud xq.kksa esa Hkh varj ik;k tkrk
gS \ vkb,] budh tkudkjh izkIr djs& a
5-2 /kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvksa ds jklk;fud xq.k/keZ (Chemical Properties of Metal and Non metals)
1- vkWDlhtu ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k (Reaction with Oxygen) &
fØ;kdyki&4
vko';d lkexzh& nks ij[kufy;k¡] ,d dk¡p dh LykbM] ,d fpeVh] eksecÙkh] ekfpl]
uhyk o yky fyVel isij] eSXuhf'k;e dk rkj] xa/kd] ikuhA
1- eSXuhf'k;e ds rkj dks fpeVh ls idM+dj eksecÙkh dh lgk;rk ls tykb,A tc ;g vPNh
rjg ls tyus yxs] rc blds Åij ,d ij[kuyh mYVh j[ksa rkfd cuus okyh xSl ml ij[kuyh esa
,df=r gks tk,A tc ;g rkj iwjk ty tk,] rks tys gq, VqdM+s dh jk[k dks Hkh mlh ij[kuyh esa
Mky nsAa ij[kuyh esa rqjra gh FkksMk+ lk ikuh Mkysa vkSj xSl o jk[k dks ?kksy ysAa
ij[kuyh ds ?kksy dh tk¡p yky o uhys fyVel ls djsAa
2- ;gh iz;ksx xa/kd ds lkFk Hkh djsAa xa/kd dks dk¡p dh LykbM ij j[kdj tyk,¡A cuus okyh
xSl dks ij[kuyh esa ,df=r djsa rFkk ij[kuyh esa ikuh Mkydj ?kksy ysAa cus foy;u dh tkap Hkh
yky o uhys fyVel ls djsAa vc lkj.kh 5-2 dks dkWih esa cukdj izkIr voyksdu dks mlesa fy[ks&
a
lkj.kh&5-2
Ø- foy;u yky fyVel uhys fyVel vEyh;rk@ {kkjh;rk
ij izHkko ij izHkko
(S.No.) (Solution) (Effect on red litmus) (Effect on blue litmus) (Acidic/Alkaline)
1 eSXuhf'k;e ds ngu &&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&

ls izkIr xSl dk foy;u
2 xa/kd ds ngu ls izkIr &&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&
xSl dk foy;u
vf/kdka'k /kkrq,¡ gok dh vkWDlhtu ls fØ;k djds vkWDlkbM cukrh gSAa tks ikuh ds lkFk
fØ;k dj gkbMªkWDlkbM cukrs ga]S ftudh izdf` r {kkjh; gksrh gSA
Mg $ O2 2MgO
eSXuhf'k;e $ vkWDlhtu eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM
eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM$ikuh eSXuhf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM ¼{kkj½
blds foijhr vf/kdrj v/kkrq,¡ gok dh vkWDlhtu ls fØ;k djds vkWDlkbM cukrh gSa tks
ikuh ds lkFk fØ;k djds vEy nsrs gSAa
S $ O2 SO2
lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM $ ikuh lY¶;wjl vEy
2- ty ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k (Reaction with water) &
fØ;kdyki& 5 ¼f'k{kd }kjk izn'kZu½ (Demonstration by teacher)
vko';d lkexzh& dk¡p dk VªQ] ikuh] lksfM;e] NUuki=d] fpeVhA

dk¡p ds VªQ dks ikuh ls Hkj yhft,A feV~Vh ds rsy esa Mwcs gq, lksfM;e dk ,d NksVk
VqdM+k dkV yhft, bl VqdMs+ dks NUuki=d dh lgk;rk ls lq[kk yhft,A vc bls Vc eas Mky
nhft,A Vc esa Mkyrs gh lksfM;e /kkrq dk VqdM+k lj~j /ofu ds lkFk ikuh esa ?kweuk 'kq: dj nsrk
gS rFkk mlesa vkx yx tkrh gSA
2Na $ 2H2O 2NaOH $ H2
lksfM;e $ ikuh lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM$ gkbMªkt s u
lksfM;e rFkk ikuh ds chp vfHkfØ;k ls gkbMªkt s u xSl mRiUu gksrh gSA bl fØ;k esa
vR;f/kd Å"ek mRiUu gksrh gSA
vius vkl&ikl dh vU; /kkrqvksa rk¡ck] eSXuhf'k;e] yksgk] ftad vkfn dks Hkh ikuh esa
Mkydj ns[ksAa D;k os Hkh ikuh ds lkFk lksfM;e ds leku fØ;k djrh gSa \
eSXuhf'k;e BaMs ty ds lkFk ean vfHkfØ;k djrk gS] ijarq xeZ ty ;k ty ok"i ds lkFk
;g rsth ls vfHkfØ;k djrk gS vkSj eSXuhf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM rFkk gkbMªkt s u cukrk gSA
eSXuhf'k;e $ ty eSXuhf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM $ gkbMªkt s u
ftad vkSj yksgs dh ty ok"i ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k cgqr ean gksrh gSA rk¡ck] lksuk] pk¡nh vkfn
ty ds lkFk fØ;k ugha djrsA
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gaS fd /kkrqvksa dh ty ls vfHkfØ;k,¡ fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ls gksrh gaAS
v/kkrq,¡ ty ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ugha djrh gaAS QkWLQksjl dks gok ds izHkko ls lqjf{kr j[kus ds
fy, ikuh esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;fn bls ok;q esa [kqyk j[kk tk, rks og ty mBrk gS vkSj ok;q dh
vkWDlhtu ds lkFk la;ksx dj ysrk gSA
3- vEyksa ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k (Reaction with Acids) &
fØ;kdyki&6
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required) & eSXuhf'k;e] ftad] rk¡cs ds VqdM+]s ruq gkbMªkDs yksfjd
vEy] ij[kufy;k¡] ekfpl] xeZ djus dk lk/kuA
bu rhuksa /kkrqvksa dks vyx&vyx ij[kuyh esa yhft, vkSj mlesa ,d pkSFkkbZ ruq
gkbMªkDs yksfjd vEy Mkfy,A ;fn dksbZ vfHkfØ;k ugha gksrh gS rks ij[kuyh dks /khjs&/khjs xeZ
dhft,A izR;sd ij[kuyh ls fudyus okyh xSl ds lehi tyrh gqbZ ekfpl dh rhyh ykdj
ijh{k.k dhft,A
eSXuhf'k;e vkSj ftad okyh ij[kuyh ls fudyus okyh xSl îkWi* dh /ofu ds lkFk tyrh
gS] blls irk pyrk gS fd fudyus okyh xSl gkbMªkt s u gSA
Mg $ 2HCl MgCl2 $ H2
eSXuhf'k;e gkbMªkDs yksfjd vEy eSXuhf'k;e DyksjkbM gkbMªkt
s u
Zn $ 2HCl ZnCl2 $ H2
ftad gkbMªkDs yksfjd vEy ftad DyksjkbM gkbMªkt s u
rk¡cs ds VqdM+s gkbMªkDs yksfjd vEy ls vfHkfØ;k ugha djrs gSAa rkack lkaæ lY¶;wfjd vEy
rFkk ukbfVªd vEy ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djrk gSA
ge /kkrqvksa ls fufeZr crZuksa dk mi;ksx nSfud thou esa djrs gSAa tc bu crZuksa esa ,sls HkksT;
inkFkZ ftuesa vEy mifLFkr gks ¼vpkj] ngh] [kês Qy½ j[ks tkrs gSa rc HkksT; inkFkksZa esa mifLFkr
vEy rFkk crZu dh /kkrq dh fØ;k ds dkj.k fo"kSys inkFkZ cu tkrs gSAa vr% vEyh; vo;oksa okys
bu inkFkksaZ dks /kkrqvksa ds crZu esa ugha j[kus dh lykg nh tkrh gSA
4- /kkrq dk /kkrq }kjk foLFkkiu (Displacement of metals with other metals)
vki tkurs gSa fd /kkrq,¡ vEyksa ls fØ;k djds gkbMªkt s u foLFkkfir djrh gSAa vkb,] vc
ge ns[kas fd D;k /kkrq,¡] vU; /kkrqvksa dks muds foy;u ls Hkh foLFkkfir dj ldrh gSa \
fØ;kdyki&7
vko';d lkexzh&chdj] 5 ij[kufy;k¡] ij[kuyh LVSM a ]
ikuh] dkWij lYQsV] yksgs ds VqdM+s] ftad ds VqdMs]+ eSXuhf'k;e
yksgs dh
dk rkj] ,sYkqfefu;e ¼batDs 'ku 'kh'kh dh lhy½] rk¡cs dk rkj&
dhy
,d 100 mL ds chdj esa 50 mLikuh yhft, vkSj mlesa dkWij
yxHkx 5 xzke dkWij lYQsV Mkydj mls ?kksy yhft,A LoPN lYQsV dk Qsjl
foy;u dh cjkcj ek=k,a 5 ij[kufy;ksa esa Mkydj bUgsa ij[kuyh foy;u lYQsV
dk
LVSM
a esa j[k nsAa vc bu ij[kufy;ksa esa Øe'k% yksgs ds VqdM+s] foy;u
ftad ds VqdM+s] eSXuhf'k;e dk rkj] ,sYkqfefu;e dk VqdM+k] rk¡cs yksgs dh
dhy
ds rkj dk VqdM+k Mkfy,A ij[kufy;ksa dks fcuk fgyk, dqN nsj rk¡cs dh ijr
fp= 5-2 yo.k ds foy;u ls /kkrq dk foLFkkiu
mlh izdkj jgus nsAa lkj.kh 5-3 dks viuh dkWih esa cukdj izkIr
voyksduksa dks mleas fy[ksAa
lkj.kh 5-3
Ø- dkWij lYQsV ds dkWij lYQsV foy;u /kkrq ij rkacs vU; ifjorZu
foy;u esa Mkyh ds jax esa gqvk dh irZ teh vFkok ugha
x;h /kkrq ifjorZu
1 yksgk (Iron) foy;u dk jax Qhdk yksgs ij rk¡cs dh &&&&&&&
iM+ x;k irZ te x;h
2 ftad (Zinc) &&&&&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&
3 eSXuhf'k;e (Magnesium) &&&&&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&
4 ,sYkqfefu;e (Aluminium) &&&&&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&
5 rk¡ck (Copper) dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk ugha &&&&&&&
bl iz;ksx esa vkius ns[kk fd ik¡poh ij[kuyh esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk tcfd vU;
ij[kufy;ksa esa dkWij lYQsV ds foy;u esa Mkyh x;h /kkrq us foy;u ls rk¡cs dks foLFkkfir dj
fn;k gS rFkk rk¡cs dk LFkku Lo;a ys fy;k gSA blds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd yksgk]
ftad] eSXuhf'k;e] ,syfq efu;e /kkrq,¡ rk¡cs ls vf/kd lfØ; gSAa bl fØ;kdyki dks d{kk ds Nk=
lewg esa foHkkftr gksdj djsAa izR;sd lewg ,d vyx yo.k tSls lksfM;e DyksjkbM] QsjllYQsV]
flYoj ukbVªVs dk foy;u cuk, rFkk bUgha ik¡p /kkrqvksa ls fØ;k djk,¡A
fØ;k gksus dk irk xSl ds cqycqys fudyus] foy;u ds jax esa ifjorZu] /kkrq ds jax esa
ifjorZu ;k Å"ek mRiUu ;k vo'kksf"kr gksus ds vk/kkj ij dj ldrs gSa ¼fp= 5-2½A
d{kk ds vU; lewgksa }kjk izkIr fu"d"kksaZ ds vk/kkj ij lkj.kh 5-4 esa ;g uksV djsa fd yo.k
ds foy;u esa Mkyh x;h /kkrq us yo.k esa mifLFkr /kkrq dks foLFkkfir fd;k vFkok ughaA
lkj.kh 5-4
Ø- foy;u yksgk ftad eSXuhf'k;e ,sYkqfefu;e rk¡ck
(S.No.) (Solution) (Iron) (Zinc) (Magnesium) (Aluminium) (Copper)
1- lksfM;e DyksjkbM &&&&&& &&&& &&&&&& &&&&&&& &&&&

2- dkWij lYQsV &&&&&& &&&& &&&&&& &&&&&&& &&&&
3- Qsjl lYQsV &&&&&& &&&& &&&&&& &&&&&&& &&&&
4- flYoj ukbVªVs &&&&&& &&&& &&&&&& &&&&&&& &&&&
mijksDr lkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij ge Kkr dj ldrs gSa fd dkSu lh /kkrq vf/kd fØ;k'khy
gS vkSj dkSu lh deA ;fn ftad /kkrq yksgs dks Qsjl lYQsV foy;u ls foLFkkfir dj nsrh gS rks
ge dg ldrs gSa fd ftad /kkrq yksgs dh vis{kk vf/kd fØ;k'khy gSA ;fn yksgk] rk¡ck dks dkWij
lYQsV foy;u ls foLFkkfir dj nsrk gS rks yksgk rk¡cs ls vf/kd fØ;k'khy gSA pw¡fd ftad /kkrq
yksgs ls vf/kd fØ;k'khy gS vr% og rk¡cs ls Hkh vf/kd fØ;k'khy gksxhA
vc vki lkj.kh 5-4 ds vk/kkj ij /kkrqvksa dh lfØ;rk Ük`[a kyk cuk,¡A D;k ;g J`[a kyk
fuEufyf[kr Ük`[a kyk ls esy [kkrh gS&
Li K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Pb H Cu Hg Ag Au
/kkrq ftruh fØ;k'khy gksxh] og mruh gh rhozrk ls ikuh vkSj ok;q ls fØ;k djrh gSA
lksfM;e bruk vf/kd fØ;k'khy gS fd bls ikuh rFkk ok;q dh fØ;k ls cpkus ds fy, fdjksflu
esa j[kk tkrk gS] tcfd nwljs Nksj ij lksuk gS tks yxHkx fuf"Ø; gS vkSj ikuh rFkk ok;q ls fØ;k
ugha djrk] og rks vEy ls Hkh fØ;k ugha djrkA

1- eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM ds ty esa ?kqyus ls cus foy;u dh izdf` r dSlh gksrh gS \
2- dkWij lYQsV ds foy;u esa ftad ds VqdM+s Mkyus ij D;k gksrk gS \
3- D;k rk¡ck] Qsjl lYQsV ds foy;u ls vk;ju dks foLFkkfir djrk gS \
4- yksg]s ,sYkqfefu;e vkfn ds crZuksa esa vpkj D;ksa ugha j[kk tkrk gS \
5- izk;% /kkrq,¡ vEyksa ls fØ;k dj dkSu lh xSl mRiUu djrh gSa \
5-3 mRd`"V /kkrq,¡ (Nobel Metals)

D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd vkHkw"k.k fdu /kkrqvksa ds cus gksrs gSa \
lfØ;rk Js.kh ds vk/kkj ij vki crk ldrs gSa fd bu /kkrqvksa dk mi;ksx ge vkHkw"k.k
cukus esa D;ksa djrs gS\a vkHkw"k.k cukus ds fy, lksus ds mi;ksx djus dk ,d dkj.k mldh
fuf"Ø;rk Hkh gSA pk¡nh] lksuk vkSj IySfVue /kkrq,¡ lcls de fØ;k'khy gksrh gSAa ;s ok;q] ty rFkk
vEyh; vkSj {kkjh; inkFkksaZ }kjk izHkkfor ugha gksrh gSAa bl izdkj dh /kkrqvksa dks mRd`"V /kkrq,¡
dgrs gSAa mRd`"V /kkrqvkas dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd fuf"Ø; izdf` r ds dkj.k budh /kkfRod ped
yacs le; rd cuh jgrh gSAa
lksus esa FkksM+h ek=k esa pk¡nh vkSj rk¡ck feykus ls og dBksj gks tkrk gS] ftlls mlds vkHkw"k.k cuk;s
tk ldrs gSaA lksus dh ek=k dSjsV ds :i esa O;Dr dh tkrh gSA 'kq) lksuk ¼100 izfr'kr½ 24 dSjVs dk
gksrk gSA tSl& s tSls lksus esa feyk;h x;h /kkrq dh ek=k c<+rh gS] lksus dk dSjVs eku oSl& s oSls ?kVrk tkrk
gSA 22 dSjVs lksus dk vFkZ gS fd 22 Hkkx lksuk vkSj 2 Hkkx pk¡nh ;k rk¡ckA
5-4 la{kkj.k (Corrosion) &
vkius ns[kk gksxk fd yksgs dh dhy] ikbi vkfn dqN le; rd ok;q esa
[kqys iM+s jgas rks muesa tax yx tkrk gSA bl izdkj /kkrq dh Åijh lrg ij
mlds ;kSfxd dk cuuk la{kkj.k dgykrk gSA
fØ;kdyki&8
vko';d lkexzh& rhu ij[kufy;k¡] yksgs dh dhyas
;k Nhyu] futZy dSfYl;e DyksjkbM] ikuhA
rhu ij[kufy;kas esa yksgs dh ,d&nks taxjfgr dhyas ikuh mcyk dSfYl;e
yhft,A igyh ij[kuyh esa FkksMk+ lk ikuh Mky nsAa nwljh ikuh DyksjkbM
fp= 5-3 la { kkj.k ds fy, vko';d 'krsZa
ij[kuyh esa mcyk ikuh ¼vkWDlhtu jfgr½ rFkk rhljh
ij[kuyh esa FkksMk+ lk futZy dSfYl;e DyksjkbM] Mky nsAa ftlls ij[kuyh dh ok;q 'kq"d gks
tk,A rhuksa ij[kufy;ksa dk eqg¡ jcj ds dkdZ ls can dj nhft,A nks&rhu fnu ds ckn ij[kufy;ksa
dk voyksdu dj crykb, fd fdu ij[kufy;ksa dh dhyksa esa tax yxk \ bu voyksduksa ls D;k
vki crk ldrs gaS tax yxus ds fy, fdu&fdu dkjdksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS \
;g fØ;kdyki n'kkZrk gS fd tax yxus ds fy;s vkWDlhtu vkSj ty nksuksa dh mifLFkfr
vko';d gSA blls gesa ;g ladrs feyrk gS fd yksgs dks tax ls cpkus ds fy;s bls ue ok;q ls
nwj j[kuk pkfg,A blds dbZ mik; gS& a
1- isVa djuk& la{kkj.k jksdus dk lcls izpfyr mik; gS] /kkrq dh lrg ij isVa dh
ijr yxkukA gekjs ?kjksa esa yksgs ls cuh dbZ oLrqvksa ij isVa fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd
os tax ls lqjf{kr jgsAa
2- xzhl yxkuk&rsy ;k xzhl dh ijr yxkdj /kkrq dk ok;q vkSj ueh ls laidZ rksMk+
tkrk gSA tax ls cpkus ds fy;s lk;fdy dh psu esa xzhl yxk;k tkrk gSA
3- /kkrq dh irZ p<+kuk& bl fof/k esa yksgs dh oLrq dks lkQ djds fi?kys gq, ftad
esa Mqck;k tkrk gSA oLrq ij ftad dh lrg p<+ tkrh gSA ?kjksa dh Nr cukus ds
fy;s iz;Dq r yksgs dh pknjks]a ckfYV;ksa vkSj Vafd;ksa dks la{kkj.k ls cpkus ds fy;s mu
ij /kkrq dh ijr p<+k;h tkrh gSA ;g dk;Z fo|qr ysiu fof/k }kjk Hkh fd;k tkrk
gSA fo|qr ysiu fof/k }kjk yksgs ij fVu ;k Øksfe;e /kkrqvksa dh ijr p<+kdj
bldks lqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA LVhy ds QuhZpj dks Øksfe;e ds ysiu ls T;knk
fVdkÅ vkSj vkd"kZd cuk;k tkrk gSA
4- feJ/kkrqvksa dk fuekZ.k& vki tkurs gaS izk;% 'kq) lksus dk mi;ksx vkHkw"k.k
cukus ds fy;s ugha fd;k tkrk gSA yksgs ij vklkuh ls tax yx tkrk gS] blfy,
[kkuk idkus vkSj vkijs'ku esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys midj.k 'kq) yksgs ds ugha
cuk;s tkrsA bl rjg geus ns[kk fd 'kq) /kkrq,¡ dbZ ckj T;knk mi;ksxh ugha gksrh
gSAa bu /kkrqvksa dks vkSj mi;ksxh cukus ds fy;s muesa vU; /kkrq,¡ ;k v/kkrq,¡ feyk
nh tkrh gSAa bl izdkj cus feJ.k dks feJ/kkrq dgrs gSAa feJ/kkrq,¡ vf/kd dBksj
rFkk tax izfrjks/kh gksrh gaAS ge vko';drkuqlkj /kkrqvksa ds vuqikr esa ifjorZu dj
okafNr xq.kksa okyh feJ/kkrqvksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSAa
lkj.kh 5-5 esa dqN egRoiw.kZ feJ/kkrq,¡] muds vo;o vkSj eq[; mi;ksx fn;s x, gS& a
lkj.kh 5-5
Ø- feJ/kkrq vo;o mi;ksx

(S.N.) (Alloy) (Constituents) (Uses)
1- bLikr ¼LVhy½ yksgk] dkcZu tgkt] iqy] jsy dh iVfj;k¡

2- LVsuysl LVhy yksgk] dkcZu] Øksfe;e] fudSy crZu] 'kY; fpfdRlk ds midj.k
3- dkalk rk¡ck] fVu ewfrZ;k¡] flDds cukus essa
4- ihry rk¡ck] ftad crZu] e'khu
5- M~;jw y
s fq eu ,sYkqfefu;e] rk¡ck] eSxuht] is'z kj dqdj]ok;q;ku ds fofHkUu Hkkx
eSXuhf'k;e
6- teZu flYoj rk¡ck] ftad] fudSy crZu cukus esa
5-5 /kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvksa ds mi;ksx (Uses of metals and non metals) &
dqN lkekU; /kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvksa ds ckjs esa vki tku x;s gS]a mlds vk/kkj ij fuEu
lkj.kh iw.kZ djus dk iz;kl dhft,&
lkj.kh 5-6
Ø- /kkrq @ v/kkrq mi;ks x
(S.N..) (Metals/ Non Metals) (Uses)
1- yksgk &&&&&&&&&&&
2- lksuk vkSj pk¡nh &&&&&&&&&&&
3- rk¡ck vkSj ,sYkqfefu;e &&&&&&&&&&&
4- vkWDlhtu &&&&&&&&&&&
5- ftad &&&&&&&&&&&
6- dkcZu ¼dks;yk½ &&&&&&&&&&&
ysM dk mi;ksx lk;fdy] eksVj lk;fdy esa dke vkus okys NjsZ] Vkadk yxkus ds rkj ,oa
uykas ds ikbZi cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA VkbVsfu;e /kkrq dk mi;ksx e'khuksa ds fofHkUu Hkkx] mixzg
rFkk jkWdVs fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA ,syfq efu;e vFkok lksus dh iryh iUuh dk mi;ksx ljy
fo|qrn'khZ cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Dyksjhu dk mi;ksx thok.kquk'kd ds :i esa ty ds 'kks/ku esa fd;k tkrk gSA vk;ksMhu dk
mi;ksx fVaDpj vk;ksMhu esa jksxk.kquk'kd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA lYQj dk mi;ksx nokbZ;k¡]
ck:n] iVk[ks cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
buds mÙkj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE) &
1- mRd`"V /kkrq fdls dgrs gSa \
2- la{kkj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ fo|qr ysiu dj /kkrqvksa dks fdl izdkj la{kkj.k
ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA
3- LVsuysl LVhy rFkk dk¡ls ds vo;oksa ds uke rFkk mi;ksx fyf[k,A
4- Dyksjhu rFkk fVaDpj vk;ksMhu dk mi;ksx fdl dk;Z ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS \
ysM ,oa ejdjh /kkrq ds nq"izHkko (Poisonous effect of lead and mercury)
ysM ¼lhlk½ o ejdjh ¼ikjk½ ,slh /kkrq,¡ gaS] ftudk iz;ksx fofHkUu mn~;ksxksa eas fd;k tkrk gS
;s /kkrq,¡ thoksa ds 'kjhj esa igq¡p dj vR;Ur fo"kSyk izHkko mRiUu djrh gSAa
ysM dk mi;ksx isVa ,oa cSVjh cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ¼isVªksy tSls inkFkZ ds tyus ls
mRiUu /kq,¡ esa Hkh ysM rFkk mlds ;kSfxd ik, tkrs gS]a tks gekjs 'kjhj esa igq¡p dj yky jDr df.kdk]
efLr"d vkSj ;d`r dks {kfrxzLr djrs gSAa ½
ejdjh ds ;kSfxdkas dk iz;ksx isVa ] dhVuk'kh] doduk'kh] cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ;kSfxd
gekjs 'kjhj esa iznfw "kr ikuh o nwf"kr Hkkstu tSls eNfy;ks]a lfCt;ksa ds lsou ls igq¡prs gSa vkSj o`ôksa
vkSj dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= dks uqdlku igq¡pkrs gSAa
NÙkhlx<+ dk /kkrq f'kYi (Metal Sculpture of Chhattisgarh)
ekuo] izkphu dky ls ykSg v;Ld }kjk yksgk vyx djus dh fof/k ls ifjfpr FkkA
NÙkhlx<+ ds jktukanxkao ftys esa jgus okys v?kfj;k tkfr ds yksx cgqr igys ls ykSg v;Ld ls
yksgk izkIr djus dh fof/k tkurs FksA cLrj ds ykSg&f'kYih vHkh Hkh ikjaifjd :i
ls dykd`fr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSAa NÙkhlx<+ ds yksgkj tkfr ds yksx yksgs dk
pwYgk] Vafx;k] Qjlk] dqnky] QkoM+k] ,ady] rhj] Hkkyk] xkM+h dk iêk vkfn cukdj
xzkE; thou dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gSAa cLrj ds uxjukj {ks= esa ykSgf'kYi
mUur gS] ;gk¡ ds yksx i'kqif{k;ksa dh [kwclwjr vkd`fr;k¡] dykRed nhi LraHk vkfn
rS;kj djrs gSAa cLrj dh gh ?kM+ok tkfr dh /kkrq f'kYi dyk fo'o izfl) gSA buds fp= 5-4 NÙkhlx<+
}kjk cukbZ gqbZ dykd`fr;k¡ ns'k&fons'k esa [kjhnh o ljkgh tkrh gSAa dk /kkrq f'kYi
blh izdkj jk;x<+ {ks= eas clus okyh tutkfr >kjk ftl /kkrq f'kYi dk
fuekZ.k djrh gS mls >kjk /kkrq f'kYi dgrs gSAa >kjk f'kYih eq[; :i ls /kkrq dh ewfrZ;k¡] crZu] nhid
vkfn dk fuekZ.k djrs gSAa
ljxqtk esa ikbZ tkus okyh eykj tkfr }kjk /kkrqf'kYi dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSa mls eykj
f'kYi dgrs gSAa ;s eq[;r% crZu] fpeuh] vukt ukius ds ik= cukrs gSAa i'kq&i{kh] taxyh tkuoj
vkSj nsoh nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh rS;kj djrs gSAa
geus lh[kk (We have learnt)

rRoksa dks /kkrqvkas vkSj v/kkrqvksa esa oxhZdr` fd;k tk ldrk gSA
/kkrqvksa esa ped] rU;rk] dBksjrk] vk?kkro/;Zrk] pkydrk tSls xq.k gksrs gSAa
v/kkrq,¡ Hkaxjq vkSj dqpkyd gksrh gSAa
/kkrqvksa ds ngu ls {kkjh; rFkk v/kkrqvksa ds ngu ls vEyh; vkWDlkbM izkIr gksrs gSAa
,sYkqfefu;e] ftad /kkrq,¡ vEyksa ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djrh gaAS
v/kkrq,¡ izk;% vEyksa ds lkFk fØ;k ugha djrh gaAS
vf/kd lfØ; /kkrq vius ls de lfØ; /kkrq dks mlds yo.k ds foy;u ls foLFkkfir dj nsrh gSA
lksuk] pk¡nh vkSj IySfVue mRd`"V /kkrq,¡ gSAa
feJ/kkrq] /kkrqvksa vFkok /kkrq vkSj v/kkrq ds lekaxh feJ.k gksrs gSAa
yksgs tSlh /kkrqvksa dk la{kkj.k gksrk gSA la{kkj.k dks jksdus ds vusd mik; gSAa
/kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvksa ds gekjs nSfud thou esa dbZ mi;ksx gSAa
vH;kl ds iz'u&
1- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct alternative)
1- /kkrqvksa dk xq.k ugha gS &
¼d½ Hkaxjq rk ¼[k½ fo|qr lqpkydrk
¼x½ mPp ?kuRo ¼?k½ vk?kkro/;Zrk o rU;rk
2- lksu]s pk¡nh vkSj yksgs dh fiuksa dks dkWij lYQsV ds ?kksy esa Mqckus ij fdl fiu
ij rk¡cs dh ijr p<sx + h&
¼d½ yksgk ¼[k½ lksuk
¼x½ pk¡nh ¼?k½ mijksDRk fdlh ij ugha
3- fuEufyf[kr eas fdl gSykstu dk mi;ksx jksxk.kquk'kh esa djrs gS& a
¼d½ ¶yksjhu ¼[k½ Dyksjhu
¼x½ czkes hu ¼?k½ vk;ksMhu
4- yksgs ij tax yxrk gS&
¼d½ dsoy gok esa ¼[k½ dsoy dkcZu&MkbvkWDlkbM dh mifLFkfr esa
¼x½ dsoy ikuh esa ¼?k½ gok vkSj ikuh nksuksa dh mifLFkfr esAa
5- mRd`"V /kkrq gS&
¼d½ yksgk ¼[k½ rk¡ck
¼x½ lksuk ¼?k½ ,sYkqfefu;e
6- fdls /kkrq ;k v/kkrq esa oxhZdr` fd;k tkrk gS&
¼d½ rRo ¼[k½ ;kSfxd
¼x½ feJ.k ¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh
2- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)
1- mRd`"V /kkrq,¡ lkekU;r% &&&&&&&& gksrh gaAS
2- ihVs tkus ij v/kkrqvksa dk VqdM+kas esa VwV tkuk &&&&&&&& dgykrk gSA
3- ngu ds QyLo:i /kkrq &&&&&&&& vkWDlkbM cukrh gSA
4- teZu flYoj dk eq[; ?kVd &&&&&&&& gSA
5- &&&&&&&& feJ /kkrq dk mi;ksx jsy dh iVfj;k¡ cukus esa djrs gaAS
3- mfpr lac/a k tksfM+, (Match the following)

1- M~;jw y
s fq eu thok.kquk'kh esa
2- LVsuysl LVhy vkHkw"k.k
3- Dyksjhu 'kY; fpfdRlk ds midj.k
4- lksuk ok;q;ku ds Hkkx
4- fuEufyf[kr dFku lgh gaS ;k xyr igpku dj xyr dFku dks lgh dhft,
1- lkekU; rki ij lHkh /kkrq,¡ Bksl gksrh gSAa
2- lksfM;e] eSXuhf'k;e ls vf/kd fØ;k'khy gSA
3- LVsuysl LVhy yksgk] fudSy] dkcZu vkSj Øksfe;e dh feJ/kkrq gSA
4- v/kkrq,¡ vkWDlhtu ls fØ;k dj {kkjh; vkWDlkbM cukrh gaAS
5- tax yxuk /kkrq la{kkj.k dk mnkgj.k gSA
5- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, (Answer the following questions)
1- /kkrq vkSj v/kkrq esa HkkSfrd o jklk;fud xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij rhu&rhu varjfyf[k,A
2- vkHkw"k.k cukus ds fy, lksus o pk¡nh dk mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS \
3- jklk;fud fØ;k'khyrk Js.kh ls vki D;k le>rs gaS \
4- 'kq) lksuk fdrus dSjVs dk gksrk gS \ 'kq) lksus ds vkHkw"k.k D;ksa ugha cuk, tkrs gSa \
5- feJ/kkrq D;k gS\ fdUgh pkj feJ /kkrqvkas ds uke muds ize[q k vo;o vkSj mi;ksx fyf[k,A
6- /kkrq la{kkj.k D;k gS\ blls cpus ds D;k&D;k mik; gSa \
7- xzQ
s kbV dks bysDVªkM s dh rjg mi;ksx esa D;ksa yk;k tkrk gS \
8- jsy dh iVjh cukus esa yksgs dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk D;ksa \
9- xfrfof/k n~okjk le>kb, fd eSSXuhf'k;e] yksgs ls T;knk fØ;k'khy gSA
10- rk¡cs dh fdlh oLrq dks jsrey isij ls jxfM+, rFkk fd, x, voyksdu dks dkj.k
lfgr le>kb,A
1- vius xk¡o@'kgj esa yqgkj@lqukj@dybZ dk;Z djus okys O;fDr;kas ls lk{kkRdkj ysdj
/kkrq deZ ls lacfa /kr tkudkjh ,d= dhft,A
2- viuk fo|qrn'khZ cukb, &
pkSMs+ eq¡g dh [kkyh cksry yhft,A cksry ds eq¡g ds lkbt ls dqN cM+k xŸks dk VqdM+k
yhft,A blesa ,d fNnz cukb,] ftlls /kkrq dh fDyi mlds vanj Mkyh tk ldsA ,syqfefu;e
dh iUuh dh yxHkx 4cm x 1cm lkbt dh nks iV~Vh dkfV,A bls isij fDyi ij yVdkb,A xŸks
ds <Ddu esa isij fDyi dks bl izdkj yxkb, fd og xŸks ds yEcor jgsA ,d jhfQy dks
vkosf'kr dhft, rFkk isij fDyi ds fljs ls Li'kZ djkb,A voyksdu dj crkb, &
1- D;k iUuh dh ifV~V;ksa ij dksbZ izHkko iM+rk gS\
2- ;s ,d nwljs dks izfrdf"kZr djrh gSa ;k vkdf"kZr\ vkSj D;ks\a
3- D;k bl midj.k dk mi;ksx ;g igpkuus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS fd dksbZ oLrq
vkosf'kr gS vFkok ugha\
6 6-1 dkcZu (CARBON)
dkcZu (CARBON)
ydM+h ds tyus ls cus dkys inkFkZ dks vkius ns[kk gksxkA bl dkys inkFkZ
ls dkxt ij fu’kku cuk dj ns[ks]a vc fNyh gqbZ isfUly ls Hkh dkxt ij
fu’kku cuk dj ns[ksAa D;k vki tkurs gSa fd ;g dkyk fu’kku fdl inkFkZ ds
dkj.k curk gSA D;k ;s nksukas dkys inkFkZ ,d gh gSa \ vkb,] ,sls gh dqN vU;
inkFkksZ dks ns[ks&
a
vko’;d lkexzh& feêh dk nh;k] dkty (Lamp black) dk¡p dh iV~Vh
/kkrq dk pEep ;k dk¡p dh iV~Vh] #bZ dh cRrh] (Glass slide)
ljlksa dk rsy] ekfplA
,d nh;s esa ljlksa dk rsy yhft,A blesa
nh;k (Earthen Lamp)
,d cÙkh Mkydj mls rsy lks[kus nhft,A vc
cÙkh dks tyk,a rFkk fudyus okys /kq,¡ dks dk¡p ljlksa ds rsy ls
Hkhxh cRrh
dh iêh ij ,df=r dhft, ¼fp= 6-1½A lrg (Wick dipped in
ij ,df=r inkFkZ dks /;ku ls nsf[k, rFkk fuEu musturd oil)
fp= 6-1 dkty dk cuuk (Making lamp black)
iz’uksa ds mÙkj viuh dkWih esa fyf[k,&
1- dk¡p dh iV~Vh ij fdl jax ds inkFkZ dh irZ teh gS \
2- bl inkFkZ dks vki fdl uke ls tkurs gSa \
vko’;d lkexzh& isfUly dh Nhyu] xeZ
djus dk lk/ku] ekfpl] dM+s dk¡p dh ij[kuyh dkdZ
(Cork)
rFkk dkdZA dM+s dk¡p dh
,d dMs+ dk¡p dh ij[kuyh esa isfUly dh ij[kuyh
(Boiling tube)
Nhyu ysa rFkk mlesa dkdZ yxk nsAa eksecÙkh@cuZj
dh lgk;rk ls ij[kuyh dks xeZ djsa ¼fp= 6-2½ isafly dh Nhyu
(Pencil shaving)
vkSj voyksdu djsa fd ij[kuyh esa j[ks inkFkZ esa
LVSM
a (Stand)
D;k ifjorZu gqvkA ifjorZu ds vk/kkj ij fuEu
iz’uksa ds mÙkj ns&
a
1- ij[kuyh esa cpk inkFkZ fdl jax dk gS \ fp= 6-2 ydM+h dk pkjdksy cukuk
2- bl inkFkZ dks vki fdl uke ls tkurs gS\a (Making charcoal from wood shaving)
fØ;kdyki 1 rFkk 2 esa cuk dkyk inkFkZ Øe'k% dkty rFkk ydM+h ds pkjdksy ds uke ls tkuk
tkrk gSA pkjdksy vU; inkFkkaZs ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA 'kdZjk ls cuk pkjdksy] 'kdZjk pkjdksy rFkk
gfì;ksa ls cuk pkjdksy] gìh pkjdksy dgykrk gSA pkjdksy] xzQ s kbV] dkty lHkh dkcZu ds cus gSAa blds
vykok dks;yk vkSj ghjk Hkh dkcZu gSAa vkb,] ge buds xq.kksa dh rqyuk djsa &
51 dkcZu
lkj.kh 6-1
l-Ø dkcZu ds :i ckgjh :i dBksjrk fo|qr pkydrk Å"ek pkydrk

1 ghjk jaxghu] ikjn’kZd dBksjre dqpkyd cgqr vf/kd
fdzLVy tks izdk’k pkyd
esa pedrk gSA
2 xzQ
s kbV pednkj] dkyk e`nq] fpduk lqpkyd lkekU; pkyd
Bksl fQlyunkj
3 dks;yk dkyk]ijrnkj eqyk;e dqpkyd dqpkyd
4 dkty dkyk ikmMj eqyk;e dqpkyd dqpkyd
5 ydM+h dk dkyk eqyk;e dqpkyd dqpkyd
pkjdksy
dkcZu ds fofHkUu :iksa ds HkkSfrd xq.k] fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gSAa ;fn bUgsa i;kZIr gok esa tyk;k
tk, rks lHkh dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM cukrs gSa vFkkZr~ buds jklk;fud xq.k leku gksrs gSAa
,d gh rRo ds ,sls vyx&vyx :iksa dks ftuds HkkSfrd xq.k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gS]a fdarq
jklk;fud xq.k leku gksrs gS]a vij:i dgrs gSAa bl izdkj fdlh rRo dh ,d gh voLFkk dk
fofHkUu :iksa esa ik;k tkuk vij:irk dgykrk gSA
dkcZu vdsyk ,slk rRo ugha gS] tks vij:irk n'kkZrk gSA QkWLQksjl] lYQj] fVu lHkh
Bksl voLFkk esa vij:irk n'kkZrs gSAa
Qqyjhu (FULLERENE)
lu~ 1985 esa jlk;uKksa us xzQ s kbV dks vR;f/kd mPprki rd xeZ
djds dkcZu dk u;k vij:i cuk;kA bldk v.kq xksyh; gksrk gS] ftlesa
60 dkcZu ijek.kq ,d nwljs ls tqMs+ gksrs gSAa vesfjdh okLrqdkj cdfeUlVj
Qqyj ds uke ij bl ifjiw.kZ xksyh; v.kq dks Qqyjhu uke fn;k x;kA
izdf` r esa mYdk }kjk cus xM~<ksa esa rFkk izkphu pV~Vkuksa esa Hkh Qqyjhuksa dh
mifLFkfr ik;h x;h gSA vc rd C70, C90rFkk C120 dkcZu ijek.kqvksa fp= 6-3 Qqyjhu
okyh Qqyjhuksa dh Hkh [kkst gks pqdh gSA Hkfo"; esa Qqyjhu ,oe~ muds
;kSfxd vfrpkyd] v)Zpkyd] Lusgd] mRizjs d] fo|qr rkj ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksx a As C60
vk/kkfjr ;kSfxd ,M~l dh jksdFkke esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSa ¼fp= 6-3½A
6-2 dkcZu ds vij:iksa ds mi;ksx (Uses of the allotropes of carbon) &
lkj.kh 6-1 esa n'kkZ, x, inkFkksaZ dh gekjs nSfud thou esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA vkb,]
budk ge dgk¡&dgk¡ mi;ksx djrs gSa tkuas &
6-2-1 ghjk (Diamond) &
1- ghjk ped ds dkj.k cgqeYw ; jRu gS bldk mi;ksx vkHkw"k.kksa esa gksrk gSA ghjs dks bl
izdkj rjk'kk tkrk gS fd ,d ckj mlesa izo's k djus okyh izR;sd izdk'k dh fdj.k dk
ckgj fudyus ls iwoZ dbZ ckj iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu gksrk gSA bl dkj.k mldh lrg
pedhyh fn[kk;h nsrh gSA
52 dkcZu
2- ghjk lcls dBksj inkFkZ gS blfy, bldk mi;ksx dkap dkVus ,oa dBksj iRFkjksa esa Nsn
djus okys vkStkjksa dks cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
3- 'kY; fpfdRlk ds midj.kksa ¼pkdw bR;kfn½ esa Hkh ghjs dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
6-2-2 xzQ s kbV (Graphite) &
1- isfa ly ds ysM cukus esAa
2- pwfa d xzQ s kbV dk xyukad mPp gksrk gS vr% mPprki lg Øwlhcy ¼NksVk ik=½ cukus
esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3- fo|qr lqpkyd gksus ds dkj.k bysDVªkM s ds :i esa 'kq"d lsyksa esa bldk iz;ksx djrs gSAa
4- xzQ s kbV dk mi;ksx dkyk isVa ,oe~ NikbZ dh L;kgh cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
5- IykfLVd ds lkFk xzQ s kbV feydj gYdk rFkk etcwr inkFkZ cukrk gS] ftldk mi;ksx
eNyh idM+us dh ca'kh] lkbfdyksa ds Ýse] varfj{k ;kuksa ds iqt]Zs fM'k ,afVuk rFkk
Vsful jSdVs cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
isfa ly ysM cukus ds fy, xzQ s kbV ds eghu pw.kZ dks ckjhd feêh rFkk ekse ds lkFk
feykdj isLV cuk;k tkrk gSA bl isLV dh iryh NM+sa cukdj mUgsa lq[kk;k tkrk gSA ;s lw[kh
NM+as isfa ly ysM dgykrh gSAa
6-2-3 dkty [Lamp black (Kajal)] &
1- L;kgh vkSj dkyk jax cukus esAa
2- Vk;j rFkk IykfLVd es]a iwjd ds :i esAa
6-2-4 dks;yk (Coal) &
1- baZ/ku ds :i esAa
2- dqN /kkrqvksa tSls yksgs ds fu"d"kZ.k esAa
6-2-5 ydM+h dk pkjdksy (Wood charcoal) &
1- fNfnzr gksus ds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx xa/k ds vo'kks"k.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
2- 'kDdj dks jaxghu cukus esa rFkk rsy rFkk olk ls jaxhu v'kqf);ksa dks gVkus esAa
1- gekjs pkjksa vksj dkcZu fdu&fdu :iksa esa ik;k tkrk gS \
2- vij:irk D;k gS \
3- ghjs ds dksbZ nks mi;ksx fyf[k, \
4- fuEufyf[kr dks cukus dh fof/k;k¡ fyf[k,A
¼d½ ydM+h dk pkjdksy ¼[k½ dkty
6-3 dkcZu dh mifLFkfr (Presence of carbon)
dkcZu ,d ,slk v/kkfRod rRo gS] tks izdf` r esa fofHkUu vij:iksa esa rks ik;k gh tkrk gSA
blds vfrfjDr dkcZu lHkh lthoksa ¼tUrqvksa ,oa ouLifr;ks½a dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vo;o gSA
nSfud thou esa iz;Dq r gksus okys inkFkksaZ tSl& s dkxt] jcj] ydM+h] Vk;j] isfa ly] diM+]s
rsy] lkcqu ,oa bZ/a ku esa Hkh dkcZu mifLFkr gksrk gSA
53 dkcZu
dkcZu eqDr voLFkk esa ghjk] xzQ s kbV] dks;yk vkfn ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA la;Dq r voLFkk
esa dkcZu cgqr ls ;kSfxdksa ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA tSl& s
1- dkcZu dk vkWDlhtu rFkk dSfY'k;e ds lkFk ;qDr ;kSfxd dSfY'k;e dkcksuZ Vs gksrk gSA
;g izdf` r esa pwuk iRFkj] [kfM+;k ,oa laxejej ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA
2- Hkkstu esa mifLFkr ize[q k ?kVd dkcksgZ kbMªVs ] olk] izkVs hu] foVkfeu vkfn dkcZu ds
egRoiw.kZ ;kSfxd gS]a ftuls 'kjhj dks dk;Z djus ds fy;s ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gSA
3- dkcZu] gkbMªkt s u ls vyx&vyx vuqikrksa esa la;Dq r gksdj gkbMªkds kcZu tSl&s ehFksu]
,Fksu vkfn cukrk gSA izkd`frd xSl] jlksbZ xSl ¼LPG½] xkscj xSl] isVªky s ] Mhty]
feêh dk rsy] iSjkfQu ekse ,oa dksyrkj vkfn esa dkcZu] gkbMªkd s kcZu ds :i esa
mifLFkr gksrk gSA
dkcZu ds dqN vij:iksa ,oa ;kSfxdksa dk mi;ksx ba/Z ku ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA vc vki
dqN ba/Z kuksa ds uke dkWih esa fy[ksa ftudk mi;ksx izk;% ?kjksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
6-4 tyuk o ngu (Burning and Combustion) &
dqN inkFkZ tyus ij Å"ek ;k izdk'k vFkok nksuksa ds :i esa ÅtkZ mRiUu djrs gSAa bl
tyus dh fØ;k dks ngu dgrs gSAa vkb,] bldks le>us ds fy;s dqN iz;ksx djs& a
fØ;kdyki&3
vko';d lkexzh& eSXuhf'k;e dk VqdM+k] dks;ys dk VqdM+k] pkWd] NksVk lk iRFkj]
ekfpl] fpeVh] xeZ djus dk lk/kuA
eSXuhf'k;e ds VqdM+]s dks;ys ds VqdM+]s pkWd vkSj iRFkj dks fpeVh dh lgk;rk ls idM+dj
vyx&vyx xeZ djsAa /;ku ls voyksdu djsa vkSj fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,&
1 dkSu&dkSu ls inkFkZ tyrs gSa \
2 dkSu&dkSu ls inkFkZ ugha tyrs gSa \
tks inkFkZ tyrs gS]a mUgsa ngu'khy inkFkZ dgrs gSa tSls eSXuhf'k;e rFkk dks;ys ds VqdM+As
iRFkj] dk¡p] lhesVa vkfn ugha tyrs] bUgsa vngu'khy inkFkZ dgrs gSAa
ngu'khy inkFkZ ok;q dh vkWDlhtu ls la;ksx djds vkWDlkbM cukrs gSa vkSj Å"ek rFkk
izdk'k mRiUu djrs gSAa
2 Mg + O2 2MgO $ Å"ek $ izdk'k
eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlhtu eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM
C + O2 CO2 $ Å"ek $ izdk'k
dkcZu vkWDlhtu dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
vFkkZr~ ngu vkWDlhdj.k fØ;k gS] ftlesa Å"ek vkSj izdk'k mRiUu gksrs gaAS
fØ;kdyki&4
vko';d lkexzh& eksecÙkh] ekfpl] fpeuh dk dk¡p] ydM+h ds nks xqVds] dk¡p dh IysV
,d tyrh eksecÙkh dks est ds Åij lko/kkuhiwod
Z jf[k,A eksecŸkh ds Åij fpeuh ds
54 dkcZu
dk¡p dks fp= 6-4 ¼d½ ds vuqlkj ydM+h ds nks xqVdksa ij bl izdkj O;ofLFkr dhft,] fd fpeuh
esa ok;q dk izo's k gksrk jgsA nsf[k,] Tokyk dks D;k gksrk gS\ vc fp= 6-4 ¼[k½ esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj
ydM+h ds xqVds dks gVk fpeuh dks est ij fVdk nhft,A iqu% Tokyk dks nsf[k,A var esa ,d dk¡p
dh IysV fpeuh ds Åij j[k nhft, ¼fp= 6-4 x½A vc Tokyk dks iqu% nsf[k,A rhuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa
Tokyk esa D;k ifjorZu gksrk gS\ D;k Tokyk dEiUu djrh gqb]Z cq> tkrh gS\ D;k ;g daiu djrh
gS vkSj /kqvk¡ nsrh gS\ D;k ;g vizHkkfor tyrh jgrh gS\ D;k vki ngu dh izfØ;k esa ok;q ds
ckjs esa dqN fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gS\a
ge ns[krs gSa fd ngu ds fy, ok;q vko';d gSA voLFkk ¼d½ esa eksecÙkh fuckZ/k :i ls
tyrh gSA voLFkk ¼[k½ esa Tokyk esa dEiu gksrk gS vkSj /kqvk¡ mRiUu gksrk gSA voLFkk ¼x½ esa
Tokyk cq> tkrh gS] D;ksfa d mls ok;q miyC/k ugha gks ikrhA
d [k x
fp= 6-4 ngu ds fy, ok;q vko';d gS (Air is essential for burning)
1- dkcZu vkSj gkbMªkt s u ls cus ;kSfxd D;k dgykrs gSa \
2- ngu D;k gS \
3- rhu ngu'khy inkFkksaZ ds uke fyf[k, \
4- iVk[kksa rFkk ba/Z ku dks lkoZtfud okguksa esa ysdj tkuk D;ksa izfrcaf/kr gS \
fØ;kdyki&5 ¼f'k{kd }kjk izn'kZu½

vko';d lkexzh&dkxt dk VqdM+k] ydM+h dk eksVk VqdM+k] eksecÙkh] ekfplA
eksecÙkh dh ykS ds ikl dkxt dk VqdM+k ykb,] D;k gqvk \ vc ydM+h ds eksVs VqdM+s dks
ykS ds lehi ykb, \ D;k ;g Hkh dkxt ds leku rsth ls tyrk gS \
ftl U;wure rki ij dksbZ inkFkZ ok;q dh mifLFkfr esa tyuk izkjaHk djrk gS] og rki ml
inkFkZ dk Toyu&rki dgykrk gSA dkxt dk Toyu rki] ydM+h ls de gksrk gSA isVªky s dk
Toyu rki] feêh ds rsy ls de gksrk gS] pw¡fd isVªky s vklkuh ls okf"ir gks tkrk gS vkSj vkx
idM+ ysrk gS blfy;s ge ykyVsu esa isVªky s dk mi;ksx ugha djrs gSAa
vkius ydM+h dks tyrs gq, ns[kk gksxk] ydM+h igys Tokyk ds lkFk tyrh gS] fdUrq ckn
esa Tokyk fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA ysfdu diwj vkSj ekse Tokyk ds lkFk gh tyrs gSAa ;fn ge eksecÙkh
55 dkcZu
dks cq>k,a rks lQsn ok"i fudyrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS lQsn ok"i ds lehi tyrh ekfpl dh rhyh
ykus ij lQsn ok"i fQj ls ty mBrh gSA
dsoy os gh Bksl rFkk nzo inkFkZ] tks xeZ djus ij okf"ir gks tkrs gS]a Tokyk ds lkFk tyrs
gSAa Tokyk] og {ks= gS] tgk¡ ij xSlh; inkFkksaZ dk ngu gksrk gSA blfy;s lHkh
xSlh; ngu'khy inkFkZ Tokyk mRiUu djrs gSAa ckgjh {ks=
(Outer zone)
e/; {ks=
fØ;kdyki&6 (Middle zone)
Hkhrjh {ks=
vko';d lkexzh& eksecÙkh] ekfplA (Inner most
zone)
eksecÙkh dks tykdj mldh Tokyk ds vkdkj dk de izdk'k esa voyksdu

dj fp= cukb, ,oa Tokyk ds fofHkUu jaxksa dks fyf[k, ¼fp= 6-5½A
fp= 6-5
fØ;kdyki&7 eksecRrh dh Tokyk
(Flame of a candle)
vko';d lkexzh&eksecÙkh] ekfpl] ydM+h dh fNyfi;k¡
ydM+h dh ,d fNyih dks Tokyk ds Åijh Hkkx ij jf[k,]
ydM+h dh fNyih
ckgj ykdj bldk voyksdu dhft, fd ydM+h dk dkSu lk Hkkx (Chip of wood)
dkyk iM+ x;k gS] vU; fNyfi;ksa dks Tokyk ds e/; rFkk fupys
Hkkx esa jf[k, vkSj ckgj ykdj voyksdu dhft, rFkk ik, tkus
okys varj dks le>us dk iz;Ru dhft, ¼fp= 6-6½A
vius iz;ksx vkSj voyksduksa ds vk/kkj ij ge ikrs gSa fd
eksecÙkh dh Tokyk esa fofHkUu jax vkSj rki okys rhu {ks= gksrs gS& a
lcls Hkhrjh {ks= xgjk gksrk gS] ;g Tokyk dk lcls BaMk
Hkkx gksrk gSA bl {ks= esa ngu'khy inkFkZ ¼ekse½ dh xeZ ok"i gksrh
gSA bl {ks= esa ngu dh fØ;k ugha gksrh gS] D;ksfa d blesa ngu ds fp= 6-6 ydM+h dh fNyih ds lgk;rk
fy;s vkWDlhtu izkIr ugha gksrhA ls Tokyk ds rki dk ijh{k.k
(Experiment to find the different
e/; {ks= pedhyk ,oa nhIr {ks= gksrk gSA bl {ks= esa ba/Za ku areas of the flame)
vkaf'kd :i ls tydj dkcZu d.k cukrs gS]a tks xeZ gksus ds dkj.k
pedrs gSAa
Tokyk dk lcls ckgjh {ks= gYds uhys jax dk gksrk gSA bl {ks= esa ok;qe.Myh; vkWDlhtu
bZ/a ku ls vPNh rjg fey tkrh gS] ftlls yxHkx iw.kZ ngu gksrk gSA ;g lcls xeZ {ks= gSA bldk
rki mPpre gksrk gSA
Lo.kZdkj lksus ;k pk¡nh ds VqdM+ksa dks viuh bPNk ds vuq:i fofHkUu vkd`fr;ksa esa <kyus
ds fy, fdjkslhu ySia dh Tokyk dks Qqd a uh dh lgk;rk ls ,d gh LFkku ij dsfUnzr djrs gSAa
Qq¡duh ls Qwd a h xbZ ok;q fcuk tys ba/Z ku dks tykus esa lgk;d gksrh gS] tks Tokyk dks vkSj vf/
kd xeZ djrh gSA
56 dkcZu

1- ngu ds fy;s vko';d ifjfLFkfr;k¡ dkSu&lh gaS \
2- Toyu rki fdls dgrs gSa \
3- Tokyk fdl izdkj ds inkFkksaZ ds tyus ls feyrh gS \
4- Tokyk dk lcls vf/kd rki okyk {ks= dkSu lk gS \
5- tyrh gq;h eksecRrh dk fp= cukb, rFkk ukekafdr dhft,A
6-5 dkcZu ds ;kSfxd (Compounds of carbon)
6-5-1 dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (Carbon dioxide)

vko';d lkexzh& ij[kufy;k¡] ,d Nsn
okyk dkWd]Z eqMh+ gqbZ dk¡p dh uyh] lksfM;e dkcksuZ Vs
¼diM+s /kksus dk lksMk½ uhacw dk jl] rktk pwus dk
ikuh] {kkjh; fQukWy¶FksyhuA uhcw dk jl
,d ij[kuyh esa lksfM;e dkcksuZ Vs ysa rFkk (Lemon juice) dkcZu
MkbvkWDlkbM
lEiw.kZ midj.k dks fp= 6-7 ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr diM+lkss /kksMuk s dk (Carbondioxide)
djsAa vc ij[kuyh esa uhacw dk jl MkysAa cuus okyh (Washing soda)
xSl ls fuEufyf[kr iz;ksx djs& a fp= 6-7 dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM cukuk
1- fudyus okyh xSl ds jax dk voyksdu ( Preparation of carbon dioxide)
djsAa D;k vkidks dksbZ jax fn[kkbZ fn;k\ blesa fdlh izdkj dh xa/k Hkh ugha gksrhA
2- ,df=r xSl ls Hkjh ij[kuyh esa tyrh gqbZ ekfpl dh rhyh ys tk,aA ekfpl dh
rhyh cq> tkrh gSA blls vki D;k fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa \
3- ,d ij[kuyh esa pwus dk ikuh ysa rFkk cuus okyh xSl dks izokfgr djsAa vki ns[ksx a s
fd pwus dk ikuh nwf/k;k gks tkrk gSA
4- nwljh ij[kuyh esa {kkjh; fQukWy¶Fksyhu ysa rFkk mles]a cuus okyh xSl dks izokfgr
djsAa fQukWy¶Fksyhu ds jax esa gksus okys ifjorZu ds vk/kkj ij D;k vki crk ldrs
gSa fd xSl dh izdf` r vEyh; gS ;k {kkjh; \
bl fØ;kdyki esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl curh gS] tks jaxghu] xa/kghu xSl gSA ;g u
rks Lo;a tyrh gS vkSj u gh tyus esa lgk;d gSA dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl dks rkts pwus ds ikuh
esa izokfgr djus ij vfoys; dSfY'k;e dkcksuZ Vs curk gS] ftlls foy;u nwf/k;k gks tkrk gSA
{kkjh; fQukWy¶Fksyhu ¼xqykch½ dk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds }kjk jaxghu gksuk] blds
vEyh; xq.k dks izdV djrk gSA bl vEyh; xq.k ds dkj.k ;g {kkjksa ds lkFk fØ;k djds yo.k
vkSj ikuh cukrh gSA
CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM lksfM;e dkcksuZ Vs ikuh
Carbon dioxide + Sodium hydroxide Sodium carbonate + water
57 dkcZu
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds mi;ksx&

1- dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM tyus esa lgk;d ugha gS] bl xq.k dk mi;ksx vkx cq>kus ds fy,
vfXu'kked ;a=ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2- 'khry is;ksa dh cksry [kksyus ij >kx ds :i esa fudyus okyh xSl dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
gS] ;g 'khry is;ksa dks rh[kk Lokn iznku djrh gSA
3- bZ/a kukas ds ngu ls ,oa 'olu fØ;k esa cuh dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ok;qeM a y esa eqDr gksrh
gS] ftldk mi;ksx gjs ikS/ks lw;Z izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa izdk'k la'ys"k.k }kjk Hkkstu
cukus esa djrs gaAS
4- lksfM;e dkcksuZ Vs vkSj lksfM;e ckbdkcksuZ Vs ds O;kikfjd fuekZ.k esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5- dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dks BaMk djus ij og Bksl voLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS] bls
'kq"d cQZ dgrs gSAa bldk mi;ksx iz'khrd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
6-6 vkx yxuk (Catching Fire)
vkius lquk gksxk fd tc fdlh O;fDr ds oL= esa vkx yx tkrh gS rc O;fDr dks dEcy
ls <d nsrs gaAS vki tkurs gaS fd ngu ds fy, ok;q vko';d gSA O;fDr dks dEcy ls <d nsus
ij tyrs gq, oL=ksa dk ok;q ls laidZ VwV tkrk gS ftlls vkx cq> tkrh gSA ty tkus ij rqjra
izkFkfed mipkj djsa rFkk MkWDVj ls ijke'kZ ysAa
ge [kq'kh ds ekSdksa ij vDlj vkfr'kckth djrs gSa ftlls Å"ek] izdk'k] /ofu rFkk fofHkUu
xSlas curh gSAa ;g xSlas ok;q izn"w k.k dk dkj.k curh gS]a dHkh&dHkh vkfr'kckth vkx yxus dk
dkj.k Hkh cu tkrh gSA
D;k vkius taxy esa yxus okyh vkx ds ckjs esa lquk gS\ izk;% xehZ ds fnuksa esa dqN LFkkuksa
ij lw[kh ?kkl vkx idM+ ysrh gSA ;g vkx tc vU; isMk+ as rd QSyrh gS rc iwjk taxy vkx dh
pisV esa vk tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh vkx dks cq>kuk dfBu gksrk gSA
6-6-1 ge vkx ij fu;a=.k dSls dj ldrs gaS \ (How do we control fire?)
vkius ?kjks]a nqdkuksa ;k dkj[kkuksa esa yxh vkx dks ns[kk] lquk ;k Vh-oh- ;k lekpkj i=ksa
esa i<+k gksxkA vkius ns[kk gksxk fd vkx ij fu;a=.k ds Hkh dbZ rjhdsa gSa tSls %& >kx] ikuh dh
CkkS>kj djuk] jsr Mkyuk vkfnA
lHkh 'kgj@uxj@xk¡o esa vfXu'keu lsok gksrh gS tks vkx yxus ij vkx ij fu;a=.k dk
dk;Z djrh gSA vius {ks= dh vfXu'keu lsok ds VsyhQksu uEcj dk irk yxkb,A
6-6-2 vfXu'keu lsod fdl izdkj dke djrs gSsa \ (How does a fireman extinguish fire?)
vki tkurs gaS fd vkx mRiUu djus ds fy, rhu vfuok;Z vko';drk,¡ gaS & bZ/a ku] ok;q
vkSj Å"ekA buesa ls fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd dks gVkdj vkx dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vfXu'keu lsod izk;% ok;q ds izokg dks dkVdj ;k bZ/a ku dk rki de dj ;k nksuksa djds vkx
cq>krs gaSA fdarq dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa bZ/a ku dks gVkuk ;k mlds rki dks fu;af=r djuk laHko ugha
gksrkA
vkius vfXu'keu ;a= ds ckjs esa i<+k gSA vklikl ds lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij vfXu'keu dh
D;k O;oLFkk gS\ ;s vfXu'keu lsod dSls dke djrs gS\a irk yxkdj fyf[k,A
58 dkcZu

1- pwus ds ikuh esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM izokfgr djus ij og nwf/k;k D;ksa gks tkrk gS \
2- 'kq"d cQZ D;k gS \ bldk mi;ksx fyf[k, \
3- vfXu'kked ;a=ksa esa jklk;fud fØ;k ds QyLo:i dkSu lh xSl curh gS \ vkx cq>kus
esa bl xSl dk mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS \
dkcZu ,d v/kkfRod rRo gSA
dkcZu vij:irk iznf'kZr djrk gSA blds fofHkUu vij:i ghjk] xzQ s kbV] pkjdksy]
dkty vkSj dks;yk gaAS
,d gh rRo ds ,sls vyx&vyx :iksa dks ftuds HkkSfrd xq.k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gS]a
fdarq jklk;fud xq.k leku gksrs gS]a vij:i dgrs gSAa bl izdkj fdlh rRo dh ,d
gh voLFkk dk fofHkUu :iksa esa ik;k tkuk vij:irk dgykrk gSA
Qqyjhu dkcZu dk u;k [kkstk x;k vij:i gSA
dkcZu eqDr voLFkk esa ghjk] xzQ s kbV] dks;yk vkfn ds :i esa rFkk la;ä q voLFkk esa
dSfY'k;e dkcksuZ Vs ] dkcksgZ kbMªVs ] olk] izkVs hu] foVkfeu vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gS A
dkcZu] gkbMªkts u ls vyx&vyx vuqikrksa esa la;ä q gksdj gkbMªkd s kcZu cukrk gSA
tks inkFkZ tyrs gSa mUgsa ngu'khy inkFkZ rFkk tks ugha tyrs mUgsa vngu'khy inkFkZ
dgrs gSAa
ngu vkWDlhdj.k fØ;k gS] ftlesa Å"ek vkSj izdk'k mRiUu gksrk gSA
Tokyk og {ks= gS tgk¡ xSlh; inkFkksZa dk ngu gksrk gSA
eksecÙkh dh Tokyk esa fofHkUu jax vkSj rki okys rhu {ks= gksrs gS& a
¼d½ Hkhrjh xgjk {ks=
¼[k½ e/; pedhyk ,oa nhIr {ks=
¼x½ ckgjh gYds uhys jax dk {ks=
lksfM;e dkcksuZ Vs ij uhacw ds jl dh fØ;k }kjk dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM izkIr dh tkrh
gSA ;g xSl tyus esa lgk;d ugha gS] bldh izd`fr vEyh; gksrh gSA
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dk mi;ksx 'khry is;] iz'khrdks]a vfXu'keu es]a 'kq"d cQZ ds :i
esa fd;k tkrk gSA
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTION FOR PRACTICE) &
1- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct answer) &
1- xszQkbV dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS&
¼d½ Lusgd ds :i esa ¼[k½ bysDVªkM
s ds :i esa
¼x½ isfa ly ysM esa ¼?k½ dkVus ds vkStkj esa
2- dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xhys uhys fyVel dks yky dj nsrh gS vr% og gS&
¼d½ vEyh; vkWDlkbM ¼[k½ {kkjh; vkWDlkbM
¼x½ mnklhu vkWDlkbM ¼?k½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha
3- 60 dkcZu ijek.kq okyk vij:i gS&
¼d½ pkjdksy ¼[k½ xzQ
s kbV
¼x½ ghjk ¼?k½ Qqyjhu
59 dkcZu
4- 'kq"d cQZ gS&
¼d½ Bksl CO2 ¼[k½ nzo CO2
¼x½ xSl CO2 ¼?k½ Bksl CO
5- izdf` r dk lcls dBksjre inkFkZ gS&
¼d½ xzQ
s kbV ¼[k½ iRFkj
¼x½ ghjk ¼?k½ pkjdksy
6- Tokyk ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fdl {ks= dk rkieku mPpre gksrk gS \
¼d½ Hkhrjh xgjk {ks= ¼[k½ e/; pedhyk ,oa nhIr {ks=
¼x½ gYdk uhyk {ks= ¼?k½ vnhIr {ks=
7- vij:irk xq.k gS&
¼d½ rRo dk ¼[k½ ;kSfxd dk
¼x½ feJ.k dk ¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh dk
2- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks) &
1- &&&&&&&& ds ngu ls Tokyk mRiUu gksrh gSA
2- dksey gksus ds dkj.k &&&&&&& dk iz;ksx isfa ly esa fd;k tkrk gSA
3- &&&&&&&& dkcZu dk dBksjre vij:i gSA
4- dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM &&&&&&& ] &&&&&&& xSl gSA
3- fuEufyf[kr dFku lgh gSa vFkok xyr igpku dj xyr dFku dks lgh dhft,
(Say whether the following statements are correct or wrong. Correct wrong statements)
1- ghjs rFkk xzQ s kbV esa ,d gh rRo dkcZu gSA
2- ghjk fo|qr dk lqpkyd gSA
3- eksecÙkh dh Tokyk esa gYdk uhyk {ks= e/; esa gksrk gSA
4- Tokyk ds ckgjh {ks= esa ngu dh fØ;k ugha gksrhA
5- dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh izdf` r {kkjh; gksrh gSA
4- mfpr tksMh+ cukb, (Match the following) &
dkty rFkk pkjdksy Bksl dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
60 dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls cuk vkWDlhdj.k fØ;k
dBksjre inkFkZ dkcZu ds vij:i
'kq"d cQZ Qqyjhu
ngu ghjk
5- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft, (Answer the following questions) &
¼1½ vij:irk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa dkcZu ds fofHkUu vij:i dkSu&dkSu ls
gS]a izR;sd ds nks&nks mi;ksx fyf[k,A
¼2½ ghjk vkSj xzQ s kbV esa vki fdl izdkj varj djsxa As
¼3½ Qqyjhu D;k gS \ blds izeq[k mi;ksx fyf[k,A
¼4½ dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM cukus dh fof/k dk lfp= o.kZu dhft,A
¼5½ 'kq"d cQZ D;k gS \ bldk ize[q k mi;ksx fyf[k,A
¼6½ eksecÙkh dh Tokyk ds ize[q k Hkkx dkSu&dkSu ls gaS \ lfp= le>kb,A
60 dkcZu
¼7½ dkj.k Li"V dhft,&

¼d½ ghjs dk mi;ksx vkHkw"k.k ds :i esa gksrk gSA
¼[k½ ghjs dk mi;ksx dkVus okys vkStkj cukus esa gksrk gSA
¼x½ xzQ s kbV dk mi;ksx Lusgd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
¼?k½ xzQ s kbV dk mi;ksx bysDVªkM
s ds :i esa gksrk gS
¼³½ isVªky s dk mi;ksx ykyVsu esa ugha fd;k tkrkA
¼8½ Qkfrek ds ?kj ds pwYgs dh ykS uhyh gS tcfd jkts'k ds ?kj dh ihyh] nksukas
esa ls fdlds ?kj [kkuk tYnh cusxk vkSj D;ksa \
¼9½ pkjdksy Tokyk ds lkFk D;ksa ugha tyrkA
¼10½ D;k eksecRrh dh ykS dk uhyk Hkkx vanj gks ldrk gS vius mRrj ds i{k
esa rdZ nhft,A
bUgsa Hkh dhft, (Fire extinguisher) &
vfXu'kked ;a= (Fire extinguisher) & ,d NksVh I;kyh dh ryh esa ,d de rFkk ,d vf/
kd yEckbZ dh eksecÙkh jf[k,A vc blesa csfdax lksMk Mkfy,A nksuksa eksecfÙk;ksa dks tykb,A vc
csfdax lksMs ls Hkjh I;kyh esa fljdk Mkfy, ¼fp= 6-8½A fljdk Mkyrs le; /;ku jf[k, fd og
eksecfÙk;ksa ij u fxjsA
csfdax lksMk rFkk fljdk

(Baking soda + vinegar)
eksecfÙk;k¡ (Candle)
NksVh I;kyh
fp= 6-8 & vfXu'kked ;a= (Small cup)
(Fire extinguisher)
>kx mRiUu gksus okyh vfHkfØ;k dks nsf[k, vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft,&
¼d½ eksecfÙk;ksa dks D;k gksrk gS\
¼[k½ D;ksa gksrk gS\
¼x½ fdl Øe esa gksrk gS\
7 'kjhj dh jpukRed ,oa dk;kZRed bdkbZ&dksf'kdk
(STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF OUR BODY - THE CELL)
7-1 dksf'kdk (Cell)

l=goha 'krkCnh ds lu~ 1665 esa jkWcVZ gqd uked
,d vaxzst oSKkfud us ,d ljy lw{en'khZ cuk;kA gqd
us vius gh cuk, lw{en'khZ esa dkdZ dh iryh dkV dks
ns[kk ftlesa mUgsa NksVs&NksVs [kkyh dks"B fn[kkbZ fn,A
;s dks"B e/kqeD[kh ds NÙks ds leku vkd`fr ds FksA gqd
us bu dks"Bksa dks dksf'kdk ¼Cell½ uke fn;k ¼fp= 7-1½A
le;≤ ij oSKkfudksa us dksf'kdk dh lajpuk dks [k
le>us ds fy, dbZ [kkstsa dh vkSj v/;;u dj ;g
crk;k fd ftl rjg edku NksVh&NksVh bdkb;ksa vFkkZr~
bZaVkas ls feydj cuk gksrk gS] Bhd mlh rjg gekjk
'kjhj Hkh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;ksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA
bu bdkb;ksa dks dksf'kdk dgrs gSaA
dksf'kdk,¡ :i o vkdkj esa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSaA d x
vki tkurs gSa fd dqN thoksa dk 'kjhj dsoy ,d dksf'kdk fp= 7-1 d- jkcVZ gq d dk lw { en'khZ ]
dk cuk gksrk gS tSls vehck] iSjkehf'k;e vkfnA bu [k- dkWdZ dksf'kdk dh vuqizLFk dkV dk
fp=] x- e/kqeD[kh ds NRrs ds dks"B
thoksa esa iks"k.k] 'olu] mRltZu] tuu vkfn tSfod
fØ;k,¡ ,d gh dksf'kdk esa lEiUu gksrh gSa tcfd cgqdksf'kd thoksa esa] fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;ksZa
dks djus ds fy, dkssf'kdk,¡ vyx&vyx lewg esa O;ofLFkr jgrh gaSA bl izdkj dksf'kdk
tSo&'kjhj dh jpukRed rFkk dk;kZRed bdkbZ gksrh gSA vehck ,d dksf'kdh; tho gS tks
LorU= :i ls thfor jgrk gS] ijUrq ;fn xky dh ,d dksf'kdk ;k I;kt dh ,d dksf'kdk dks
vyx dj fn;k tk, rks og ej tkrh gSA
LVksesVk
fØ;kdyki (Activity) &1 (Stomata)
vko';d lkexzh& jksfg;ks ds iÙks ¼eksVh] gjh cSaxuh

ifÙk;k¡½] LykbM] doj fLyi] euq"; ds jDr dh LFkk;h LykbM]
lw{en'khZA
IykTek (Plasma) jks f g;ks dh fp= 7-2 jksfg;ks dh dksf'kdk,¡
'osr jä df.kdk
(White blood corpuscle)
iÙkh ds v/kj lrg (Cells of Rhoeo leaf)
dsna zd (Nucleus) dk iryk fNydk ysAa bls LykbM ij ,d cw¡n ty esa

yky jä df.kdk,a” j[kdj doj fLyi ls <d nsAa vc lw{en'khZ ls voyksdu
(Red blood corpuscle) dhft,A
IysVysV~l euq"; ds jDr dh LFkk;h LykbM dk lw{en'khZ
(Platelets)
fp= 7-3 euq"; ds jDr dh dksf'kdk,a ls voyksdu dhft, ¼fp= 7-3½A
(Human blood cell) D;k jksfg;ks dh iÙkh dh dksf'kdkvksa ,oa euq";
ds jDr dh dksf'kdkvksa dh vkd`fr o vkdkj leku gSa\ vc fp= 7-4 dks ns[ksaA vkidks fofHkUu
vkd`fr vkSj vkdkj okyh dksf'kdk,¡

fn[kkbZ nsaxhA blls ;g Li"V gksrk
gS fd dksf'kdkvksa dh vkd`fr o
vkdkj esa fofo/krk ikbZ tkrh gSA
DysekbMkseksukl vehck Mk;Ve olk dksf'kdk ;d`r
(Chlamydomonas) (Ameoba) (Ameoba) (Fat cell) dksf'kdk
izk;% ge dksf'kdkvksa dks fcuk
(Liver cell) fdlh ;qfDr ;k lw{en'khZ ds ugha
ns[k ldrs ij dqN ,slh Hkh dksf'kdk,¡
gSa tks eki esa bruh cM+h gksrh gSa]
'kqdzk.kq dksf'kdk
vjsf[kr is'kh rarq I;kt dh f>Yyh (Sperm cell) raf=dk dksf'kdk ftUgsa fcuk lw{en'khZ ds Hkh ns[kk
(Unstriated muscle cell) dh dksf'kdk,a
(Nerve cell) tk ldrk gS tSls eqxhZ ds vaMs dk
fp= 7-4 fofHkUUk izdkj dh dksf'kdk,¡ (Different type of cells) ihyk HkkxA
7-2 dksf'kdk dh lajpuk (STRUCTURE OF A CELL)-

vkius
ns[kk fd dksf'kdk fHkfÙk
dksf'kdk,¡ IykT+ek f>Yyh
(Plasma membrane)
fHkUu&fHkUu vkd`fr o eki dh dsUnzd DyksjksIykLV
gksrh gSaA bu fofHkUurkvksa ds gksrs (Nucleus) (Chloroplast)
gq, Hkh izR;sd dksf'kdk dh ,d dks f'kdk nzO;
(Cytoplasm) fjfDrdk
fuf'pr lajpuk gksrh gSA vkb,] (Vacuole)
xkWYthdk;
,d lkekU; dksf'kdk dh jpuk (Golgi bodies)
ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k
(Mitochondria)
dk v/;;u djsa& vkius fiNyh var%iznzO;h tkfydk
d{kk esa I;kt dh f>Yyh dh (Endoplasmic reticulum)
dksf'kdkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k gS fp= 7-5 ¼d½ ikni dksf'kdk (Plant Cell)
I;kt dh f>Yyh dh LykbM iqu% IykTek f>Yyh lsUVªkl
s kse
rS;kj dj lw{en'khZ ls ns[ksa vkSj (Plasma membrane) (Centrosome)
bu iz'uksa ds mÙkj ns&a xkWYthdk; dksf'kdk nzO;
(Centrosome)
(Golgi bodies)
1- dksf'kdkvksa dh vkd`fr ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k
dsUnzd (Centrosome)
dSlh gS vk;rkdkj@ vaMkdkj@ (Nucleus) var% iznzO;h tkfydk
xksykdkj \ dsanzd nzO;
(Nucleoplasm)
2- D;k dks f 'kdk dh ØksesfVu tkfydk
fuf'pr ifjlhek gS \ (Chromatin network)
jkbckslkse
3- D;k dksf'kdk ds Hkhrj (Ribosomes) fjfDrdk
(Vacuole)
dksbZ inkFkZ Hkjk gS \
fp= 7-5 ¼[k½ tarq dksf'kdk (Animal Cell)
4- D;k dksf'kdk ds Hkhrj
dksbZ xksykdkj jpuk gS \
lHkh dksf'kdkvksa ds fuEufyf[kr Hkkx gksrs gSa&
1- ckg~; dksf'kdh; vkoj.k 2- thonzO;
7-2-1 ckg~; dksf'kdh; vkoj.k (OUTER CELL PLASMA MEMBRANE)
lHkh ikni o tUrq dksf'kdkvksa esa tho nzO; ds pkjksa vksj ,d iryh] yphyh f>Yyh gksrh gS
bls IykTek f>Yyh dgrs gSaA ;g f>Yyh thfor o v)ZikjxE; gksrh gS tks izksVhu o olk ls
cuh gksrh gSA blds fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gSa &
¼i½ dksf'kdk dk vkdkj cuk, j[kus esa lgk;rk djukA
¼ii½ dksf'kdk esa fofHkUu v.kqvksa ds vkus o tkus ij fu;a=.k j[kukA
¼iii½ dksf'kdk dks lqj{kk o lgkjk iznku djukA
ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa IykTek f>Yyh dks ckgj ls ?ksjs gq, ,d vkSj vkoj.k ik;k tkrk gS ftls
dksf'kdk fHkfÙk dgrs gSaA ;g lsYkqykst dh cuh n`<+ ,oa futhZo jpuk gksrh gS tks dksf'kdk dh
ckgjh lhek fu/kkZfjr djrh gS vkSj dksf'kdk dks fuf'pr vkd`fr iznku djrh gSA
7-2-2 thonzO; (PROTOPLASM)&
izR;sd dksf'kdk eas IykTek f>Yyh ds vUnj rjy fpifpik inkFkZ ik;k tkrk gS ftls thonzO;
dgrs gaSA lHkh tSfod izfØ;kvksa dks lEiUu djus okys dksf'kdk ds fofHkUu vax ¼dksf'kdkax½
thonzO; esa ik;s tkrs gaSA blfy, gDlys uked oSKkfud us thonzO; dks thou dk HkkSfrd
vk/kkj dgkA thonzO; dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS&
v- dksf'kdknzO; (Cytoplasm) c- dsUnzd (Nucleus)
v- dksf'kdknzO; (Cytoplasm)& thonzO; dk og Hkkx tks IykTek f>Yyh vkSj dsUnzd ds chp
eas gksrk gS dksf'kdknzO; dgykrk gSA blesa [kfut] yo.k] ikuh] dkcksgZ kbMªVs ] izkVs hu o olk ik;s tkrs
gSAa
fp= 7-5 d ,oa [k dk voyksdu djsaA dksf'kdknzO; eas fn[kkbZ nsus okyh fofHkUu lajpukvksa
¼dksf'kdkaxksa½ dh lwph cuk,aA vkb,] bu dksf'kdkaxkas dk v/;;u djsa&
¼d½ ekbVksdkWfUMª;k (Mitochondria)& fp= 7-5 dk voyksdu djaAs fp= eas nksgjh f>Yyh lss
cuh xksykdkj ;k NM+kdkj jpuk,a ftldh vkUrfjd f>Yyh esa vaxfq y;ksa ds leku mHkkj fn[kk;h
nsrs ga]S ;gh ekbVksdkWfUMª;k gSAa ;s dksf'kdk ds 'olu dsUnz gaS D;kafs d ;gk¡ HkksT; inkFkksaZ ds
vkWDlhdj.k ls ÅtkZ mRiUu gksrh gSA blfy, bls dksf'kdk dk ÅtkZxg` ¼ikoj gkml½ dgrs gaAS
¼[k½ vUr%iznzO;h tkfydk¼,UMks IykfTed jsVhdqye½ (Endoplasmic reticulum)& fp= 7-
5 d rFkk [k esa vkius IykTek f>Yyh o dsUnzd ds chp esa 'kkf[kr] f>Yyhnkj] vfu;fer
ufydkvksa dk tky ns[kk gSA bUgas vUr%iznzO;h tkfydk ¼,UMks IykfTed jsVhdqye½ dgrs gSaA bu
ufydkvksa esa nzo Hkjk gksrk gSA blfy, buds }kjk fofHkUu inkFkksZa dk ifjogu gksrk gS] lkFk gh
;s dksf'kdk dks ;kfU=d lgkjk Hkh iznku djrh gSaA
¼x½ jkbckslkse (Ribsomes)& vUr%iznzO;h tkfydk dh f>fYy;ksa dh lrg ls lVs gq, ;k fQj
dksf'kdk nzO; esa fc[kjs gq, d.k ik, tkrs gSa] ftUgas jkbckslkse dgrs gSaA bu d.kksa dk dk;Z izksVhu
dk fuekZ.k djuk gS] blfy, bUgsa îzksVhu QSDVªh* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
¼?k½ xkWYthdk; (Golgi bodies)& vkidks tUrq dksf'kdk esa r'rjhuqek dks'k dbZ ijrksa esa fn[kkbZ ns
jgs gksxa ]s ;s lajpuk,a xkWYthdk; dgykrh gaAS budk dk;Z fofHkUu jklk;fud inkFkksaZ dk L=ko djuk gSA
¼³½ lsUVªkslkse (Centrosome) & vc vki tUrq dksf'kdk ds dsUnzd ds ikl o Åij rkjs ds
leku fn[kkbZ nsus okyh jpuk dk voyksdu djsa] ;s lsUVªkslkse gSaA blds e/; esa nks d.k Hkh ik;s
tkrs gSa] ftUgsa lsfUVª;ksy dgrs gSaA lsUVªkslkse tUrq dksf'kdk ds foHkktu esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
lsUVªkslkse ikni dksf'kdk esa dksf'kdk ds foHkktu ds le; gh curk gSA
d'kkfHkdk (Flagella)
vxzLFk
fØ;kdyki&2 ladqpu'khy fjfDrdk dksf'kdk
(shrunken vacuole)
vko';d lkexzh& rkykc]
dsUnzd
iks[kj ;k vU; fdlh tyL=ksr ds (nucleus)
fdukjs teh gqbZ dkbZ ¼gjs rUrq½ DyksjksIykLV
(chloroplast)
LykbM] lw{en'khZ] tyA ¼c½
rkykc ;k iks[kj ds fdukjs ¼v½ Dys e kbMks e ks u kl Dyksjsyk (Clorela) ¼l½ ;wyksfFkzDl
(Ulothrix)
ls js'ke ds gjs /kkxksa ds leku rUrqvksa fp= 7-6 rkykc] iks[kj esa ik;s tkus okys fofHkUu 'kSoky
dks ,d= djasA vc ,d LykbM ij nks&rhu cw¡n ikuh Mkydj] ,d&nks rarq ml ij j[ksa vkSj
lw{en'khZ dh lgk;rk ls ns[ksaA vkius tks dqN ns[kk mldk fp= viuh dkWih esa cuk,aA
vkidks bl rarq esa dksf'kdk,a fdl izdkj dh fn[kkbZ nha \ dksf'kdk esa dqN gjs jax dh
jpuk,¡ fn[k jgh gSa \ blesa ik;h tkus okyh gjs jax dh jpuk,¡ gfjryod ¼DyksjksIykLV½ gaS ;s
ikS/kksa esa izdk'k la'ys"k.k ds }kjk Hkkstu dk fuekZ.k djrh gaSA D;k ;s jpuk,a tarq dksf'kdk eas
Hkh gSa \ fp= 7-5 dk iqu% voyksdu djasA
¼p½ yod (Plastids) & ikni dksf'kdk esa fcEc ds vkdkj dh ;k Qhrsueq k ;k xksykdkj ;k
v.Mkdkj jpuk,a dksf'kdk nzO; esa fc[kjh jgrh gSa bUgsa yod dgrs gSa A ;s rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS& a
Y;wdksIykLV (Leucoplasts) & ;s jaxghu o.kZd gksrs ga]S tks [kk| inkFkZ dk laxgz djrs gSAa
ØkseksIykLV (Chromoplast)& ;s jaxhu o.kZd gSa tks Qwyksa o Qyksa dks yky] ihys] cSxuh
jax iznku djrs gSa vkSj ijkx.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
DyksjksIykLV (Chloroplast)& ;s gjs o.kZd gSa tks izdk'k la'ys"k.k esa lgk;d gksrs gSAa
lkj.kh 7-1 dks dkWih esa cukdj [kk| inkFkksZa esa mifLFkr yodksa dks fjDRk LFkku esa Hkfj,&
lkj.kh 7-1
Ø- [kkn~; inkFkksZa ds mnkgj.k ja x yod dk izdkj
(S.N.) (Example of eatbles) (Colour) (Type of Plastid)
1 ewyh lQsn Y;wdksIykLV

2 gjh fepZ &&&&& &&&&&&&
3 idk iihrk &&&&& &&&&&&&
4 lQsn VekVj &&&&& &&&&&&&
5 gjk VekVj &&&&& &&&&&&&
6 yky VekVj &&&&& &&&&&&&
7 vU;-------------- &&&&& &&&&&&&
¼N½ fjfädk,¡ (Vacuoles) & ikni dksf'kdk esa ,d ;k nks cM+h] xksy ;k v.Mkdkj
jpuk,¡ ik;h tkrh gSa] ftUgsa fjfädk,¡ dgrs gSaA ;s ,d f>Yyh ls f?kjh jgrh gSaA buesa tyh;
inkFkZ Hkjk jgrk gSA tUrq dksf'kdk esa ;s fjfädk,¡ NksVh gksrh gSaA
1- ikni dksf'kdk ds ckg~; vkoj.k dks D;k dgrs gSa \

2- xkWYthdk; ds D;k dk;Z gaS \
3- yky lsoQy esa dkSu lk yod ik;k tkrk gS \
4- izksVhu QSDVªh fdls dgrs gSa \
5- dksf'kdk dk ^^ÅtkZx`g** fdls dgrs gSa vkSj D;ksa \
7-2-3 dsUnzd (NUCLEUS)
var%iznzO;h tkfydk (Endoplasmic reticulum)
fp= 7-5 d] [k esa n'kkZ;h dksf'kdkvksa
dsUnzd f>Yyh
esa vkidks tks cM+h xksy ;k v.Mkdkj jpuk,¡ (Nuclear memberane)
fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS a og ds U nz d gS A
dsUnzd (Nucleous)
vyx&vyx izdkj dh dksf'kdkvksa esa dsUnzd nzO;
dsUnzd dh vkd`fr Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gks (Nucleoplasm)
ldrh gSA ;g dksf'kdk dk lcls
ukfHkdh; fNnz
egRoiw.kZ vax gSA blh ds }kjk dksf'kdkvksa
esa gksus okyh leLr tSfod fØ;kvksa ij ØksesfVu tky
(Chromatin Network)
fu;a=.k j[kk tkrk gSA blfy, bls dsfUnzdk (Nucleolus)
dksf'kdk dk fu;a=.k d{k Hkh dgk tkrk jkbckslkse (Ribosomes)
gSA vkb,] ns[ksa dsUnzd dh lajpuk fdl izdkj
dh gS ¼fp= 7-7½A fp= 7-7 dsUnzd dh jpuk (Structure of a Nucleus)
dsUnzd ,d iryh f>Yyh }kjk f?kjk jgrk gSA
bl f>Yyh dks dsUnzd f>Yyh dgrs gSaA ;g iryh] yphyh] v)Z ikjxE; gksrh gSA blesa
NksVs&NksVs fNnz gksrs gSa ftuds }kjk dksf'kdk nzO; o dsUnzd ds e/; inkFkksZa dk vknku&iznku
gksrk jgrk gSA dsUnzd f>Yyh ds vanj xk<+k v)Zrjy nzO; Hkjk gksrk gS] ftls dsUnzd
nzO;¼U;wfDy;ksIykTe½ dgrs gSaA
1831 esa jkcVZ czkmu us dksf'kdk ds dsUnzd dh [kkst dhA 1939 esa ts- ijfdUts us
dksf'kdk ds thfor inkFkZ dks thonzO; ¼izksVksIykTe½ uke fn;kA 1940 esa bysDVWªku lw{en'khZ
dh [kkst gks tkus ds ckn dksf'kdk ds dksf'kdkax dks vPNh rjg ns[kk o le>k x;kA
dsUnzd nzO; esa eghu /kkxksa ds tky tSlh jpuk dk voyksdu djsaA bls dzksesfVu tky
dgrs gSaA dksf'kdk foHkktu ds le; ØksesfVu tky ds /kkxs fldqM+dj NksVs vkSj eksVs rarq tSlh
jpukvksa esa cny tkrs gSa ftUgsa xq.klw= ¼ØksekslksEl½ dgrs gSaA xq.klw+= izksVhu ,oa Mh-,u-,-
¼MhvkWDlh jkbcksU;qfDyd vEy½ ls cus gksrs gSaA ;s vkuqoaf'kd xq.kksa dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h
rd igq¡pkrs gSaA
dsUnzd nzO; esa xksy ;k v.Mkdkj jpuk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] ;g dsfUnzdk ¼U;qfDyvksyl½ gS
;s dksf'kdk foHkktu esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
nh x;h lkj.kh 7-2 dks viuh dkWih esa cuk dj Hkjas&
lkj.kh 7-2
Ø- dksf'kdkax ikni dksf'kdk tUrq dksf'kdk

(S.N.) (Cell Bodies) (Plant cell) (Animal cell)
1 dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ik;h tkrh ugha ik;h tkrh

2 lsUVªkslkse &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
3 fjfädk,¡ &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
4 DyksjksIykLV &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
5 xkWYthdk; &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
buds mÙkj nhft,&
1- dksf'kdk dk fu;a=.k d{k fdls dgrs

gSa vkSj D;ksa\ ¶yStsye (Flagellum)
2- xq.klw= fdlds cus gksrs gSa \

3- dsUnzd dk D;k dk;Z gS \
vkius ns [ kk lkekU; dks f 'kdk ea s dksf'kdkfHkfRr
(Cell wall)
ekbVksdkWfUMª;k] xkWYthdk;] lsUVªkslkse] dsUnzd dksf'kdkf>Yyh
bR;kfn lHkh dksf'kdkax ik;s tkrs gSa] vr% bu (Cellular membrane)
dksf'kdkvksa dks ;wdSfj;kWfVd dksf'kdk dgrs

Mh-,u-,-
gaSA vf/kdka'k thoksa tSls vehck] dsapqvk] esa<+d] (D N A)
xk;] xqykc] euq"; vkfn dh dksf'kdk,¡
;wdSfj;kWfVd gksrh gSa] ysfdu dqN ,sls Hkh lw{e
tho gSa tks fdlh ;qfDr ds fcuk] dsoy vk¡[kksa
ls fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs gSaA bu lw{e thoksa esa fp= 7-8 izkds Sfj;kWfVd dksf'kdk
(Prokaryotic cell of bacteria)
lqLi"V dsUnzd ugha ik;k tkrkA buds dsUnzd
ds pkjksa vksj dsUnzd f>Yyh u gksus ds dkj.k vkuqofa 'kd inkFkZ Mh-,u-,-¼MhvkWDlh jkbcksU;wfDyd
vEy½ dksf'kdk nzO; esa fc[kjs jgrs gSaA dsfUnzdk Hkh vuqifLFkr jgrh gSA bu dksf'kdkvksa esa dbZ
egRoiw.kZ dksf'kdkax tSls ekbVksdkWfUMª;k] xkWYthdk;] lsUVªkl s kse] vUr%iznOz ;h tkfydk Hkh ugha ik, tkrsA
bUgsa izkd
s fS j;kWfVd dksf'kdk,¡ dgrs gSa tSls thok.kq ¼cSDVhfj;k½ uhy&gfjr 'kSoky ¼lk;uks thok.kq½ vkfnA
izkd
s fS j;WkfVd vkSj ;wdfS j;kWfVd dksf'kdk dh rqyuk dj viuh dkWih esa fy[ksaA
geus lh[kk
loZizFke jkcVZ gqd us 1665 esa dksf'kdk dh [kkst dhA
dksf'kdk lHkh thoksa ds 'kjhj dh jpukRed rFkk dk;kZRed bdkbZ gSA
IykTek f>Yyh dksf'kdk dk ckg~; vkoj.k cukrh gS A ikni dksf'kdk esa
lsYkqykst dh cuh dksf'kdk fHkfÙk ik;h tkrh gSA
thonzO; thou dk HkkSfrd vk/kkj gSA
thonzO; dk tsyh ds leku xk<+k Hkkx tks dsUnzd o IykTek f>Yyh ds
chp esa ik;k tkrk gS] dksf'kdk nzO; dgykrk gSA
dksf'kdknzO; esa vusd lw{e jpuk,¡ gksrh gSa tks dksf'kdkax dgykrh gaSA
ekbVksdkWfUMª;k dksf'kdk dk ^ÅtkZ x`g* gSA
lsUVªkslkse tUrq dksf'kdk esa ik;k tkrk gS ;g dksf'kdk foHkktu esa lgk;d gSA
ikni dksf'kdk esa DyksjkIykLV] ØkseksIykLV o Y;wdksIykLV uked yod ik;s
tkrs gSaA
dksf'kdk nzO; dh ?kuh] xksykdkj] jpuk dsUnzd gS] ;g dksf'kdk dk ^fu;a=.k d{k* gSA
xq.klw=ksa ij fLFkr Mh-,u-,- vkuqoaf'kd xq.kksa ds okgd gSaA
cSDVhfj;k] uhy&gfjr 'kSoky izksdSfj;kWfVd dksf'kdk,¡ gSaA buesa dsUnzd f>Yyh]
dsfUnzdk vkfn dk vHkko jgrk gSA
;wdSfj;kWfVd dksf'kdkvksa esa lqfodflr dsUnzd o lHkh dksf'kdkax
ik, tkrs gSaA
vH;kl ds iz'u&
1 lgh mÙkj pqudj fyf[k, (Choose the correct alternative) &
1- ikni dksf'kdk dh fHkfÙk cuh gksrh gS&
d- izksVhu [k- olk x- lsyqykst ?k- izksVhu ,oa olk
2- dksf'kdk ds ÅtkZ dsUnz gSa&
d- lsUVªkslkse [k- jkbckslkse x- dsUnzd ?k- ekbVksdkWfUMª;k
3- dksf'kdk esa izksVhu dk fuekZ.k djrs gaS&
d- jkbckslkse [k- yod x- fjfädk,a ?k- dsUnzd
4- izksdSfj;kWfVd dksf'kdk dk mnkgj.k gS&
d- ;wXyhuk [k- vehck x- iSjkehf'k;e ?k- uhy&gfjr 'kSoky
5- dsUnzd f>Yyh ugha ik;h tkrh gS&
d- I;kt dh dksf'kdkvksa esa [k- cSDVhfj;k dh dksf'kdkvksa esa
x- xky ds vUnj dh dksf'kdkvksa esa ?k- gkbMªk dh dksf'kdkvksa esa
2- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)&

d- dksf'kdk dk fu;U=.k d{k &&&&&&&&&& gSA
[k- dksf'kdk dh [kkst&&&&&&&&&& us dhA
x- &&&&&&&&& fldqM+dj xq.klw= cukrs gaSA
?k- izksdSfj;kWfVd dksf'kdk esa Mh-,u-, &&&&&&&&& esa fc[kjs gksrs gSaA
M- ikS/kksa esa gjk jax &&&&&&&& ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
3- mfpr laca/k tksfM+, (Match the following) &
lsUVªkslkse & vkuqoaf'kd xq.kksa ds okgd
thonzO; & dksf'kdk foHkktu eas lgk;d
vr%iznzO;h tkfydk & IykTek f>Yyh
v)ZikjxE; f>Yyh & dksf'kdk ds Hkhrj inkFkksZa dk ifjogu
xq.klw= & thou dk HkkSfrd vk/kkj
4- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj fyf[k, (Answer the following questions)&
1- dksf'kdk dks thou dh dk;kZRed bdkbZ D;ksa dgrs gSa \
2- IykTek f>Yyh ds D;k dk;Z gSa \
3- ikS/kksa dh IykTek f>Yyh ds ckgj dkSu lh lajpuk ikbZ tkrh gS ;g
fdlls cuh gksrh gS \
4- ikni dksf'kdk o tUrq dksf'kdk esa rhu vUrj fyf[k,A
5- DyksjksIykLV dk dk;Z fyf[k,A
6- ikni dksf'kdk ;k tUrq dksf'kdk dk fp= cukdj dksf'kdakxksa ds uke
fyf[k,A
7- dksf'kdkvksa ds vyx&vyx vkdkj vkSj vkd`fr gksus ds D;k&D;k dkj.k
gks ldrs gSa \
bUgsa Hkh dhft, &

1- vkids ifjos'k esa miyC/k fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx djds uhps nh xbZz fdlh
,d dksf'kdk dk izn'kZ ¼ekWMy½ cukb,&
1- ikni dksf'kdk
2- tUrq dksf'kdk
3- thok.kq dksf'kdk
2- d{kk esa 6&6 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lewg cuk ysaA izR;sd lewg Mªkbax'khV ij izeq[k
dksf'kdkaxksa ds uke fy[kdj muds lkeus muds dk;Z Hkh fy[ksaA
lw{etho&,d vn~Hkqr lalkj
8 (MICRO - ORGANISMS : A WONDERFUL WORLD)
8-1 lw{etho (Micro organism)
;fn nw/k esa FkksM+k ngh Mkydj j[k fn;k tk, rks iwjk nw/k /khjs&/khjs ngh esa cny tkrk
gSA blh izdkj vf/kd fnuksa rd j[ks gq, Qy] lCth vkfn lM+ tkrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ge vpkud
chekj gks tkrs gSaA vkb,] tkuus dk iz;kl djsa fd ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS rFkk bldk dkj.k D;k gS\
vki tkurs gSa fd gekjh i`Foh ij fofHkUu izdkj ds tho&tarq tSls& isM+&ikS/ks] gkFkh]
euq";] i{kh] eNyh] phaVh] vkfn jgrs gSaA ;s lHkh gesa vk¡[kksa ls fn[kkbZ nsrs gaS] bUgsa
izkVs kstk+ v
s k
Protozoans
thok.kq
fo"kk.kq (Virus) (Bacteria)
dod
(Fungi)
fp= 8-1 dqN lw{etho
'kSoky
(Some Micro-organisms) (Algae)
ge cM+s tho ¼eSØks vkxsZfute Macro Organism½ dgrs gSaA ijUrq tho txr esa dsoy
;gh tho ugha gSaA thoksa dk ,d lalkj ,slk Hkh gS ftls ge viuh vk¡[kksa ls ugha ns[k ikrs fdUrq
le;≤ ij gesa mudh mifLFkfr dk vkHkkl gksrk jgrk gSA ,sls thoksa dks ns[kus ds fy;s
lw{en'khZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS] blfy, mUgsa ge lw{etho ¼ekbØks vkxsZfute Micro
Organism½ dgrs gSAa ;s lw{etho gh nw/k ls ngh cuus] inkFkksZa ds lM+us vkSj lthoksa esa gksus okys
dqN jksxksa ds dkjd Hkh gSa ¼fp= 8-1½A
8-2 vkb,] ns[ksa ;s fdrus NksVs gksrs gS (Come on let us see how small they are) &
ftl izdkj izk.khtxr esa cM+s thoksa ¼,d fo'kkydk; gkFkh vkSj ,d NksVh phaVh½ dh
vkd`fr vkSj vkdkj esa cgqr vf/kd fHkUurk gksrh gSA mlh izdkj lw{ethoksa dh vkd`fr vkSj
vkdkj esa Hkh cgqr vf/kd fHkUurk gksrh gSA ,d vehck] ,d lk/kkj.k cSDVhfj;k ls vkdkj esa
yxHkx rhu yk[k xquk cM+k gksrk gSA dqN lw{etho lk/kkj.k lw{en'khZ ds }kjk ns[ks tk ldrs
gSa tSls vehck] iSjkehf'k;e vkfnA buds vykok dqN lw{etho tSls&'kSoky] dod vkfn tc
lewg esa gksrs gSa rc ge bUgsa viuh vk¡[kksa ls Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa ijarq buds ,d lw= ¼,d tho½
dks ns[kus ds fy, gesa lw{en'khZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS] dqN lw{etho ,sls Hkh gSa tks lkekU;
lw{en'khZ ls Hkh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrsA bUgsa vR;f/kd 'kfDr'kkyh bysDVªkWu lw{en'khZ ls gh ns[kk tk
ldrk gS tSls& cSDVhfj;k] ok;jl vkfnA
lw{etho vkdkj esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSa blfy, mudh yEckbZ&pkSM+kbZ ekius ds fy, lw{e
bdkb;ksa dk gh mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gS] D;ksafd lsaVhehVj] feyhehVj tSlh bdkb;k¡ buds ekiu
ds fy, cgqr cM+h gSaA
vkb,] bls le>us dk iz;kl djsa (Come, let us try to understand this) -
vki ekiu ds fy, ftl Ldsy dk mi;ksx djrs gSa mlls viuh dkWih esa 1 feeh yEckbZ dk js[kk[kaM
[khpsaA vc ;fn vki bls 1000 cjkcj&cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldsa rks bldk izR;sd Hkkx ,d ekbØksehVj
ds cjkcj gksxk vFkkZr~ ,d feeh esa 1000 ekbØksehVj gksrs gSaA yxHkx 100 ekbØksehVj ls NksVh oLrq,a
gesa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhaA iSjkehf'k;e dk vkdkj yxHkx 100 ekbØksehVj gksrk gS] dqN tho iSjkehf'k;e ls
Hkh NksVs gksrs gS]a bUgsa uSuksehVj esa ekik tkrk gSA 1 ekbØksehVj dks ;fn 1000 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ckaVsa rks bldk
izR;sd Hkkx 1 uSuksehVj ds cjkcj gksxkA iksfy;ks ds xksykdkj fo"kk.kq dk O;kl 28 uSuksehVj gksrk gSA vc
vki le> x, gksaxs fd lw{etho fdrus NksVs gksrs gSaA
8-3 lw{ethoksa dks dgk¡ <wa<sa \ (Where do we find micro-organisms?)
vkidks tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd lw{etho i`Foh ij gj txg ik, tkrs gSaA
bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ;s gok] ikuh] feêh] tho&tarqvksa ds 'kjhj ds Åij vkSj vanj Hkh gksrs gSaA
i`Foh ij cgqr xeZ LFkkuksa ls ysdj cgqr BaMs LFkkuksa rd ik, tkus okys ;s lw{etho fdlh Hkh
ifjfLFkfr esa thfor jg ldrs gSaA
fØ;kdyki &1
vko';d lkexzh& ,d IykfLVd@dk¡p dh cksry] lw{en'khZ] dk¡p dh ,d LykbM] MªkijA

Likbjksxk;jk (Spirogyra)
;wXyhuk DysekbMkseksukl VªkbiSukslksek
(Clamydomonas) (Trypanosoma)
(Euglena)
;wyksfFkzDl
(Ulothrix)
Dyksjsyk iSjkehf'k;e vehck
(Clorela) (Paramoecium) (Amoeba)
fp= 8-2
lw{e tho&,d vn~Hkqr lalkj 71
vius vkl&ikl ds fdlh rkykc@Mcjs dk ikuh vFkok fdlh Vadh esa dbZ fnuksa ls Hkjk
gqvk ikuh cksry esa ysaA bl ikuh dh ,d cwan dks dk¡p dh LykbM ij j[ksa vkSj mls lw{en'khZ
dh lgk;rk ls ns[kas vkSj fn, x, fp= 8-2 ls feyku djsaA vkids }kjk ns[ks x, lw{ethoksa ds
fp= ;fn laHko gks rks cuk,aA
8-4 fdrus izdkj ds lw{etho (TYPES OF MICRO-ORGANISMS) &
vkius ns[kk fd ikuh dh dsoy ,d cwna esa gh vkidks rjg&rjg ds lw{etho
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAa buesa ls dqN ,d dksf'kd gSa vkSj dqN cgqdksf'kdA lw{etho eq[;r%
ik¡p izdkj ds gksrs gSa &
1& 'kSoky ¼,Yxh Algae½ 2& dod ¼QatkbZ Fungi½ 3& izksVkstksvk ¼Protozoa½
4& thok.kq ¼cSDVhfj;k Bacteria½ 5&fo"kk.kq ¼ok;jl Virus½
8-4-1 'kSoky (Algae) & Dyksjy
s k (Clorela)
;wyksfFkzDl
'kSoky ikuh esa ;k ue LFkkuksa ij gh (Ulothrix)
ik, tkrs gSaA vkius Hkh xhys] ue LFkkuksa ij]
rkykc esa ;k unh ds #ds gq, ikuh esa gjs
vFkok Hkwjs jax dh irZ teh gqbZ ns[kh gksxh]
;g okLro esa 'kSoky gh gSaA ftls ge dkbZ Hkh
dgrs gSaA 'kSoky izk;% gjs] yky ;k Hkwjs gksrs
gSa ¼fp= 8-3½A budk fo'ks"k jax ,d fo'ks"k
o.kZd ds dkj.k gksrk gSA gjs 'kSoky esa ik,
tkus okys o.kZd rFkk muds }kjk Hkkstu cukus DysekbMkseksukl (Clamydomonas)
ds fy, dh tkus okyh fØ;k dk uke viuh Likbjks x k;jk
(Spirogyra) fp= 8-3 dqN 'kSoky (Some Algae)
dkWih esa fy[ksAa

vko';d lkexzh& dk¡p dh NksVh&NksVh 'khf'k;k¡] lw{en'khZ vkSj 'kSokyA
fofHkUu lzksrksa tSls&unh ds Bgjs gq, ikuh] rkykc] Vadh vkfn ls 'kSoky ,df=r djsaA
izR;sd uewus ds jax vkSj cukoV laca/kh fHkUurk dk lw{en'khZ esa voyksdu dj fp= 8-3 ls feyku
djas vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj viuh dkWih esa fy[ksa&
1- D;k lHkh 'kSoky ,d leku jpuk okys gSa \
2- lw{en'khZ }kjk fn[kkbZ nsus okys 'kSokyksa dk fp= cukdj iqLrd esa fn, x, fp=ksa
ls feyku djsa rFkk igpku ds izeq[k fcUnq fy[ksaA
3- 'kSokyksa esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh lekurkvksa vkSj vlekurkvksa dks fy[ksaA
bl izdkj vkius ns[kk lHkh 'kSoky gjs jax ds gSa rFkk vkdkj esa fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA
'kSoky tyh; thoksa dk izeq[k Hkkstu gSA lkFk gh euq"; }kjk Hkh [kk| inkFkZ ds :i esa budk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA m|ksxksa tSls& vkS"kf/k] izlk/ku lkexzh] jax fuekZ.k] NikbZ] vk;ksMhu rFkk
vU; inkFkZ izkIr djus esa Hkh ;s mi;ksxh gSaA
tkuojksa dks lkuh nsuk (Giving cattle food to animals)
nw/k nsus okys tkuojksa ls vf/kd nw/k izkIr djus ds fy, mUgsa lkuh nh tkrh gS bl lkuh esa eksVk vukt]
fcukSyk ;k [kyh] xqM+ vkfn dk feJ.k jkrHkj fHkxksdj j[k fn;k tkrk gSA lkuh esa mifLFkr [kk| inkFkksaZ
ij lw{ethoksa }kjk fØ;k dj mudk vi?kVu fd;k tkrk gS ftlls feJ.k dh ikSf"Vdrk c<+ tkrh gSA
8-4-2 & dod (Fungi)
vki us QQwan t:j ns[kh gksxh tks izk;% vpkj] eqjCcs] Qyksa] lfCt;ksa] xhys diM+ksa] iqjkus
twrksa] nhokjksa] ydM+h vkfn ij ihys] Hkwjs] dkys] LysVh jax ds /kCcksa ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
;s okLro esa fofHkUu izdkj ds dod gSa ¼fp= 8-4½A
vkb,] dod mxkdj mudk v/;;u djsa&
fØ;kdyki&3
vko';d lkexzh& McyjksVh dk VqdM+k] lw{en'khZ] LykbM] doj fLyiA
McyjksVh ds VqdM+s dks gYdk xhyk djsa vkSj <d dj de jks'kuh okyh txg ij j[k nsaA
pkj&ik¡p fnuksa ds ckn bls /;ku ls ns[ksa] Mcy jksVh ds VqdM+s esa tks varj fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS mls
dkWih esa uksV djsaA
;hLV e'k:e
(Yeast) McyjksVh dk dod (Rhyzopus)
(Mushroom)
fp= 8-4 dqN dod (Some Fungi)
vc McyjksVh ij cu x, LysVh /kCcs

¼QQwan½ dks [kqjp dj LykbM ij j[kh ikuh
dh cwan esa feyk,¡ vkSj lw{en'khZ ls voyksdu
dj fn, x, fp= 8-5 ls feyku djsaA
lw{en'khZ ls ns[kus ij vkidks dod
ds /kkxs vkSj xksy&xksy chtk.kq ikuh esa rSjrs QQwan
gq, fn[kkbZ nsx
a As vf/kdka'k dodksa dh lajpuk (Fungus)
rarq tSlh gksrh gSA vkius cjlkr ds fnuksa esa
Hkwfe ij ;k xhyh ydM+h vkfn ij mxs gq,
dqdqjeqÙks ;k e'k:e ns[ks gksaxsA ;g Hkh ,d
izdkj dk cM+s vkdkj okyk QQwan gSA fp= 8-5 McyjksVh ij QQwan (Fungus on bread)
vkb,] ns[ksa] dodksa dks o`f) djus ds fy, dSlh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ pkfg,&
fØ;kdyki&4
;g fØ;kdyki vki 5&6 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lewg esa Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
vko';d lkexzh& ikWyhFkhu dh nl NksVh&NksVh FkSfy;k¡] eksecÙkh vkSj ekfpl] czsM
¼McyjksVh½
,d czsM Lykbl ds nl VqdM+s djsaA izR;sd ikWyhFkhu dh FkSyh esa ,d&,d czsM dk VqdM+k
uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh ds vuqlkj ,d fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa j[ksaA /;ku jgs ftu VqdM+kas dks ^lw[kk*
j[kk tkuk gS os vPNh rjg lq[kk, x, gksaA ftu FkSfy;ksa dks can j[kuk gks mUgsa eksecÙkh dh
ykS ij xeZ dj can djsaA lHkh FkSfy;ksa dks 5&7 fnuksa rd mlh ifjfLFkfr esa jgus nsa fQj
voyksdu djsAa
vc uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh dks dkWih esa cukdj vius voyksdu uksV djsaA
lkj.kh& 8-1
Ø- fo'ks " k ifjfLFkfr dod esa o`f)
vf/kd@de@fcydq y ugha
(S.No.) (Particular Conditions) (Growth in fungus- much/less/nil)
1- czsM dk lw[kk VqdM+k&[kqyk vkSj izdk'k esa &&&&&&&&&&&

2- czsM dk lw[kk VqdM+k&[kqyk vkSj va/ksjs esa &&&&&&&&&&&
3- czsM dk lw[kk VqdM+k&can vkSj izdk'k esa &&&&&&&&&&&
4- czsM dk lw[kk VqdM+k&can vkSj va/ksjs esa &&&&&&&&&&&
5- czsM dk xhyk VqdM+k&[kqyk vkSj izdk'k esa &&&&&&&&&&&
6- czsM dk xhyk VqdM+k&[kqyk vkSj va/ksjs esa &&&&&&&&&&&
7- cszM dk xhyk VqdM+k&can vkSj izdk'k esa &&&&&&&&&&&
8- czsM dk xhyk VqdM+k&can vkSj va/ksjs esa &&&&&&&&&&&
9- cszM dk VqdM+k dod yxs inkFkZ ds lkFk& &&&&&&&&&&&
[kqyh FkSyh esa
10- cszM dk VqdM+k dod yxs inkFkZ ds lkFk& &&&&&&&&&&&
can FkSyh esa
viuh dkWih esa mijksDr lkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij dodksa dh o`f) ds fy, dkSu&dkSu lh
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vko';d gSa fy[ksaA
vkius lquk ;k ns[kk gksxk fd bMyh@Mkslk@tysch bR;kfn cukus ds igys vkVs ds ?kksy
esa rFkk McyjksVh vkfn ds vkVs esa ,d fo'ks"k inkFkZ ^;hLV* feyk;k tkrk gS ftls ge [kehj ;k
fd.o ds uke ls tkurs gSaA [kehj ,d dksf'kd e`rksithoh dod gSA tks e`nk ,oa ok;q esa mifLFkr
jgrk gS vkSj bls 'kq"d voLFkk esa ikmMj vFkok xksyh ds :i esa pkj o"kksaZ rd j[kk tk ldrk gSA
;g cktkj esa vklkuh ls miyC/k gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ;hLV u Mkyus ij Hkh bMyh@Mksls ds
feJ.k dks dqN ?kaVksa ds fy, j[k nsus ls feJ.k Qwy tkrk gSA vc fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj viuh dkWih
esa fy[kas&
1- bMyh] Mksls vkSj McyjksVh dk vkVk rS;kj djus ds fy, mlesa ;hLV ;k [kehj feykuk
D;ksa vko';d gksrk gS \
2- dHkh&dHkh ;hLV u Mkyus ij Hkh feJ.k D;ksa Qwy tkrk gS \
lHkh dod ijthoh ;k e`rksithoh gksrs gSaA lksfp, ,slk D;ksa gS vius f'k{kd ls ppkZ djsa
vkSj bldk dkj.k viuh dkWih esa fy[ksa A
tc vki jksVh] iwM+h] ijkBk ;k czsM [kkrs gSa rc bu lcesa czsM vf/kd Liath vkSj eqyk;e
yxrh gSa vkb,] ns[ksa bldk D;k dkj.k gS &
fØ;kdyki&5
#bZ (cotton)
vko';d lkexzh& vk/kk dVksjh vkVk] [kehj ¼;hLV½]
nks ij[kufy;k¡] gYdk xquxquk ikuh] nks dVksfj;k¡@IysV]
d [k
vk/kk pEep 'kDdj] #bZA
loZizFke gkFk vPNh rjg /kks ysa vkSj vkVs dks nks (Balls of flour)
dVksfj;ksa esa vk/kk&vk/kk ysaA vc nksuksa esa ,d&,d pEep vkVs dh xksyh
;hLV MkysaA nksuksa dVksfj;ksa dks ^d* vkSj ^[k* uke nsaA
dVksjh ^d* esa vk/kk pEep 'kDdj MkysaA igys ^[k* rFkk
ckn esa ^d* dVksjh ds vkVs dks xquxqus ikuh ls xw¡Fk dj
eqyk;e xksyh cuk ysaA nksuksa xksfy;ksa dks nks vyx&vyx
ij[kufy;ksa ds isans esa Mkydj fu'kku Hkh yxk ysa fp= 8-6 vkVs dk Qwyuk (Rising of flour)
¼fp= 8-6½A dVksfj;ksa ds vuqlkj ij[kufy;ksa ij Hkh ^d* vkSj ^[k* uke fy[k dj fpidk nsAa izfr
10 feuV ckn voyksdu dj nksuksa ij[kufy;ksa esa vkVs ds xksys dh Å¡pkbZ ds vuqlkj fu'kku
yxk ysaA
vc fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj viuh dkih esa fy[ksa&
1- fdl ij[kuyh esa vkVk vf/kd Qwy dj Åij mBk \ bldk D;k dkj.k gks ldrk gSA
2- dVksjh ^d* esa 'kDdj Mkyus ls vkVs dh xksyh ds Qwyus ij D;k izHkko iM+k \
3- ;hLV dks o`f) djus ds fy, D;k fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj ds [kkn~; inkFkZ dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
4- xksyh dks Qqykus okyh gok dgk¡ ls vkbZ \
;hLV ltho gaSA blfy, bUgsa Hkh thfor jgus ds fy, Hkkstu] ikuh vkSj Å"ek dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA ;s 'kdZjk dks rksM+dj ÅtkZ izkIr djrs gSa vkSj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl
NksM+rs gSa A bl izfØ;k dks fd.ou dgrs gSaA blh izfØ;k ls bMyh] Mkslk] tysch] czsM] vkfn ds
vkVs dk ?kksy rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA izfØ;k esa cuh dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vkVs esa Qal tkrh gSA
fdUrq tc bl vkVs dks xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rc og xeZ gksdj ckgj fudy tkrh gS ftlls [kk|
inkFkZ eqyk;e vkSj Liath gks tkrk gSA vc vki czsM ds Liath vkSj eqyk;e gksus dk dkj.k le>
x, gksaxsA
vkb,] ns[ksa xksfy;ksa esa dkSu lh xSl Hkjh gS&
fØ;kdyki&6 xqCckjk (Balloons)
vko';d lkexzh& Ng ij[kufy;k¡] ij[kuyh LVSaM]

rhu QqXxs] ;hLV] 'kDdj] xqM+] fQuky¶Fksyhu dk {kkjh; ?kksyA
rhu ij[kufy;ksa ij Øe'k% ^d* ^[k* ^x* fy[k dj fpidk
nsa vkSj rhuksa dks ikuh ls FkksM+k HkjsaA ij[kuyh ^d* vkSj ^[k* ds
ikuh esa Øe'k% nks&nks pEep 'kDdj vkSj xqM+ dk NksVk VqdM+k
MkysaA vc ij[kuyh ^d* esa ,d pEep ;hLV feyk,a ¼fp= 8-7½A
rhuksa ij[kufy;ksa ds eq¡g ij ,d&,d QqXxk ¼xqCckjk½ dl dj d [k x
cka/ksaA izR;sd QqXxs dks cka/kus ds iwoZ nks&rhu ckj Qqykdj uje
vo'; dj ysaA ij[kufy;ksa dks LVSaM dh lgk;rk ls fdlh xeZ
LFkku ij j[ksa] tgk¡ /kwi u vk,A rhu pkj fnuksa rd jkst
voyksdu djsa ftl fnu dksbZ QqXxk Qwyk gqvk fn[kkbZ ns] ml
fnu vkxs dk iz;ksx djsa rFkk fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj dkWih esa fy[ksa& fp= 8-7
1- lcls vf/kd fdl ij[kuyh dk QqXxk Qwyk \ bldk D;k dkj.k gks ldrk gS \
2- fdl ij[kuyh dk QqXxk de Qwyk \ laHkkfor dkj.k fy[ksaA
3- fdl ij[kuyh ds QqXxs esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk \ ,slk D;ksa gqvk \
4- bl izfØ;k dk uke D;k gS \ ¼;g izfØ;k vki fiNyh d{kkvksa esa i<+ pqds gSaA½
vc gesa irk yxkuk gS fd QqXxksa esa dkSu lh xSl Hkjh gSA rhu vU; ij[kufy;ksa esa ,d
pkSFkkbZ Hkkx esa {kkjh; fQuky¶Fksyhu dk foy;u ysaA ij[kuyh ^d*] ^[k*] ^x*] ij ca/ks QqXxksa dks
bl izdkj fudkydj cka/ks fd muesa Hkjh xSl ckgj u fudysA bUgsa fQuky¶Fksyhu okyh
ij[kufy;ksa ds eq¡g ij lko/kkuhiwoZd ck¡/kas vkSj ij[kufy;ksa dks fgyk,aA dkWih esa uksV djsa fd
fdl&fdl ij[kuyh ds {kkjh; fQuky¶Fksyhu foy;u ds jax esa ifjorZu gqvkA
vki tkurs gSa fd fd.ou izfØ;k }kjk 'kjkc vkSj ch;j] fljdk vkfn cuk;k tkrk gSA
dodksa ds vU; ykHk Hkh gSaA gekjs vkl&ikl ik;k tkus okyk dqdqjeqÙkk ;k e'k:e ftls [kqEch]
QqVq ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ,d dod gh gSa blesa [kfut o izksVhu vf/kd ek=k esa gksus
ds dkj.k ;g ,d ikSf"Vd Hkkstu gSA dbZ nokbZ;k¡ tSls&isfuflfyu vkfn vU; dodksa ls cuk;h
tkrh gSaA
dqN dod gkfudkjd Hkh gksrs gSa] tks ue ekSle esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa] [kk| inkFkksZa dks
lM+k&xyk nsrs gSaA dqN dod ikS/kksa vkSj tarqvksa esa jksx Hkh mRiUu djrs gSaA euq"; esa gksus okys
Ropk ds jksx ^nkn* ds ckjs esa vkius lquk gksxkA ;g dod ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
dod vkSj vkyw (Fungus and Potato)

dod Qlyksa dks Hkh u"V dj nsrs gSaA vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd mUuhloh
lnh esa vk;jySaM esa ,d ckj vkyw dh Qly dks tc ijthoh dod us u"V dj fn;k rc ogk¡
vdky iM+ x;k D;ksafd vk;fj'k yksxksa dk eq[; Hkkstu vkyw gSA bl vdky ds dkj.k vusd
yksx Hkw[k ls ej x, FksA
buds mÙkj nhft, (Answer these) &

1- ;fn ikuh dh Vadh ,d efgus ls lkQ ugha gqbZ gks rks crkb, Vadh ds ikuh esa
dkSu&dkSu ls lw{etho gks ldrs gSa \
2- vehck] iSjkehf'k;e gesa uXu vk¡[kksa ls fn[kkbZ D;ksa ugha nsrs \
3- o"kkZ ds ekSle esa peM+s ds cus twrksa ij QQwan D;ksa yxrh gS \
4- /kfu;k] thjk] nkyksa bR;kfn dks yacs le; rd [kjkc gksus ls cpkus ds fy, lq[kkuk
D;ksa t:jh gS \
5- lkekU;r% 'kSoky ijthoh ugha gksrs& dkj.k Li"V djsaA
8-4-3 izksVkstksvk (PROTOZOA) &
vkius vehck] iSjkehf'k;e]
;wXyhuk ds ckjs esa i<+k gS ¼fp= 8-
8½A ;s lHkh vklkuh ls feyus okys
,d dksf'kd izksVkstksvk gSaA bl
lewg ds tho ikuh] ikS/kksa vkSj i'kqvksa
ds 'kjhj ,oa feV~ V h es a vU;
lw{ethoksa dh rjg lHkh txg ik,
tkrs gSaA dqN izksVkstksvk esa ,d ;k
,d ls vf/kd /kkxs tSlh jpuk,¡
fp= 8-8 dqN lkekU; izksVkstksvk (Some common protozoa)
gksrh gSaA ftudh lgk;rk ls ;s
ikuh esa pyrs&fQjrs gSaA
vki tkurs gSa fd eysfj;k jksx eknk ,ukfQyht ePNj ds dkVus ls gksrk gS fdUrq
vkidks tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd ;g ePNj] eysfj;k ds
jksxk.kq&IykTeksfM;e ¼fp= 8-9 d½ uked izksVkstksvk ds okgd
gksrs gSa vkSj jksxh O;fDr ls LoLFk O;fDr esa bu jksxk.kqvksa dks ¼d½ IykTeksfM;e (Plasmodium)
igq¡pkus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
dqN vU; izksVkstksvk Hkh euq";ksa vkSj tarqvksa esa jksx mRiUu
djrs gSa tSls ,.Vvehck ¼fp= 8-9 [k½ vkSj ftvkfMZ;k vkfnA buls
¼[k½ ,.Vvehck ( Entamoeba)
gksus okyk ,d lkekU; jksx isfp'k gSA fp= 8-9 dqN lkekU; izksVkstksvk
8-4-4 thok.kq (BACTERIA)

;s gekjs vkl&ikl ,oa
vU; lHkh LFkkuksa ij ik, tkrs
gSaA bUgsa lcls igys 1675 bZ-
esa ,.VksuhokWu Y;wosugkWd uke
ds oSKkfud us Lo;a ds cuk,
lw{en'khZ dh lgk;rk ls ns[kkA
thok.kq iz k ;% xks y kdkj]
NM+kdkj] lfiZykdkj gksrs gSa fp= 8-10 fofHkUu vkdkj ds thok.kq (Different shaped bacteria)
¼fp= 8-10½A
vkb,] dqN thok.kqvksa ds ckjs essa tkusa&
fØ;kdyki & 7
izkFkfed tM+ (Primary root tap)

f}rh;d tM+
(Secondary
thok.kq
root)
(Bacteria)
xkaBs iks"kd dksf'kdk

(Nodes) xkaB dk Hkkx
tM+ dk Hkkx ?k- thok.kq
(Bacteria)
[k- tM+ dh dkV ¼xkaB lfgr½ x- iks"kd dksf'kdk
d- pus dh tM+ esa xakBsa [Section of root (with nodes)] (Nodal cell) fp= 8-11
(Nodes on pea-plant)
fdlh ,sls [ksr ;k cxhps esa tk,a tgk¡ eVj] puk] esFkh ;k fdlh nygu ds ikS/ks yxs gksaA
buesa ls fdlh ,d ikS/ks dh tM+ dk voyksdu djsaA ,d vU; ikS/kk tks nygu dk u gks] dh
Hkh tM+ksa dk voyksdu djsa vkSj buds fp= cuk,aA bu nksuksa fp=ksa essa D;k varj gS\
xBkuksa tSls mHkkj dkSu lh tM+ksa esa fn[kkbZ fn, \
pus] eVj vkSj vU; nygu okys ikS/kksa dh tM+ksa esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh xkBksa esa ^jkbtksfc;e*
uke dk thok.kq jgrk gSA ;g ,d lgthoh thok.kq gSA ;g thok.kq ok;qeaMy dh Lora=
ukbVªkstu dks ukbVªkstu ds ;kSfxdksa esa cny nsrk gSA ftlls Hkwfe mitkÅ gks tkrh gSA blfy,
;g thok.kq fdlkuksa dk fe= dgykrk gS ¼fp= 8-11 d][k]x]?k½A
fØ;kdyki&8
vko';d lkexzh& nks dVksfj;k¡] FkksM+k nw/k] ngh] pEep] xeZ djus dk lk/kuA
nksuksa dVksfj;ksa esa gYdk xeZ nw/k ysaA vc ,d dVksjh esa pkSFkkbZ pEep ngh feyk,aA nwljh
dVksjh dks fcuk ngh feyk, gh j[ksaA nksuksa dVksfj;ksa dks <d nsa vkSj 4&5 ?kaVksa ckn voyksdu
dj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj viuh dkWih esa fy[ksa&
1- ngh fdl dVksjh esa tek \

2- ngh D;ksa tek \
ngh esa mifLFkr ysDVkscsflyl uke ds thok.kq nw/k dh 'kdZjk dks vEyh; inkFkZ esa cny nsrs
gS a A ftlls nw / k xk<+ k gks d j ngh ds :i es a cny tkrk gS A ;s thok.kq gYds xeZ
nw/k ¼yxHkx 370C½ esa rsth ls o`f) vkSj iztuu djrs gSa] blfy, ngh tekus ds fy, mls gYds
xeZ LFkku ij j[kk tkrk gS rFkk teus ds ckn ngh dks fÝt esa ;k fdlh BaM+s LFkku ij j[k nsrs
gSaA ftlls thok.kqvksa dh o`f) /kheh gks tk, vkSj ngh [kêk u gksus ik,A
dqN thok.kq] tarqvksa ¼xk;] fgj.k vkfn½ ds 'kjhj ds vanj jgrs gSa A 'kkdkgkjh tarqvksa dh
vkgkjuky esa jgus okys thok.kq lsY;qykst dks ipkus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
dqN thok.kq peM+k 'kks/ku] Qyksa ds jl ;k 'kdZjk ls fljdk cukus vkfn m|ksxksa esa Hkh
mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA
dHkh&dHkh gekjs ?kj esa j[kh [kkus dh cklh phtksa ls nqxZa/k vkus yxrh gS D;ksafd
lw{etho [kkus dh phtksa vkSj vU; tSo inkFkksZa tSls& peM+k] ydM+h thoksa ds e`r 'kjhj vkfn
dks lM+kdj xyk nsrs gSa bl izfØ;k dks fo?kVu dgrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k ykHknk;d Hkh gks ldrh
gS vkSj gkfudkjd HkhA yxkrkj fo?kVu dh fØ;k ls i;kZoj.k] iznw"k.k eqDr jgrk gS vkSj [kkn
curh jgrh gSA
vius rFkk ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ls ppkZ djsa vkSj viuh dkWih esa fy[ksa fd [kk| inkFkksZa dks
lM+us ls dSls cpk;k tkrk gSA
thok.kq gekjs fy, mi;ksxh gh ugha gkfudkjd Hkh gksrs gSaA ;s tho/kkfj;ksa esa jksx mRiUu
djrs gSAa euq";ksa esa dbZ jksx tSls gStk] risfnd ¼Vh-ch-½] VSVul] fueksfu;k] fM¶Fkhfj;k] dq"B jksx
vkfn thok.kqvksa ds dkj.k gh gksrs gSa bu jksxksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj iwoZd vki ^lkekU; jksx* okys
v/;k; esa i<sa+xsA
1- 'kkdkgkjh i'kq vklkuh ls ?kkl ipk ysrs gSa] tcfd euq"; ugha] D;ksa\ dkj.k fy[ksaA
2- fÝt esa Qy] nw/k] lfCt;k¡] vaMs] ek¡l bR;kfn dkQh le; rd [kjkc D;ksa ugha gksrs\
3- ;fn dPps nw/k esa FkksM+k ngh feyk;k tk, rks D;k ngh cusxk \
4- ge nw/k dk mi;ksx djus ls igys mls mckyrs D;ksa gSa \
5- eysfj;k fdl lw{etho ds dkj.k QSyrk gS \ mlds ckjs esa fy[ksaA
6- Qyhnkj ikS/ks feV~Vh dks mitkÅ dSls cukrs gSa \
8-4-5 fo"kk.kq (VIRUS) &
;s vfr lw{ere tho gSaA vU; lw{ethoksa dh rqyuk esa fo"kk.kq brus NksVs gksrs gSa fd bUgsa
dsoy bysDVªkWu lw{en'khZ dh lgk;rk ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;s dsoy vU; iks"kd thoksa ds
'kjhj esa gh o`f) dj ldrs gSaA budh mifLFkfr dk irk mu iks"kd thoksa ij gks jgs buds izHkko
ds }kjk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls fo"kk.kq tks ikS/kksa esa jgrs gaS mUgsa ouLifr ok;jl] tarqvksa esa
ik, tkus okys fo"kk.kqvksa dks tarq ok;jl rFkk cSDVhfj;k esa ik, tkus okys ok;jl dks
cSDVhfj;ksQst dgrs gSaA cSDVhfj;ksQst ok;jl xaxk ty esa ik, x, gSaA ;g Hkh fuf'pr ugha gS
fd bUgsa ltho dgk tk, vFkok futhZoA D;ksfa d iks"kd dksf'kdk

ds ckgj ;s futhZo d.k dh rjg gksrs gSaA vr% dqN oSKkfud
bUgsa ltho vkSj futhZo ds chp dh dM+h Hkh ekurs gSa¼fp= 8-
12½A
dqN jksx tSls& lnhZ&tqdke] cq[kkj] ¶yw] us= jksx
¼datfDVokbfVl½ ftls ge ^vka[k vkuk* Hkh dgrs gSa] vkfn
cgqr rsth ls QSyrs gSaA buds vykok jscht] iksfy;ks] [kljk]
,M~l vkfn Hkh euq";ksa esa gksus okys fo"kk.kq tfur jksx gSaA
fo"kk.kq vU; tarqvksa vkSj ikS/kksa esa Hkh vusd jksx iSnk djrs gSaA
vkius v[kckjksa] Vsyhfotu vkSj jsfM;ks ds }kjk ,p-vkbZ-oh-
@,M~l ds ckjs esa tkuk gksxkA euq";ksa esa ,M~l Hk;kud vkSj fp= 8-12 ,M~l dk ok;jl (AIDS virus)
tkuysok gksrk gSA bldk dksbZ bykt ugha gS fdUrq cpko ds
mik;ksa dks viuk dj blls cpk tk ldrk gSA blhfy, lHkh lapkj ek/;e] yksxksa dks lpsr dj
jgs gSaA ,M~l ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh ,d= dj fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj viuh dkWih esa fy[kas&
1- ,M~l QSykusokys fo"kk.kq dk uke D;k gS \
2- ,p-vkbZ-Ogh@,M~l dk iwjk uke D;k gS \
8-5 lw{ethoksa dk geyk vkSj gekjs 'kjhj }kjk eqdkcyk&
vkius ns[kk gekjs vkl&ikl gok] ikuh feV~Vh rFkk [kk| inkFkksZa esa jksx iSnk djus okys
vusd lw{etho mifLFkr gksrs gSa tks iznwf"kr ikuh] Hkkstu] gok] nwf"kr jDr ;k okgd thoksa ds
ek/;e ls gekjs 'kjhj esa izos'k djrs gSaA fdUrq ge gj le; jksxxzLr ugha gksrs A bldk dkj.k
gS gekjs 'kjhj dh jksxksa ls yM+us dh {kerk] ftls ^jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk* Hkh dgrs gSAa lcls igys
rks jksxk.kq gekjh Ropk] ukd vkSj xys dh E;wdl f>Yyh] vk¡lw] ukd ds ckyksa vkfn ds }kjk jksd
fy, tkrs gSaA dqN jksxk.kq] ew= vkSj ilhus ds }kjk Hkh ckgj Hkst fn, tkrs gSa vkSj dqN 'kjhj
esa jgdj Hkh dksbZ uqdlku ugha dj ikrsA vkius i<+k gS gekjs jDr esa 'osr jDr df.kdk,a gksrh
gSa tks gekjs 'kjhj dh vkarfjd lqj{kk ds fy, lsuk dk dk;Z djrh gSa vkSj 'kjhj esa izos'k djus
okys jksxk.kqvksa ij vkØe.k djds mUgsa lekIr dj nsrh gSaA
,d ckj tc gesa dksbZ jksx gks tkrk gS rks gekjs 'kjhj esa ml jksx ds fo#) izfrjks/kd
{kerk mRiUu gks tkrh gS vkSj gekjk 'kjhj ml jksx ls cpus ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gS dqN
fo'ks"k jksxksa tSls&iksfy;ks] [kljk] pspd] Vh-ch- vkfn ds fy, Vhdkdj.k 'kjhj esa bu jksxksa ds
fo:) izfrjks/kd {kerk mRiUu djuk gh gSA
'kjhj esa izfrjks/kd {kerk de gksus vkSj jksxk.kqvksa dh la[;k rsth ls c<+us ls jksx dk
laØe.k gks tkrk gS ftlls cq[kkj vkSj jksx ds nwljs y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gSaA ,sls esa MkWDVj
dh lykg ls mfpr nok ysdj chekj gksus ls cpk tk ldrk gSA
1- vkids lkFkh dks lnhZ&tqdke gSA lkFk&lkFk jgus ds dkj.k vkidks Hkh lnhZ tqdke
gks x;k] D;ksa \ dkj.k fy[ksaA
2- vkidks lnhZ tqdke gks x;k gSA lkFk&lkFk jgus ds ckn vkids dqN lkfFk;ksa dks
lnhZ&tqdke gksrk gS vkSj dqN dks ugha] ,slk D;ksa \
3- ,d ,sls jksx dk uke crk,¡ ftldk bykt ugha gS] fdUrq blls cpko ds mik; gks
ldrs gSaA
4- fo"kk.kq vU; thoksa dh rqyuk esa fofp= tho D;ksa dgykrs gSa \

gekjh i`Foh ij fofHkUu izdkj ds tho&tarq jgrs gSaA buesa ls tks gekjh vk¡[kksa ls
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mUgsa cM+s tho rFkk ftUgsa ge vk¡[kksa ls ugha fdUrq lw{en'khZ dh
lgk;rk ls ns[k ldrs gSa mUgsa lw{etho dgrs gSaA
lw{etho gok] ikuh] feV~Vh tho&tarqvksa ds 'kjhj ds Åij vkSj vanj vFkkZr~
fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa thfor jgus okys ;s tho lHkh LFkkuksa ij ik, tkrs gSaA
lw{ethoksa ds izeq[k lewg gSa& 'kSoky] dod] izksVkstksvk] thok.kq vkSj fo"kk.kqA
lw{etho ykHknk;d rFkk gkfudkjd nksuksa gksrs gSaA
ykHknk;d lw{etho fofHkUu m|ksxksa esa rFkk HkksT; mRiknksa ds fuekZ.k esa mi;ksxh
gksrs gSa tSls& ngh] McyjksVh] bMyh] Mkslk vkfn cukus esaA
gkfudkjd lw{etho fofHkUu thoksa esa vyx&vyx jksx mRiUu djrs gSaA inkFkksZa
ds lM+us&xyus rFkk HkksT; inkFkZ ds [kjkc gksus dk dkj.k Hkh gkfudkjd
lw{etho gh gSaA
gekjs 'kjhj esa jksxksa ls yM+us dh {kerk gksrh gS tks gesa jksxh gksus ls cpkrh gS
bls jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dgrs gSaA
'kjhj esa jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk de gksus ls jksxk.kqvksa dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gS]
ftlls jksx dk laØe.k gks tkrk gSA
lw{ethoksa ls gksus okys laØe.k rFkk jksxksa ls cpus ds fy, gesa LoPN vkSj LoLFk
vknrksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)&
1 lgh mÙkj dk p;u djsa (Choose the correct alternative) &
1- oLrq,¡ tks gesa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrha] os vkdkj esa gksrh gSa&
¼d½ 1 ekbØkWu ls NksVh ¼[k½ 10 ekbØkWu ls NksVh
¼x½ 100 ekbØkWu ls NksVh ¼?k½ 1000 ekbØkWu ls NksVh
2- thok.kqvksa dks vius cuk, lw{en'khZ dh lgk;rk ls lcls igys ns[kus okys
oSKkfud Fks &
¼d½ jkcVZ gqd ¼[k½ ,.VksuhokWu Y;wosugkWd
¼x½ ,MoMZ tsuj ¼?k½ yqbZ ikLpj
3- eysfj;k jksx mRiUu djus okyk jksxk.kq gS&
¼d½ thok.kq ¼[k½ fo"kk.kq
¼x½ izksVkstksvk ¼?k½ dod
4- pus ds ikS/kksa dh tM+kas esa jgrk gS&

¼d½ thok.kq ¼[k½ fo"kk.kq
¼x½ izksVkstksvk ¼?k½ dod
5- dqdqjeqÙkk ¼e'k:e½ gS&
¼d½ izksVkstksvk ¼[k½ 'kSoky
¼x½ iq"i ¼?k½ dod
6- ,p-vkbZ-oh@,M~l dk laØe.k gksrk gS&
¼d½ thok.kq }kjk ¼[k½ fo"kk.kq }kjk
¼x½ izksVkstksvk }kjk ¼?k½ dod }kjk
2 fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds laf{kIr mÙkj nhft, &
(Answer the following question in short)
1- cwV&ikWfy'k lss peM+s ds twrksa dh lqj{kk dSls gksrh gS \
2- dHkh&dHkh ngh Lokn esa dM+ok D;ksa gks tkrk gS \
3- ngh tekus ds fy, nw/k dks gYdk xeZ D;ksa djuk pkfg, \
4- nygu Qlysa feV~Vh dk mitkÅiu dSls c<+krh gaS \
5- ge inkFkksZa dks lw{ethoksa ls cpkdj D;ksa j[kuk pkgrs gSa \
6- os dkSu ls ek/;e gaS ftuls lw{etho gekjs 'kjhj esa izos'k djrs gSa \
7- fdlh LoLFk O;fDr dks lnhZ&tqdke ls ihfM+r O;fDr dk #eky mi;ksx
esa ykuk pkfg, vFkok ugha \ dkj.k lfgr fy[ksaA
8- ;fn gekjs 'kjhj dh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk lekIr gks tk, rks D;k gksxk\
9- LoLFk jgus ds fy, LoPNrk D;ksa t:jh gS \
10- ;fn ngh tekus ds fy, nw/k esa FkksM+h ek=k esa ngh feyk;k tk, vkSj
mlds ckn bls mckyk tk, rks D;k gksxk\
11- dqN jksxksa ls cpus ds fy, MkWDVj gesa mcyk gqvk ikuh ihus dks dgrs gSa
blls D;k QdZ iM+rk gksxk fy[ksaA
3 varj Li"V djsa (Write difference between)
¼d½ thok.kq rFkk fo"kk.kq
¼[k½ 'kSoky rFkk dod
¼x½ ekbØksvkxsZfute rFkk eSØksvkxsZfute

1- vius f'k{kd] ifjokjtuksa] lekpkj i=ksa ,oa if=dkvksa dh lgk;rk ls
lw{ethoksa ds }kjk gksus okyh ykHknk;d ,oa gkfudkjd fØ;kvksa dh lwph cukb,A
2- lw{ethoksa ls lacaf/kr fo'ks"k tkudkfj;k¡ lekpkj i=ksa] if=dkvksa rFkk vU;
ek/;eksa ls ladfyr djsaA
9 izdk'k dk viorZu (REFRACTION OF LIGHT)
vki tkurs gSa fd lery niZ.k fdlh oLrq dk dsoy ,d gh izfrfcac
cukrk gSA vkius fiNyh d{kk esa dSykbMksLdksi cukdj ns[kk gSA ;fn nks
lery niZ.k ,d nwljs ls ledks.k cukrs gq, bl izdkj j[ks tk,a fd buds
fdukjs vkil esa feys jgsa rc bu niZ.kksa ds chp ,d oLrq tSls eksecŸkh j[k
nh tk, rks lksfp,] blds fdrus izfrfcac fn[kkbZ nasxs\ ;g fØ;kdyki vki
Lo;a ;k lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk djds nsf[k,A
vc niZ.kksa dks fofHkUu dks.kksa] tSls 45º, 60º ,120º, 180º ij tksfM+, rFkk niZ.kksa ds
e/; eksecŸkh ;k dksbZ vU; oLrq jf[k,A izR;sd fLFkfr esa cuus okys izfrfcacksa dh la[;k uksV
dhft,A vUr esa nksuksa niZ.kksa dks ,d nwljs ds lekUrj [kM+s dhft,A vc nsf[k,] eksecŸkh ds
fdrus izfrfcac curs gSa\ ,d nwljs ls fdlh dks.k ij j[ks niZ.kksa }kjk vusd izfrfccksa ds cuus
dh /kkj.kk ¼cgqizfrfcEcksa dk cuuk½ dk mi;ksx dj Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds vkd"kZd iSVuZ cuk, tkrs gSaA
budk mi;ksx oL= m|ksx esa fMt+kbu cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vki ;g Hkh tkurs gaS fd tc izdk'k dh fdj.ksa fdlh pednkj lrg ij iM+rh gSa rc os
ijkofrZr gks tkrh gSAa ijkorZu ds fu;e ds vuqlkj vkiru dks.k lnSo ijkorZu dks.k ds cjkcj
gksrk gS rFkk vkifrr fdj.k] ijkofrZr fdj.k rFkk vkiru fcanq ij vfHkyac ,d gh ry esa gksrs
gSAa D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd izdk'k dh fdj.ksa tc ikuh ls xqtjrh gSa rc D;k gksrk gS\
9-1 viorZu (Refraction)
ikjn’khZ inkFkZ tSls gok] ikuh] dk¡p vkfn ls gesa vkj&ikj fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS D;ksafd izdk’k fdj.ksa buesa ls vklkuh ls ikj gks tkrh gSaA ,sls ikjn’khZ
inkFkksZa dks izdk’kh; ek/;e dgrs gSaA izdk’kh; ek/;e] l?ku tSls& dk¡p vkSj
ikuh ;k fojy tSls gok gks ldrs gSaA
vkb,] vc ge ,d fØ;kdyki ds }kjk ;g tkuus dk iz;kl djsa fd izdk’k dh fdj.ksa
tc ,d izdk’kh; ek/;e ls ,d vU; izdk’kh; ek/;e esa tkrh gSa rks D;k gksrk gS\
fØ;kdyki (Activity)& 1
vko';d lkexzh & ,d iqV~Bk] dk¡p dk
fxykl] ikuh] fiu] ,d pEep nw/kA
dk¡p ds fxykl dks ikuh ls vk/kk Hkjsa o
mlesa ,d pEep nw/k feyk nsaA ikuh nwf/k;k gks
tk;sxkA iqV~Bs esa fiu ls ,d Nsn dj ysaA vc
fdlh izdk'k lzksr ds izdk'k dks iqV~Bs ij bl (Bending of light rays in change of medium)
izdkj O;ofLFkr djsa fd mlesa cus Nsn ls fudyus fp= 9-1 ek/;e ifjorZu ds dkj.k izdk'k dk eqM+uk
okyh izdk’k dh fdj.k fxykl esa ikuh dh lrg
ls Vdjk,A fxykl dks Åij ls ns[kus ij nwf/k;k ikuh esa ls xqtjrh gqbZ izdk’k dh fdj.k
izdk'k dk viorZu 83
fn[kk;h nsxhA fxykl ls izdk’k dh fdj.k ds iFk dks /;ku ls nsf[k,] izdk’k dh fdj.k ds iFk
esa vkidks D;k ifjorZu fn[kk \¼fp= 9-1½
tc izdk’k dh fdj.k ,d izdk’kh; ek/;e ¼gok½ ls nwljs izdk’kh; ek/;e ¼nwf/k;k ikuh½
esa tkrh gaS] rc og nksuksa ek/;eksa ds lEidZ ry ij eqM+ tkrh gSA ek/;e ifjorZu ds dkj.k
izdk’k ds bl rjg ls eqM+us dks viorZu dgrs gSaA
vko';d lkexzh & dVksjh] flDdk] ,d fxykl ikuhA
,d dVksjh esa flDdk jf[k,A dqN nwj gVdj ,d vk¡[k
can djds vius flj dks bruk >qdkb, fd flDdk dVksjh ds
fdukjs ls uhps fn[kuk can gks tk,A ;kfu vc flDds ls vkus
okyh izdk’k fdj.ksa vki rd ugha igq¡p jgh gaS D;ksafd chp esa
dVksjh dh nhokj vk x;h gS ¼fp= 9-2½A fp= 9-2 flDds dk lrg ls
Åij mBk gqvk fn[kuk
vc bl fLFkfr esa vius lkFkh ls dfg, fd og dVksjh esa
ikuh /khjs&/khjs bl izdkj Mkys fd flDdk vius LFkku ls ljdus u ik,A vki Hkh viuh txg
ls u fgysa vkSj xnZu o vk¡[k dks fLFkj j[ksaA
D;k vc flDdk fn[kus yxk \
vHkh rd rks flDds ls vkus okyh izdk’k fdj.kksa dks dVksjh dh nhokj jksd jgh Fkh] ijUrq
dVksjh esa ikuh Mkyus ds ckn ,slk D;k gqvk fd flDdk vkidks fn[kus yxk \
fu%lansg bldk Hkh dkj.k izdk’k dk viorZu gSA ikuh Mkyrs gh flDds ls pyus okyh
izdk’k dh fdj.ksa ikuh dh lrg ls eqM+dj ¼fopfyr gksdj½ vkidh vk¡[kksa rd igq¡p xbaZ vkSj
flDdk fn[kus yxkA izdk’k dh fdj.kksa dk laHko iFk fp= 9-2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
9-1-1 dk¡p ds xqVds ls izdk’k dk viorZu (Refraction of light through a glass slab)
vko';d lkexzh & ,d dk¡p
dk xqVdk] ,d lery niZ.k dh iV~Vh]
M1
dkyk dkxt] ,d lQsn dkxt] CysM
i ;k dSaph] Ldsy] ijdkj] jcj cSaMA
A i
Plain mirro B O lery niZ.k dh iV~Vh ij dkys
lery niZ.k
r r
dkxt dks yisVdj ,d f>jh cuk,aA
r
N1 ,d est ;k lery Q’kZ ij lQsn
M2 r dkxt dks bl rjg ls tek,a fd
P P lery niZ.k dks /kwi esa j[kus ij f>jh
ee C ls ijkofrZr gksus okyh fdj.k dkxt
D
Fig 9.3 Refraction through a glass slab.
N2
ij iM+sA lQsn dkxt ij Nk;k djus
fp= 9-3 dk¡p ds xqVds ls izdk'k dk viorZu ls izdk’k dh fdj.k vkSj Hkh Li"V
fn[kkbZ nsaxhA
vc lQsn dkxt ij dk¡p dk xqVdk bl izdkj j[ksa fd izdk'k dh fdj.k mldh yEch
lrg ij vkifrr gksA dk¡p ds xqVds dh vkd`fr isafly ls dkxt ij cuk ysa o izdk'k fdj.k
ds vkiru fcUnq ij fu'kku Hkh yxk ysaA fp= 9-3 ds leku vkifrr fdj.k dks AB o vkiru
fcUnq dks O ukekafdr dhft, dk¡p ds xqVds dh lrg ls O ij yEc js[kk M1M2 Hkh [khap ysaA
vc dk¡p ds xqVds dks okil mlds LFkku ij j[kdj lery niZ.k dh lgk;rk ls izdk'k
fdj.k AB js[kk dh fn'kk ls vkiru fcUnq O ij Mkfy,A lery niZ.k dks mfpr fLFkfr esa
j[kus ij vki ik;saxs fd izdk'k fdj.k AB vkiru fcUnq O ls dk¡p esa izos'k dj lh/kh js[kk esa
fcUnq P rd igaqprh gS vkSj fQj ogka ls CD fdj.k dh fn'kk esa okil gok esa fudy tkrh gSA
AB fdj.k dks fLFkj j[krs gq, vius lkFkh dh enn ysdj fuxZeu fcUnq P o fuxZeu fdj.k ij
C o D fcUnq ij fu'kku yxkb,A vc xqVdk gVk dj fcUnq O o fcUnq P dks rFkk fcUnq P o
fcUnq C dks ljy js[kkvksa ls tksM+ yhft,A lkFk gh fcUnq P ij yEc N1N2 Hkh [khap yhft,A
vkids iz;ksx dk fp=] fn, x, fp= 9-3 tSlk cu tk,xkA
;g fp= gesa ;g crk jgk gS fd vkifrr fdj.k AB vkiru fcUnq O ij gok ls dk¡p
esa izos'k djus ij yEc M1 M2 dh vksj >qd tkrh gS vkSj OP js[kk dh fn'kk esa viofrZr fdj.k
ds :i esa vkxs c<+rh gSA bl fdj.k OP dk fcUnq P ij dk¡p ls gok esa izos'k djus ij iqu%
viorZu gksrk gS vkSj vc og fdj.k CD dh fn'kk esa dk¡p ls fuxeZu djrh gSA nwljh ckj fcUnq
P ij viorZu ds le; fdj.k OP vkifrr fdj.k cu tkrh gS vkSj fuxZfer fdj.k CD
viofrZr fdj.k cu tkrh gSA tks yEc N1N2 ls nwj gV tkrh gSA vr% bl iz;ksx esa geus izdk'k
fdj.k dk gok ls dk¡p esa tkus ij o dk¡p ls gok esa tkus ij] gksus okys fopyu dks ns[kkA bl
ifjfLFkfr esa gok dk¡p dh rqyuk esa ,d fojy o dk¡p gok dh rqyuk esa ,d l?ku izdk'kh;
ek/;e gSA
vius iz;ksx ds fp= dk voyksdu dj crkb, fd %
1- fojy ek/;e ¼gok½ ls l?ku ek/;e ¼dk¡p½ esa tkus ij izdk'k fdj.k viorZu ds
dkj.k fdl vksj eqM+rh ;k fopfyr gksrh gS& yEc js[kk dh vksj ;k yEc js[kk
ls ijs \
2- l?ku ek/;e ¼dk¡p½ ls fojy ek/;e ¼gok½ esa tkus ij izdk'k fdj.k viorZu ds
dkj.k fdl vksj fopfyr gksrh gS & yEc js[kk dh vksj ;k yEc js[kk ls ijs \
fp= 9-3 esa vkifrr fdj.k AB o yEc js[kk M1M2 ds chp ds dks.k 1dks
vkiru dks.k dgrs gS bls dks.k i ds ladsr ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj viofrZr fdj.k
OP ds yEc M1M2 ds lkFk cuus okys dks.k M2OP dks viorZu dks.k dgrs gaS vkSj bls dks.k
r ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
fp= 9-3 ls vki le> ldrs gSa fd pwafd nksuksa yEc js[kk,a M1M2 o N1N2 lekukUrj
gksaxh vr% dks.k M2OP o dks.k N1PO cjkcj gksaxsA vius iz;ksx ds fp= esa bu nksuksa dks.kksa
dks ukidj vki bldh iqf"V dhft,A
vr% fcUnq P ij nwljh ckj viorZu ds le; dks.k N1PO vkiru dks.k gksxk vkSj
dks.k r ds cjkcj gksxkA fuxZfer fdj.k PCD dk fcUnq P ij yEc ds lkFk dks.k N2PD
fuxZeu dks.k dgykrk gS ftls dks.k e ds ladsr ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;g dks.k nwljh ckj ds
izdk'k dk viorZu 85
viorZu dk] viorZu dks.k Hkh gSA vius pk¡ns dh lgk;rk ls vki dks.k i,r o e ukidj
viuh dkWih esa uksV djsa o ns[ksa fd Åij fy[ks fu"d"kksZa ¼1½ o ¼2½ dh iqf"V gksrh gS ;k ughaA
vki bl fØ;kdyki dks dks.k i dk eku cnydj ubZ vkifrr fdj.k ds lkFk nksgjk,a
o ns[ksa fd vc Hkh ogh fu"d"kZ fudyrs gSa ;k ughaA

vki fØ;kdyki 3 dks ,slh vkifrr fdj.k ds lkFk nksgjkb, tks yEc M1OM2 dh fn'kk esa gksA D;k
bl ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh viorZu ds ckn vkifrr fdj.k viuh fn'kk ls fopfyr gqbZ\ fØ;kdyki 3 o
4 ds vk/kkj ij vc vki viorZu dh ifjHkk"kk vius 'kCnksa esa cuk ldrs gSaA vius lkfFk;ksa ls lykg
ysdj o f'k{kd dh enn ls viorZu dh ifjHkk"kk vius 'kCnksa eas fyf[k,A
9-1-2 viorZukad (Refractive Index)
,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa tkus ij vkifrr izdk'k fdj.k fdruh fopfyr gksxh vkSj
fdl vksj gksxh bldk vuqeku ge viorZukad ¼viorZu $ vad½ ls yxkrs gaS vFkkZr~ viorZukad
ek/;e ds izdk'kh; ?kuRo dks O;Dr djus okyh ,d la[;k gSA
izdk' k dk fuokZr ¼; k gok½ esa pky
fdlh ek/; e dk vioZrukad 
izdk' k dk ml ek/; e esa pky
vkb,] vc ge viorZukad dk eku Kkr djus dk ,d rjhdk lh[ksaA
fØ;kdyki 3 ds iz;ksx dk fp= yhft,A mlesa vkiru fcUnq O ij ijdkj dh uksd
j[kdj ,d o`Ùk [khafp, tks vkifrr fdj.k dks A fcUnq ij dkVrk gSA viofrZr fdj.k OP ij
o`Ùk ds dVku fcUnq dks F ukekafdr dhft,A
M1 vc gesa vkifrr o viofrZr fdj.kksa
ds Øe'k% fcUnq A o F dh yEc M1M2 ls
nwjh irk yxkuk gSA blds fy, A o F ls
A X js[kk M1M2 ij Øe'k% yEc [khafp, rFkk
B mls Øe'k% AX rFkk FY uke nhft,A bldh
fof/k vkius xf.kr esa d{kk 6 esa lh[kh gSA
O
vkidk iz;ksx fp= vc fp= 9-4 dh rjg
fn[ksxkA
Ldsy dh lgk;rk ls nwjh AX o FY
uki dj mudk vuqikr AX/FY dh x.kuk
Y F dhft,A vkids }kjk izkIr vad dks] viorZukad
N1 dgrs gSaA ;g vad xzhd v{kj ** ls iznf'kZr
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mldk mPPkkj.k ^Ê;w** gS
vr% vuqikr &
M2 P
C AX
 ¼viorZukad] gok ls dk¡p dk½
fp= 9-4 D FY
N2
;g dk¡p ds izdkj ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA gok ls dk¡p ds viorZukad dk eku 1-5 ds yxHkx vkrk gSA vkids iz;ksx okys xqVds ds dk¡p
dk viorZukad D;k vk;k \
vki blh fof/k ls vkiru dks.k i dk eku cnydj viorZukad dh x.kuk dhft,A vki
ns[ksx
a s fd eku iwoZor~ vk;sxk vFkkZr~ viorZukad vkiru dks.k ds eku ij fuHkZj ugha djrk cfYd
nksuksa izdk'kh; ek/;eksa dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
bl fof/k ls vki fcUnq P dks dsUnz ekudj PD f=T;k dk o`r cukdj dk¡p ls gok dk
viorZukad Kkr dhft,A bl viorZukad dk eku 1 ls de vk;k ;k vf/kd \
gok ls dk¡p o dk¡p ls gok ds viorZukad dh rqyuk ls vki le> ldrs gSa fd
viorZukad 1 ls vf/kd gksus ij izdk'k fdj.k fojy ls l?ku ek/;e dh vksj tk jgh gS o yEc
dh vksj fopfyr gksxhA blh izdkj viorZukad 1 ls de gksus ij izdk'k fdj.k l?ku ls fojy
ek/;e dh vksj tk jgh gS o mldk fopyu yEc ls ijs gksxkA
1- l?ku ek/;e ls fojy ek/;e esa izdk'k fdj.k ds tkus ij mlds iFk esa D;k
ifjorZu gksxk \
2- ek/;e 1 ls ek/;e 2 esa tkus ij izdk'k dh fdj.k yEc dh vksj fopfyr gksrh
gSA bu ek/;eksa dh l?kurk ;k fojyrk ds ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa\
3- ,d izdk'kh; ek/;e dh lrg ij yEcor~ iM+us okyh izdk'k dh fdj.k fdl
fn'kk esa vkxs c<+sxh \
4- dk¡p ikuh ls vf/kd l?ku ek/;e gSA vr% gok ls dk¡p dk viorZukad gok
ls ikuh ds viorZukad ls de gksxk ;k T;knk\
9-2 ysUl ls viorZu (Refraction through lens)
nks i`"Bksa ls f?kjs gq, ml ikjn'khZ ek/;e dks ysal dgrs gSa ftldk ,d i`"B xksyh; gksrk
gS rFkk nwljk i`"B xksyh; ;k lery gksrk gSA
yssal eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
1- mÙky ysal
2- vory ysal
mÙky ysal (Convex lens) vory ysal (Concave lens)
1- ;s ysal chp esa eksVs rFkk fdukjs ij 1- ;s ysal chp esa irys rFkk fdukjksa ij
irys gksrs gSaA eksVs gksrs gSaA
2- ;s ysal fdj.kksa dks vfHklfjr ¼fdlh 2- ;s ysal fdj.kksa dks vilfjr djrs
fcUnq ij dsfUnzr½ djrs gSaA vr% bUgsa ¼QSykrs½ gSaA vr% bUgsa vilkjh ysal
vfHklkjh ysal Hkh dgrs gSaA dgrs gSaA
mÙky vkSj vory ysal dks iqu% fuEu izdkj ls oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS ¼fp= 9-5½&
izdk'k dk viorZu 87
fp= 9-5 ysalksa dh dqN lkekU; vkÑfr;k¡ (Some common shapes of lens)
9-2-1 ysal ls lacaf/kr dqN ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Some definitions used in lens)&

1- eq[; v{k &ysal ds nksuksa xksyh; i`"Bksa ds oØrk dsUnzksa dks feykus okyh js[kk
dks eq[; v{k dgrs gSaA fp= 9-6 esa C1C2 eq[; v{k gSA
C2 C1 C1 C2
fp= 9-6 eq[; v{k (Principal axis)
2- izdk'k dsUnz &;g ysal dk dsUnz gS ftlesa ls izdk'k fcuk eqM+s xqtj tkrk gSA
¼fp= 9-7½
O O
fp= 9-7 izdk'k dsUn (Optical Centre)z

3- eq[; Qksdl &eq[; v{k ds lekukarj vkus okyh fdj.ksa ysal ls fudyus ds
ckn eq[; v{k ds ftl fcUnq ij feyrh gaS ¼mÙky ysal ds lanHkZ esa½ ;k feyrh
gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSa ¼vory ysl
a ds lanHkZ es½a ] eq[; Qksdl dgykrk gS ¼fp= 9-9½A
4- Qksdl nwjh (f) & ;g eq[; Qksdl vkSj izdk'k dsUnz ds chp dh nwjh gSA
9-2-2 ysal ls cus izfrfcEcksa dh jpuk ds fu;e ( Rules of formation of images by lens)&
1- tks fdj.k izdk'k dsUnz ls gksdj tkrh gS] og fcuk fopyu ds lh/kh pyh tkrh
gSa ¼fp= 9-8½
fp= 9-8 izdk'k dsUnz ls gksdj fdj.k dk fudyuk

(Ray passing through the optical centre)
2- tks fdj.k eq[; v{k ds lekUrj vkifrr gksrh gS og ysal ls viorZu ds ckn
eq[; Qksdl ls gksdj tkrh gS ¼mÙky ysal esa½ ;k eq[; Qksdl ls gksdj vkrh
gqbZ izrhr gksrh gS ¼vory ysal esa½ fp= 9-9A
fp= 9-9
3- tks fdj.k eq[; Qksdl ls gksdj vkifrr gksrh gS ¼mÙky ysal esa½ ;k eq[;
Qksdl dh fn'kk esa vkifrr gksrh gS ¼vory ysal esa½ og fdj.k viorZu ds
i'pkr eq[; v{k ds lekUrj gks tkrh gS ¼fp= 9-10½A
fp= 9-10 eq[; Qksdl ls ¼;k mldh fn'kk esa½ gksdj (Ray coming from the focus)
izdk'k dk viorZu 89
ysl
a ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ysus ds i'pkr~ vkb,] buls lacfa /kr dqN fØ;kdyki djsAa
fØ;kdyki (Activity) & 6 ¼f'k{kd }kjk izn'kZu½
vko';d lkexz h &
,d mÙky ysal] dkxtA
,d mÙky ysal yhft,
vkSj mls lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds lw;Z dh fd
j.ksa
yacor idfM+,A nwljs gkFk ls (Sun ray
s)
,d dkxt dks ysal ds nwljh
rjQ idfM+ , A ys a l dks
vkxs&ihNs djrs gq, ,slh fLFkfr
esa ykb, fd dkxt ij izdk'k
dk pedhyk fcUnq izkIr gks
¼fp= 9-11½A ;g fcUnq ysal
dk Qksdl gSA ;fn bl fLFkfr fp= 9-11
esa vki dkxt vkSj ysal dks
,d ;k nks feuV rd j[kas rks vki ik,axs fd dkxt tyus yxrk gSA ;fn fdlh lkns dkxt
ds LFkku ij dkcZu isij iz;ksx esa yk;k tk,] rks ;g vis{kkd`r cgqr gh de le; esa tyus
yxsxkA
¼mÙky ysal ds Qksdl ij j[kk dkxt dk VqdM+k lw;Z fdj.kksa ds vfHklkfjr gksus ds
dkj.k tyus yxrk gSA½
9-2-3 mRry ysalksa ls izfrfcEcksa dk cuuk (Formation of images by convex lens)
vko';d lkexzh & mÙky ysal] eksecÙkh ¼oLrq½] inkZ ¼pkSdksj iqV~Bs ij lQsn dkxt
xksan ls fpidkdj½] rhu ydM+h ds
xqVds] ekfpl] vkyfiusa@dhysaA
mÙky ysal dks ydM+h ds
xqVds esa njkj cukdj Q¡lk,a ¼fp=
9-12½ nwljs xqVds ij eksecÙkh dks
jf[k,A rhljs xqVds ij insZ dks
vkyfiuksa dh lgk;rk ls Q¡lk,aA
fp=kuqlkj budks jf[k,A vc insZ
dh O;oLFkk dks bl izdkj vkxs&ihNs
ljdkb, fd eksecÙkh dh ykS dk
izfrfcEc vf/kdre pedhyk gksA
vki ik,axs dh oLrq ¼eksecÙkh½ dh nwjh
fp= 9-12 ysl
a ds lkis{k cnyus ij izfrfcEc dh
nwjh rFkk izdf` r Hkh cnyrh gSA
fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa cuus okys izfrfcEcksa dh fLFkfr] vkd`fr ,oa izd`fr dks uhps nh xbZ
lkj.kh&9-1 esa fyf[k,A bldh tk¡p] fn, x, fp=ksa ¼9-13 d] [k] x] ?k] ³½ }kjk dhft,&
9-13 d 9-13 [k
F o
9-13 x 9-13 ?k
A'
9-13
9-13 mÙky ysl
a ls izfrfcEcksa dk cuuk (Images formed by a convex lens)
lkj.kh&9-1
Ø- oLrq dh fLFkfr izfrfcEc dh fLFkfr izfrfcEc dh izdf` r izfrfcEc dk vkdkj
(S.N.) (Position of object) (Position of image) (Type of image) (Size of image)
1- 2F ls ijs &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&

2- 2F ij &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
3- F vkSj 2F ds chp &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
4- Qksdl F ij vuar ij okLrfod oLrq ls cM+k
5- Qksdl F vkSj izdk'k &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
dsUnz O ds chp
izdk'k dk viorZu 91
bl iz;ksx lss fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ fudkys tk ldrs gaS &

1- lHkh okLrfod izfrfcEc ¼tks insZ ij curs gSa½ mYVs gksrs gSaA
2- tSls&tSls oLrq dks ysal ds ikl yk;k tkrk gS] izfrfcEc nwj gVrk tkrk gSA
3- tSl&
s tSls oLrq dks ysla ds ikl yk;k tkrk gS izfrfcEc dk vkdkj c<+rk tkrk gSA
4- tc oLrq ysal ds cgqr ikl gksrh gS okLrfod izfrfcEc izkIr ugha gksrkA
9-2-4 vory ysal ls izfrfcEc dk cuuk (Images formed by concave lens)
lkj.kh 9-1 esa oLrq dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa
ds fy, mRry ySl a ls cuus okys izfrfcac dh
fLFkfr;ksa dks vkius lh[kk gSA d{kk 7 esa
vkius vory niZ.k ls cuus okys izfrfcacksa ds
ckjs esa i<+k gSA vkidks ;g /;ku j[kuk gksxk
fd niZ.k izdk'k dks ijkofrZr djrk gS tcfd
fp= 9-13 p
ysal izdk'k dks viofrZr djrk gSA
mHk;kory ysal ds lkeus oLrq dks dgha Hkh j[ksa blds }kjk lnSo vkHkklh ,oa NksVk
izfrfcac curk gS ¼fp= 9-13 p½A
1- ysal fdls dgrs gSa\ ;s fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa \

2- ifjHkkf"kr dhft, &
¼d½ eq[; v{k ¼[k½ izdk'k dsUnz ¼x½ Qksdl
3- ysal }kjk izfrfcEc cukus ds fu;e fyf[k,A
4- flusek gkWy ds ijns ij fn[kkbZ nsus okys fp= okLrfod gksrs gSa ;k vkHkklh \
vko';d lkexzh & xÙks dk VqdM+k] ikuh] dhyA
dhy dh lgk;rk ls xÙks esa ,d NksVk fNnz cukb,A bl Nsn esa ikuh dh ,d cw¡n jf[k,A
;fn vki bl O;oLFkk dks viuh iqLrd ls 2cm Åij j[ksa rks ty cw¡n ysal ls ns[ks x;s v{kj
vkof/kZr ¼vf/kd cM+s½ fn[kkbZ nsaxsA
9-2-5- ysalksa ds vuqiz;ksx (Application of Lens)
1- vko/kZd ysal (Magnifying glass)& okLro esa ;g ,d mÙky ysal gh gSA mi;ksx dh
lqfo/kk ds fy, izk;% bl ysal dks ,d gSafMy ;qDr Ýse esa tM+ nsrs gSaA bldk mi;ksx NksVh
oLrqvksa ds cM+s ,oa lh/ks izfrfcEc izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bls ljy lw{en'khZ Hkh dgrs
gSaA ?kM+h lktkas }kjk mi;ksx esa yk;k tkus okyk ysal Hkh vko/kZd ysal gh gksrk gSA
2- okVj ysal lw{en'khZ (Water-lens microscope)&

vko';d lkexzh & iqjkuh eksVh jcj pIiy dk lksy] vkjh] 2 bap dk cksYV] th-vkbZ-
rkj dk 10 lseh dk VqdM+k] niZ.k@pednkj iUuh] ¶;wt gqvk VkWpZ cYc] eksecÙkh] ekfpl] /kkrq
dh uyh@isu dk <Ddu ¼/kkrq dk½ T;kfefr ckWDl dk fMokbMjA
¶;wt VkWpZ cYc

(Fused torch bulb)
cYc ysl
a
vkjh (saw) cYc (bulb) (bulb lens)
fp= 9-14 cYc ysal cukuk (Making bulb lens)
lcls igys fMokbMj dh lgk;rk ls fp= 9-14 ds vuqlkj ¶;wt gqvk VkWpZ cYc dk /kkrq okyk
Hkkx vyx dhft,A fQykesVa fudkyus ds fy, cYc dks vkjh ls dkfV,A vc cYc dks ikuh ls Hkjdj
mls tyrh gqbZ eksecÙkh ls ekse Vidkdj lhy djsAa yhft, cYc ysl
a rS;kj gks x;k ¼fp= 9-14½A
A Nsn (Hole)
B cYc ysl
a (Bulb lens)
C D
(Stage) eap
rkj dk fDyi (Metal clips)
E niZ.k (Mirror)
fp= 9-15 okVj ysal lw{en'khZ (Water lens microscope)

izdk'k dk viorZu 93
vc eksVh jcj pIiy ds lksy esa ls 10 lseh yEck ,oa 7 lseh pkSM+k vkdkj ¼fp= 9-15½
dkfV,A /kkrq dh uyh dks ?kqek&?kqekdj 5 Nsn (A,B,C,D,E) cukb,A fu/kkZfjr LFkku ij cYc
ysal dk ekseokyk fljk fyVk dj jf[k, rFkk 'ks"k Nsnksa esa niZ.k ,oa cksYV Qalkb,A rkj dk
fDyi cukdj fp=&9-15 ds vuqlkj Qalkb,A feyhehVj okyk xzkQ dkxt dk VqdM+k ;k dksbZ
NksVh oLrq fDyi ds uhps eap ij jf[k,A vc cksYV ?kqekdj ysal dks Åij uhps djrs gq, NksVh
oLrqvksa dks cM+s :i esa ns[kus dk vkuUn yhft,A
3- okVj ysal nwjn'khZ (Water-lens telescope)&
fØ;kdyki (Activity) & 10 cYc ysal (Bulb lens) ysal (Lens)
vko';d lkexzh & nks pkSdksj@xksy

ikbi ;k vxjcRrh ds [kkyh fMCcs] ¶;wt
gqvk VkpZ cYc] vkjh] eksecÙkh] ekfpl] mRry
fMCcs (Boxes)
ysal ¼yxHkx 15 lseh Qksdl nwjh dk½ dSaph]
dkMZ 'khV ds VqdM+]s vkyfiua]s T;kfefr ckDl
dk fMokbMjA
igys cYc ysl a ] fØ;kdyki 9 esa crk, fp= 9-16 okVj ysal nwjn'khZ (Water lens telescope)
vuqlkj cukb,A vc vxjcÙkh ds nks vyx&vyx O;kl okys fMCcs yas ftlls NksVs O;kl okys
fMCcs dks nwljs esa pyk;k tk lds ¼fp= 9-16½A NksVs fMCcs ds ,d Hkkx ds fy, xÙks dk <Ddu
cukb,A bl <Ddu esa xksy Nsn dj cYc ysal dks mlesa Q¡lkb,A /;ku jgs fd ysal dk ekse
okyk Hkkx Åij jgsA vc nwljs cM+s fMCcs ds ,d fljs ij mRry ysal ¼15 lseh Qksdl nwjh½
yxkb,A bl ysl a ds e/; Hkkx dk 1 lseh dk fgLlk [kqyk NksMr+ s gq, ,d dkxt fpidk nhft,
rFkk ysal dks fMCcs esa fLFkj dfj,A
nksuksa fMCcs bl izdkj Q¡lk,a fd nksuksa ysal ¼cYc ysal ,oa ysal½ fMCcksa ds ckgjh fljksa ij
gksaA cYc ysal dks vk¡[k ds ikl j[krs gq, nwj dh oLrq ns[kus ds fy, fMCcs f[kldkdj Qksdl
dfj,A blls izfrfcEc mYVk fn[ksxkA
blls jkr dks pUnzek dk utkjk ns[kuk
er Hkwfy, vkSj gks lds rks LVSaM cukus dh
rjdhc Hkh lksfp,A ysl
a (Lens) jsfVuk (Retina)
vkbfjl
9-3 ekuo us= % ,d ltho ysal (Iris)
ihr fcUnq
ekuo us= xksykdkj gksrk gS] ftlds dkfuZ ;k
(Cornea) (Yellow
lkeus dk Hkkx dqN mHkjk gqvk gksrk gS ftls I;wfiy spot)
dkfuZ;k dgrs gSa ¼fp= 9-17½A dkfuZ;k ds ihNs (Pupil)
,d vikjn'khZ inkZ gksrk gS] ftls vkbfjl dgrs
gSaA vkbfjl ds e/; esa ,d y?kq fudkl fNnz
gksrk gS ftls iqryh ¼I;wfiy½ dgrs gSaA isf'k;ksa fp= 9-17 ekuo us= (Human Eye)
dh lgk;rk ls bldk vkdkj Lor% gh vf/kd izdk'k esa NksVk rFkk va/ksjs esa cM+k
gks tkrk gSA blds ihNs ,d uje rFkk ikjn'khZ inkFkZ dk cuk ,d mRry ysal
gksrk gS ftls us= ysal dgrs gSaA ekuo us= esa lcls vUnj ,d ikjn'khZ f>Yyh
gksrh gS ftls jsfVuk dgrs gaSA euq"; ds lkeus fLFkr oLrq dk okLrfod
izfrfcEc us= ysal }kjk jsfVuk ij curk gSA jsfVuk ds yxHkx chp esa ,d LFkku
gksrk gS ftls ihr fcUnq dgrs gSaA ihr fcUnq ij cuk izfrfcEc Li"V fn[kk;h nsrk gSA
fdlh oLrq ls vkus okyh izdk'k fdj.ksa dkfuZ;k ls xqtjus ds ckn us= ysal ij vkifrr
gksrh gaSA blls viofrZr gksdj jsfVuk ij oLrq dk mYVk] ,oa okLrfod izfrfcEc curk gSA LoLFk
vk¡[k ls fdlh oLrq dks Li"V ns[kus ds fy, U;wure nwjh 25 lseh gksrh gSA
9-4 n`f"V nks"k (Eye defects)%
fp= 9-18 fudV n`f"V nks"k;qDr vk¡[k (Eye with shortsightedness) fp= 9-19 fuokj.k (Rectification)
dqN yksx ftuds us= ysl a cgqr vf/kd ofØr gksrs gaS nwjLFk oLrqvksa dks Li"V ugha ns[k ldrs
gSAa muds us= ysla dh Qksdl nwjh cgqr de gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa nwjLFk oLrq dk Li"V izfrfcEc
n`f"ViVy ¼jsfVuk½ ij u cudj blds vkxs ,d fcUnq ij curk gSA n`f"V ds bl nks"k dks fudV
n`f"V nks"k vFkok ek;ksfi;k dgrs gaS ¼fp= 9-18½A bl nks"k dk fujkdj.k vory ysl a yxs p'es ls
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ysl a fdj.kksa dks QSyk dj mudks n`f"ViVy ij Qksdl djrk gS ¼fp= 9-19½A
dqN yksx blds foijhr izdkj ds nks"k ls xzLr gksrs gSAa os fudVLFk oLrqvksa dks Li"V ugha
ns[k ldrs] D;ksafd muds us= ysal esa ruko gksus ds dkj.k us= dh Qksdl nwjh vf/kd gks tkrh
fp= 9-20 nwj n`f"V nks"k;qDr vk¡[k (Eye with longisightedness) fp= 9-21 fuokj.k (Rectification)
gSA ifj.kkeLo:i fudVLFk oLrq dk izfrfcEc n`f"ViVy ds ihNs curk gSA bl nks"k dks nwj
n`f"Vnks"k vFkok gkbijesVªksfi;k dgrs gSa ¼fp= 9-20½A bl nks"k dk fujkdj.k mÙky ysal yxs
p'es ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ysal fdj.kksa dks bl izdkj eksM+ nsrk gS] ftlls os n`f"ViVy
ij lgh <ax ls Qksdl gks tkrh gSa ¼fp= 9-21½A
izdk'k dk viorZu 95

1- lqLi"V n`f"V dh U;wure nwjh dk eku fdruk gksrk gS \
2- ekuo us= esa izfrfcEc dgk¡ ij curk gS \
3- fudV n`f"V nks"k D;k gS\ bls dSls nwj fd;k tkrk gS \
4- nwj n`f"V nks"k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ bls dSls nwj fd;k tkrk gS \
ikjn'khZ inkFkZ dks izdk'kh; ek/;e dgrs gSaA
tc izdk'k ,d izdk'kh; ek/;e ls nwljs izdk'kh; ek/;e esa tkrk gS rks og nksuksa
ek/;eksa ds lEidZ ry dh lrg ls eqM+rk gSA izdk'k ds bl rjg ls eqM+us dks
viorZu dgrs gaSA
fdlh ek/;e esa viorZu }kjk fopyu dk eku viorZukad ls ukik tkrk gSA
fdlh ek/;e dk viorZukad 1 ls de ;k T;knk gks ldrk gSA
tc izdk'k] fojy ek/;e ls l?ku ek/;e esa izos'k djrk gS] rks ;g yac dh vksj
>qd tkrk gS tcfd l?ku ls fojy ek/;e esa tkus ij yac ls nwj gVrk gSA
nks i`"Bksa ls f?kjs gq, ml ikjn'khZ ek/;e dks ysal dgrs gSa] ftldk ,d i`"B
xksyh; gksrk gS rFkk nwljk i`"B xksyh; ;k lery gksrk gSA
mÙky ysal chp esa eksVs rFkk fdukjksa ij irys gksrs gSa] tcfd vory ysal chp
esa irys rFkk fdukjksa ij eksVs gksrs gSaA
ysal ds nksuksa xksyh; i`"Bksa ds oØrk dsUnzksa dks feykus okyh js[kk dks eq[; v{k
dgrs gSaA
izdk'k dsUnz] ysal dk dsUnz gksrk gS ftlesa ls izdk'k fcuk eqM+s xqtj tkrk gSA
eq[; Qksdl vkSj izdk'k dsUnz ds chp dh nwjh dks Qksdl nwjh dgrs gSaA
tks fdj.k ysal ds eq[; v{k ds lekUrj vkifrr gksrh gS og viorZu ds ckn
eq[; Qksdl ls gksdj tkrh gS ¼mÙky ysl a es½a ;k eq[; Qksdl ls vkrh gqbZ izrhr
gksrh gS ¼vory ysal esa½
tks fdj.k eq[; Qksdl ls gksdj vkifrr gksrh gS ¼mÙky ysal esa½ ;k eq[; Qksdl
dh fn'kk eas vkifrr gksrh gS ¼vory ysal esa½ og fdj.k viorZu ds i'pkr~ eq[;
v{k ds lekUrj gks tkrh gSA
mÙky ysl a dk mi;ksx vko/kZd ysl a ] lw{en'khZ ,oa nwjn'khZ cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ekuo us= dh Qksdl nwjh Lor% ifjofrZr gksrh gS vkSj ekuo us= }kjk cuk
izfrfcac okLrfod rFkk mYVk gksrk gSA LoLFk us= ls fdlh oLrq dks Li"V ns[kus
ds fy, U;wure nwjh 25 lseh gksrh gSA
fudV n`f"V nks"k ls ihfM+r O;fDr nwjLFk oLrqvksa dks Li"V ugha ns[k ldrsA
vory ysal yxs p'es ls bldk fujkdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
nwj n`f"V nks"k ls ihfM+r O;fDr fudVLFk oLrqvksa dks Li"V ugha ns[k ldrsA mÙky
ysal yxs p'es ls bldk fujkdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE) &

1-lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct alternative)&
1- dk¡p dk viorZukad gksrk gS &
¼d½ 1-5 ¼[k½ 1-3
¼x½ 2-4 ¼?k½ 1-0
2- ysal dk og fcUnq ftlls gksdj tkus ij izdk'k dh fdj.k fcuk fopyu
ds xqtj tkrh gS] dgykrk gS &
¼d½ Qksdl ¼[k½ izdk'k dsUnz
¼x½ Qksdl nwjh ¼?k½ oØrk dsUnz
3- tc izdk'k dh fdj.k ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa tkrh gS] rks vius iwoZ
iFk ls fopfyr gks tkrh gS] bls dgrs gSa &
¼d½ izdk'k dk ijkorZu ¼[k½ izdk'k dk vfu;fer ijkorZu
¼x½ izdk'k dk viorZu ¼?k½ buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
4- mÙky ysl a }kjk cuus okys izfrfcEc dh fLFkfr D;k gksxh tc oLrq 2F ij gks&
¼d½ 2F ij ¼[k½ F ij
¼x½ F vkSj 2F ds chp ¼?k½ F vkSj izdk'k dsUnz ds chp
2- mfpr laca/k tksfM+, (Match the following)&
oLrq dh fLFkfr izfrfcEc dh fLFkfr
1- F ij 1- F vkSj 2F ds chp
2- F vkSj 2F ds chp 2- oLrq dh vksj gh
3- 2F ls ijs 3- vuar ij
4- F vkSj izdk'k dsUnz ds chp 4- 2F ls ijs
1- viorZu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
2- tc izdk'k dh fdj.k dkap ls gksdj ty esa izos'k djsxh rc og fdl vksj
>qdsxh] vfHkyac dh vksj ;k vfHkyac ls nwj\ le>kb, A
3- fdlh ek/;e ds viorZukad ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
4- fdj.k fp= cukb,&tc oLrq mRry ysal ds izdk'k dsUnz o eq[; Qksdl ds
chp fLFkr gksA
5- nwj n`f"V nks"k D;k gS \ bldk fuokj.k dSls fd;k tkrk gS \ lfp= o.kZu dhft,A
6- ,d fØ;kdyki }kjk n'kkZb, fd vkifrr fdj.k] ijkofrZr fdj.k rFkk vkiru fcanq
ij vfHkyac ,d gh ry esa gksrs gSaA
bUgsa Hkh djsa (TRY TO DO THIS ALSO)&
1- fdlh ¶;wt cYc dk rUrq okyk fgLlk dkVdj vyx dj nsaA vc dk¡p ds cYc
esa ikuh Hkfj, vkSj crkb, fd ;g fdl izdkj ds ysal dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk gS\
lw;Z ds izdk'k esa j[kdj bldh Qksdl nwjh Kkr dhft,A vc bls Øe'k% feV~Vh
dk rsy] ukfj;y rsy vkSj fXyljhu ls Hkfj,A budh Hkh Qksdl nwjh Kkr dj
budh vkil esa rqyuk dhft,A
2- vius fo|ky; esa leqnk; dh lgk;rk ls us= tk¡p f'kfoj dk vk;kstu dhft,A
10 /ofu (SOUND)
10-1
vius vkl&ikl gesa fofHkUu izdkj dh /ofu;k¡ lqukbZ nsrh gSa] tSls Ldwy esa ctus okyh
?kaVh] if{k;ksa dk pgpgkuk] cknyksa dk xjtuk] eksVj&xkfM+;ksa dh /ofu bR;kfnA /kkrq ds [kkyh
crZu ds fxjus ij mRiUu rst /ofu Hkh ge lqurs gSaA gkjeksfu;e ls vkus okyh e/kqj /ofu ls
ge ifjfpr gSAa d{kk esa lHkh Nk=ksa ds ,d lkFk tksj&tksj
ls cksyus ij gesa vPNk ugha yxrkA mi;qZDr mnkgj.kksa
ls Li"V gS fd dksbZ /ofu /kheh gksrh gS rks dksbZ rstA
dksbZ /ofu dkuksa dks fiz; yxrh gS rks dksbZ vfiz;A
vkb,] ;g tkuus dk iz;kl djsa fd /ofu dSls mRiUu
gksrh gS rFkk bls lquk dSls tkrk gS \

vko’;d lkexzh (Materials required) & Ldwy
dh ?kaVh] gFkkSM+kA
Ldwy dh ?k.Vh dks gFkkSMs+ ls ctkb;sA ?kaVh dh
/ofu vkus ij mls gYds ls Li’kZ dhft,A vkius vo’; fp=&10-1
gh daiu dk vuqHko fd;k gksxkA D;k Li’kZ djrs gh
?k.Vh ds daiu can gks x,\ D;k vc Hkh vkidks /ofu lqukbZ ns jgh gS \ ¼fp=&10-1½

vko’;d lkexzh (Materials required) & Lofj= f}Hkqt]
jcM+ iSMA
,d Lofj= f}Hkqt ¼fp=&10-2½ dh ,d Hkqtk dks dBksj
jcM+ ds iSM ij ekfj,A vc bls dku ds ikl ykdj bldh /ofu
lqfu,A bldh Hkqtkvksa dks /;ku iwoZd nsf[k,A D;k vki bUgsa
dafir gksrs ns[k ldrs gSa \ vc Lofj= dks Li’kZ dhft,A vkius
ns[kk fd Li’kZ djus ij daiu can gks tkrs gSa rFkk /ofu lqukbZ
ugha iM+rh gSA ckr djrs le; vius xys ij gkFk j[kus ij Hkh
ge daiu dk vuqHko djrs gSaA
mijksDr fØ;kdykiksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fp=&10-2
daiu djrh oLrq,¡ /ofu mRi™k djrh gSaA tc oLrqvksa dks Li’kZ
djrs gSa] rc daiu lekIr gks tkrs gSa vkSj /ofu lqukbZ ugha iM+rh gSA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa ;g daiu
gesa vklkuh ls fn[kk;h nsrs gSa fdarq vf/kdka’k fLFkfr;ksa esa ;s brus {kh.k gksrs gaS fd ge mUgsa ns[k
ugha ikrsA
10-2daiu dk vk;ke] vko`fŸk ,oa vkorZdky (Amplitude, frequency and
the time period of vibration) -
fiNyh d{kk esa vkius nksyu xfr ds fo"k; esa Ik<+k gSA ge tkurs gSa fd]
fdlh oLrq dk mldh ek/; fLFkfr ds nksuksa vksj xfr djuk nksyu xfr
dgykrk gSA
fdz;kdyki & 3
vko’;d lkexzh & Ldsy ;k lkbfdy dk Liksd
Ldsy ;k lkbfdy ds Liksd ds ,d fljs
dks est ds fdukjs ij dl dj nckb,A vc nwljs
fljs dks uhps nckdj NksM+ nsaA og daiu djus x
yxrk gS ¼fp= 10-3½A ftlls /ofu mRiUu gksrh d
gSA vc est ij Liksd ;k Ldsy ds Lora= fljs dh [k
yackbZ dks cny dj iz;ksx dks nksgjk,¡A ;gk¡ Ldsy
;k Liksd dh xfr nksyu xfr gSA Liksd uhps ls
Åij rFkk Åij ls uhps vkrk gS vkSj dqN le;
rd bl izdkj xfr djrk jgrk gSA fp= 10-3
vk;ke (Amplitude) %&
tc Liksd ;k Ldsy viuh ek/; fLFkfr ^d^ ls ^[k^ rd tkrk gS fQj ^d^ ls gksrs gq,
^x^ rd tkdj iqu% ^d^ rd okil vkrk gS] rc ge bls ,d daiu ;k nksyu dgrs gaSA Liksd
;k Ldsy] viuh ek/; fLFkfr ls ftl vf/kdre nwjh ^[k* vFkok ^x* rd tkrk gS] mls daiu dk
vk;ke dgrs gSaA ^d^ ls ^[k^ ;k ^d^ ls ^x^ rd dh nwjh cjkcj gksrh gSA Liksd ;k Ldsy ij de
;k vf/kd cy yxk dj vk;ke dks de ;k vf/kd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vko`fŸk (Frequency) %&
daiu djus okyh oLrq ,d lsd.M esa ftrus ckj daiu djrh gS] mls daiu dh vko`fŸk
dgrs gSAa vko`fŸk dks daiu izfr lsd.M ;k gV~Zt esa ekik tkrk gSA ek=d gVZ~t] oSKkfud gSufjp
:MksYQ gVZ~t ds lEeku esa j[kk x;k gSA ;fn dksbZ oLrq ,d lsd.M esa nl daiu djrh gS] rks
mldh vko`fŸk nl daiu izfr lsd.M ;k nl gV~Zt gksxhA
vkorZdky (Time period) %&
daiu djrh gqbZ oLrq dks ,d daiu djus esa ftruk le; yxrk gS mls vkorZdky dgrs
gSaA bls lsd.M esa ekik tkrk gSA
vko`fRr rFkk vkorZdky esa fuEu laca/k gS &
1
vko`fRr ¾ &&&&&&
vkorZdky
/ofu 99
buds mŸkj nhft, (ANSWER THESE) &

1- fdlh oLrq ls /ofu fdl dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gS\
2- tc lkbdy dh ?kaVh dks ,d gkFk ls nck dj nwljs gkFk ls ctkrs gSa rks mldh /ofu
Li"V D;ksa ugha lqukbZ iM+rh gS\
3- daiu djus okyh oLrq dh vko`fRr 20 gVZ~t gS& blls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
4- ,d oLrq nl lsdaM esa 20 daiu djrh gS rks mldh vko`fRr vkSj vkorZdky Kkr
dhft,A
10-3 /ofu vkSj ek/;e (Sound and medium) -
tc fdlh oLrq ls /ofu mRiUu gksrh gS rks og dafir gks jgh gksrh gSA mlds daiu] vius
vkl&ikl dh gok dks dafir dj nsrs gSaA gok ls gksrs gq,] daiu tc gekjs dku rd igq¡prs gSa
rc ;g gekjs dku ds insZ dks dafir dj nsrs gSaA bl izdkj gesa /ofu lqukbZ nsrh gSA daiu djus
okyh oLrq ls gekjs dkuksa rd daiuksa dks igq¡pus ds fy, vko’;d gS fd ml oLrq vkSj gekjs
dku ds chp dksbZ u dksbZ ek/;e mifLFkr gksA
fØ;kdyki&4
est ds ,d fljs ds ikl viuk dku yxkb, ¼fp=&10-4½A est ds nwljs fljs dks vius fe=
ls /khjs ls Bksdus dks dfg,A D;k vkidks /ofu lqukbZ nh \ /ofu vki rd fdl ek/;e ls igq¡ph\
vc viuk dku est ls Åij mBk dj fQj ls lqfu,A bl fLFkfr esa /ofu fdl ek/;e ls vki
rd igq¡ph \ bu nksuksa /ofu;ksa esa varj dk D;k dkj.k gS \
fp=&10-4
fØ;kdyki&5
vko’;d lkexzh&ekfpl dh nks fMfCc;k¡] 10 ehVj /kkxk] nks vkyfiuA
ekfpl dh nks fMfCc;ksa ds Hkhrjh [kks[ks yhft,A [kks[kksa esa Nsn djds /kkxs vkSj vkyfiu dh
lgk;rk ls fp=&10-5 ds tSlk f[kykSuk cukb,A /kkxs dh yackbZ yxHkx 10 ehVj dh gksA /kkxs
dks rkudj vius fe= ls ,d [kks[ks dks vius eq¡g ij j[kdj /khes ls dqN cksyus dks dfg,A nwljs
[kks[ks dks vki vius dku ij j[kdj lquus dh dksf’k’k dhft,A D;k dku ij ls [kks[kk gVk ysus
ij Hkh /ofu Li"V lqukbZ nsrh gS \ ;fn ugha rks D;ksa \ mijksä fØ;kdyki ls Li"V gS fd /ofu
/kkxs esa ls lapj.k dj ldrh gSA
fp=&10-5 /ofu dk lapj.k (Propagation of sound)
fØ;kdyki&6
vko’;d lkexzh&IykfLVd dh dhi] xqCckjk] jcj dh V~;cw ] ikuh ls Hkjh ckYVh] jcj cSM a A
xqCckjs dks dkV ysaA dhi ds pkSMs+ fljs ij xqCckjs dks jcj cSaM dh lgk;rk ls cka/k nsaA
dhi ds nwljs fljs ij jcj V~;wc yxk,¡A dhi ds pkSMs+ fgLls dks ikuh ls Hkjh ckYVh esa Mqck,¡A
jcj V~;wc ds Lora= fljs dks dku esa yxk,¡A ckYVh esa iRFkj Mkysa rFkk ryh esa iRFkj ds fxjus
dh vkokt lqusaA bl midj.k dks gkbMªksQksu dgrs gSaA bl fØ;kdyki ls irk pyrk gS fd /
ofu dk lapj.k nzo esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA
mijksDr fØ;kdykiksa esa geus ns[kk fd & /ofu lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e ¼Bksl] nzo ;k
xSl½ dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
D;k /ofu fuokZr esa ls gksdj tk ldrh
gS \ /ofu lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e vko’;d
gSA vxj ,d cSVjh ls tqM+h ,d fo|qr ?kaVh
csytkj
dks ,d ok;qjks/kh csytkj eas yVdk;k tkrk gS (Bell jar)
rks fo|qr ?kaVh ctkus ij tkj esa gok Hkjh gksus fo|qr ?kaVh
ds dkj.k vkokt lqukbZ nsrh gSA tkj dh gok (To Air suction pump) (Electric bell)
dks ok;q pw"kd iai }kjk fudky yssus ij ?kaVh ok;q pw"kd iai fp= & 10-6
dh vkokt lqukbZ nsuk cUn gks tkrh gS
¼fp=&10-6½A blls fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fuokZr esa /ofu lapfjr ugha gks ldrhA
/ofu ok;q dh vis{kk dqN /kkrqvksa esa lksyg xquk rFkk ikuh esa pkj xquk rhoz xfr ls pyrh gSA
D;k vkius dHkh ;g lkspk fd panzek ij ok;qeaMy u gksus ij Hkh ogk¡ ij varfj{k ;k=h
dSls ckr djrs gSa \ varfj{k ;k=h vkil esa ckrphr djus ds fy, jsfM;ksa rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djrs
gSa] ftuds lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e vko’;d ugha gSA
1- panzek ds ry ij varfj{k ;k=h dh vkokt FkksM+h gh nwj ij [kMs+ nwljs varfj{k ;k=h
dks D;ksa ugha lqukbZ nsrh gS \
2- /ofu lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e dh vko’;drk gksrh gS&bls loZizFke fdlus crk;k\
/ofu 101
10-4 /ofu ge dSls lqurs gSa \ (How do we hear sound?)

/ofu fdlh ek/;e ls lapfjr gksdj gekjs dkuksa rd igq¡prh gSA dkuksa
ls ;g /ofu ladsr ds :Ik esa efLr"d rd igq¡prh gS vkSj rc gesa /ofu lqukbZ
nsrh gSA euq"; dk dku rhu izeq[k vaxksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gS& ckg~; d.kZ]
e/; d.kZ vkSj var% d.kZA ckgj ls vkus okyh vkokt ckg; d.kZ ls e/;d.kZ rd igq¡prh gSA
e/; d.kZ esa fLFkr d.kZiÍ ds daiu var% d.kZ esa lapfjr gksrs gSAa var% d.kZ esa fLFkr Jo.k raf=dk
bu daiuksa dks ladsr ds :Ik esa efLr"d rd Hkst nsrh gS ¼fp= 10-7½A dku cgqr laosnu’khy vax
gaSA gesa budh mfpr ns[kHkky djuh pkfg,A gesa dku ds vanj ,slh dksbZ Hkh pht ugha Mkyuh
pkfg, tks d.kZiÍ dks {kfr igq¡pk nsA d.kZiÍ dh {kfr ls O;fDr cgjk Hkh gks ldrk gSA
d.kZiÍ (Diaphragm) efLr"d dks

(To the brain)
ckg~; d.kZ
(Outer ear)
e/; d.kZ var% d.kZ (Inner ear)

(Middle ear)
fp= &10-7 /ofu dk dku ls efLr"d rd igq¡puk
(Transferring sound from the ear to the brain)
10-5 JO; rFkk vJO; /ofu;k¡ (Audible and in–audible sounds) -

ge tkurss gSa fd /ofu mRi™k djus ds fy, oLrq dk daiu djuk vko’;d gSA D;k lHkh
daiu djus okyh oLrq,¡ /ofu mRi™k djrh gSa\ D;k ge lHkh /ofu;k¡ lqu ldrs gSa\ vkb;s ns[ksaA
fØ;kdyki&7
vius gkFkksa dks ftruh rsth ls laHko gks vkxs ihNs pykb;sA D;k dksbZ vkokt lqukbZ nh\
vki vius gkFk dks ,d lsd.M esa ik¡p ;k N% ckj ls vf/kd ugha pyk ldrsA blls mRi™k
/ofu vki ugha lqu ldrsA dqN tarq 20]000 daiu izfr lsd.M ls vf/kd vko`fŸk;ksa dh /ofu;k¡
lqu ldrs gSaA
gekjs dku flQZ mUgha /ofu;ksa dks lqu ldrs gSa] ftudh vko`fŸk 20 dEiu izfr lsd.M
¼gV~Zt½ ls 20]000 dEiu izfr lsd.M ¼gV~Zt½ ds chp gksA lquh tk ldus okyh bu vko`fŸk;ksa dh
/ofu dks JO; /ofu dgrs gSaA og /ofu tks 20 daiu izfr lsd.M ls de vko`fŸk dh gksrh gSa]
viJO; /ofu dgykrh gSaA tcfd 20]000 daiu izfr lsd.M ls vf/kd vko`fŸk dh /ofu dks
ijkJO; /ofu dgrs gSaA
dqŸkk 40]000 daiu izfr lsd.M rd dh vko`fŸk lqu ldrk gS tcfd pexknM+ 70]000
daiu izfr lsd.M dh vko`fr lqu ldrk gS rFkk mRi™k Hkh dj ldrk gSA
ijkJO; /ofu dk mi;ksx (Uses of ultrasonic sound) -
1- /kkrqvksa ds Hkhrj dh ckjhd njkjksa dk irk yxkus ds fy,A
2- cSDVhfj;k dks u"V djus ds fy,A

3- ?kM+h ds iqtksaZ dks lkQ djus ds fy,A
4- efLr"d ds V~;wej ds LFkku dk irk yxkus ds fy,A
5- xfB;k ds nnZ dks nwj djus ds fy,A
6- eksfr;kfcan ds bykt esaA
7- xqnsZ dh iFkjh dks lekIr djus esaA
1- JO; vkSj ijkJO; /ofu esa varj fyf[k,A
2- ijkJO; /ofu ds nks mi;ksx fyf[k,A
3- lkekU; euq"; dh JO; lhek fyf[k,A
10-6 /ofu dk ijkorZu vkSj izfr/ofu (Reflection of sound and Echo) -
tc ge fdlh xgjs dq,¡ ds Hkhrj dh vksj eq¡g djds ;k igkM+h ij tksj ls vkokt nsrs gSa
rc dqN le; i’pkr gesa ogh vkokt lqukbZ nsrh gS] ekuks dq,¡ ;k igkMh+ ls dksbZ mls nksgjk jgk
gksA /ofu dk bl izdkj fdlh lrg ls Vdjkdj okil vkuk /ofu dk ijkorZu dgykrk gS vkSj
ijkofrZr /ofu izfr/ofu dgykrh gSA
fØ;kdyki&8
vko’;d lkexzh& ika¡p lseh O;kl rFkk ,d ehVj yackbZ dh nks ufy;k¡] ?kM+h] lery
r[rk
,d Vscy ij lery r[rs dks lh/kk [kM+k dhft,A vc bls r[rs ds lkeus ,d uyh dks
fcanqnkj js[kk PQ ds lekukarj Vscy ij jf[k,A uyh ds nwljs fljs ij ,d fVd&fVd ?kM+h
jf[k,A vc nwljh uyh dks QR fn’kk ds vkl&ikl bl izdkj ?kqekb, fd ?kM+h dh vkokt ijkofrZr
gksdj Li"V lqukbZ ns ¼fp=&10-8½A bl iz;ksx dks djus ls iwoZ nksukas ufy;ksa ds chp ,d r[rk
vo’; j[kk tk;s ftlls ?kM+h dh vkokt P ls lh/ks R rd u ig¡qpsA ?kM+h dh vkokt tc
Li"Vre gks rc vki ns[ksaxs fd PQN ¾  RQN ;k vkiru dks.k ¾ ijkorZu dks.k
Q
P R
NN
fp=&10-8 /ofu dk ijkorZu (Reflection of sound)
/ofu 103
;fn ijkorZd lrg /ofu Lkzkrs ls 17 ehVj ;k vf/kd nwj fLFkr gks] rks ijkofrZr /ofu dks
ewy /ofu ls vyx lquk tk ldrk gSA fofHk™k inkFkksZa ls /ofu dk ijkorZu leku :Ik ls ugha gksrkA
/kkrq dh pknj vkSj IykbZoM q /ofu ds vPNs ijkorZd gSAa diMs+ rFkk lja/kz inkFkZ tSls dkdZ] Fkeksd
Z ksy
vkfn /ofu ds vPNs ijkorZd ugha gSAa flusek gkWy dh Nrks]a Q’kksaZ vkSj nhokjksa ij /ofu ds vPNs
vo’kks"kd yxs jgrs gSAa buls /ofu dk ijkorZu ugha gksrk rFkk izfr/ofu Hkh lqukbZ ugha nsrhA
euq"; ds dku nks /ofu;ksa dks dsoy rHkh vyx&vyx vkSj Li"V :Ik ls lqu ldrs gSa
tcfd nksuksa /ofu;ksa esa 1@10 lsd.M dk le; varjky gksA ok;q esa /ofu dh pky 20ŒC rki
ij yxHkx 340 ehVj izfr lsd.M gSA
1@10 lsd.M esa /ofu }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh ¾ pky × le;
¾ 340 × 1@10 ¾ 34 ehVj
vr% ewy /ofu rFkk ijkofrZr /ofu nksuksa dks vyx&vyx Li"V lqu lduk rHkh laHko
gS tc ge ijkorZd lrg ls 17 ehVj ;k mlls vf/kd nwjh ij gksaA
/ofu ijkorZu dk mi;ksx leqnz dh xgjkbZ ekius esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, /ofu
ladsr leqnz esa Hkstk tkrk gSA /ofu ladsr ds egklkxj ds ry rd tkus rFkk okil vkus esa yxs
le; ds }kjk mldh xgjkbZ Kkr dh tkrh gSA
1- vkidks vius vkokt dh izfr/ofu fdl fLFkfr esa lqukbZ nsxh\
2- ydM+h] LVhy] ,LcsLVl] dkxt rFkk Fkeksd Z ksy esa ls fduds Åij iM+us okyh /ofu dh &
d- Li"V izfr/ofu lqukbZ nsxh \
[k- izfr/ofu lqukbZ ugha nsxh \
10-7 /ofu dh pky (Speed of sound) -
cjlkr ds fnuksa esa vkius cknyksa dh xM+xM+kgV rFkk fctyh dh ped ns[kh gksxhA
cknyksa dh xM+xM+kgV rFkk fctyh dh ped yxHkx ,d lkFk mRi™k gksrh gSa] ijUrq gesa ped
igys fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS vkSj xtZu ckn esa lqukbZ iM+rh gS] ,slk D;kasa \
bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd izdk’k dk osx /ofuŒ ds osx ls cgqr vf/kd gSA izdk’k dk osx
30]00]00]000
Œ
ehVj izfr lsd.M vkSj /ofu dk osx 0 lsfYl;l ij 332 ehVj izfr lsd.M rFkk
20 lsfYl;l ij ij 340 ehVj izfr lsd.M gSA
10-8 /ofu ds xq.k (Properties of sound) -
1- rhoz rFkk ean /ofu (Intense and soft sound) %& /ofu dh rhozrk daiu ds vk;ke
ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vf/kd vk;ke ds daiu rhoz /ofu mRi™k djrs gSaA de vk;ke ds daiu ls
ean /ofu mRi™k gksrh gSA tc fdlh oLrq dks tksj ls Bksdk tkrk gS rks og oLrq vf/kd vk;ke
ls daiu djus yxrh gS vkSj rhoz /ofu mRi™k gksrh gSA
2- eksVh rFkk iryh /ofu (Low and high pitched sound) %& vki lHkh dks Kkr gS fd
Hkkjrh; laxhr esa lkr Lojksa lk] js] x] e] Ik] /k] fu dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vki tkurs gSa fd ;g
Øe c<+rh gqbZ vko`fŸk ds vuqlkj gSA /ofu lk ls ’kq# dj vkxs c<+us ij iryh lqukbZ nsrh gS vFkkZr~
/ofu dk rkjRo c<+us yxrk gSA
vf/kd rkjRo dh /ofu dh vko`fŸk mPp gksrh gSA tSls efgykvksa dh vkokt] dks;y dh
dwd] ePNjksa dh fHkufHkUkkgV rFkk rh{.k /ofu;k¡A de rkjRo dh /ofu dh vko`fŸk fuEu gksrh
gS rFkk ;g eksVh lqukbZ nsrh gSA iq#"kksa dh vkokt] ’ksj dh ngkM+] Mªe ctkus ls mRi™k /ofu fuEu
rkjRo ds dkj.k eksVh gksrh gSA
3- lqLoj /ofu ,oa ’kksj (Melodious sounds and noise)%& ,slh /ofu tks d.kZfiz; gks
mls ge lqLoj /ofu dgrs gSa rFkk tks /ofu dkuksa dks vfiz; yxs mls ’kksj dgrs gSaA
vfu;fer daiuksa ls ’kksj mRi™k gksrk gSA fu;fer daiu tks ,d nwljs esa fuf’pr laca/k
j[krs gSa e/kqj /ofu mRi™k djrs gSaA fofHk™k ok| ;a=ksa ds daiu lqLoj /ofu ds mnkgj.k gSa tc
fd canwd ds pyus dh vkokt dksykgy gSA
10-9 fofHk™k ok| ;a=ksa }kjk mRi™k /ofu (The sound produced by different musical
instruments) -
ge fofHk™k ok| ;a=ksa ls ifjfpr gSAa eq[; :i ls ok| ;a=ksa ds rhu izdkj gS%a Mksjh okys ok|
;a= ¼rarq ok|½] jhM ok| ;a=] f>Yyh ok| ;a=A Mksjh okys ok| ;a=ksa esa f[kaph gqbZ Mksfj;k¡ ;k rkj
gksrs gS]a ftUgsa jxM+dj ;k [khapdj dafir djk;k tkrk gSA flrkj] oh.kk] ok;fyu Mksjh okys ok|
;a=ksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSAa
jhM ok| ;a=ksa esa ok;q LraHk dafir gksrk gSA buesa ok;q Q¡wdh tkrh gS] tks lh/ks gh jhM
ds }kjk vanj tkrh gS tSls ck¡lqjh] ’kgukbZA f>Yyh ok| esa ,d ruh gqbZ f>Yyh gksrh gS tSls
rcyk] <ksyd] e`nax A
fp= & 10-9 fofHkUu ok| ;a= (Musical instruments)

laHkor% vkius eathjk ¼>ka>] djrky½ ?kVe vkSj uwV ¼feêh ds crZu½ tSls ok| ;a= ns[ks
gksaxsA ;s ok| ;a= gekjs ns’k ds vusd Hkkxksa esa ctk, tkrs gSaA bUgsa ihVdj ;k vk?kkr djds /
ofu mRiUu dh tkrh gSA ty rjax] ?kaVs blh Ádkj ds ok| ;a=ksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
10-10 euq";ksa }kjk mRiUu /ofu (The sound produced by human) %&
euq";ksa esa /ofu dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Lkzksr daB gSA daB esa rus gq, nks Luk;q ¼okd~&rarq½ ds
chp ok;q ds fudyus ds fy, ,d ladh.kZ f>jh ik;h tkrh gSA tc QsQM+ksa ls ok;q f>jh esa ls
gksdj cyiwoZd fudyrh gS rks okd~&rarq dafir gksrs ga]S ftlls /ofu mRiUu gksrh gSA okd~&rarqvksa
ls tqM+h ekalisf’k;k¡ Luk;qvksa ij viuk f[kapko c<+k ;k ?kVk ldrh gaSA
fØ;kdyki%&9
leku vkdkj dh jcM+ dh nks ifê;k¡ yhft,A bu nksuksa dks ,d nwljs ds Åij j[k dj dl
dj rkfu,A buds chp ds fjDr LFkku esa gok Qw¡fd,A tc ruh gqbZ jcM+ dh ifê;ksa ds chp ls gok
Qwd
¡ h tkrh gS rks /ofu mRiUu gksrh gSA gekjs okd~&rarq Hkh Bhd blh Ádkj /ofu mRiUu djrs gSAa
tc okd~&rarq rus gq, gksrs gS]a rks mPp vko`fŸk dh rFkk <hyk gksus ij fuEu vko`fŸk dh /ofu mRiUu
djrs gSAa jcM+ dh ifê;ksa ds LFkku ij vki ,d eksVk jcM+ dk NYyk Hkh mi;ksx esa yk ldrs gSAa
ckr djrs le; d.B ij gkFk j[k dj bu daiuksa dks vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,d Ok;Ld iq#"k ds okd~&rarq dh yackbZ yxHkx 20 feyhehVj gksrh gSA fL=;ksa esa ;g
/ofu 105
iq#"kksa dh vis{kk yxHkx 5 feyhehVj NksVh gksrh gSA cPpksa ds okd~&rarq cgqr NksVs gksrs gSa
blfy, mudh okd~ /ofu rh{.k gksrh gSA
10-11 tarqvksa }kjk mRi™k /ofu (The sound produced by animals) -
dqŸks] xk;] cdjh vkSj vU; cgqr ls tarq okd~&rarqvksa }kjk /ofu mRiUu djrs gSaA ysfdu
lHkh tarqvksa esa okd~&rarq ugha gksrsA fpfM+;k viuh ’okluyh esa mifLFkr fo’ks"k okd~ ;a= ls /
ofu mRi™k djrh gSA efD[k;k¡ vius ia[kksa dks rsth ls dafir dj /ofu mRi™k djrh gaSA esa<d
okd~&rarqvksa dh lgk;rk ls VjZ&VjZ dh vkokt+ djrk gSA dqN eNfy;k¡ vius rSjus ds xyQM+s
¼air bladder½ ls gok fudky dj fofHk™k vkokt+sa fudkyrh gSaA liZ ds okd~&rarq ugha gksrs fdarq
os vius eq¡g ls gok fudkydj QqQdkj mRi™k djrs gSaA
1- fuEu rFkk mPp rkjRo dh /ofu;ksa ds nks&nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

2- tc okd~&rarq rus gq, vkSj irys gksrs gSa rks fdl Ádkj dh /ofu mRi™k gksrh gS \
3- fpfM+;ksa] eNfy;ksa ,oa efD[k;ksa }kjk fdl izdkj /ofu mRiUu dh tkrh gS \
geus lh[kk (WE HAVE LEARNT) %&
/ofu oLrqvksa ds daiu ls mRi™k gksrh gSA

daiu djrh oLrq viuh ek/; fLFkfr ls ftl vf/kdre nwjh rd tkrh gS] mls vk;ke dgrs gSAa
,d nksyu iwjk djus esa fy, x;s le; dks vkorZdky dgrs gSaA
Áfr lsd.M gksus okys daiukssa dh la[;k dks daiu dh vko`fŸk dgrs gSaA
vko`fŸk dks daiu izfr lsd.M ;k gV~Zt ¼Hz½ esa ekik tkrk gSA
vko`fRr ¾ 1 @ vkorZdky
euq"; ds dkuksa ds fy, JO; vko`fŸk;ksa dh lhek 20 Hz ls 20]000 Hz rd gSA
/ofu lapj.k ds fy, ek/;e dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA /ofu dk lapj.k fuokZr esa ugha gksrkA
/ofu fdlh vojks/k ls Vdjkus ds i’pkr ijkofrZr gks ldrh gSA /ofu ds ijkorZu ds
dkj.k izfr/ofu mRi™k gksrh gSA
d.kZfiz; /ofu dks lqLoj /ofu rFkk vfiz; /ofu dks ’kksj dgrs gSaA
euq";ksa dh vkokt muds okd~&rarqvksa ds daiu }kjk mRi™k gksrh gSA
/ofu dk osx 0Œ lsfYl;l ij 332 ehVj@lsd.M rFkk 20Œ lsfYl;l ij 340 ehVj@lsd.M
gksrk gSA
vH;kl ds iz’u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)
1- uhps fn, x, mŸkjksa esa ls lgh mŸkj pqudj fyf[k, &

1- euq"; dh JO; lhek gksrh gS&
¼d½ 0&20 gVZ~t ¼[k½ 20&2000 gVZ~t
¼x½ 0&20000 gVZ~t ¼?k½ 20&20000 gVZ~t
2- vko`fRr ds c<+us ls c<+rk gS &
¼d½ rkjRo ¼[k½ izcyrk
¼x½ vkorZdky ¼?k½ vk;ke
3- Li"V izfr/ofu lquus ds fy, ijkorZd lrg dh U;wure nwjh gksuh pkfg,&
¼d½ 11 ehVj ¼[k½ 34 ehVj
¼x½ 17 ehVj ¼?k½ 50 ehVj
4- /ofu lapj.k laHko ugha gS&
¼d½ /kkrq esa ¼[k½ ikuh esa
¼x½ fuokZr esa ¼?k½ gok esa
2- vk;ke rFkk vko`fŸk dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
3- vki iz;ksx }kjk dSls n’kkZ,axs fd /ofu dk lapj.k xSl esa ls gks ldrk gSA
4- ‘ ’kksj vkSj lqLoj /ofu esa varj fyf[k,A
5- ijnksa ls lts fdlh cM+s dejs esa cxSj ijnkssa ds dejs dh vis{kk /ofu vf/kd Li"V lqukbZ
nsrh gS D;ksa \
bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THES) &
1- vaVkdZfVdk rFkk vkids ’kgj esa ls fdl txg /ofu dh pky vf/kd gksxh vkSj D;ksa\ d{kk
esa bldh ppkZ djsaA
2- fØ;kdyki 6 esa fn, x, gkbMªksQksu dk LVsFkksLdksi
dh rjg mi;ksx dhft, vkSj vius fe= ds ân; dh
/kM+du lqfu,A
3- lkQ dkxt ds 2 x 5 lsaVhehVj ds VqdM+s dhft,A
budks viuh nks v¡xqfy;ksa ds chp Q¡lk dj nck
yhft, ¼fp= 10-10½A vc ,d rjQ eq¡g yxk dj
tksj ls Qw¡fd,A D;k vki dksbZ vkokt+ iSnk dj ik, fp= & 10-10
\ ;g vkokt+ dgk¡ ls vkbZ \ ;g iz;ksx irys eksVs vkSj yEcs dkx+t ds VqdMka+s ls
nksgjkb,A ;gh iz;ksx fQj ls dhft, fdUrq bl ckj v¡xqfy;ksa ds ncko dks de ;k T;knk
djus dk iz;kl dhft,A D;k vkokt+ esa dksbZ ifjorZu vk;k \
4- ,drkjk
vko';d lkexzh& ukfj;y dk [kksy@fVu dk fMCck] ck¡l dh ,d ydM+h] dhy] jcj
cSaM] /kkxkA
fof/k&ukfj;y dk [kksy vFkok fVu dk fMCck
ysaA [kksy esa fp= 10-11 ds vuqlkj nks Nsn dj ysaA
ck¡l dh ,d ydM+h ysa] tks [kksy ds Nsn esa tk ldsA
vc ydM+h esa nksuksa fdukjksa ij dhy Bksd nsAa dhy ij
jcj cSaM Qalk nsaA ukfj;y ds [kksy dks f>Yyh ls
<ddj /kkxs dh lgk;rk ls dldj ck¡/k ysaA vc bl
ok|;a= dks ctkb, vkSj blds daik;eku Hkkx dks
igpkfu, rFkk vius {ks= ds fofHkUu rarq ok| ;a=ksa dh fp= 10-11 ,drkjk (Ektara)
lwph cukb,A bu ok| ;a=ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh Hkh ,d= dhft,A
11 fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud
(CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT)
11-1 gekjs vfHkHkkod gesa vDlj ;s psrkouh nsrs gSa fd xhys gkFkksa ls fdlh
Hkh fo|qr ifjiFk dks u Nq,¡A D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd xhys gkFkksa ls fdlh
Hkh fo|qr ifjiFk dks Nwus ds fy, D;ksa euk fd;k tkrk gS \
ge ;g tkurs gSa fd dqN Bksl inkFkZ tSls rk¡ck] ,syqfefu;e] pk¡nh
vkfn esa ls fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gS tcfd dqN Bksl inkFkZ tSls jcj]
IykfLVd] ydM+h vkfn esa ls fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr ugha gksrhA os inkFkZ tks vius
esa ls gksdj fo|qr /kkjk dks izokfgr gksus nsrs gSaS fo|qr ds lqpkyd ¼vPNs pkyd½ gksrs gaS rFkk
os inkFkZ tks vius esa ls gksdj fo|qr /kkjk dks vklkuh ls izokfgr ugha gksus nsrs fo|qr ds ghu
pkyd gksrs gSaA
vkius vius ?kjksa esa ns[kk gksxk fd Bksl inkFkkZZas esa fo|qr pkyu dh tk¡p VsLVj }kjk dh
tkrh gSA D;k nzo Hkh fo|qr pkyu djrs gSa \
vkb,] bls tkuus ds fy, ,d fØ;kdyki djsa &
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required) & IykfLVd ;k jcj dk NkssVk <Ddu ;k chdj]
fljdk ;k uhacw dk jl] 2 VsLVj] cSVjh] cYc] nks fo|qr rkj A
IykfLVd ;k jcj dk NksVk <Ddu ;k chdj ysdj mlesa FkksM+k uhacw dk jl ;k fljdk
Mkfy,A vc fp=&11-1 ds vuqlkj ,d VsLVj dks rkj dh lgk;rk ls cSVjh ls rFkk nwljs VsLVj
dks rkj dh lgk;rk ls cYCk ls tksM+ nsaA cSVjh ds nwljs fljs dks rkj dh lgk;rk ls cYc ls
tksM+saA vc nksuksa VsLVj ds fljksa dks uhacw ds jl ;k fljds esa Mqcksb,A /;ku jgs fd nksuksa VsLVj
ds fljs ijLij 1 cm ls vf/kd nwjh ij u gks]a u gh os ,d&nwljs dks Li'kZ djsaA D;k cYc tyk\
D;k uhacw dk jl ;k fljdk fo|qr dk pkyu djrk gS\ uhacw dk jl ;k fljdk fo|qr dk
lqpkyd gS ;k ghu pkyd\ fØ;kdyki djus ls igys ;g tkap dj ysa fd VsLVj rFkk cSVjh
HkyhHkkafr dk;Z dj jgs gaS ;k ughaA
;g fØ;kdyki vU; nzoksa tSls 'kq) ty] nw/k vkfn ds lkFk Hkh nqgjk,a rFkk ijh{k.k
djsa fd os fo|qr lqpkyd gSa ;k ghu pkydA (Battery) cSVjh cYc
(Bulb)
rkj
(Wire)
uhacw dk jl vFkok fljdk

(lemon juice or vinegar)
fp=&11-1 uhacw ds jl vFkok fljds esa fo|qr pkyu dk ijh{k.k
(Testing of conduction of electricity in lemon juice or vinegar)
vkius ns[kk fd tc VsLVj ds nksukas fljksa ds chp uhacw dk jl ;k fljdk vFkok dksbZ vU;
nzOk fo|qr /kkjk dks izokfgr gksus nsrk gS rc fo|qr ifjiFk iwjk gks tkrk gS] ftlls ifjiFk esa
yxk cYc tyus yxrk gSA fdUrq tc dksbZ ,slk nzo tSls 'kq) ty vkfn tkss fo|qr /kkjk dks
izokfgr ugha gksus nsrk rc fo|qr ifjiFk iwjk ugha gksus ds dkj.k cYc ugha tyrkA
dHkh&dHkh nzo ds lqpkyd gksus ij Hkh ,slk gks ldrk gS fd cYc u tys rks bldk
D;k dkj.k gks ldrk gS\ vki tkurs gSa fd cYc ls fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr gksus ij fo|qr /kkjk
ds Å"eh; izHkko ds dkj.k cYc dk rUrq mPp rki rd xeZ gksdj nhIr gks tkrk gSA ;fn cYc
esa ls izokfgr gksus okyh fo|qr /kkjk de gks rks rUrq i;kZIr xeZ ugha gks ikrk] blfy, og nhIr
ugha gks ikrkA vkb,] ,d ,slk VsLVj cuk,a tks nqcZy fo|qr /kkjk ds izokg dks Hkh lwfpr djsA

vko';d lkexzh& ekfpl dh [kkyh fMfc;k] NksVh pqEcdh; lqbZ] pkyd rkj] cSVjhA
ekfpl dh [kkyh fMfc;k ls Vªs fudky ysa rFkk mlesa ,d NksVh pqEcdh; lqbZ j[kasA vc
fp= 11-2 ds vuqlkj ,d pkyd rkj ds dqN Qsjs ekfpl dh Vªs ij yisV ysaA rkj ds ,d fljs
dks cSVjh ds ,d VfeZuy ls tksM+ nas rFkk rkj ds nwljs fljs dks Lora= NksM+ nsAa rkj dk ,d nwljk
VqdM+k ysdj mls cSVjh ds nwljs VfeZuy ls tksfM+,+ A fQj rkj ds nksuksa fljksa dks dqN {k.k ds fy,
,d nwljs ls Li'kZ djkb,A D;k pqEcdh; lqbZ esa fo{ksi gksrk gS\
ifjiFk esa /kkjk izokfgr gksus ds dkj.k pqEcdh; lqbZ esa fo{ksi gksrk gSA vc nksuksa fljksa dks
uhacw ds jl esa Mqcks nsa vki D;k ns[krs gSa D;k pqEcdh; lqbZ esa fo{ksi gksrk gS\ ,slk D;ksa gksrk
gS\ uhacw dk jl lqpkyd gksus ds dkj.k fo|qr dk pkyu djrk gSA vc uhacw ds jl ds LFkku
ij vU; nzOk tSls&vklqr ty] ouLifr rsy vkfn ysdj fØ;kdyki dks nksgjkb, D;k izR;sd
fLFkfr esa pqEcdh; lqbZ esa fo{ksi gksrk gS vFkok ughaA fy, x, isz{k.kksa dks lkj.kh&11-1 esa uksV
dhft, A
cSVjh
(Battery)
pqEcdh; lqbZ
Compassneedle
fp=&11-2 ifjiFk es a /kkjk iz o kfgr gks u s dk ijh{k.k

(Testing of conduction of electricity through the circuit)
109 fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko
lkj.kh 11-1 & lqpkyd@ghu pkyd nzo (Good/Poor conducting liquids)
l-Ø IknkFkZ pqEcdh; lqbZ esa fo{ksi gksrk gS@ugha gksrk gS lqpkyd@ghupkyd
(S.No.) (Material) (Compass needle shows deflection yes/no) (Good conductor/Poor conductor)
1 uhacw dk jl gksrk gS Lkqpkyd

2- vklqr ty ------------------------ -----------------------
3- uy dk ty ------------------------ -----------------------
4- ouLifr rsy ------------------------ -----------------------
5- ued dk ?kksy ------------------------ -----------------------
6- 'kgn ------------------------ -----------------------
7- --------------------- ------------------------ -----------------------
8- --------------------- ------------------------ -----------------------
fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vf/kdka'k inkFkksZa esa fo|qr dk pkyu gksrk gS blhfy, inkFkksZa dks
pkydksa vkSj fo|qrjks/kh ¼vpkyd½ esa oxhZd`r u djds] pkydksa vkSj ghu pkydksa esa oxhZd`r
djus dks vf/kd ekU;rk nh tkrh gSA
mijksDr fØ;kdyki esa ge ns[krs gSa fd vklqr ty esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr ugha gks ikrh
gS tcfd uy ty] ued ds ?kksy] gS.MiEi ds ty] dq,¡] rkykc vkfn ds ty esa dqN yo.k
?kqys gksrs gSaA ;s ty 'kq) ugha gksrs gaS] [kfut yo.k dh FkksM+h ek=k buesa ?kqyh gksrh gS blhfy,
;s ty fo|qr ds lqpkyd gksrs gSaA vklqr ty esa yo.k ugha gksrs gaSA blhfy, vklqr ty esa
ls fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr ugha gksrh gSA ;g fo|qr dk ghu pkyd gksrk gSA
vc vki le> x, gksaxs fd vkidks xhys gkFkksa ls fo|qr ifjiFkksa dks Nwus ls euk D;ksa
fd;k tkrk gSA
vko';d lkexzh& IykfLVd ;k jcj ds 3 cM+s <Ddu ;k chdj] vklqr ty] fljdk ;k
uhacw dk jl] dkfLVd lksMk] phuh] 2 VsLVj] fo|qr ifjiFk dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, rkj A
IykfLVd ;k jcj ds rhu chdj ;k cksryksa ds cM+s <Ddu yhft,A rhuksa crZuksa esa vklqr
ty Hkfj, ,d crZu ds vklqr ty esa uhacw dk jl ;k ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy feykb,] nwljs
crZu ds vklqr ty esa dkfLVd lksMk ;k iksVSf'k;e gkbMkWªDlkbM tSls {kkjd dh dqN cw¡nsa
feykb,] rhljs crZu ds vklqr ty esa FkksM+h phuh Mkydj ?kksfy, vc bu rhuksa ds fy,
vyx&vyx fo|qr ifjiFk dk fuekZ.k dj ijh{k.k dhft, D;k foy;uksa esa fo|qr pkyu gksrk
gS\ fo|qr pkyu djus okys vf/kdka'k nzOk vEyksa] {kkjdksa rFkk yo.kksa ds foy;u gksrs gSaA

1- fo|qr lqpkyd vkSj ghu pkyd ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
2- vklqr ty fo|qr dk ghupkyd fdarq uy dk ty fo|qr dk lqpkyd
gksrk gS D;ksa\
11-2 fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko (Chemical Effects of Electric
Current) -
tc fo|qr /kkjk fdlh fo|qr lqxzkgh ¼lqpkyd½ nzo ;k foy;u esa izokfgr dh tkrh gS] rc
fo|qr /kkjk ml fo|qr lqxzkgh nzo esa izHkko mRiUu djrh gSA bl izHkko dks D;k dgrs gS\a vkb,]
bls le>sa\
fo|qr lqxzkgh foy;u dks ,d ik= esa ysdj blesa /kkrq dh nks NM+ksa dks Mqck;k tkrk gSA
blds i'pkr~ /kkrq dh ,d NM+ dks lsy ;k cSVjh ds /kukRed fljs ¼/ku /kqzo½ rFkk nwljh NM+ dk
lewg _.kkRed fljs ¼_.k /kqzo½ ls djus ij /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa fo|qr lqxzkgh
foy;u vius vo;oksa esa foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA bl ?kVuk dks fo|qr/kkjk dk jklk;fud izHkko
dgrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k bysDVªksMksa ij dqN ifjorZu gks ldrs gSa tSls xSl ds cqycqys cuuk]
/kkrq dk bysDVªksM ij ,df=r gks tkuk] foy;u ds jax esa ifjorZu gksukA ;s lHkh y{k.k ,d
lkFk vFkok dksbZ ,d fn[kkbZ ns ldrk gSA iz;qDr midj.k dks oksYVkehVj dgrs gSaA oksYVkehVj
dk og fljk tks lsy ds /ku /kqzo ls tqM+k gksrk gS og ,uksM rFkk tks _.kkRed fljs ls tqM+k
gksrk gS og dSFkksM dgykrk gSA oksYVkehVj ds ckg~; ifjiFk esa /kkjk ,uksM ls dSFkksM dh vksj
rFkk foy;u ds vanj /kkjk dSFkksM ls ,uksM dh vksj cgrh gSA ;g fØ;k fo|qr vi?kVu
dgykrh gSA
fdlh ik= esa vEyh; ty ¼ikuh vkSj lY;wfjd vEy dh dqN cw¡nas½ ysdj mlesa fo|qr
/kkjk izokfgr dh tk, rks ty dk fo|qr vi?kVu gksrk gS vkSj og vius vo;oksa ¼gkbMªkstu
vkSj vkWDlhtu xSl½ esa fo?kfVr gks tkrk gS fp=&11-3 blh izdkj ued ds ?kksy esa fo|qr /kkjk
izokfgr djus ij mldk fo?kVu lksfM;e vkSj Dyksjhu xSl esa gks tkrk gSA bysDVªksMksa ds ikl
xSl ds cqycqys fn[kkbZ nsrs gaSA foy;u esa gks jgs ifjorZu dks jklk;fud ifjorZu dgrs gSaA
dSFkksM
,uksM (Cathode)
(Anode)
vEyh; ty
lsy (Acidic solution)
(Cell)
fp=&11-3 ty ls fo+|qr /kkjk izokfgr djuk
(Passing current through water)
11-3 Qy ,oa ouLifr;ksa }kjk fo|qr pkyu (Electric Conduction through Fruits Vegetables)&
fdz;kdyki (Activity) &4

vko';d lkexzh Materials required&vkyw] fo|qr ifjiFk dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, rkj] cSVjhA
vkyw dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa dkVdj fp= 11-4 ds vuqlkj ifjiFk iw.kZ dhft,A dqN le;
i'pkr~ voyksdu djsaA vki ns[kasxs fd vkyw esa ,d rkj ds pkjksa vksj uhyk gjk lk /kCck cu
tkrk gS tcfd nwljs rkj ds pkjksas vksj ,slk dksbZ /kCck ugha curk gSA bu izs{k.kksa dks dbZ ckj
nksgjkb, vki ns[ksaxs fd cSVjh ds /ku /kzqo ls tqM+s bysDVªksM ij gh uhyk gjk /kCck curk gSA
blls irk pyrk gS fd fo+|qr /kkjk vkyw esa ls gksdj izokfgr gksrh gS rFkk jklk;fud izHkko
mRiUu djrh gSA
cSVjh
(Battery)
+ +—
—
pqEcdh; lqbZ
(Magnetic needle)
vkyw
(Potato)
fp=&11-4 vkyw dh pkydrk dk ijh{k.k djuk

(Testing the conduction of a potato)
11-4 fo|qr ysiu (Electroplating) &

fo|qr ysiu le>us ds fy, dqN mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj djsa vkius fcydqy ubZ lkbfdy]
ubZ eksVj lkbfdy] ubZ dkj dks pedrs gq, ns[kk gksxkA tc blesa [kjksap iM+ tk, rks pednkj
ijr gV tkrh gS vkSj blds uhps dh lrg pednkj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh gSA dqN vkHkw"k.kksa dks Hkh
ns[kk gksxk tc mudh lrg ij ijr jgrh gS rks os pednkj fn[kkbZ nsrh gaS ckn esa mudh ped
Qhdh iM+ tkrh gSA vkb,] bu nksuksa gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d /kkrq ds Åij nwljh /kkrq dh ijr
dSls p<+kbZ tkrh gS bls tkusaA
fdz;kdyki (Activity) &5

vko';d lkexzh (Materials required) &,d chdj] vklqr ty] dkWij lYQsV] ruq lY;wfjd
vEy] cSVjh] rk¡cs dh nks IysVsaA
,d chdj esa yxHkx 200 mL vklqr ty ysdj blesa 2 pEep dkWij lYQsV Mkydj
foy;u cukb,A vf/kd pkyd cukus ds fy, bl foy;u esa nks&rhu cw¡nsa ruq lY;wfjd vEy
Mkfy,A vc 10 cm x 01cm lkbt dh rk¡cs dh nks IysVksa dks jsxeky ls lkQ dj bUgsa ikuh
esa /kksdj lq[kkb, bldss i'pkr~ bu IysVksa dks cSVjh ds VfeZuyksa ls la;ksftr dhft, fQj bUgsa
dkWij lYQsV ds foy;u esa Mqcksb,A ifjiFk esa yxHkx 15 feuV rd fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr djus
ds i'pkr~ bu IysVksa dks ckgj fudkydj /;kuiwoZd nsf[k, D;k vkidks bl ij dksbZ ijr p<+h
gqbZ fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS\ bl irZ dk jax dSlk gS\ cSVjh ds VfeZuyksa dks uksV dhft, ftuls ;s
bysDVªksM tqM+s gSa ¼fp=&11-5½A
cSVjh
(Battery)
rk¡cs dh IysV (Copper plate)

,suksM dSFkksM (Cathode)
(Anode) dkWij lYQsV foy;u rFkk ruq
lY¶;wfjd vEy
(Acidic Copper sulphate solution)
fp=&11-5 fo|qr ysiu (Electroplating)

vc bysDVªkMs ksa dks vkil esa cnydj fdz;kdyki dks nksgjkb, vkius bl ckj D;k ns[kk \
tc dkWij lYQsV ds foy;u esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks dkWij lYQsV] dkWij
rFkk lYQsV esa vi?kfVr ¼fo;ksftr½ gks tkrk gSA Lora= dkWij ¼rk¡ck½ cSVjh ds _.k /kzqo ls tqM+h
IysV dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrk gS vkSj IysV ij vo{ksfir gks tkrk gSA foy;u esa dkWij dh deh
¼{k;½ gksrh tkrh gSA bldh iwfrZ nwljs bysDVªksM tks rk¡cs dh IysV ls cuk jgrk gS ls gksrh gSA
;g foy;u esa ?kqy tkrk gS bl izdkj foy;u esa ftruk dkWij de gksrk gS og foy;u esa iqu%
izkIr gks tkrk gSA ;g izfdz;k rc rd pyrh jgrh gS tc rd foy;u esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr
gksrh gSA bysDVªksMksa dks vkil esa cnyus ij nwljh IysV ij dkWij dh irZ ,df=r gksrh gSA
bl izdkj fo|qr ysiu izfdzz;k esa ,d bysDVªksM ls dkWij nwljs bysDVªksM ij tkrk gSA bl
foy;u esa ,d rk¡cs dh IysV dks cSVjh ds /ku /kzqo ls vkSj dkcZu dh NM+ ysdj mls cSVjh ds _.k
/kqzo ls tksM+ dj fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr djus ij dkcZu dh NM+ ij rk¡cs dh ijr p<+kus esa Hkh
lQyrk izkIRk gksrh gSA fo|qr /kkjk }kjk fdlh inkFkZ ij] fdlh nwljh /kkrq dh ijr p<+kus dh
izfdz;k dks fo|qr ysiu dgrs gSaA
11-4-1 fo|qr ysiu ds mi;ksx (Uses of Electroplating) &
1- dkj ds dqN Hkkxkas] uy dh VksaVh] xSl cuZj] lkbfdy dk gSafMy] ifg;ksa ds fje
vkfn ij Øksfe;e dk ysiu fd;k tkrk gSA Øksfe;e eg¡xk gS blfy, iwjh oLrq dks Øksfe;e
ls ughas cuk;k tkrk gSA oLrq dks fdlh lLrh /kkrq ls cukdj ml ij Øksfe;e dh ijr p<+k
nh tkrh gSA
2- fo|qr ysiu dh izfdz;k }kjk lLrh /kkrq dh oLrqvksa ij lksus ;k pk¡nh tSlh cgqewY;
/kkrq dh iryh ijr p<+kdj vkHkw"k.k cuk, tkrs gaSA
3- fo|qr ysiu dh izfdz;k dk mi;ksx /kkrq v;Ld ls 'kq) /kkrq izkIr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
4- fo|qr vi?kVu dk mi;ksx v'kq+) ls 'kq) /kkrq izkIr djus essa fd;k tkrk gSA
5- [kk| inkFkkZs ds HkaMkj.k ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okyks fMCcksa esa yksgs ds Åij fVu
dk fo|qr ysiu fd;k tkrk gSA fVu dh ijr p<+kus ij [kk| inkFkZ yksgs ds lEidZ esa ugha vkrs
gaS ftlls oss lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA
6- iqyksa rFkk Lopfyr okguksa dks etcwr cukus ds fy, yksgs dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
ftls tax ls cpkus ds fy, ml ij ftad dh irZ p<+kbZ tkrh gSA
1- fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\
2- fo|qr ysiu djus ds D;k dkj.k gaS\
3- vius vkl&ikl miyC/k fo|qr ysfir oLrqvksa dh lwph cukb,A
11-5 fo|qr lsy (Electric Cell) &
ge vius nSfud thou esa fo|qr /kkjk izkIr djus ds fy, lsy ;k cSVjh
dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ;gk¡ dqN lsy fn, tk jgs gSa &
11-5-1 oksYVh; lsy (Voltaic cell) -
loZizFke lu~ 1796 bZ- esa bVyh ds oSKkfud vkyslkUnzks oksYVk }kjk
yxkrkj fo|qr /kkjk izkIr djus dk lQy iz;kl fd;k x;kA mUgkssaus ik;k fd ;fn
fHkUu&fHkUu /kkrq dh nks IysVksa dks dk¡p ds crZu esa j[ks vEyh; foy;u esa Mqck fn;k tk,
rks bu nksuksa IysVksa ds chp tksM+s x;s ifjiFk esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr gksus yxrh gS ¼fp= 11-
6½A fo|qr /kkjk dk ;g lzksr mlds vkfo"dkjd ds uke ij oksYVh; lsy dgykrk gSA lsy
ds foy;u dks fo|qr vi?kV~; vkSj /kkrq dh IysVksa dks bysDVªksM dgk tkrk gSA oksYVh; lsy
ds ,uksM rFkk dSFkksM fdu /kkrqvksa ds cus gSa \
cYc (Bulb) dqqath (Key)
rk¡cs dh IysV
(Copper Plate) tLrs dh IysV ¼dSFkksM½
¼,uksM½ (Anode) (Zinc plate (cathode))
dk¡p ik= ruq lY¶;wfjd vEy

(Glass Vessel)
(Dilute sulphuric acid)
¼fo|qr vi?kV~;½ (Electrolyte)
fp=&11-6 oksYVh; lsy (Voltaic cell)
11-5-2 'kq"d lsy (Dry cell) -
VkWpZ] VªkaftLVj] jsfM;ks vkSj dbZ f[kykSuksa esa mi;ksx esa vkus okyk lsy gh 'kq"d lsy gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd bldh cukoV dSlh gS\ bls tkuus ds fy, ,d mi;ksx esa yk;k tk pqdk
lsy yhft, vkSj mldk xRrs ;k fVu dk vkoj.k gVkdj vanj ns[kus dk iz;kl dhft, vki
ns[ksaxs fd blesa ftad dk ,d csyukdkj crZu gksrk gS tks _.k bysDVªksM dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrk
gSA blds vanj ukSlknj ;k veksfu;e DyksjkbM ¼fo|qr vi?kV~;½] ftad DyksjkbM vkSj IykLVj
vkWQ isfjl dk isLV Hkjk gksrk ihry dh Vksih (Brass cap)
gSA ik= ds e/; esa eyey dh ekse dk fip (Sealing)
,d FkSyh gksrh gS ftlesa eSxuht+
MkbvkWDlkbM] ukSlknj] ftad tLrs dk crZu ¼_.k bysDVªksM½
DyksjkbM vkSj dkcZu pw.kZ dk dkcZu NM+ ¼/ku bysDVªksM½
feJ.k Hkjk jgrk gSA blds eSx
a uht MkbvkWDlkbM $ dkcZu
pw.kZ $ ukSlknj $ ftad DyksjkbM
chpksa&chp dkcZu dh ,d NM+
gksrh gSA ftldk Åijh fljk
IykLVj vkQ isfjl $ ukSlknj $ ftad DyksjkbM
ckgj fudyk gksrk gSA dkcZu (Plaster of paris+ ammonium chloride+ zinc chloride)
dh NM+ ds Åijh fljs ij ihry fp= 11-7 'kq"d lsy (Dry cell)
dh ,d Vksih yxh gksrh gSA
dkcZu dh ;g NM+ /ku bysDVªksM dk dk;Z djrh gSA ik= ds eq[k dks piM+s ;k fip ls can dj
fn;k tkrk gSA bl ij ,d ckjhd fNnz gksrk gS] ftlls mlds vanj cuus okyh xSl ckgj fudy
lds ¼fp= 11-7½A vf/kd fo|qr /kkjk izkIr djus ds fy, ge nks ;k nks ls vf/kd lsyksa dh ,d
,slh Js.kh cuk ysrs gaS ftlesa ,d lsy dk /ku fljk vxys lsy ds _.k fljs ls tqM+k gksrk gS
lsyksa dh bl Js.kh dks cSVjh dgrs gSaA tc fdlh lsy dk lEiw.kZ fØ;kdkjd] fØ;kQy esa cny
tkrk gS] rc mlesa ls /kkjk izkIr djuk laHko ugha gksrkA bl lsy dks e`r lsy dgk tkrk gSA
vuqi;ksxh 'kq"d lsy dks [kM+k dkVdj ns[ksa rFkk mldk fp= Hkh cuk,aA
11-5-3 cVu lsy (Button cell) -
cVu lsy ,d ,slk 'kq"d lsy gS tks ,d NksVs cVu dh Hkkafr fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blesa ftad ;k
,syfq efu;e dk ,uksM ¼/ku /kzoq ½ vkSj flYoj vkWDlkbM ;k ejdjh vkWDlkbM dk dSFkksM ¼_.k /kqoz ½
vkSj lksfM;e ;k iksVfS 'k;e vkWDlkbM dks fo|qr vi?kV~; ds :i esa mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
cVu lsy pwafd vkdkj esa NksVs] lLrs] vf/kd le; rd pyus okys vkSj vf/kd
'kfDRk'kkyh gksrs gSa] vr% budk mi;ksx dbZ bysDVªkWfud midj.kksa tSls&dsydqysVj] ?kfM+;ksa ,oa
Jo.k lgk;ksa ¼gh;fjax ,M½ vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
11-5-4 lkSj lsy (Solar cell) -
lkSj lsy vius Åij iM+us okyh lkSj ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrs gSaA ,d
lk/kkj.k lkSj lsy] flfydkWu dh nks irks± ls cuk gksrk gSA fupyh irZ esa cgqr FkksM+h ek=k esa
vklsZfud feyk fn;k tkrk gSA ;g /kukRed irZ gksrh gSA Åijh irZ esa cksjkWu cgqr gh de ek=k
esa feyk fn;k tkrk gSA ;g _.kkosf'kr ir± gksrh gSA tc bl O;oLFkk ij izdk'k iM+rk gS rks
nksuksa irksZa ds chp fo|qr ifjiFk tksM+us ij mlesa ,d {kh.k fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr gksus yxrh gSA
fo|qr /kkjk ds ifjek.k dks c<+kus ds fy, dbZ lkSj lsy ,d lkFk tksM+s tkrs gSaA
1- oksYVh; lsy esa bysDVªkM
s rFkk fo|qr vi?kV~; ds :Ik esas fdldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
2- lkSj lsy fdldk cuk gksrk gS\
geus lh[kk (WE HAVE LEARNT) %&
• dqN nzo fo|qr ds lqpkyd gksrs gaS vkSj dqN ghu pkyd gksrs gSaA
• fo|qr pkyu djus okys vf/kdka'k nzo vEykssa] {kkjdksa rFkk yo.kksa ds gksrs gSaA
• vklqr ty esa fo|qr pkyu ugha gksrk gSA
• fdlh pkyd nzo esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr dh tkrh gS rks nzo esa jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,a
gksrh gSa bls fo|qr /kkjk dk jklk;fud izHkko dgrs gSaA
• fo|qr /kkjk }kjk fdlh ,d inkFkZ ij fdlh nwljh /kkrq dh ijr p<+kus dk izfØ;k fo|qr
ysiu dgykrh gSA
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE) :-
1- Lkgh mRrj pqudj fyf[k, (Tick the correct answe)-
¼i½ fuEukafdr esa ls fo|qr dk lqpkyd ugha gS &
¼v½ vklqr ty ¼c½ uhacw dk jl
¼l½ ued dk foy;u ¼n½ uy dk ty
¼ii½ Lkjy oksYVh; lsy esa fo|qr vi?kV~; gksrk gS %&
¼v½ ruq lY;wfjd vEy ¼c½ ruq gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy
¼l½ dkWij lYQsV foy;u ¼n½ iksVSf'k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM
¼iii½ fo|qr /kkjk }kjk fdlh inkFkZ ij fdlh nwljh /kkrq dh ijr p<+kus dh izfØ;k dks dgrs gSa &
¼v½ fo|qr vi?kVu ¼c½ fo|qr ysiu
¼l½ jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ¼n½ fo|qr 'kks/ku
¼iv½ og midj.k ftlesa fo|qr vi?kVu dh fØ;k gksrh gS &
¼v½ fo|qr lsy ¼c½ oksYVkehVj
¼l½ vehVj ¼n½ pqacdh; lqbZ
2- fjDr LFkkuksa fd iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks) &
¼i½ lk/kkj.k oksYVh; lsy esa fo|qr vi?kV~; ---------------------------------------------foy;u gksrk gS A
¼ii½ fdlh foy;u ls fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr gksus ij ------------------------- izHkko mRiUUk gksrk gSA
¼iii½ lkSj lsy eas ----------------------- ÅtkZ ------------------------------ esa :ikarfjr gksrh gSA
¼iv½ oksYVkehVj }kjk lLrh /kkrqvksa Ikj cgqewY; /kkrqvksa dh ijr p<+kus dh izfØ;k
----------------------------dgykrh gSA
¼v½ ?kfM+;ksa] dsydqysVj] VªkaftLVj ,oa d`f=e mixzgksa esa -------------------------- lsy dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
3- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft, (Answer the following question)&
1- D;k 'kq) ty fo|qr dk pkyu djrk gS\ ;fn ugha rks mls pkyd cukus ds fy,
ge D;k dj ldrs gSa\
2- vkx yxus ij Qk;j esu ikuh ds ikbi dk mi;ksx djus ls igys ml {ks= dh
fo|qr vkiwfrZ can dj nsrs gSa D;ksa\
3- yksgs ds Åij ftad dh ijr D;ksa p<+kbZ tkrh gS \
4- fo|qr vi?kVu dh izfØ;k dks le>kb;sA
5- cVu lsy ds fo|qr vi?kV~;] /ku /kzzqo rFkk _.k /kqzo ds uke crkb,A
6- fo|qr ysiu ds dksbZ rhu mi;ksx crkb,A
12 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
(SOURCES OF ENERGY)
12-1 ÅtkZ (Energy) -
gesa vius 'kkjhfjd dk;ksZa tSls pyus] nkSM+us] oLrqvksa dks mBkus] gVkus vkfn ds fy, ÅtkZ
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
geus fiNyh d{kkvksa esa ÅtkZ ds fofHkUu :iksa tSls& jklk;fud] fo|qr] /ofu] izdk'k rFkk
Å"eh; ÅtkZ vkfn ds ckjs eas v/;;u fd;k gSA ge tkurs gSa fd ,d izdkj dh ÅtkZ dk
:ikarj.k nwljs izdkj dh ÅtkZ eas gks ldrk gSA
gekjs }kjk mijksDr ÅtkZvksa dk mi;ksx nSfud thou ds ftu dk;ksZa esa
fd;k tkrk gS] mudh lwph dkWih esa cukb,A
ge ns[krs gSa fd gekjs }kjk mi;ksx dh tk jgh ,d izeq[k ÅtkZ fo|qr
ÅtkZ gSA D;k vkius dHkh ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd fo|qr ÅtkZ dgk¡
ls izkIr gksrh gS \ fo|qr ÅtkZ dk mRiknu dj mls fdl izdkj forj.k dsUnzksa
ls nwj&nwj rd ig¡qpk;k tkrk gS \
vkb,] dqN fØ;kdykiksa }kjk ns[ksa fd fo|qr ÅtkZ dgk¡&dgk¡ ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
12-2 ty fo|qr ÅtkZ (Hydroelectrical Energy) &
fØ;kdyki&1
vko';d lkexz h & ,d
ekfpl dh [kkyh fMfc;k] IykfLVd
ds NksV&s NksVs pkj pEep] ,d [kkyh
fjfQyA
ekfpl dh fMfc;k ds vkM+s Hkkx
esa pkjksa Qydksa ij [kkaps cukb,A
buesa pEepksa dks ¼fp= 12-1 d½ ds
vuqlkj Q¡lk nhft,A fMfc;k ds chp
ds Hkkx eas ,d Nsn dhft, rFkk d [k
vkj&ikj ,d fjfQy yxk nhft,A fp= 12-1 ty dh /kkjk ls Vjckbu ds ?kweus dh fØ;kfof/k dk izn'kZu
bls fp= 12-1 [k dh rjg ikuh dh (Movement of turbine with falling water)
/kkj ds uhps jf[k,A
ikuh dh /kkj pEep ij iM+us ij D;k gksrk gS \
dqN ,slh gh O;oLFkk ck¡/kksa eas dh tkrh gS] tgk¡ ,df=r ty dks rsth ls cgk;k tkrk gS
ftlls ty ekxZ esa yxh Vjckbusa ?kweus yxrh gaSA ;s Vjckbu ,d 'kk¶V dh lgk;rk ls tfu=ksa
ls tqM+h gksrh gSa ftuds }kjk fo|qr mRiUu dh tkrh gSA fp= 12-2 esa bl O;oLFkk dks fn[kk;k
x;k gSA
117 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
NÙkhlx<+ eas ty fo|qr

mRiknu gsrq glnso ck¡xks tyk'k; (Dam)
rFkk xaxjsy ck¡/k ifj;kstuk,a
fØ;k'khy gaSaA
12-3 Tokjh; ÅtkZ (Tidal cgrk ty
(Flowing water)
Vjckbu
(Turbine)
Energy) -
'kk¶V
xfr'khy ty esa fufgr (Shaft)
ÅtkZ ds mi;ksx dk ,d vkSj

mnkgj.k lkxjksa eas vkus okys tujsVj
(Generator)
Tokj rFkk HkkVk }kjk fo|qr fp= 12-2 ty fo|qr mRiknu (Production of hydroelectricity)
mRiknu gSA
blds fy, [kkM+h ds eqgkuksa ij ck¡/k cuk;k tkrk gSA Tokj ds nkSjku ty Lrj ds c<+us
ls cgrk gqvk ty ck¡/k ds
vanj vkrk gS rFkk vanj vkus
okys ekxZ esa yxh Vjckbusa lkxj
?kwerh gaS ¼fp= 12-3 d½A blh (Sea)
rjg tc ty Lrj fxjrk gS

rc HkkVk ds dkj.k ck¡/k esa tyk'k;
Hkjk gqvk ikuh ckgj fudyrk (Dam)
gS vkSj iqu% Vjckbusa ?kweus tyk'k; Vjckbu lkxj

(Dam)
yxrh gSa ¼fp= 12-3 [k½A (Turbine)
(Sea)
;s Vjckbuas tfu= ls d- Tokj ds le; (High tide) [k- HkkVk ds le; (Low tide)
tqM+h gksrh gSa ftuds }kjk fp= 12-3 d][k Tokjh; ÅtkZ (Tidal energy)
fo|qr mRiknu gksrk gSA ;gk¡ fo|qr ÅtkZ dk lzksr Tokjh; ÅtkZ gSA
Hkkjr esa Tokjh; ÅtkZ ds {ks=ksa dks [kkstk tk pqdk gSA ;s {ks= xqtjkr esa dPN dh [kkM+h
,oa if'pe caxky ds iwohZ leqnz rVh; LFkku gSaA
12-4 iou ÅtkZZ (Wind Energy) -
vkius rst cgrh gok esa dkx+tksa] iRrksa dks mM+rs ns[kk gksxkA D;k rst cgrh gok ls ÅtkZ
izkIr dh tk ldrh gS \ vkb,] bls fØ;kdyki }kjk tkusaA
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required) & dkxt] fiu] LVªkW ;k ydM+hA
,d oxkZdkj dkxt dks dksuksa ls ¼fod.kZ ls½ eksM+ ysaA dkxt ij fp= 12-4 ds vuqlkj
eksM+ ds fu'kku fn[kk;h nsaxsA
118 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
eksM+ ds fu'kkuksa dks vk/kh yEckbZ rd dkV ysa]

¼fp= 12-4 [k½ izR;sd Hkkx ds ,d fljs dks eksM+dj dsUnz
esa fpidk nhft,] ;g fp= 12-4 x dh rjg fn[kkbZ
nsxkA dsUnz esa vkyfiu dh lgk;rk ls Nsn dj ^pdjh*
dks fdlh LVªkW ;k ydM+h esa fLFkj dj ysaA pdjh dks
d [k
ysdj rst nkSfM+, ;k pdjh dks f[kM+dh ls vkrh gok dh
fn'kk esa jf[k,A vkius D;k ns[kk \
cgrh gqbZ gok Hkh ÅtkZ dk ,d :i gS] ftls
îou ÅtkZ* dgrs gSaA iou ds cgus dh fn'kk rFkk xfr x
izR;sd LFkku ij cnyrh jgrh gS] fQj Hkh dqN LFkkuksa fp= 12-4 dkxt+ dh pdjh dk fuekZ.k
(Making paper fans)
ij fn'kk rFkk xfr yxHkx fu;r jgrh gSA
bu LFkkuksa ij cM+h&cM+h pjf[k;k¡ ¼fo.M fey½] ftUgas ^Vjckbu* dgrs gSa yxk;h tkrh gSa
rFkk buls tqM+s tfu= ls fo|qr mRiknu gksrk gSA og LFkku tgk¡ bu cM+h&cM+h pjf[k;ksa dks
LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS ^fo.M QkeZ* dgykrk gS ¼fp= 12-5½A
Hkkjr esa xqtjkr] jktLFkku] if'peh e/;izns'k] leqnz rVh; {ks=] nf{k.kh rfeyukMq]
fp= 12-5 foUM QkWeZ (Wind farm)
caxky dh [kkM+h rFkk vjc lkxj ds }hi ,oa dukZVd ds dqN Hkkx iou ÅtkZ ds fy;s mi;qDr
ik;s x;s gSaA d{kk esa ppkZ djsa fd ;s LFkku gh iou pDdh ¼fo.M QkeZ½ds fy, D;ksa mi;qDr ik,
x,A
119 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
12-5 rkih; ÅtkZ (Steam Energy) -
D;k vkius Hkki pfyr jsy batuksa ds ckjs esa lquk gS \ vkius ?kjksa esa [kkuk idkrs le;
;k ikuh xeZ djrs le; crZuksa ls Hkki fudyrs gq, Hkh ns[kk gksxkA
D;k Hkki ÅtkZ dk lk/ku gks ldrh gS \ vkb,] ,d fØ;kdyki djsa&
fØ;kdyki&3
pdjh
vko';d lkexzh& fØ;kdyki (Fan)
1 ds varxZr cukbZ xbZ pdjh] pk; dh dsryh
dsVyh] ikuh xeZ djus ds fy, LVksoA (Kettle)
pk; dh dsVyh esa ikuh Hkj dj

mls xeZ djsa] <Ddu yxk jgus nsaA dqN
le; ckn VksaVh ls Hkki fudyuk izkjaHk
gks tk,xkA fudyrh gqbZ Hkki ds lkeus
LVkso (Stove)
fp= 12-6 dh rjg pdjh ds ia[kksa dks
jf[k,] vkius D;k ns[kk \ fp= 12-6 Hkki }kjk Vjckbu dk ?kweus dk izn'kZu
(Turning of the turbine by steam)
blh rjg fo'ks"k la;a=ksa] ftUgsa
ck;yj dgrs gSa] esa dks;ys dks tykdj Å"ek mRiUu dh tkrh gS] ftlls ikuh dks xeZ djds
Hkki cuk;h tkrh gSA bl Hkki dh 'kfDr ls Vjckbu dks ?kqekdj tfu= ds mi;ksx ls fo|qr
mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS ¼fp= 12-7½A ;g LFkku rki fo|qrx`g dgykrk gSA gekjs NÙkhlx<+ ds
dksjck ftys esa rki fo|qrx`g gSA
fp= 12-7 rki fo|qr x`g (Thermo-electric plant)

120 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
12-6 ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ (Nuclear Energy) &
ÅtkZ izkIr djus ds ,d vkSj lzksr dk fodkl fd;k tk jgk gSA ge tkurs gSa fd ijek.kq
dk nzO;eku mlds ukfHkd esa gksrk gS] ;gk¡ ijek.kq dh vf/kdka'k ÅtkZ gksrh gSA tc fdlh Hkkjh
ijek.kq tSls ;wjsfu;e dks gYds ukfHkdksa esa rksM+k tkrk gS rks vR;f/kd ek=k esa ÅtkZ eqDr gksrh
gS] ;g izfØ;k fo[kaMu dgykrh gS] rFkk mRiUu ÅtkZ ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dgykrh gSA
;g ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ fo'ks"k la;a=ksa eas mRiUu dh tkrh gS] ftUgsa ukfHkdh; fj,DVj dgrs
gSa] ;gk¡ ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cnyk tkrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa ukfHkdh; fj,DVj
rkjkiqj] dyiDde] dksVk rFkk ujksjk esa dk;Z dj jgs gSaA eqEcbZ ls djhc 100 fdeh nwj rkjkiqj
ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ la;a= Hkkjr dk iw.kZr% Lons'kh ukfHkdh; fj,DVj gSA
buds mÙkj nhft, (Materials required) &
1- ck¡/kksa esa fo|qr ÅtkZ dSls mRiUu dh tkrh gS \

2- TOkkjh; ÅtkZ ls vki D;k le>rs gaS \
3- ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ D;k gS \
4- rki fo|qrx`g esa fo|qr mRiUu djus ds fy, fdl inkFkZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\
12-7 thok'e bZa/ku (Fossil Fuels) &
gesa nSfud thou esa okguksa dks pykus vkSj Hkkstu cukus tSls dk;ksZa ds fy, fdu inkFkksZa
ls ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gS \
dks;yk] ydM+h] jlksbZ xSl] isVªksy] Mhty] fdjksflu vkfn baZ/ku dgykrs gSaA ;s dgk¡
ls izkIr gksrs gSa] vkb,] blds ckjs esa tkusaA
cgqr igys i`Foh esa gq, ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k isM+&ikS/ks i`Foh eas nc x,] /khjs&/khjs mu ij
feêh dh ijr tek gksrh xbZA cgqr vf/kd nkc
rFkk xehZ ds dkj.k isM+&ikS/kksa ds vo'ks"k dks;ys esa ikbi
ifjofrZr gks x,A dks;yk cuus dh bl izfØ;k esa (Pipe)
gt+kjksa o"kksaZ dk le; yxkA
blh rjg e`r thoksa ds vo'ks"k i`Foh ds uhps
Hkkjh ncko rFkk xehZ ds dkj.k isVªksfy;e esa cny dM+h
x,A blfy, bUgsa thok'e baZ/ku dgk tkrk gSA pV~Vkuas
thok'e 'kCn dk mi;ksx e`r tUrqvksa vkSj (Hard
rocks)
o`{kksa dh mu lajpukvksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa
izd`fr us gtkjksa o"kksaZ ls lqjf{kr j[kk gSA nzo
isVªksfy;e
isVªksfy;e tehu ds vanj pV~Vkuksa ds chp (Liquid
nck gqvk gksrk gS] ftls dqvk¡ [kksn dj iaiksa ds petroleum)
fp= 12-8 isVªksfy;e dqvk¡ (Petroleum well)
ek/;e ls [khap dj fudkyk tkrk gS ¼fp= 12-8½A
121 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
tehu ls fudkys x;s nzo isVªksfy;e ls lh/ks rkSj ij ÅtkZ izkIr ugha dh tkrh gSA vr%
bl nzo dks ifj"dj.k 'kkyk ¼fjQk;ujh½ esa Hkstk tkrk gS tgk¡ bls i`Fkd djus dh izfØ;k esa
cgqr ls mi;ksxh inkFkZ izkIr gksrs gSa] tSls isVªksy] Mhty] fdjksflu] rFkk isVªksfy;e xSlA
isVªksfy;e nzo ftu dqvksa ls izkIr gksrk gS mueas izkd`frd xSl Hkh gksrh gSA blesa eq[;r%
ehFksu xSl gksrh gS] tks vklkuh ls ty dj Å"ek iznku djrh gSA bl xSl dks laihfMr dj
okgu pykus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS bls lh-,u-th- ¼Compressed Natural Gas½ ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa dqN izeq[k uxjksa esa okgu lh-,u-th- ls Hkh pyk;s tkrs gSaA lh-
,u-th- pfyr okgu lkekU; okguksa dh rqyuk esa vR;ar U;wu ok;q iznw"k.k djrs gSaA
?kjksa esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh jlksbZ xSl ls rks ge lHkh ifjfpr gSaA okLro eas ;g
isVªksfy;e xSl dk nzfor :i gS] ftlesa C;wVsu eq[; :i ls ikbZ tkrh gSA C;wVsu ds vykok blesa
nks vU; xSlsa izksisu rFkk ,Fksu gksrh gaS] ;s lHkh gkbMªksdkcZu xSlsa gSaA bls nzfor djds flys.Mjksa
esa Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA bls ,y-ih-th- ¼Liquified Petroleum Gas½ dgrs gSaA
,y-ih-th- ,d xa/kghu xSl gS ;g vR;ar Toyu'khy gksrh gSA bl dkj.k lqj{kk dh
n`f"V ls blesa ,d rhoz xa/k okyh xSl dks feyk;k tkrk gSA ftlls Hkjs gq, flys.Mjksa ls xSl
fjlus ij irk py tkrk gSA
xkaoksa esa xkscj ds miyksa dks tykdj baZ/ku dh rjg mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA D;k xkscj
ls fdlh vU; rjhds ls Hkh ÅtkZ izkIr dh tk ldrh gS \
cgqr ls {ks=ksa esa xkscj ls xSlh; baZ/ku rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, xkscj dks ikuh
esa ?kksy dj fo'ks"k izdkj ls fufeZr can xM~<s esa Mkyk tkrk gSA xM~<s esa ;g feJ.k ok;q dh
vuqifLFkfr esa vi?kfVr gksdj ehFksu] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM rFkk dqN vU; xSlsa iznku djrk gSA
xSlksa dk ;g feJ.k ouLifr ,oa e`r tho tUrqvksa
ds lM+us ls Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA xSlkas ds bl xkscj $ ikuh
(cowdung+water) ck;ksxSl
feJ.k dks gh ^^ck;ks xSl** dgrs gSaA izkIr xSl (Biogas)
[kkn (Manure)
dks xM~<s ds Åij yxs Mkse ls ikbi }kjk ckgj
fudky dj mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS¼fp=12-9½A
ck;ks xSl ds fuEufyf[kr mi;ksx gaS&
1- ,y-ih-th- dh rjg Hkkstu idkus esaA
izos'k uyh fudkl uyh
2- izdk'k mRiUu djus esaA (Incoming pipe) (Outgoing pipe)
3- xSl fudyus ds ckn cpk vif'k"V
inkFkZ [kkn dh rjg mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
4- blds mi;ksx ls i;kZoj.k iznfw "kr ugha
gksrk A fp= 12-9 ck;ks xSl la;a= (Bio-gas plant)
122 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
buds mÙkj nhft, (ANSWER THESE)-
1- isVªksfy;e ds eq[; mRikn dkSu&dkSu ls gaS \

2- jlksbZ xSl dks vkSj fdl uke ls tkuk tkrk gS \ ;g fdu xSlksa dk feJ.k gS\
3- ck;ks xSl fdu xSlksa dk feJ.k gS \
lkj.kh 12-1 dkWih esa cukb, rFkk baZ/kuksa dks mfpr LFkku ij fyf[k,
lkj.kh 12-1
Ø- (S.No.) Bksl bZ/a ku (Solid fuel) nzo bZ/a ku (Liquid fuel) xSlh; bZ/a ku(Gaseous fuel)
1- &&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
2- &&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
3- &&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
4- &&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
5- &&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&
dks;ys ds HkaMkj D;k ges'kk cus jgsaxs \ D;k iou ÅtkZ dk lzksr lekIr gks tk,xk \
ÅtkZ ds dqN lzksrksa ls yxkrkj ÅtkZ izkIr dh tk ldrh gS] os dHkh lekIr ugha gksaxs ogha
nwljh vksj dqN lzksr ,sls gSa ftuls ÅtkZ izkIr dh tk jgh gS] rFkk os rsth ls lekIr gks jgs gSaA
lkj.kh 12-2 dks dkWih esa cuk dj ÅtkZ ds fofHkUu lzksrksa dks oxhZd`r dhft,&
lkj.kh 12-2
Øeka d lzksr tks lekIr gks jgs gSa lzksr tks lekIr ugha gksaxs
1- dks;yk (Coal) iou (Wind)
2- &&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&
3- &&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&
4- &&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&
ÅtkZ lzksr tSls ydM+h] dks;yk] isVªksfy;e dks vuohdj.kh; lzksr dgk tkrk gS rFkk
ÅtkZ lzksr tSls iou] ty dks uohdj.kh; lzksr dgrs gSaA
uohdj.kh; lzksr izpqj ek=k esa miyC/k gSa rFkk buds mi;ksx ls i;kZoj.k dks gkfu ugha
ig¡qprh gSA fdUrq vuohdj.kh; lzksrkas ij Hkfo"; esa Hkh ÅtkZ izkfIr ds fy, fuHkZj ugha jgk tk
123 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
ldrk] buds mi;ksx ls i;kZoj.k dks Hkh gkfu ig¡qprh gSA vr% buds lekIr gksus ds igys gh
gesa vU; ÅtkZ lzksrksa dks [kkstuk gksxkA
12-8 lkSj ÅtkZ (Solar Energy) -
D;k lw;Z dh ÅtkZ izkfIr dk lzksr gks ldrh gS \ D;k lw;Z ls izkIr ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx
Hkkstu idkus esa fd;k tk ldrk gS \ vkb,] ,d fØ;kdyki djsaA
fØ;kdyki (Activity) &4 ¼f'k{kd }kjk izn'kZu½ (Demonstration by teacher)
vko';d lkexzh & ,d mÙky ysal] dqN lw[ks iRrs] dkxtA
ysla }kjk lw;Z ds izdk'k dks lw[ks iRrksa ij dsfUnzr dhft,] dqN nsj rd dsfUnzr fd, jgus
ij D;k gksrk gS \ ,slk gh dkxt ij Hkh djsaA vkius ns[kk lw;Z ls izkIr ÅtkZ esa fdlh oLrq dks
Å"ek iznku djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA lw;Z dh ;g ÅtkZ tks izdk'k vkSj Å"ek ds :i esa izkIr
gksrh gS] ^^lkSj ÅtkZ** dgykrh gSA
vkb,] vc ,d vkSj fØ;kdyki djsaA
fØ;kdyki&5
vko';d lkexzh& nks ij[kufy;k¡] dkyk [kqjnjk dkxtA
,d ij[kuyh dh ckgjh lrg ij dkyk dkxt yisV dj mls xksan ls fpidk nhft,
rkfd dkxt iwjh rjg ij[kuyh dks Li'kZ djs rFkk f[klds ughaA nwljh ij[kuyh dks ,sls gh jgus nsAa
vc nksuksa ij[kufy;ksa esa ikuh Hkjdj mUgsa /kwi esa bl rjg jf[k, fd lw;Z dh fdj.ksa ikuh
ij u iM+sa ¼frjNk j[ksa½A 30 feuV ckn ,d&,d djds nksuksa ij[kufy;ksa dk ikuh vius gkFk
ij Mkfy,A
vkius nksuksa ij[kufy;ksa ds ikuh
ds rkiØe esa D;k varj ik;k \
niZ.k (Mirror)
bldk D;k dkj.k gS \
dkyh lrg Å"ek dh vPNh
vo'kks"kd gksrh gSA bl rF; dk mi;ksx
dkap dk <Ddu
dj ge lkSj ÅtkZ dk fuEu midj.kksa esa (glass lid)
mi;ksx djrs gSaA
1- lksyj dqdj (Solar Cooker)& /kkrq ds crZu
(Metal box)
;g /kkrq dk ,d cM+k lk fMCck gksrk gS]
ftldh Hkhrjh nhokjsa dkys jax dh gksrh
gaS] Åijh <Ddu ij niZ.k yxk gksrk gS]
ftls O;ofLFkr dj lw;Z izdk'k dks fMCcs dkyh lrg
ds Hkhrjh fgLls esa dsfUnzr fd;k tk ldrk (Black surface)
gSA fp= 12-10 lksyj dqdj (Solar Cooker)

124 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
fMCcs dh Hkhrjh nhokjsa Å"ek vo'kksf"kr dj xeZ gksrh tkrh gSa rFkk bl Å"ek dks fodfjr
gksdj fMCcs ls ckgj tkus ls jksdus ds fy, fupys fMCcs ds Åij ,d dk¡p dk <Ddu yxk gksrk
gS A fMCcs ds vanj /kkrq ds crZu j[ks gksrs gaS] ftudh ckgjh lrg Hkh dkys jax dh gksrh gSA bu
fMCcksa esa [kk| inkFkZ j[ks tkrs gSa ¼fp= 12-10½ A
2- lkSj ty Å"ed (Solar water heater) & bl midj.k }kjk ikuh xje fd;k tkrk
gSA bls lkSj ty Å"ed dgrs gSaA bleas
Å"ekjks/kh inkFkZ ds ckDl esa rk¡cs dh yEch
ufy;k¡ yxh jgrh gSa ftUgsa dkyk dj fn;k
tkrk gSA rkacs dh
uyh ls xqtjrk gqvk ty Å"ek izkIr ufy;k¡
dj xeZ gks tkrk gS] ftls nwljs fljs ls Copper pipes
fudky dj Vadh esa bdÎk dj fy;k tkrk
gS ¼fp= 12-11½A
ftu LFkkuksa ij ;s midj.k mi;ksx fd,
tk jgs gksa ogk¡ tkdj budks nsf[k,A
orZeku esa lkSj ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx
^^lkSj&lsy** esa fd;k tk jgk gSA blds }kjk
fp= 12-11 lkSj ty Å"ed (Solar water heater)
lkSj ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa :ikarfjr fd;k
tkrk gSA lkSj lsy flfydkWu ds cus gksrs gSaA
lkSj cSVjh Hkh lw;Z dh ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ ds :i esa laxzfgr djrh gS] ftlls okgu
rFkk e'khuas pykbZ tkrh gaSA lkSj ÅtkZ ds vU; mi;ksxksa@midj.kksa ds ckjs esa d{kk esa ppkZ
dhft,A
1- lksyj dqdj ds fMCcksa dk jax dkyk D;ksa gksrk gS \
2- lkSj ty Å"ed esa ÅtkZ :ikarj.k fdl :i esa gksrk gS \
3- lkSj lsy fdlls cus gksrs gSa \
4- lkSj ty Å"ed dh ufy;ka rkacs dh D;ksa cuh jgrh gS\
ck;ks Mhty (BIO DIESEL)
vkius ck;ks Mhty ds ckjs esa lquk gksxkA ;g uohure ÅtkZ lzksr gS tks rsth ls
viuk;k tk jgk gSA ;g jrutksr uked ikS/ks ds chtksa ls fudkyk x;k rsy gSA bls isVªksy
rFkk Mhty ds lkFk feykdj Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA NÙkhlx<+ 'kklu }kjk izns'k
dh vuqi;ksxh iM+h Hkwfe ij jrutksr dk jksi.k dj ck;ks Mhty izkIr djus ds fy;s
NÙkhlx<+ ck;ks¶;wy izkf/kdj.k dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA NÙkhlx<+ ck;ks Mhty dk mi;ksx
djus okyk vxz.kh jkT; gSA
125 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
12-9 ÅtkZ dk izeq[k lzksr dkSu \ (Which is the primary source of energy) ?
geus fofHkUu rjg ds ÅtkZ lzksrksa ds ckjs esa tkuk gSA D;k bu lHkh ÅtkZ lzksrksa dk ,d
eq[; lzksr gks ldrk gS \ lkspsa fd &
Û ikS/ks viuk Hkkstu dSls cukrs gSa \
Û ufn;ksa esa ty dgk¡ ls vkrk gS \
Û îou* ds cgus dk D;k dkj.k gS \
ge tkurs gSa fd ikS/ks viuk Hkkstu izdk'k la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k }kjk lw;Z ds izdk'k dh
mifLFkfr esa cukrs gSa vFkkZr~ ikS/kksa esa ÅtkZ mRiknu lw;Z dh lgk;rk ls gksrk gSA jrutksr
ikS/kksa ls izkIr ck;ksMhty Hkh blh izfØ;k dk ifj.kke gSA blh rjg i`Foh ij fLFkr ty lw;Z dh
Å"ek ls ok"ihd`r gksdj ckny cukrk gSA cknyksa ds }kjk o"kkZ gksrh gS rFkk ufn;ksa dks ty izkIr
gksrk gS] ftls ge ck¡/k cukdj jksdrs gSaA bl cka/k esa ,df=r ty dk mi;ksx ty fo|qr
mRiknu esa djrs gSaA
vkb,] ns[ksa fd iou ÅtkZ lw;Z ls fdl rjg lacaf/kr gS &
lw;Z dh ÅtkZ ls i`Foh ds ty rFkk LFky Hkkx vleku :i ls xeZ gksrs gSa] bl dkj.k
okrkoj.k esa de xeZ rFkk vf/kd xeZ ok;q ds }kjk laoguh /kkjk,a mRiUu gksrh gaS] ;s cM+h rsth
ls cgrh gSa] ftUgsa iou dgrs gSaA bl rjg iou ÅtkZ dk lzksr Hkh lw;Z gh gSA
isVªksfy;e nzo] dks;ys] isM+&ikS/ks] thoksa ds vo'ks"k gSa tks fd lw;Z dh ÅtkZ dk gh cnyk
gqvk :i gaSA
bl rjg vf/kdka'k ÅtkZvksa ds mRiUu gksus dk dkj.k lw;Z ekuk tk ldrk gS ;k dgk
tk ldrk gS fd lw;Z gh gekjs fy, ÅtkZ dk izeq[k lzksr gSA
lekpkj i=ksa] Vh-oh- vkfn esa fuEu izdkj dh lko/kkfu;ka viukus dh vihyas
dh tkrh gSa &
rsy cpk,¡] bldh ,d&,d c¡wn dherh gSA
okguksa dh fu;fer tk¡p djk,¡A
fctyh dh cpr djsaA
crZuksa dks <d dj [kkuk idk,¡
izs'kj dqdj dk mi;ksx djsaA
okguksa ds ifg;ksa esa gok dk ncko lgh j[ksa A
bl rjg dh lko/kkfu;k¡ D;ksa vko';d gSa lkspsaA
?kjksa eas iz;qDr midj.k cYc] V~;wcykbV] fÝt] dwyj vkfn esa ÅtkZ dh [kir gksrh gSA
lM+dksa esa izdk'k O;oLFkk] ifjogu esa] d`f"k dk;ksZa rFkk m|ksxkas esa fofHkUu :iksa esa ÅtkZ dh [kir
c<+rh tk jgh gSA
fofHkUu ÅtkZ lzksrksa ls izkIr ÅtkZ Hkh gekjh ÅtkZ dh c<+rh vko';drkvksa ds fy, de
iM+rh tk jgh gS] vr% miyC/k ÅtkZ dk larqfyr mi;ksx djuk vko';d gSA
buds mÙkj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE) &

1- ?kjksa eas fo|qr ÅtkZ dh cpr ds fy, D;k mik; fd;s tk ldrs gSa \
2- ck;ks Mhty fdl ikS/ks ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS \
3- Hkfo"; esa fdu vU; lzksrksa ls ÅtkZ izkIr dh tk ldsxh \
126 ÅtkZ ds lzksr

ty ls fo|qr mRiUu dh tkrh gS ftls ty fo|qr ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
rst cgrh gok ls iou pDdh ¼fo.M fey½ dks pykdj fo|qr mRiUu dh tkrh
gSA ftls ge iou ÅtkZ dgrs gSaA
dks;yk rFkk isVªksfy;e cuus esa gtkjksa o"kksZa dk le; yxrk gS] bUgsa thok'e
bZa/ku Hkh dgrs gSaA
isVªksfy;e tehu ds vanj ls iEiksa }kjk fudkyk tkrk gSA blls gesa fofHkUu
mRikn isVªksy] Mhty] fdjksflu vkfn izkIr gksrs gSaA
jlksbZ xSl eas ^C;wVsu* rFkk izkd`frd xSl esa êhFksu* gksrh gSA
lw;Z fdj.kksa ls ÅtkZ izkIr dh tk ldrh gS tks fd ^lkSj ÅtkZ* dgykrh gSA
dkyh lrg Å"ek dh vPNh vo'kks"kd gksrh gS] blh rF; ij vk/kkfjr midj.k
lksyj dqdj rFkk lkSj ty Å"ed gSaA
xkscj ouLifr ,oa e`r tho&tUrqvksa vFkkZr~ tSfod vif'k"Vksa ds lM+us ls tks
xSlh; bZa/ku rS;kj gksrk gS] mls ck;ks xSl dgrs gSaA
baZ/ku Bksl] nzo rFkk xSlh; :i esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
ydM+h] dks;yk] isVªksfy;e tSls lzksr vuohdj.kh; rFkk lkSj ÅtkZ] iou ÅtkZ]
ty ÅtkZ vkfn uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksr gaSA
tSo ÅtkZ ds rkSj ij ck;ksMhty vPNk lzksr gSA
ÅtkZ dh ekax c<++rh tk jgh gS] gesa ÅtkZ dk larqfyr mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTION FOR PRACTICE)&
1- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct alternative) &

1- fuEu esa ls vuohdj.kh; lzksr gS&
¼d½ iou ÅtkZ ¼[k½ isVªksfy;e
¼x½ Tokjh; ÅtkZ ¼?k½ lkSj ÅtkZ
2- Hkkjh okguksa tSls cl] Vªd eas iz;qDr bZa/ku gS &
¼d½ rkjihu ¼[k½ ck;ksxSl
¼x½ Mhty ¼?k½ fdjksflu
3- lkSj lsy ds ÅtkZ ifjorZd cus gksrs gSa &
¼d½ ,sYkqfefu;e ds ¼[k½ dkcZu ds
¼x½ IykfLVd ds ¼?k½ flfydkWu ds
4- cSVjh ls izkIr gksus okyh ÅtkZ gS&
¼d½ jklk;fud ÅtkZ ¼[k½ Å"eh; ÅtkZ
¼x½ fo|qr ÅtkZ ¼?k½ ;kaf=d ÅtkZ
127 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
5- isVªksfy;e dk mRikn ugha gS &

¼d½ isVªksy ¼[k½ ck;ksMhty
¼x½ fdjksflu ¼?k½ Mhty
1- ?kjksa esa eq[;r% &&&&&&&& bZa/ku dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2- lksyj dqdj &&&&&&& ÅtkZ ij vk/kkfjr gSA
3- dks;yk &&&&&&& ÅtkZ dk lzksr gSA
4- xkscj rFkk ty ds feJ.k ls ,d fo'ks"k la;a= esa &&&xSl rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
5- ?kjksa eas mi;ksx vkus okyk nzo baZ/ku &&&&&&& gSA
3- mfpr laca/k tksfM+, (Match the following)&
1- lh-,u-th- fo|qr ÅtkZ
2- leqnz lkSj ÅtkZ
3- lksyj dqdj iou ÅtkZ
4- foaM QkeZ izkd`frd xSl
5- cka/k Tokjh; ÅtkZ
4- fuEu iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, (Answer the following questions)&
1- ÅtkZ ds pkj fofHkUu :iksa ds uke fyf[k,A
2- lkSj ÅtkZ ds D;k ykHk gSa \ nSfud thou esa blds mi;ksx ds nks mnkgj.k
nhft,A
3- ty fo|qr dSls mRiUu dh tkrh gS \ NÙkhlx<+ esa fdu ifj;kstukvksa ls
fo|qr mRiknu gks jgk gSA
4- isVªksfy;e ls izkIr gksus okys fofHkUu mRiknksa ds uke fyf[k,A
5- ck;ks xSl D;k gS \ blds mRiknu dh izfØ;k fyf[k,A
6- vius vklikl fofHkUu mn~ns';ksa ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ÅtkZ ds
L=ksrksa dh lwph cukb, rFkk mUgsa uohdj.kh; rFkk vuohdj.kh; esa i`Fkd
dhft,A
7- ,y-ih-th- esa eq[; :i ls dkSu&dkSu lh xSlsa ik;h tkrh gaSA
8- miyC/k lalk/kuksa ds vk/kkj ij vki vius {ks= esa fdl izdkj dk fo|qr
mRiknu dsUnz LFkkfir djuk pkgsaxs] le>kb,A
1- vius lkfFk;ks@
a f'k{kdksa ls ÅtkZ ds viO;; dks jksdus ds mik;ksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
2- fofHkUu rjg dh ÅtkZvksa ds mi;ksx rFkk cpr] ls tqM+s lqj{kk mik;ksa ij lekpkj
i=ksa esa izdkf'kr tkudkfj;ksa dk laxzg dhft,A
3- fn, x, ÅtkZ [ksy dks vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk [ksfy,] rFkk blesa nh xbZ ckrksa ij
ppkZ dhft,A
128 ÅtkZ ds lzksr
ÅtkZ dk [ksy (ENERGY GAME)
ia[kk pkyw
ÅtkZ cpr ds
NksM+ dj dejs
mik;ksa ij ppkZ
ls fudy x;s]
dh] 3 vad
4 vad ?kVk,aA
l ekIr tksMAas+
ÅtkZ fe= cuus ij cYc dh txg

c/kkbZ lh,Q,y dk
mi;ksx fd;k] 4
vad tksMaA+s
[kkuk idkus ds
fy;s /kq,a okys ia[kk pyk dj
ck;ks xSl la;a=
pwYgs dk iz;ksx diM+s lq[kk;s] 3
fuekZ.k esa izs'kj dqdj
fd;k] 3 vad vad ?kVk,¡A
lg;ksx fn;k 4 dk iz;ksx
?kVk,¡A
vad tksMsAa+ fd;k] 3 vad
tksMAas+
vuko';d
isVªksy okgu dk
iz;ksx fd;k] 3
vad ?kVk,¡A [kkuk idkus
esa lkSj ÅtkZ okgu dh
dk mi;ksx tkap ugha
vuko';d djk;h] 3 vad
fd;k] 4 vad
tyrs cYc ?kVka,A¡
tksMAas+
rFkk ia[ks can
fd;s] 6 vad
tksMAas+
ty xeZ djus esa
lkSj ÅtkZ dk
mi;ksx fd;k] 4
vad tksMsAa+
[ks y fof/k&
bls ,d lkFk dbZ f[kykM+h [ksy ldrs gSa A
1& iklk Qsadus ij izkIr vadksa ls vkxs cf<+,A
izkjaHk
2& xksyksa esa fofHkUu dk;ksaZ ds fy;s fn;s x;s vadksa dks tksMa+s vFkok ?kVk,¡ A
3& lokZf/kd vadksa dks ysdj lekIr ij igq¡pus okyk f[kykM+h fot;h gksxkA
13 [kk| mRiknu ,oa izca/ku
(FOOD PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT)
13-1 d`f"k (Agriculture)
vki tkurs gSa fd Hkkstu lHkh tho/kkfj;ksa dh ekSfyd vko';drkvksa esa ls ,d gSA euq";
lfgr vf/kdka'k tarq viuk Hkkstu izR;{k vFkok ijks{k :i ls isM&
+ ikS/kksa ls izkIr djrs gSAa izkphu
dky ls gh euq"; Hkkstu izkfIr ds fy, [ksrh djrk jgk gSA fdlh fuf'pr mís'; ds fy, fdlh
LFkku fo'ks"k ij mxk, x, ,d gh izdkj ds ikS/kksa dks Qly dgrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds Qlyksa
dks mxkuk rFkk muls mit izkIr djuk d`f"k dgykrk gSA
orZeku lanHkZ esa d`f"k ls lacfa /kr O;olk;ksa ,oa fØ;kdykiksa tSl&
s i'kqikyu] dqDdqVikyu]
eRL;ikyu] e/kqeD[khikyu] e'k:e mRiknu vkfn dks d`f"k esa lfEefyr dj fy;k x;k gSA
vr% d`f"kfoKku dh ifjHkk"kk bl rjg ls nh tk ldrh gS& ^êkuo mi;ksxh fofHkUu Qlyksa rFkk
tarqvksa ds vf/kd ek=k esa mRiknu ,oa izc/a ku ds rduhdh Kku dks ^^d`f"k foKku** dgrs gSAa **
13-2 Qlyksa ds izdkj (TYPES OF CROPS)
D;k lHkh Qlysa ,d gh ekSle esa feyrh gSa \ fofHkUu Qlyksa dks mxkus rFkk mit izkIr
djus ds ekSle vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA Qlyksa dh c<+ksrjh rFkk mRiknu dks feêh] o"kkZ] izdk'k
rFkk rki vkfn dkjd izHkkfor djrs gSaA ekSle ds vk/kkj ij Qlyksa dks ge rhu izeq[k izdkjksa
esa oxhZd`r dj ldrs gSa&
1- [kjhQ Qly (KHARIF/AUTUMN CROPS)%
bu Qlyksa ds fy, vf/kd ikuh rFkk xehZ ¼rki½ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bUgsa o"kkZ _rq
esa mxk;k tkrk gSA bu Qlyksa dks cksus dk le; ekulwu ds izkjaHk vFkkZr~ twu&tqykbZ ,oa dVkbZ
dk le; vDVwcj&uoEcj gksrk gSA gekjs izns'k dh izeq[k [kjhQ Qlysa& /kku] eDdk] ewax]
mM+n] Tokj] cktjk] xUuk rFkk dikl gaSA
2- jch Qly (RABI/SPRING CROP)%
bu Qlyksa dks ueh o de rkieku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bUgsa 'khr _rq esa mxk;k
tkrk gSA buds cksus dk le; vDVwcj&uoEcj rFkk dVkbZ dk le; ekpZ&vizSy gksrk gSA gekjs
izns'k esa eq[; jch Qlysa xsgw¡] puk] ljlksa] frojk] elwj] vjgj] dqYFkh] vylh] dqlqe vkfn gSaA
3- tk;n Qly (JAYAD CROP)%
dqN Qlyksa dh iSnkokj 'kq"d tyok;q esa vPNh gksrh gSA bUgsa izk;% fnlEcj ls Qjojh
eghus esa cks;k tkrk gS rFkk ekpZ ls ebZ eghus esa budh Qlysa rS;kj gks tkrh gaSA [kjcwt] rjcwt]
ddM+h] lwjteq[kh] ewaxQyh vkfn izeq[k tk;n Qlysa gSaA
13-3 d`f"k i)fr;k¡ (METHOD OF AGRICULTURE) %
izR;sd fdlku dk y{; gksrk gS fd os miyC/k Hkwfe ij Qlyksa dk

vf/kdre mRiknu izkIr djsA blds fy, os fofHkUu rS;kfj;k¡ rFkk fØ;kdyki
djrs gSaA bUgsa lfEefyr :i ls d`f"k i)fr;k¡ dgrs gSaA Qly mRiknu ds
nkSjku ;s i)fr;k¡ ,d fuf'pr pj.kc) Øe esa viuk;h tkrh gSa tks Qly
cksus dh rS;kjh ls mlds idus rd ds le; rd pyrh gaSA mRikn dh dVkbZ
dj mldk HkaMkj.k Hkh blds varxZr gh fd;k tkrk gSA vkb,] vc ge bu
d`f"k i)fr;ksa dk v/;;u djsa&
13-3-1 Hkwfe dk p;u (SELECTION OF THE LAND)
fdlku viuh Qly ds Hkjiwj mRiknu ds fy, ,slh mi;qDr Hkwfe dk p;u djrk gS
ftlesa cht vklkuh ls vadqfjr gksdj o`f) dj ldas rFkk mUgsa vko';d ek=k esa iks"kd rRo]
ikuh ,oa ok;q fey ldsA
13-3-2 Hkwfe vFkok feêh dh rS;kjh eqfB;k (Shaft)
(PREPARATION OF SOIL OR LAND) - gRFkk (butt) gyl
(Handle)
Hkwfe dh rS;kjh ds igys pj.k esa [ksr dh tqrkbZ
dh tkrh gSA blds fy, ikjEifjd ¼ns'kh½ gy vFkok Qkyh (Plough share)
feêh iyV gy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ns'kh gy
uksd (Point)
feêh dks phj nsrk gS rFkk feêh iyV gy feêh dks d
phjus ds lkFk&lkFk iyV Hkh nsrk gS ¼fp= 13-1 d][k½
gRFkk
/kku dh [ksrh ds i'pkr jch Qly ds fy, [ksr gyl (Handle) (Butt)
dkQh dBksj gks tkrk gS ftls rS;kj djus ds fy,
ikjaifjd gy i;kZIr ugha gksrk blds fy, VªDs Vj vFkok
ikWojfVªyj pfyr dYVhosVj] jksVkos;j vFkok gSjks dk Qkyh (Plough share) feV~Vh
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ¼fp= 13-1 x]?k½A uksd (Shaft) iyV
[k
fp= 13-1 ¼d½ ns'kh gy (Traditional plough)
¼[k½ feêh iyV gy (Soil overturning plough)
¼x½
¼?k½ Qkyh (Plough share)

fp= 13-1 ¼x½ dYVhosVj (Cultivator) ¼?k½ gSjks (Harrow)
tqrkbZ ls ykHk (ADVANTAGES OF PLOUGHING)&
1- feêh HkqjHkqjh gks tkrh gS ftlls mlesa ok;qlapkj vkSj ty /kkj.k {kerk c<+ tkrh
gS] QyLo:i tMa+s vklkuh ls o`f) djrh gaSA
2- feêh dh ?kkl&Qwl rFkk dkVh xbZ Qly ds vo'ks"k feêh esa fey tkrs gSa vkSj
[kkn cu tkrs gSaA
3- jksx mRiUu djus okys dhM+s] bfYy;k¡] vaMs ckgj vk tkrs gSa vkSj /kwi ds vlj ls
u"V gks tkrs gSaA
4- d`f"k fe= ekus tkus okys d`fe] dsapqvk] thok.kqvksa rFkk QQw¡nksa dh o`f) esa enn
feyrh gS ftlls Hkwfe dk mitkÅiu c<+ tkrk gSA
5- tqrkbZ ds iwoZ [ksr esa Mkys x, [kkn ,oa moZjdksa
dk leku :i ls QSyko gks tkrk gSA
tqrkbZ ls [ksr esa feêh ds cM+s&cM+s <sys fudy vkrs gSaA
cht cksus rFkk flapkbZ ds fy, bu <syksa dks rksM+dj lery fp= 13-1-³ iVyk ;k lqgkxk
djuk vko';d gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, ydM+h dk iVyk vFkok (Wooden block or harrow plank)
lqgkxk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ¼fp= 13-1³ ½A
1- D;k fdlh LFkku ij mxh xktj?kkl ;k cs'kje vkfn vuqi;ksxh ikS/kksa dks Qly dgsx
a \s
dkj.k lfgr le>kb,A
2- _rqvksa ds vk/kkj ij Qlyksa ds izdkj fyf[k,A
3- tqrkbZ ls D;k ykHk gSa \
4- tqrkbZ ds ikjEifjd vkSj vk/kqfud midj.k dkSu&dkSu ls gSa \
13-3-3 chtksa dk p;u ,oa chtksipkj (SELECTION OF SEEDS & SEED TREATMENT) %
ftl Qly ds ikS/ks mxkuk gS mlds iw.kZr% LoLFk] vPNh vadqj.k {kerk okys] jksx
izfrjks/kd chtksa dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA vPNh iSnkokj ds fy, leqUur vFkok ladfjr chtksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls vPNs chtksa dk p;u fd;k tk ldrk gS&
vkb,] ,d fØ;kdyki djsa&
vko';d lkexzh (Material required) %& ,d cM+k chdj vFkok dVksjk] xsgw¡ vFkok pus
ds iqjkus cht yxHkx 50 xzke rFkk ikuhA
xsgw¡ vFkok pus ds chtksa dks ikuh ls Hkjs chdj vFkok dVksjs esa Mkfy,A ,d&nks ?kaVs ds
ckn budk voyksdu dhft,A vki D;k ns[krs gSa\ tks cht ikuh esa rSj jgs gSa os gYds gSaA ;s
dhM+s }kjk [kk, x, vFkok [kks[kys gks ldrs gSaA dqN cht Qwyrs Hkh ugha gSa ,sls cht [kjkc gksrs
gSa rFkk vadqfjr Hkh ugha gksrsA tks cht crZu dh ryh esa cSB x, gSa] os LoLFk vkSj mi;qDr gksrs gSaA
chtksa esa QQwan vFkok vU; jksxk.kqvksa ds chtk.kq vFkok vaMs yxs gks ldrs gSa] tks buds
vadqj.k dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA vr% chtksa dks cksokbZ ds iwoZ QQwanuk'kh vFkok jksxk.kquk'kh
ds gYds ?kksy ls mipkfjr dj ysuk pkfg,A dqN chtksa ds fNyds eksVs ,oa dM+s gksrs gSa( ftlls
muesa vadqj.k nsj ls gksrk ,sls chtksa dks xeZ ikuh esa rhu&pkj ?kaVksa ds fy, Mqcks nsrs gSa ftlls
buds fNyds eqyk;e gks tkrs gSa vkSj vadqj.k esa vklkuh gks tkrh gSA cksokbZ ds iwoZ chtksa dks
jksxk.kqeqDr djus ,oa muesa 'kh?kz vadqj.k ds fy, rS;kj dh tkus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dks chtksipkj
dgrs gSaA
ladfjr cht (Hybrid Seeds)
,d gh tkfr ds fHkUu&fHkUu xq.kksa okys ikS/kksa esa d`f=e :i ls fu"kspu djkdj okafNr
xq.kksa okys cht izkIr fd, tkrs gSa ;g fof/k ladj.k dgykrh gS rFkk bl fof/k ls izkIr cht
ladfjr cht dgykrs gSAa ladfjr cht mUur'khy
gksrs gSaA
13-3-4 chtksa dh cksokbZ (SOWING OF SEEDS) %
chtksa dks [ksr esa vadqj.k gsrq Mkyus dh

fØ;k dks cksokbZ dgrs gSaA cksokbZ ds fy, bl ckr
dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gS fd chtksa dks vadqj.k
ds fy, i;kZIr ueh] ok;q ,oa izdk'k feyrk jgs rFkk
chtksa ds chp i;kZIr varj jgsA chtksa dh cksokbZ dh
fuEufyf[kr fof/k;k¡ gSaA
1- NjgVk ;k izlkj.k fof/k (Scattering method)&
bl fof/k esa gkFkksa ls iwjs [ksr esa cht fNM+d fp= 13-2 cht cksokbZ dh NjgVk fof/k
(Sowing by scattering method)
fn;s tkrs gSa rFkk blds ckn [ksr dh tqrkbZ dj nh
tkrh gS ftlls cht feêh esa nc tkrs gaS ¼fp= 13-
2½A bl fof/k }kjk de le; esa cM+s {ks= dh cksokbZ dh tk ldrh gSA vf/kdka'k /kkU; Qlyksa
dh cksokbZ NjgVk fof/k }kjk dh tkrh gSA irk yxk,¡ D;k puk] eVj vFkok VekVj ;k lfCt;ksa
ds chtksa dks Hkh bl fof/k }kjk cks;k tkrk gS \
2- cht&cs/ku fof/k (Ploughing-Seeding method) &
bl fof/k ls cht cksus ds fy, cht&cs/kd ;a= dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh ljy
cht&cs/kd esa ,d yach uyh gksrh gS ftlds Åijh fljs ij dhi ;k pksaxk yxk gksrk gSA bls
gy ds ihNs ck¡/k fn;k tkrk gSA chtksa dks dhi esa Mkyk tkrk gSA uyh ls gksrs gq, cht [ksr
esa gy ls cuh njkjksa esa fxjrs tkrs gSa ¼fp= 13-3d½A bl rjg cht ,d drkj esa leku xgjkbZ
esa ncrs tkrs gSaA mUur fdLe ds cht&cs/kd esa ik¡p&N% ufy;ksa ds fy, ,d gh dhi gksrh
gS ¼fp= 13-3 [k½A bl ;a= }kjk ,d lkFk ik¡p&N% drkjksa esa chtksa dh cksokbZ gks tkrh gSA mér
cht&cs/kd ;a= dks VªsDVj dh lgk;rk ls Hkh pyk;k tkrk gSA
dhi ;k pksaxk
(Funne)
dhi uyh
(Funne) (Tubes)
gy
(Plough)
uyh
(Tube)
Qkyh
(Plough share)
fp= 13-3 ¼d½ ljy cht cs/kd fp= 13-3 ¼[k½ mUur cht cs/kd
(Simple ploughing-seeding machine) (Improved ploughingseeding)
fp= 13-3 cht cs/kd ;a= (Ploughing-seeding machine)

vko';d lkexzh (Materials required) %& pkj leku vkdkj ds chdj] xsg¡w ds nkus ,oa ikuhA
pkjkas chdj dks Øe'k% A, B,C ,oa D esa ukekafdr dhft,A izR;sd chdj esa xsgw¡ ds
nl&nl LoLFk nkus Mkfy,A chdj A, B vkSj C dks yxHkx rhu lseh vkSj D dks N% lseh
Å¡pkbZ rd feêh ls Hkj nhft,A
A chdj dks ikuh ls iwjh rjg Hkj nhft, rFkk blds Lrj dks fLFkj jf[k,A
B chdj dks lw[kk jgus nsaA
C ,oa D chdj esa bruk ikuh Mkfy, fd feêh xhyh jgs ,oa mlesa ueh cuh jgsA
dqN fnuksa rd pkjksa chdj dk voyksdu dhft, vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj
nhft,&
1- fdl chdj esa vadqj.k vf/kd gqvk gS \
2- D;k chdj A, B ,oa D esa cht vadqfjr gq, gSa \ ;fn ugha rks D;ksa\
3- mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks fyf[k, ftuesa vadqj.k vPNk gksrk gS \
3- jksi.k fof/k (METHOD OF PLANTING) &
dqN Qlyksa tSls I;kt] fepZ] VekVj] xksHkh] HkVk vkfn ds cht [ksr vFkok tehu esa lh/ks ugha
cks, tkrs cfYd muds chtksa dks igys jksi.kh vFkok ulZjh esa NksVh&NksVh D;kfj;ksa esa mxk;k
tkrk gSA tc buls NksVs&NksVs ikS/ks ¼Fkjgk½ rS;kj gks tkrs gSa rc LoLFk ikS/kksa dks Nk¡V dj [ksr esa
mfpr nwjh ij yxk nsrs gSa ¼fp= 13-4½A bl fof/k dks jksi.k dgrs gSAa
gekjs izns'k esa tgk¡ ikuh dh i;kZIr miyC/krk ,oa flapkbZ ds leqfpr lk/ku gSa ogk¡
/kku dh cksokbZ jksi.k fof/k ls dh tkrh gSA
13-3-5 [kkn nsuk (MANURES AND FERTILIZERS) %
ikS/kksa dh lgh c<+ksrjh ds fy, fofHkUu rRoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] bUgsa iks"kd rRo
dgrs gSaA ikS/ks bUgsa izk;% feêh ls izkIr djrs gSaA
yxkrkj Qly mxk, tkus ij [ksr esa iks"kd rRoksa
dh deh gks tkrh gS] QyLo:i Hkwfe dh mitkÅ
'kfDr de gks tkrh gS vr% Hkwfe dh mitkÅ
'kfDr cuk, j[kus ds fy, fdlku Hkwfe esa [kkn
Mkyrs gSaA
[kkn eq[; :i ls ikS/kksa rFkk tarqvksa ds fp= 13-4 jksi.k fof/k (Planting method)
vo'ks"k] ey&ew=] dwM+k&djdV rFkk lM+s&xys
inkFkksZa ls rS;kj dh tkrh gSA bUgsa tSfod [kkn dgrs gSaA tSfod [kkn fuEufyf[kr izdkj dh
gksrh gS &
1- xkscj [kkn (Dung manure)%
bls i'kqvksa ds xkscj dks xM~<s esa nckdj lM+kus dh fØ;k ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA blesa
i;kZIr iks"kd rRo gksrs gSaA
2- dEiksLV [kkn (Compost manure)%
;g [kkn dwM+k&djdV ikS/kksa rFkk i'kqvksa ds vo'ks"k vkfn dks xM~<s vFkok fo'ks"k :i
ls cukbZ xbZ Vafd;ksa esa lM+kdj rS;kj dh tkrh gSA blesa i'kqvksa ds xkscj rFkk ey&ew= de
ek=k esa gksrs gSa fdarq blesa Hkh xkscj [kkn dh rjg i;kZIr iks"kd rRo gksrs gSaA
3- gjh [kkn (Green manure)%
fofHkUu Qyhnkj ikS/ks tSls lubZ] frojk] <sapk] yksfc;k] cjlhe] elwj tehu dh lrg ij
QSyus okys irys ,oa dksey rus rFkk vf/kd 'kk[kk ;qDr ikS/kksa dks [ksr esa lh/ks gh nckdj lM+kus
ls gjh [kkn izkIr gksrh gSA ;g [kkn /kku] eDdk rFkk xsgw¡ vkfn Qlyksa ds fy, vf/kd
ykHknk;d gSA
vkb,] dEiksLV rS;kj djsa (Come, we will make compost)%

vius 'kkyk ifjlj vFkok fdlh [kqyh txg esa fdlh ,sls LFky dk p;u dhft, tgk¡
vkus&tkus vFkok fdlh vU; dk;Z esa dksbZ vlqfo/kk u gksA ,sls LFkku ij 1 ehVj yack x1
ehVj pkSM+k x1 ehVj xgjk xM~<k 'kkyk esa xfBr i;kZoj.k Vksyh vFkok vU; lgikfB;ksa dh
enn ls rS;kj djasA vkl&ikl ds dpjs] dkxt ds VqdM+s] isM+&ikS/kksa dh Vgfu;k¡] ifÙk;k¡]
Qyksa ds fNyds] i'kqvksa ds xkscj tSls O;FkZ inkFkksZa ls xM~<s dks 30 lseh Å¡pkbZ rd Hkj nsaA
blds ckn blesa xkscj] feêh ,oa ikuh dk ?kksy vPNh rjg fNM+d nsaA blds Åij fQj blh
izdkj ls dwM+s&djdV ds feJ.k dh ijr QSykdj xkscj&feêh ds ?kksy ls rj djsaA ;gh Øe
rc rd nksgjk,¡ tc rd fd xM~<k tehu dh lrg ls 50&60 lseh dh Å¡pkbZ rd u Hkj
tk,A bl <sj dks xhyh feV~Vh ls <d dj xkscj ls yhi nsa vkSj bls ,sls gh NksM+ nsaA 3&4
eghus ckn vki ik;saxs fd xM~<k fipd tkrk gS vkSj blds vanj ds lHkh inkFkZ dkys HkqjHkqjs
inkFkZ esa cny tkrs gSaA ;gh dEiksLV gSA bldk iz;ksx vki viuh ckxokuh esa [kkn ds :i
esa dj ldrs gSa lkFk gh vki viuh 'kkyk dks LoPN j[k ldrs gSaA
dsapqvk [kkn % oeZ&dkfLVax (Vermi composting)&
tSo vif'k"Vksa dks 'kh?kzrk ls vi?kfVr djus ds fy, dsapq, dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dsapq, feêh esa mifLFkr lM+s&xys vif'k"Vksa dks [kkrs gSa vkSj ey ds }kjk bUgsa tSfod [kkn
ds :i esa fudkyrs gSaA bUgsa dsapqvk [kkn vFkok oeZ&dkfLaVx dgrs gSaA blesa ukbVªkstu]
QkWLQksjl rFkk iksVSf'k;e vkfn iks"kd rRo izpqj ek=k esa gksrs gSaA
dsapq, xanxh dk fuokj.k dj i;kZoj.k dks LoPN j[krk gS lkFk gh tSfod [kkn Hkh
miyC/k djkrk gSA bl rjg ;g i;kZoj.k ,oa ^^d`f"k&fe=** ds :i esa mi;ksxh gSA
4- moZjd (Fertilizers) %
Hkwfe esa dqN fo'ks"k iks"kd rRoksa tSls ukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl rFkk iksVSf'k;e dh iwfrZ gsrq
fdlku jklk;fud inkFkksZa dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] bUgsa moZjd dgrs gSaA
1- ukbVªkstuh moZjd (Nitrogenous fertilizers) % ;s ikS/kksa dks ukbVªkstu rRo dh iwfrZ
djrs gSaA ;wfj;k] veksfu;e lYQsV] veksfu;e ukbVªsV vkfn izeq[k ukbVªkstuh moZjd gSaA
;s ifÙk;ksa okyh Qlyas tSls iÙkkxksHkh] ikyd vkfn ds fy, vko';d gksrk gS buds
mi;ksx ls ikS/kksa esa rsth ls o`f) gksrh gSA
2- QkWLQsVh moZjd (Phosphatic fertilizers) % buls ikS/kksa dks QkLQksjl rRo dh iwfrZ
gksrh gSA buds mi;ksx ls tMsa+ rFkk rus etcwr gksrs gSaA ;g nygu ds fy, vko';d gksrk gSA
dSfY'k;e lqij QkWLQsV bl oxZ ds moZjd gaSA
3- iksVSf'k;eh moZjd (Potassium fertilizer) % ;s ikS/ks dks iksVSf'k;e rRo dh iwfrZ djus
okys moZjd gSaA ;s dan okyh Qlyksa ds fy, ykHknk;d gksrs gSaA iksVSf'k;e lYQsV] iksVSf'k;e
DyksjkbM izeq[k iksVSf'k;e moZjd gSaA
Qlyksa esa [kkn ,oa moZjd nsus ds fy, fofHkUu fof/k;k¡ viukbZ tkrh gSa tSls [ksrksa esa
fc[ksjdj] ikS/ks ds pkjksa vksj cus dqaM esa Mkydj] moZjdksa dks ikuh esa ?kksydj fNM+dko ;a= }kjk
fNM+dko dj vFkok flapkbZ ds fy, cukbZ xbZ

ukfy;ksa ds eqgkus ij moZjdkas dks j[k fn;k tkrk
gS ftlls og izokfgr ty esa ?kqydj ikS/kksa rd
igq¡p tkrs gSaA
moZjdksa ds leqfpr iz;ksx ls iSnkokj esa c<+krs jh
rks gksrh gS fdUrq buds vR;f/kd iz;ksx ls ;s
jlk;u flapkbZ ,oa o"kkZ ds ty }kjk cgdj
ufn;ksa ,oa rkykcksa ds ty esa feydj mUgsa
iznwf"kr djrs gSa vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd larqyu dks fp= 13-5 moZjdksa dk fNM+dko (Spraying of fertilizers)
fcxkM+rs gSaA
vius vkl&ikl ds mu rkykcksa vFkok iks[kjksa dk voyksdu djsa tgk¡ eNyh ikyu
fd;k tk jgk gks vkSj eNfy;ksa dks pkjk miyC/k djkus ds fy, rkykc ds ikuh esa moZjd
vFkok [kkn Mkyh tkrh gksA buds izHkko ls ikuh esa 'kSokyksa ¼dkbZ½ rFkk vU; tyh; ikS/kksa
dh la[;k esa cgqr vf/kd o`f) gks tkrh gS vkSj rkykc dk iwjk ikuh gjk&gjk fn[kkbZ nsus
yxrk gSA dqN le; ckn rkykc ls nqxaZ/k vkus yxrh gSA vius f'k{kd ls ppkZ djs]a ,slk D;ksa
gksrk gSA
'kSokyksa dh cgqr vf/kd o`f) ds dkj.k gksus okys ifjorZuksa ls ikuh esa ?kqyh vkWDlhtu
dh ek=k de gks tkrh gSA blls ty esa jgus okys vU; thoksa dks 'olu ds fy, i;kZIr
vkWDlhtu ugha fey ikrh QyLo:i mudh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA bl n'kk dks ;wVªksfQds'ku
¼lqiksf"krk½ dgrs gSaA
dqN ,sls lw{e tho gksrs gSa tks ok;qeaMyh; ukbVªkstu dk ;kSfxdhdj.k dj Hkwfe dh
moZjrk dks c<+krs gSaA D;k vki muds uke rFkk jgus ds LFkkuksa ds ckjs esa crk ldrs gSa\
/kku dh [kM+h Qly esa fdlku tc ikuh Hkjdj j[k nsrk gS rks blesa gjh&gjh dkbZ cgqr
vf/kd ek=k esa mRiUu gks tkrh gS] ;s uhys gjs 'kSoky gSaA ;s Hkh ok;qeaMyh; ukbVªkstu dk
fLFkjhdj.k dj Hkwfe esa ukbVªkstu dh miyC/krk c<+krs gSaA fdlku lw{e thok.kqvksa rFkk uhys gjs
'kSokyksa dk iz;ksx tSo moZjd ds :i esa Qlyksa dh mit c<+kus ds fy, djrs gSaA
QlypØ (Crop rotation)
,d gh Qly dks ckj&ckj cksus ls Hkwfe dh mitkÅ 'kfDr de gks tkrh gSA Hkwfe ds
mitkÅiu dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, Qlyksa dks vny&cny dj cks;k tkrk gSA izk;% vukt
dh Qlyksa ds ckn nygu dh Qlysa cksbZ tkrh gSa ftlls feêh esa ukbVªkt
s u rRo dh miyC/krk cuh
jgrh gSA
varoZrhZ; Qlysa % ,d gh le; esa ,d gh LFkku ij ,d ls vf/kd Qlyksa dk cksuk
fefJr Qly dgykrk gSA tc fofHkUu Qlyksa dks vyx&vyx drkjksa esa ¼,d ds ckn
nwljh½ cksrs tk,a rks bls varoZrhZ; Qlysa dgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k& ¼1½ xsgw¡ puk ljlksa ¼2½ ewaxQyh lwjteq[kh
13-3-6 flapkbZ (Irrigation) &

Qlyksa ds fy, fuf'pr varjky ds ckn ty vkiwfrZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ikS/kksa dks
d`f=e :i ls ikuh dh vkiwfrZ djus dh fof/k dks flapkbZ dgrs gSaA flapkbZ ls izkIr ty }kjk
ikS/ks [kfut yo.kksa dk vo'kks"k.k] izdk'k la'ys"k.k rFkk vU; tSfod fØ;k,¡ lEié djrs gSaA
[ksrksa dh flapkbZ dh ek=k feêh ds izdkj rFkk mxkbZ xbZ Qlyksa ds fy, ikuh dh vko';drk
ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA [kjhQ dh Qlyksa dks ikuh dh vf/kd vko';drk gksrh gSA vkius ns[kk gksxk
fd /kku ds [ksrksa esa jksikbZ ds i'pkr~ Qly idus rd yxHkx iwjs le; ikuh Hkjk jgrk gS tcfd
jch Qlyksa dks ikuh dh yxkrkj ,oa T;knk ek=k esa vko';drk ugha gksrhA
flapkbZ ds lk/ku (Sources of irrigation) %
D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd ikuh ds eq[; lzksr D;k gSa \ o"kkZ ds }kjk gj le; [ksrksa dks
ikuh ugha fey ikrk gSA fdlku flapkbZ gsrq tyk'k;] ufn;ksa] rkykcksa rFkk Hkwfexr ty dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA ufn;ksa ij fufeZr tyk'k;ksa ls ugjksa }kjk cM+s Lrj ij flapkbZ dh tkrh gSA
NksVs Lrj ij rkykcks]a dqvksa vFkok uydwiksa ls flapkbZ dh tkrh gSA dqvksa ls f?kjuh] VsMk+ ¼<sdqyh½
rFkk jgV }kjk ikuh Åij [khapk tkrk gS vkSj mls NksVh&NksVh ukfy;ksa }kjk [ksrksa rd igq¡pk;k
¼d½ f?kjuh }kjk flapkbZ ¼[k½ uydwi }kjk flapkbZ ¼x½ jgV }kjk flapkbZ
(Irrigation by pulley) ( Irrigation by water pumps) (Irrigation by water wheel)
fp= 13-6 flapkbZ ds fofHkUu lk/ku (Different source of irrigation)
tkrk gS ¼fp= 13-6 ½A ikuh ds lzksr ls ikuh [khapus rFkk Åij p<+kus okyh e'khuksa ¼eksVjiai]
lceflZcy iai vkfn½ dk mi;ksx Hkh flapkbZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Qlyksa dh lgh le; ij rFkk mfpr ek=k esa flapkbZ djuk ykHknk;d gksrk gSA D;k
gksxk ;fn Qlyksa esa vfu;fer rFkk vuko';d flapkbZ dh tk, \ nksuksa gh n'kk esa Qly u"V
gks tk,xhA vko';drk ls vf/kd flapkbZ ls feêh esa ok;q dh deh gks tkrh gSA vf/kd le;
rd ikuh tek jgus rFkk feêh esa ok;q dk lapkj ugha gksus ls tM+ksa dks 'olu ds fy, vkWDlhtu
ugha fey ikrh gS ftlls tM+sa lM+us yxrh gSaA bl n'kk dks tykØkar dgrs gSaA
flapkbZ dh uohu rduhdsa (New techniques of irrigation)%
flapkbZ dh uohu rduhdksa ds iz;ksx ls ikuh dh cjcknh dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s
rduhdsa gSa&
fLaizdyj vFkok ckSNkjh QkSOokjk flapkbZ (Sprinkler or fountain method irrigation)%

bl i)fr esa [kM+h Qly ij d`f=e :i ls ikuh dh cjlkr dh tkrh gSA vf/kd ncko
ij ikbikas esa ikuh izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS tks ,d /kqjh ij ?kwe ldus okys cgqr ls fNnzksa ;qDr
VksaVh ls QkSOokjs ds :i esa ckgj fudyrk gS ¼fp= 13-6?k½A Å¡ph&uhph tehu vkSj tgk¡ flapkbZ
dh vU; fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ogk¡ flapkbZ ds fy, ;g fof/k mi;qDr gksrh gSA
fMªi vFkok Vid flapkbZ (Drip irrigation) %
bl i)fr esa ikuh lw{e fNnz rFkk fMªij ¼cawnksa ds :i esa ikuh NksM+us okyh VksaVh½ ;qDr
can ikbiksa esa nkc iai ¼dEizs'kj½ }kjk ikS/kksa rd lh/ks igq¡pk;k tkrk gS ¼fp= 13-6³½A bl i)fr
ls moZjdksa rFkk fofHkUu jklk;fud inkFkksaZ dh mfpr ek=k Hkh ikS/kksa rd lh/ks igqp
¡ k;h tk ldrh gSA
fMªi flapkbZ fof/k dk mi;ksx fdl izdkj dh Qly ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS \
fMªij
QkSOokjs ;qDr VksaVh (Dripper)
(Porous covers)
fMªij
(Dripper)
ikbi
(Pipe)
¼?k½ fLaizdyj }kjk (With sprinkler) ¼³½ fMªi ¼Vid½ flpkbZa (Drip irrigation)
fp= 13-6 flapkbZ ds fofHkUu lk/ku

1- chtksipkj fdls dgrs gSa] ;g D;ksa vko';d gS \
2- chtksa dks mfpr xgjkbZ esa cksuk D;ksa vko';d gS \
3- dEiksLV fdl rjg rS;kj dh tkrh gS \
4- dsapq, dks d`f"k fe= D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS \
5- moZjd fdls dgrs gSa \
6- Qly ds fy, flapkbZ D;ksa vko';d gS \
7- vk/kqfud flapkbZ i)fr;k¡ dkSu&dkSu lh gSa \
8- D;k ,d gh [ksr esa /kku rFkk ijoy dh [ksrh dh tk ldrh gS\ dkj.k lfgr
fy[ksaA
13-3-7 fuankbZ ,oa [kjirokj fu;a=.k (Weeding or weed control) %
[ksrksa esa eq[; Qly ds lkFk mx vk, vuko';d ikS/kksa dks [kjirokj vFkok cu&cwVk
dgrs gSaA
D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd [kjirokj dks Qly ls fudkyuk D;ksa vko';d gS \
[kjirokj Qly ds lkFk iks"kd rRoksa] ty] LFkku rFkk izdk'k ds fy, izfrLi/kkZ djrs gSaA
ftlls ikS/kksa dh o`f) de gks tkrh gS] QyLo:i Qly dh xq.koÙkk ,oa mRiknu izHkkfor gksrk
gSA dqN [kjirokj Qly dVkbZ esa O;o/kku mRiUu djrs gSa rks dqN i'kqvksa rFkk euq";ksa ds fy,
fo"kSys Hkh gksrs gSaA
[kjirokjksa dks Qly ls vyx djuk fuankbZ vFkok [kjirokj fu;a=.k dgykrk gSA
[kjhQ rFkk jch Qlyksa ds lkFk vyx&vyx izdkj ds [kjirokj mxrs gSAa ftuesa ls dqN fuEu
fyf[kr gSa&
[kjhQ Qly ds [kjirokj (Summer season crop weeds) % nwch] lk¡ok] dkWlh] eksFkk]
pkSykbZ] lkBh] ljdaMk vkfnA
jch Qly ds [kjirokj (Winter season crops weeds)% cFkqvk] taxyhtbZ] fgj.k[kqjh]
Hkkaxjk] ykynw/kh vkfnA
lkekU;r% [kjirokjksa dh
fuankbZ gkFkksa }kjk vFkok fofHkUu
;a = ks a tS l s QkoM+ k ¼dLlh½]
[kqjih¼Vªkosy½] ¼fp= 13-7½ gks]
gSjks dYVhosVj dh lgk;rk ls
dh tkrh gSA [kjirokjkas dks dqN ¼[k½ [kqjih
¼d½ QkoM+k
jlk;uksa }kjk Hkh u"V fd;k (Spade) (Trowels)
tkrk gS ftUgsa [kjirokjuk'kh fp= 13-7 [kjirokj fu;a=.k ds ;a= (Tools to control weeds)
dgk tkrk gSA izdf` r esa dqN ,sls
tho gksrs gSa tks [kjirokjksa dks u"V djrs gSaA tSls ukxQuh dh jksdFkke ,d fo'ks"k dhV }kjk
rFkk tyh; [kjirokjksa dk fu;a=.k ?kkl [kkus okyh eNyh }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA thoksa }kjk
[kjirokjksa dk fu;a=.k tSfod fu;a=.k dgykrk gSA
13-3-8 Qly laj{k.k (Crop protection) %
Qly ij vusd ckgjh 'kfDr;ksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSA D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd Qlyksa
dks fduls uqdlku gks ldrk gS \ Qlyksa dks gkfu igq¡pkus okys tho&tarq] i{kh] dhM+s rFkk
chekjh mRiUu djus okys lw{e thoksa tSls& thok.kq] fo"kk.kq rFkk dodksa dks lfEefyr :i ls
ihM+d dgrs gSaA
vkb,] buls cpus ds mik;ksa dks tkuas (Come let us find some measures to control them) &
1- [ksrksa esa esM+ cukdj rFkk dVhys rkjksa ls ?ksjdj vkokjk rFkk taxyh i'kqvksa }kjk
Qly pjkbZ dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
2- if{k;ksa dks Hkxkus ds fy, dkd HkxksM+k ¼fctw[kk vFkok iqryk½ ¼fp= 13-8d½ [kM+k
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk <ksy ctk, tkrs gSaA
3- thok.kq] dod] dhV] pwgs] fxygjh vkfn ihM+dksa ls Qly dh lqj{kk ds fy,
jlk;uksa ¼thok.kquk'kh] doduk'kh] dhVuk'kh vkfn½ dk fNM+dko fd;k tkrk gS
¼fp= 13-8[k½A
4- ihM+dkas dk fouk'k dqN ijthfo;kas] ijHkf{k;ksa] thok.kqvksa rFkk dodksa }kjk Hkh
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fof/k tSfod fu;a=.k dgykrh gSA Vªkbdksxzsek uked ijthoh
¼d½ ¼[k½
¼[k½ dhVuk'kh nokvksa dk fNM+dko
fp= 13-8 ¼d½ dkd HkxkSM+k (Scare crow) (Spraying of insecticides)
xUuk] puk] eawxQyh esa jksx QSykus okys iraxksa rFkk muds ykoksZa dks u"V djrk
gSA ijHk{kh dksDlhusyk dhV ekgw dks u"V djrk gSA ijHk{kh if{k;ksa tSls& cxqyk]
cr[k rFkk lkjl dk tSfod dhV fu;a=.k esa cgqr egRo gSA ;s Qlyksa ds dhVksa
dks [kkdj mUgsa lekIr djrs gSaA
5- cksokbZ ls igys [ksr dh tqrkbZ vPNh rjg djuk pkfg,] rkfd feêh esa ncs
gkfudkjd dhVksa ds vaMs rFkk ykokZ vkfn /kwi yxus ls lekIr gks tk,¡A
6- Qlyksa dks dhM+ksa ls cpkus ds fy, fefJr Qly iz.kkyh ,d dkjxj mik; gSA
lkFk gh lgh Qly pØ viukus ls Hkh dhM+ksa dk izdksi de gks ldrk gSA
,d lykg (An advice)
ihM+duk'kh gekjs LokLF; ij lh/kk izHkko Mkyrs gSaA ;g jlk;u cgdj feêh ds vanj pys
tkrs gSa] ftUgsa ikS/kksa }kjk vo'kksf"kr dj fy;k tkrk gSA ;g ifÙk;ksa rFkk Qyksa dh lrg ij
Hkh te tkrs gSa vr% Qyksa ,oa lfCt;ksa dks [kkus ls igys vPNh rjg /kks ysuk pkfg,A
13-3-9-Qly dVkbZ ,oa xgkbZ (Crop harvesting and thresing) &
idus ds ckn Qly mRiknksa dks dkVuk Qly dVkbZ dgykrk gSA Qlyksa dks gkFkksa ls
g¡fl, vFkok njkarh }kjk dkVk tkrk gSA /kku rFkk xsagw¡ dh dVkbZ] dVkbZ ;a= ¼gkosZLVj½
}kjk dh tkrh gS ¼fp= 13-9½A Qyksa rFkk lfCt;ksa dks gkFkksa ls rksM+rs gSaA VªsDVj vFkok ikWoj
fVªyj pfyr dVkbZ ;a= jhilZ }kjk Hkh Qlyksa dh dVkbZ dh tkrh gSA
Qly dVkbZ ds i'pkr vukt ds nkuksa
dks vyx djuk xgkbZ vFkok e<+kbZ ¼Fkzsflax½
dgykrk gSA ikjEifjd :i ls ;g dk;Z csyu ¼d½ gafl;k ¼[k½ njkarh
vFkok nkou ¼nkSjh½ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ¼fp= (Sickle) (Scythe)
13-10d½ VªsDVj dk mi;ksx Hkh bl dk;Z esa

izpfyr gSA mUur d`"kd xgkbZ ds fy, Fkszlj dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA dackbu ,d ,slk d`f"k ;a= gS
ftlls dVkbZ ,oa xgkbZ nksuksa dk;Z fd, tkrs gS
¼fp= 13-10 [k½ A
xgkbZ ds i'pkr nkuksa dks Hkwls ls vyx
¼x½ gkosZLVj (Harvester)
djus dh fØ;k dks mM+kouh¼fouksfoax½ dgrs gaSA fp= 13-9
csyu (Rollers)
nkou (Suppression)
fp= 13-10 ¼d½ xgkbZ ds ikjaifjd rjhds (Traditional methods of threshing)
Fkzl
s j (Thresher) dackbu (Combine harvester)
p= 13-10 ¼[k½ xgkbZ ds vk/kqfud ;a= (New machines used for threshing)
13-3-10 HkaMkj.k (Storage) %

Qly dkVus rFkk xgkbZ ds ckn vukt ds nkuksa ;k vU; mRiknksa dks vf/kd ek=k esa
laxzfgr rFkk lqjf{kr j[kuk HkaMkj.k dgykrk gSA dVkbZ ls mi;ksx esa vkus rd vukt dk
yxHkx 10 izfr'kr Hkkx fofHkUu Lrjkas tSls <qykbZ] [kfygku izfØ;k] la/kkj.k rFkk HkaMkj.k
izfØ;k esa u"V gks tkrk gSA lgh HkaMkj.k ugha gksus ls Qly mRikn dk yxHkx 30 izfr'kr Hkkx
dhM+ksa] pwgksa] ueh vFkok chekfj;ksa ls u"V gks tkrk gSA fdlku rFkk O;kikjh vukt dks HkaMkjx`g]
xksnke ¼dksBh½] fcu¼/kkrq ls cuh dksBh½ vFkok lkbyks esa HkaMkfjr djrs gS ¼fp= 13-11½A jk"Vªh;
Lrj ij vukt dk HkaMkj.k dsUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkj ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe ¼F.C.I.¾
QwM dkiksZjs'ku vkWQ bafM;k½ ds HkaMkjx`gksa ¼os;jgkml½ esa fd;k tkrk gSA

vukt HkaMkj.k ds rjhds dk v/;;u djus ds fy, vius xk¡o@'kgj ds fdlku vFkok
'kgj esa O;kikjh ds xksnke vFkok [kk| fuxe ds HkaMkjx`g dk fujh{k.k vius f'k{kd ds lkFk
dhft,A izkIr voyksduksa dks fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa ds vk/kkj ij fyf[k,&
¼[k½ fcu (Bins) ¼x½ lkbyks (Cylos)

¼d½ xksnke (Godowns) fp= 13-11 fofHkUu izdkj ds HkaMkjx`g (Different types of storage)
1- HkaMkjx`g ds izdkj % dejk@xksnke@dksBh@lkbyks

2- HkaMkj.k ds iwoZ nhokjksa dh pwus ls iqrkbZ dh xbZ gS rFkk dhVuk'kh dk fNM+dko
fd;k x;k gS % gk¡@ugha
3- fNM+dko fd, x, dhVuk'kh dk uke % &&&&&&
4- HkaMkj.k ds fy, vukt esa mi;qDr ueh gS ¼vukt ds nkuksa dks nk¡rksa ls dkVdj
nsf[k,A ;fn dê dh vkokt vk, rks bls HkaMkj.k ds mi;qDr ekuk tk,xk½ %
gk¡@ugha
5- vukt dks fdlesa j[kk x;k gS % cksjs esa Hkjdj ;k ,sls gh Q'kZ ij &&&&&&
6- D;k cksjksa dks dhVuk'kh ls mipkfjr fd;k x;k gS vFkok Q'kZ dks yhik x;k gS%
&&&&&&
7- D;k cksjksa dks nhokj ls gVkdj ydM+h ds r[rksa ds Åij j[kk x;k gS % gk¡@ugha
8- dejs@xksnke esa gok rFkk izdk'k dh mfpr O;oLFkk gS % gk¡@ugha
9- xksnke dh Nr vFkok nhokjksa ij edfM+;k¡ vFkok dhV gS % gk¡@ugha
10- D;k vukt dh lqj{kk ds fy, iz/kwedkas ¼ok"i'khy dhVuk'kd jlk;u½ dk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k gS % gk¡@ugha
11- iz/kwed ds uke % &&&&&&&&&&
12- vU; dksbZ fVIif.k;k¡
dksYM LVksjst vFkok 'khr HkaMkjx`g (Cold storage) %
Qyksa] lfCt;ksa rFkk vkyw] I;kt] yglqu] vnjd ,oa vU; ekaly rFkk 'kh?kz xyus okys
Qly mRiknksa dks vf/kd fnuksa rd lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, dksYM LVksjst vFkok 'khr HkaMkj x`g
esa HkaMkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA dksYMLVksjst dk de rkiØe mRikn rFkk lw{e thoksa dh tSfod
fØ;kvksa dks ean ;k lekIr dj mRikn dks lM+us&xyus ls cpkrk gSA

1- xfeZ;ksa esa Qy rFkk lfCt;k¡ tYnh lM+us yx tkrh gaS vkSj BaM esa vf/kd le;
rd rkth jgrh gaSA D;ksa \
2- [kjirokj fdls dgrs gSa \ [kjirokj fu;a=.k D;ksa vko';d gS \
3- ihM+dksa ls Qly dh lqj{kk dSls dh tk ldrh gS \

4- dackbu ;a= ds D;k dk;Z gSa \
5- Qly mRikn dk HkaMkj.k fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gS \
e'k:e dh [ksrh vFkok e'k:e dYpj (Mushroom cultivation and mushroom culture)%
cjlkr ds fnuksa esa vkius tehu] ydM+h rFkk iSjk vkfn ij lQsn&Hkwjh NksVh&NksVh
Nrfj;ksa ds leku jpuk,¡ ns[kh gkasxh ;s e'k:e gSaA vyx&vyx LFkkuksa esa bUgsa vyx&vyx
ukeksa tSls QqVq] [kqEch] f<axjh vkfn ls tkuk tkrk gSA e'k:e ,d dod gS ftlesa izksVhu]
foVkfeu ch dkWEiysDl] foVkfeu lh] [kfut yo.k rFkk js'ks izpqj ek=k esa gksrs gSaA blhfy,
bUgsa fo'o esa [kk| inkFkksZa dh Js.kh esa ,d fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr gSA
e'k:e dks xsgw¡ dk Hkwlk] iSjk&dqêh ;k vU; ek/;e esa e'k:e ds LikWu ¼cht½
feykdj cuk;k tkrk gSA O;kolkf;d :i ls gekjs ns'k esa e'k:e ds nks eq[; fdLeksa dh [ksrh
dh tkrh gS& f<axjh e'k:e ,oa lQsn cVu ;k vks,LVj e'k:eA
xsgw¡ ds Hkwls vFkok iSjk dqêh ftls ek/;e dgrs gaS] dks ikuh esa 14&20 ?kaVs fHkxksus ds
i'pkr nks ?kaVs rd mckyrs gSa vFkok doduk'kh ,oa thok.kquk'kh }kjk mipkfjr djrs gSaA
ikuh dks fuFkkj dj ek/;e esa e'k:e ds LikWu feykdj ikWyhFkhu dh FkSfy;ksa ftuesa
NksVs&NksVs Nsn dj fn, x, gksa esa Hkj nsrs gSaA bls ,d dejs esa ftldk rkieku 200 ls 250
lsaVhxzsV gks j[k nsrs gSaA nks&rhu lIrkg esa iwjk ek/;e lQsn nwf/k;k jax ds fiUM esa cny
tkrk gSA bl voLFkk esa ikWyhFkhu dks vyx dj ysrs gSa vkSj fiUM dks lqryh dh lgk;rk ls
yVdk nsrs gSaA 2&3 fnuksa esa blls NksVh&NksVh xksy nkus ds leku jpuk,a fudy vkrh gSa tks
5&7 fnuksa esa iw.kZ Nrjh ds :i esa fodflr gks tkrh gSa& ftUgsa rksM+ fy;k tkrk gSA ;gh
e'k:e gSA
e'k:e dh dbZ iztkfr;k¡ fo"kSyh gksrh gSa vr% budh [kkus ;ksX; iztkfr;ksa dks vius
f'k{kdksa vFkok tkudkj O;fDr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls igpku dj gh bls mi;ksx esa ykuk pkfg,A
13-4 Qly leqUufr (Crop improvement) &
flapkbZ] [kkn] moZjd rFkk mUur d`f"k i)fr;k¡ viukdj [kk|kUuksa dk mRiknu c<+k;k
tk ldrk gSA mRiknu c<+kus dk nwljk mik; mUur fdLeksa dk fodkl ,oa mi;ksx djuk gSA
blh iz.kkyh dks fdLeksa dk lq/kkj vFkok Qly leqUufr dgk tkrk gSA
13-5 tarqvksa ls izkIr gksus okys [kk| inkFkZ (Food products obtained from animals)%
euq"; vius Hkkstu laca/kh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ Qlyksa ds vfrfjDr
fofHkUu i'kqvksa rFkk tarqvksa ls djrs gSaA 'kjhj dh o`f) ds fy, izksVhu
vko';d gS tks gesa nkyksa ds vfrfjDr nw/k] vaMs rFkk ek¡l ls izkIr gksrh gSA
ge mu lHkh i'kqvks a dks ikyrs gS a ftuls gekjh Hkks t u
laca/kh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA oSKkfud rkSj&rjhdksa ls i'kqvksa dh
ns[kHkky ,oa ikyus dh fof/k dks i'kqikyu dgrs gSaA
vkb,] dqN tarv q ksa dks ikyus dh fof/k;ksa rFkk muls izkIr gksus okys mRiknksa ds
ckjs esa tkus&
a
13-5-1 nqX/k mRiknu (Milk Production) &
gekjs ns'k esa xk; rFkk HkSlksa dh la[;k lokZf/kd gSA ;s nw/k nsus okys ^nq/kk: i'kq* gSa ftUgsa
cMs+ Lrj ij Ms;jh QkeZ esa ikyk tkrk gSA d`f"k ls izkIr inkFkksZa esa pkoy ds ckn nw/k mRiknu
dk nwljk LFkku gSA HkSlksa ds vf/kd nqX/k mRiknd gksrs gq, Hkh xk; nqX/k mRiknu dk eq[; lzksr gSaA
nq/kk: i'kqvksa ds ikyu ds fy, muds mfpr iks"k.k] ns[kHkky] laj{k.k ,oa iztuu dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA buds vkgkj esa ?kkl] lw[kk pkjk ¼iSjk] xsgw¡ dk Hkwlk½ rFkk gjk pkjk vkfn
'kkfey gSaA vkgkj dks vf/kd ikSf"Vd cukus ds fy, mlesa ljlksa rFkk dikl dh [kyh feyk;h
tkrh gSA i'kqvksa ds vPNs LokLF; ds fy, i;kZIr ek=k esa iks"kd vkgkj ds lkFk&lkFk
le;≤ ij i'kqvksa dh lQkbZ ,oa fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k Hkh vfuok;Z gSaA is; ty dh
miyC/krk rFkk i'kq&x`g dk LoPN ,oa goknkj gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA
ladj.k }kjk xk; rFkk HkSlksa dh mUur uLysa fodflr dh xbZ gSaA vf/kd nw/k nsus okyh
xk;ksa dh uLysa Ýsft;u&lkghoky] gksYlLVhu&Ýsft;u rFkk HkSl dh uLy eqjkZ gSaA
13-5-2 dqDdqV ikyu (Poultry farming) &
vaMs ,oe~ ekal izkfIr ds fy, eqxhZ] cr[k bR;kfn if{k;ksa dks ikyuk dqDdqV ikyu
dgykrk gSA eqfxZ;ksa dks ?kjksa rFkk dqDdqV QkeZ nksuksa txgksa esa ikyk tkrk gSA eqxhZ] v.Mksa dks
21 fnuksa rd lsrh gSA bls Å"ek;udky dgrs gSaA cM+s dqDdqV QkeZ esa vaMs lsus dk dk;Z fo'ks"k
midj.kksa Å"ekf;= ¼bUD;wcsVj½ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA buds }kjk v.Ms dks mi;qDr ueh rFkk
Å".krk izkIr gksrh gSA tks v.Ms esa Hkw.z k ds fodkl ,oe~ v.Mksa ls pwtksa ds ckgj vkus ¼LQqVu½ esa lgk;d
gksrh gSA
eqxhZikyd v.Mksa dks mi;qDr Å".krk iznku djus ds fy, dHkh&dHkh buds uhps iqvky
fcNk nsrs gSaA v.Mksa ij cSBh eqxhZ dks ^^czwMh eqxhZ** dgrs gaSA lkroas rFkk ukSosa fnu v.Mksa dh tk¡p
dj vfu"ksfpr v.Ms vyx dj fn, tkrs gSaA 'khrdky esa fnu dh vof/k ds NksVs gksus] ok;q esa
ueh ds vf/kd gksus rFkk i;kZIr ek=k esa Hkkstu ugha fey ikus ls v.Ms dk mRiknu ?kV tkrk gSA
v.Ms dk dop dSfY'k;e dkcksuZ Vs dk cuk jgrk gSA v.Ms ds e/; Hkkx dh ihyh lajpuk ;ksd
dgykrh gSA tks ikjn'khZ ,YC;qfeu ls f?kjh jgrh gSA ikjn'khZ Hkkx esa izkVs hu dh izpjq rk gksrh gSA
dqDdqV dks fn, tkus okys Hkkstu esa dhMs+&edksMs]+ ouLifr rFkk dadM+ jgrs gSAa ;s dadM+
mlds Hkkstu dks ihlus dk dk;Z djrs gaSA blds vkgkj esa pwuk&iRFkj Hkh feyk;k tkrk gS tks
vaMs ds dop fuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
dqDdqV QkeZ esa nM+cksa esa ok;q ds vkokxeu rFkk izdk'k dh mfpr O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA
if{k;ksa ds vif'k"Vksa dk mi;ksx [kkn ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
vf/kd v.Mksa dh izkfIr rFkk ekal ¼czk;yj½ ds fy, ladj.k rduhd }kjk dqDdqV dh
mUur uLyksa dk fodkl fd;k x;k gSA OgkbV ysxgkWuZ] jksMs vkbys.M jsM] ILS&82] B&77
dqN izeq[k uLyas gaSA
13-5-3 eRL; ikyu (Fish production) &
eNyh ufn;ksa rFkk leqnz ds rVh; {ks=ksa esa jgus okys tu leqnk; dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkstu
gSA ;g tarq izksVhu dk ,d izeq[k lzksr gSA dkWM rFkk 'kkdZ eNfy;ksa dk rsy foVkfeu D dk
lzksr gSA eNyh dk mi;ksx 'kq"d rFkk fMCck can vkgkj ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA eNfy;ksa
dk mi;ksx dqDdqV rFkk eosf'k;ksa ds vkgkj ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA eNyh ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa
iw¡N]ia[k rFkk gfM~M;ksa dk mi;ksx moZjd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
cMs+ Lrj ij eNyh ikyuk] eRL;ikyu dgykrk gSA eNyh QkeZ vFkok eRL; LQqVu
rkykc dks ulZjh dgk tkrk gSA bu rkykcksa esa LQqVu ds i'pkr NksVh eNfy;k¡ fodflr dh
tkrh gSaA ftUgsa lao/kZu gsrq cM+s rkykcksa esa Mky fn;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ muds fy, mfpr vkgkj] i;kZIr
vkWDlhtu rFkk izdk'k dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA le;≤ ij eNfy;k¡ buls ckgj fudkyh tkrh gSAa
ty lzksr ds vk/kkj ij rkykc] >hy] ugj ,oa unh dh eNfy;ksa dks vyo.kd ty
eNyh ¼mnkgj.k % dryk] yksfc;ks] jksgw½ rFkk lkxj] egklkxj dh eNfy;k¡ yo.kd ty
eNyh ¼mnkgj.k& Vwuk rFkk dkWM½ dgykrh gaSA iztuu rFkk ladj.k fof/k }kjk de le; esa
rhozrk ls o`f) djus okyh uLyksa dk fodkl fd;k x;k gSA
13-5-4 e/kqeD[kh ikyu (Bee keeping or Apiculture) &
e/kqeD[kh ,d dhV gS ftlls gesa 'kgn izkIr gksrk gSA 'kgn esa ty] 'kdZjk] [kfut ,oa
,Utkbe ik, tkrs gSaA 'kgn lqikP; gksrk gSA ;|fi [kkn~; ds :i esa bldk fu;fer mi;ksx
ugha fd;k tkrk fdUrq nok ds :i esa ;g vf/kd mi;ksxh gSA bldk mi;ksx [kk¡lh tSls lkekU;
jksxksa esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vf/kd 'kgn izkIr djus ds fy, e/kqefD[k;ksa dks fo'ks"k cDlksa esa
ikyk tkrk gSA d`f=e :i ls e/kqefD[k;ksa ds ikyus dh fof/k dks e/kqeD[kh ikyu dgrs gSAa
e/kqefD[k;k¡ izk;% ouksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;s Å¡ps o`{kksa ;k bekjrksa ij viuk ?kj cukrh gSa
ftls ^NÙkk* dgrs gSAa e/kqeD[kh ikyu gsrq cuk, x, fo'ks"k cDls buds fy, NÙkksa dk dk;Z djrs
gSaA bu cDlksa esa gh budh lkjh xfrfof/k;k¡ lEié gksrh gSaA jkuh eD[kh }kjk vaMs nsuk] vaMs ls
ykokZ fQj I;wik dk cuuk rFkk Jfed eD[kh }kjk budh ns[kHkky ds vykok Qwyksa dk ijkx
pwl dj mls e/kq ¼'kgn½ esa ifjofrZr djuk vkfn xfrfof/k;k¡ laiUu gksus ds ckn e'khuksa }kjk
vFkok gkFkksa ls 'kgn fudkyus dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA izkIr 'kgn dks lkQ dj ok;qjks/kh
cksryksa esa laxzfgr djrs gSaA e/kqeD[kh ikyu ls 'kgn ds lkFk&lkFk ekse Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
geus lh[kk (WE HAVE LEARNT)
ekuo mi;ksxh Qlyksa rFkk i'kqvksa ds vf/kd ek=k esa mRiknu ,oa izca/ku ds
rduhdh Kku dks d`f"k foKku dgrs gSaA
fofHkUu ekSle esa mit izkfIr ds vk/kkj ij Qlysa rhu izdkj dh gksrh gaS] [kjhQ]
jch ,oa tk;nA
[ksrh ds fy, dh tkus okyh vko';d rS;kfj;k¡ rFkk fØ;kdyki d`f"k i)fr;k¡
dgykrh gSa blds fuEufyf[kr izØe gSa&
Hkwfe dk p;u
Hkwfe dh rS;kjh ¼tqrkbZ½
chtksa dk p;u ,oa chtksipkj
chtksa dh cksokbZ
[kkn nsuk
flapkbZ
fuankbZ ,oa [kjirokj fu;a=.k
Qly laj{k.k
Qly dVkbZ ,oa xgkbZ
HkaMkj.k
,d gh tkfr ds fHkUu&fHkUu xq.kksa okys ikS/kksa vFkok tUrqvksa esa d`f=e fof/k ls
fu"kspu djkuk ladj.k dgykrk gSA
ikS/kksa esa iks"kd rRoksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, Hkwfe esa dkcZfud [kkn ,oa moZjd feyk, tkrs gSAa
Qlyksa ds lkFk mxs vokafNr ikS/ks [kjirokj dgykrs gSaA
Qlyksa dks gkfu igq¡pkus okys tho&tarqvksa dks ihM+d dgrs gSaA
fofHkUu izdkj ds Qlyksa dks vny&cny dj cksus dh fØ;k dks Qly pØ dgrs gSAa
cMs+ Lrj ij Qly mRiknksa dks lqjf{kr j[kuk HkaMkj.k dgykrk gSA
nw/k izkfIr gsrq xk;] HkSal ikys tkrs gSaA
vaMs] ekal izkIr djus ds fy, eqfxZ;ksa rFkk eNfy;ksa dks ikyk tkrk gSA
'kgn izkfIr gsrq e/kqefD[k;ksa dks d`f=e :i ls ikyk tkuk e/kqeD[kh ikyu dgykrk gSA
vH;kl ds iz'u (Choose the correct alternative)-
1- Å"ekf;= ;a= dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS&
¼d½ nq/kk: i'kq ikyu esa ¼[k½ eRL; ikyu esa
¼x½ dqDdqV ikyu esa ¼?k½ e/kqeD[kh ikyu esa
2- ladj.k rduhd gS&
¼d½ Qlyksa dks dhVukf'k;ksa ls lqjf{kr j[kukA
¼[k½ d`f=e fu"kspu }kjk okafNr xq.kksa okys cht izkIr djukA
¼x½ flapkbZ dh uohure rduhdA
¼?k½ T;knk la[;k esa vaMs izkIr djuk
3- i'kqvksa ds eyew= rFkk isM+&ikS/kksa ds vi?kVu ls izkIr dkcZfud inkFkZ
dgykrs gSa&
¼d½ moZjd ¼[k½ [kkn ¼x½ gjh [kkn ¼?k½ tSo moZjd
4 fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lh fof/k Hkwfe dh moZjrk cuk, j[kus dh fof/k
ugha gS&
¼d½ Qly pØ.k ¼[k½ fefJr Qly iz.kkyh
¼x½ fuankbZ ¼?k½ Hkwfe dks dqN le; ds fy, ijrh NksM+ nsukA
5 fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl e'khu dk mi;ksx Qly dVkbZ ,oa xgkbZ nksuksa
dk;ksZa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS&
¼d½ Fkzslj ¼[k½ VªsDVj
¼x½ dackbu ¼?k½ gSjks
2- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)&
1- d`f=e :i ls rS;kj dh tkus okyh [kkn dks &&&&&&&& dgrs gSaA
2- Hkwfe dks lery cukus dk dk;Z &&&&&&&& ;a= ls fd;k tkrk gSA
3- vukt ds nkuksa dks Hkwls ls vyx djus dh fØ;k dks &&&&&&&&
dgrs gSaA
4- nq/kk: i'kqvksa ds vkgkj dks vf/kd ikSf"Vd cukus ds fy, mlesa &&&&&&&
rFkk &&&&&&&& dh [kyh feyk;h tkrh gSA
5- 'kgn izkIr djus ds fy, &&&&&&& dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA
3- fuEufyf[kr dFku lgh gaS ;k xyr igpkudj lgh dj fy[ksa &
1- jch Qlyksa dh rqyuk esa [kjhQ Qlyksa dks T;knk ikuh dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA
2- ihM+duk'kh ,oa [kjirokjuk'kh euq";ksa ds fy, uqdlkuns; ugha gSaA
3- dsapqvksa ls Qlyksa dks uqdlku gksrk gSA

4- xsgw¡ gekjs izns'k dh izeq[k [kjhQ Qly gSA
5- e'k:e esa dkcksZgkbMªsV ,oa olk dh vf/kdrk gksrh gSA
4- fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, (Write short notes on) &
¼1½ nqX/k mRiknu ¼2½ eRL; ikyu ¼3½ e/kqeD[kh ikyu
¼4½ dqDdqV ikyu ¼5½ dsapqvk [kkn ¼6½ e'k:e dYpj
¼7½ moZjd ¼8½ 'khr HkaMkj x`g
5- fuEufyf[kr df̀"k ;a=ksa ds fp= cukb, (Draw sketches of the following farming tools)
¼1½ ikjaifjd gy ¼2½ ljy cht cs/kd ¼3½ gSjks
6- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj fyf[k, (Answer the following questions) &
1- d`f"k foKku ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
2- vkidks viuh 'kkyk dh ckxokuh esa pus dh Qly izkIr djuh gSA blds
fy, vki dkSu&dkSu lh d`f"k fØ;k,¡ djsaxs\ mu fØ;kvksa ds ukeksa dks
Øe'k% fyf[k,A
3- cksokbZ dh NjgVk fof/k ,oa cht cs/ku fof/k esa ls vki fdls vPNk ekurs
gSa vkSj D;ksa \
4- lkekU; chtksa dh rqyuk esa ladfjr cht D;ksa mÙke ekus tkrs gSa \
5- jksi.k fof/k ls cksbZ tkus okyh Qlyksa ds uke fyf[k,A
6- flapkbZ dh fdUgha nks uohu rduhdksa ds lac/a k esa laf{kIr tkudkjh fyf[k,A
7- e'k:e dks fdu dkj.kksa ls [kk| inkFkksZa dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gS \
8- Qly leqUufr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \
9- Qly pØ ls Hkwfe dh mojZrk dks fdl izdkj cuk, j[kk tk ldrk gS \
bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THIS)&
1- vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk fdlh [ksr ij tk,a rFkk fdlku ls ppkZ dj Qly
mRiknu ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr dj viuh dkWih esa fy[ksaA
2- dkf;d tuu djus okys ikS/ks&tSls xUuk] vkyw] 'kdjdan] gYnh] vnjd rFkk yglqu
vkfn dh cksokbZ fdl rjg dh tkrh gS \ vius vkl&ikl ds [ksrks]a lCth&ckM+h vFkok
d`f"k&QkeZ dk Hkze.k dhft, vkSj bUgsa cksus dh fof/k dh tkudkjh izkIr dj viuh
dkWih esa fyf[k,A
3- vkids 'kgj vFkok xk¡o esa ;k mlds lehi dkSu lh unh cgrh gS\ D;k mlds ikuh
dk mi;ksx flapkbZ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks mu mik;ksa vFkok lk/kuksa
dks fyf[k, ftuds }kjk unh ds ikuh dks [ksrksa rd yk;k tkrk gSA
14 ?k"kZ.k (FRICTION)
14-1
xkfM+;ksa dh xfr dks /khek djus ;k jksdus ds fy, vkius okgu pkyd dks czsd yxkrs
ns[kk gSA vki Hkh czsd yxkdj lk;fdy dh xfr dkss /khek djrs gSaA D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS
fd czsd yxkus ls okgu dh xfr /kheh D;ksa gks tkrh gS\ dsoy okgu gh ugha] dksbZ Hkh oLrq tks
fdlh vU; oLrq dh i`"B ij xfr dj jgh gksrh gS] ml ij cká cy u Hkh yxk;k tk, rc Hkh
/khjs&/khjs mldh xfr /kheh gks tkrh gS rFkk dqN le; ckn og #d tkrh gSA tSls Q'kZ ij
yq<+drh xsan dqN le; ckn #d tkrh gSA tc ge xhys o fpdus Q'kZ ij pyrs gSa] rks gesa
dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa bu lc ?kVukvksa ds ihNs D;k dkj.k gS\
14-1 ?k"kZ.k cy (Force of Friction)
fØ;kdyki 1 &
vko';d lkexz h &es t ]
iqLrd vkfnA
es t ij j[kh fdlh
iqLrd dks /khjs ls /kdsfy;sA
vki ns[ksaxs fd og dqN nwj pydj #d tkrh gSA
vc foijhr fn'kk ls iqLrd ij cy yxkb, ¼fp=
&14-1½A D;k bl ckj Hkh iqLrd #d tkrh gS\
D;k iqLrd dh xfr dks jksdus ds fy, ml ij
dksbZ cy yx jgk gS\ og cy tks xfr ds fy,
yxk, x, cy dk fojks/k djrk gS ?k"kZ.k cy
dgykrk gSA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gaS fd ;fn cy nkbaZ
fn'kk esa yxk;k tk, rks ?k"kZ.k ckbZa fn'kk esa
dk;Z djrk gS rFkk ;fn cy ckbZa fn'kk esa yxk;k
tk, rks ?k"kZ.k nkbaZ fn'kk esa dk;Z djrk gSA nksuksa
gh fLFkfr;ksa esa ?k"kZ.k iqLrd dh xfr dk fojks/
k djrk gSA vr% ?k"kZ.k cy lnSo gh yxk, x;s
fp= &14-1 iqLrd rFkk est
cy dk fojks/k djrk gSA mijksDr fØ;kdyki esa
ds i`"Bksa dh lkis{k fLFkfr dk
?k"kZ.k cy iqLrd rFkk est ds i`"Bksa ds e/; dk;Z
?k"kZ.k }kjk fojks/k
149 ?k"kZ.k
djrk gSA
lksfp,] fd D;k ?k"kZ.k cy fpduh rFkk [kqjnjh lHkh lrgksa ij leku yxrk gS ;k blesa
fHkUurk gksrh gS\
14-1-1 D;k ?k"kZ.k cy laidZ cy gS\ (Is Frictional Force a Contact Force?)
fØ;kdyki 1 esa tc ge iqLrd dks /kdsyrs gSa rks gekjs 'kjhj dh ekalisf'k;ksa }kjk cy
yxk;k tkrk gS ;g cy is'kh; cy dgykrk gSA is'kh; cy rHkh yxk;k tk ldrk gS tc
isf'k;k¡ fdlh oLrq ds laidZ esa gksaA blfy, bls laidZ cy Hkh dgrs gSaA blh rjg iqLrd rFkk
est ds i`"Bksa ds e/; yxk ?k"kZ.k cy Hkh laidZ cy gSA
dqN cy vlaidZ cy Hkh gksrs gSa tSls fdlh pqEcd }kjk yksgs ds VqdM+s ij yxk;k x;k
pqEcdh; cy] ,d vkosf'kr oLrq }kjk fdlh nwljh vkosf'kr vFkok vukosf'kr oLrq ij yxk;k
x;k fLFkj fo|qr cy rFkk i`Foh ds }kjk oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tkus okyk vkd"kZ.k cy ¼xq#Ro
cy½A ;s lHkh cy vlaidZ cy gSa D;ksafd ;gk¡ laidZ esa vk, fcuk gh cy yxrk gSA
14-2 ?k"kZ.k dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors Affecting Friction)
vkb,] bls le>us ds fy, ,d fdz;kdyki djsa&

vko';d lkexzh& ydM+h dk ifV;k] bZaV] isafly lsy] diM+k] jsrA

fdlh fpdus Q'kZ vFkok fdlh est ij bZaV vFkok iqLrdksa ds lgkjs ydM+h dk ifV;k
j[k dj ,d vkur ry cukb,A vkur ry ds fdlh fcUnq A ij isu ls dksbZ fpUg vafdr
dhft,A vc fdlh isafly lsy dks bl fcUnq ls uhps yq<+dus nhft, ¼fp= 14-2 d½A #dus ls
iwoZ ;g est ij fdruh nwjh r; djrk gS bl nwjh dks uksV dhft,A vc est ij dksbZ diM+k fcNk
nhft,A ;g lqfuf'pr dhft, fd diM+s esa flyoV u gks vc isafly lsy dks iqu% fcanq A ls
uhps yq<+dkb, ¼fp= 14-2 [k½A
A A
d [k
fp= & 14-2 d rFkk [k isafly lsy fofHkUu i`"Bksa ij fHkUu&fHkUu nwjh r; djrk gSA
vc est ij jsr dh iryh ijr fcNkdj bls iqu% nksgjkb,A leLr fØ;kdyki esa vkur
ry dk <yku leku jf[k,A
D;k izR;sd fLFkfr esa iafs ly lsy
}kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh leku gS\ fdl
fLFkfr esa iasfly lsy }kjk r; dh xbZ
nwjh lcls de gS\ lksfp,] isafly lsy
}kjk gj ckj r; dh xbZ nwfj;k¡
vyx&vyx D;ksa gaS\
isafly lsy }kjk pyh xbZ nwjh
fp= 14-3 i`"Bh; vfu;ferrk,¡ (Surface Irregularities)
ml i`"B dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrh gS
ftl ij og pyrk gSA isafly lsy ds i`"B dk fpdukiu Hkh pyh xbZ nwjh dks izHkkfor djrk
gSA blds fy, vki isafly lsy ds i`"B ij jsreky isij yisVdj Hkh yq<+dkdj ns[k ldrs gSaA
?k"kZ.k laidZ esa vkus okys nks i`"Bksa dh vfu;ferrkvksa ds dkj.k gksrk gSA nksuksa i`"Bksa dh
vfu;ferrk,¡ ,d&nwljs ds Hkhrj /k¡l tkrh gaAS tc ge ,d i`"B ij nwljs i`"B dks xfr djkus dk
iz;kl djrs gS]a rks gesa bl var%ca/ku ij ikj ikus ds fy, dqN cy yxkuk iM+rk gSA [kqjnqjs rFkk
fpdus nksuksa izdkj ds i`"Bksa ij lw{e vfu;ferrk,¡ gksrh gSAa ,sls i`"B tks ns[kus esa cgqr fpdus yxrs
ga]S muesa Hkh cgqr lkjh lw{e vfu;ferrk,¡ gksrh gSa ¼fp= 14-3½ fdarq [kqjnqjs i`"B ij ;s
vfu;ferrk,¡ vf/kd gksrh gSAa vc vki le> x, gksx a s fd jsr ij isfa ly lsy lcls de nwjh rFkk
est ds fpdus ry ij lcls vf/kd nwjh D;ksa r; djrk gSA
ge tkurs gSa fd nks i`"Bksa ds chp vfu;ferrkvksa ds var% ca/ku ds dkj.k ?k"kZ.k gksrk gSA
;fn i`"Bksa dks cyiwoZd nck;k tkrk gS rks ?k"kZ.k esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA bldk vuqHko tc fdlh
pVkbZ ij dksbZ O;fDr ugha cSBk gks rc [khapdj rFkk tc dksbZ O;fDr ml ij cSBk gks rc
[khapdj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lksfp,] fdlh Hkkjh ckWDl dks fojke voLFkk ls xfr'khy djuk vklku gksxk ;k fdlh
xfr'khy Hkkjh ckWDl dks mlh fn'kk esa ljdkuk\
fdlh #dh gqbZ oLrq dks fojke ¼LFkSfrd½ ls xfr izkjaHk djus dh fLFkfr esa ykus ds fy,
?k"kZ.k ij ikj ikus ds fy, oLrq ij yxk;k tkus okyk cy LFkSfrd ?k"kZ.k dh eki gksrh gSA
blds foijhr fdlh xfr'khy oLrq dks mlh pky ls xfr'khy j[kus ds fy, vko';d cy mlds
LkihZ ?k"kZ.k dh eki gksrh gSA
tc dksbZ ckWDl ljdus yxrk gS rc mlds i`"B ds lEidZ fcUnqvksa dks mruk le; ugha
fey ikrk gS fd os Q'kZ ds lEidZ fcanqvksa ij /k¡l ldsa vr% lihZ ?k"kZ.k] LFkSfrd ?k"kZ.k ls dqN
de gksrk gSA blhfy, fdlh Hkkjh ckWDl dks fojke voLFkk ls xfr'khy djuk dfBu rFkk fdlh
151 ?k"kZ.k
xfr'khy Hkkjh ckWDl dks mlh fn'kk esa ljdkuk ljy gksrk gSA
1- dsys ds fNyds ij iSj iM+us ls ge fQly D;ksa tkrs gSa\
2- f[kykM+h dhynkj twrs D;ksa igurs gSa\ le>kb,A
3- vCnqy dks gYdk ckWDl /kdsyuk gS vkSj jek dks mlh Q'kZ ij Hkkjh ckWDl dks /kdsyuk
gSA dkSu vf/kd ?k"kZ.k cy dk vuqHko djsxk vkSj D;ksa\
4- laidZ vkSj vlaidZ cy dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
14-3 ?k"kZ.k% gkfudkjd fdarq vko';d (Friction a Necessary Evil)
lksfp,] fd dk¡p ds fxykl ;k dqYgM+ esa ls fdls idM+s j[kuk vklku gS\ Li"V gS fd
dk¡p dk fxykl fpduk rFkk dqYgM+ [kqjnjk gksrk gS blfy, dk¡p dk fxykl fQlyrk gS ij
dqYgM+ ugha A vr% dk¡p ds fxykl dh rqyuk esa dqYgM+ dks idM+uk vklku gSA ;fn dk¡p ds
fxykl ij rsy yxk fn;k tk, rks mls idM+uk vklku gksxk ;k vkSj dfBu\
dYiuk dhft, fd ?k"kZ.k u gks rks D;k gksxk\ D;k okgu lM+d ij py ldsaxs\ ;fn
lM+d rFkk okgu ds Vk;jksa dh chp ?k"kZ.k ugha gks rks okguksa dh xfr vkjaHk ugha dh tk ldrh]
u gh mUgsa jksdk tk ldrk gS vkSj u gh mudh fn'kk ifjofrZr dh tk ldrh gSA
;fn ?k"kZ.k ugha gksrk rks D;k vki isu vFkok isafly ls dkWih ij fy[k ldrs\ ?k"kZ.k ds
gh dkj.k ge pkWd ls CySdcksMZ ij fy[k ikrs gSaA tc ge CySdcksMZ ij pkWd ls fy[krs gSa rks
CySdcksMZ dk [kqjnjk i`"B jxM+ }kjk pkWd ds dqN d.kksa dks vyx dj nsrk gS tkss CySdcksMZ ls
fpid tkrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj CySdcksMZ ij fy[kk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
;fn ?k"kZ.k ugha gksrk rks xfr'khy oLrq dHkh ugha #drhA ge nhokj esa dhy ugha
Bksd ikrs vFkok /kkxs esa xk¡B ugha ck¡/k ikrsA ?k"kZ.k ds fcuk bekjrksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh ugha
gks ldrk FkkA
blds foijhr ?k"kZ.k gkfudkjd Hkh gSA ?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k oLrq,¡ f?kl tkrh gSa tSls isap]
ckWy cs;jhax rFkk twrksa ds lksyA
D;k ?k"kZ.k ls Å"ek Hkh mRiUu gks ldrh gS\ bls le>us ds fy, dqN feuV rd viuh
gFksfy;ksa dks rsth ls ,d nwljs ds lkFk jxfM+,A D;k gFksfy;k¡ xeZ gqbZa\ vc vki tku x, gSa
fd ?k"kZ.k ls Å"ek Hkh mRiUu gks ldrh gSA tc vki ekfpl dh rhyh dks fdlh [kqjnqjs i`"B
ls jxM+rs gSa] rks ?k"kZ.k ls mRiUUk Å"ek ds dkj.k gh og vkx idM+ ysrh gSA
bl izdkj ,sls cgqr ls mnkgj.k gaS ftuesa ?k"kZ.k }kjk Å"ek mRiUu gksrh gSA okLro esa
tc ge fdlh e'khu dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rks ?k"kZ.k ls mRiUu Å"ek ds dkj.k vR;kf/kd ÅtkZ
u"V gks tkrh gSA
14-4 ?k"kZ.k dks c<+kus o ?kVkus ds rjhds (Methods of Increasing and Reducing friction)&
D;k vkius dHkh ;g lkspk fd vkids twrksa dk lksy [kk¡psnkj D;ksa gksrk gS\ [kk¡pksa ds
dkj.k twrksa dh Q'kZ ls idM+ curh gS ftlds dkj.k ge pyrs le; lqjf{kr jgrs gSaA blh
izdkj dkjksa] Vªdksa rFkk cqyMkstjksa ds Vk;j Hkh [kk¡psnkj gksrs gaS] ftlls mudh lM+d ls idM+
vPNh curh gSA

Lopkfyr okguksa rFkk lkbfdyksa dh czsd iz.kkfy;ksa esa czsd iSMksa dk mi;ksx dj ?k"kZ.k esa
o`f) dh tkrh gSA tc ge lkbfdy pykrs gSa rks mlds czsd iSM ifg, dks Li'kZ ugha djrs ijUrq
tc ge czsd yhoj dks nckrs gaS rc ;s iSM ?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k fje dh xfr jksd nsrs gaS vkSj ifg;k
xfr djuk can dj nsrk gSA
vki tkurs gSa fd dcM~Mh ds f[kykM+h izfr}Unh dks etcwrh ls idM+us ds fy, vius
gFksfy;ksa ij feÍh jxM+rs gaSA fteuSLV Hkh viuh vPNh idM+ cukus ds fy, gFksfy;ksa ij [kqjnqjk
;k :[kk inkFkZ yxkdj ?k"kZ.k esa o`f) dj ysrs gSaA
D;k lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ?k"kZ.k vko';d gS\ dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa ?k"kZ.k dh vko';drk ugha
gksrh gS vr% ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa gesa mls de djuk iM+rk gSA tSls&dSje cksMZ ij [ksyrs le;
eghu ikmMj fNM+ddj ?k"kZ.k de fd;k tkrk gSA vki tkurs gSa fd tc ge njoktksa ds dCtksa
esa rsy dh dqN cw¡nsa Mkyrs gaS] rks njoktk vklkuh ls ?kweus yxrk gSA lkbfdy rFkk eksVj ds
esdSfud e'khuksa ds xfr'khy Hkkxksa ds chp xzht ;k xzsQkbV dk mi;ksx djrs gaSA mijksDr lHkh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ge n{krk esa o`f) ds fy, ?k"kZ.k dks de djrs gaSA tc rsy] xzht vFkok xzsQkbV
dks fdlh e'khu ds xfr'khy iqtksZa ¼Hkkxksa½ ds chp yxkrs gaS rc ogk¡ budh ,d iryh ijr cu
tkrh gS ftlls xfr'khy i`"B lh/ks gh ,d nwljs dks jxM+ ugha ikrsA bl izdkj vfu;ferrkvksa
dk var%ca/ku dkQh lhek rd de gks tkrk gS ftlls xfr lgt cu tkrh gSA ?k"kZ.k de djus
okys inkFkksZa dks Lusgd dgrs gSaA dqN e'khuksa esa Lusgd ds :i esa rsy dk mi;ksx u djus dh
lykg nh tkrh gSA ;gk¡ ij ?k"kZ.k de djus ds fy, xfr'khy iqtksZa ds chp ok;q dh xÌh dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
?k"kZ.k dks iw.kZr% lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh lrg iw.kZr% fpduh ugha
gksrh] mlesa dqN vfu;ferrk,¡ vo'; gksrh gSaA
14-5 D;k ifg, ?k"kZ.k de dj nsrs gSa\ (Wheels Reduce Friction)
vki tkurs gSa fd vVSfp;ksa rFkk vU; Hkkjh lkekuksa ij ifg, ;k jksyj yxk, tkrs gSaA
vVSph dks [khapus ij jksyj yq<+drk gS jksyj dh bl xfr dks yksVfud xfr dgrs gSaA tc dksbZ
oLrq fdlh nwljh oLrq ds i`"B ij yq<+drh gS rc mldh xfr ds izfrjks/k dks yksVfud ?k"kZ.k
dgrs gSaA yksVu] lnSo ?k"kZ.k dks de dj nsrk gSA blfy, fcuk jksyj yxh vVSph dks [khapus
dh vis{kk jksyj yxh vVSph dks [khapus ij ?k"kZ.k de gks tkrk gS rFkk jksyj yxh vVSph
vklkuh ls ljdrh gSA
yksVfud ?k"kZ.k] lihZ ?k"kZ.k ls de gksrk gS blfy, Nr ds ia[kksa rFkk lkbfdy esa
/kqjh rFkk ukfHk ds chp ckWy cs;fjax dk mi;ksx dj lihZ ?k"kZ.k dks yksVfud ?k"kZ.k esa cnyk
tkrk gSA
14-6 rjy ?k"kZ.k (Fluid friction) &
vki tkurs gSa fd foKku esa xSlksa rFkk nzoksa dks rjy dgk tkrk gSA Okk;q] ty rFkk vU;
nzo vius esa ls gksdj xqtjus okyh oLrqvksa ij ?k"kZ.k cy yxkrs gSaA rjyksa }kjk yxk, x, ?k"kZ.k
cy dks d"kZ.k Hkh dgrs gaSA fdlh rjy ij yxus okyk ?k"kZ.k cy oLrq dh rjy ds lkis{k xfr]
153 ?k"kZ.k
oLrq dh vkd`fr rFkk rjy dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSsA

tc oLrq,¡ fdlh rjy esa xfr djrh gSa rks mUgsa mu ij yxs ?k"kZ.k cy ij ikj ikuk gksrk
gSA bl le; ÅtkZ dk {k; gksrk gSSA vr% ?k"kZ.k dks de ls de fd;k tkrk gSA blhfy, oLrqvksa
dks fo'ks"k vkdkj fn;k tkrk gSSA okguksa ds fMtk+bu Hkh bl izdkj cuk, tkrs gSa fd rjy ?k"kZ.k
de gks tk,] mnkgj.k uko rFkk tgktksa ds vkdkjA
14-7 HkwdEi% ,d Ikzkd`frd ifj?kVuk (Earthquake: A Natural Phenomenon)
vki tkurs gSa fd dqN ,slh izkd`frd ?kVuk,¡ i`Foh ij ?kfVr gksrh gSa ftuls viuk cpko
djuk cgqr dfBu gksrk gS] blfy, bUgsa izkd`frd vkink,¡ Hkh dgrs gSaA ,slh dqN izkd`frd
vkink,¡ ck<+ ;k lw[kk] rfM+r ;k fctyh fxjuk] HkwdEi vkuk] vkx yxuk] rwQku ,oa pØokr
vkfn gSaA ;s izkd`frd ?kVuk,¡ ekuo thou rFkk laifRr dk cM+s iSekus ij fouk'k dj ldrh gSaA
foKku ,oa rduhdh {ks= esa fujarj fd, tk jgs iz;klksa ds dkj.k dqN gn rd ge bu ?kVukvksa
dh Hkfo";ok.kh dj ldrs gSaA
vkb,] ,d izkd`frd vkink HkwdEi vkSj mlls gksus okyh gkfu;ksa dks de djus ;k blls
cpko ds rjhdksa ds ckjs esa tkuasA
i`Foh ij gj le; dgha u dgha HkwdEi vkrs jgrs gaS fdUrq cM+s HkwdEiksa dks gh eglwl fd;k
tkrk gSA ;s bekjrksa] iqyksa] cka/kksa rFkk yksxksa dks vlhe {kfr igq¡pk ldrs gSa] buds dkj.k cMs+
HkwL[kyu] lqukeh Hkh vk ldrs gaSA
HkwdEi] i`Foh dk dEiu ;k >Vdk gksrk gS tks i`Foh dh HkwiiZVh ds Hkhrj xgjkbZ esa gksus
okyh xM+cM+h ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA vki tkurs gSa fd i`Foh dh HkwiiZVh VqdM+ksa esa foHkkftr
gS ftUgsa IysV dgrs gSaA ;s IysVsa fujarj xfr djrh jgrh gSaA tc ;s ,d&nwljs ls jxM+ [kkrh
gSa ;k VDdj ds dkj.k ,d IysV nwljh IysV ds uhps pyh tkrh gS rc HkwiiVhZ esa fo{kksHk mRiUu
gksrk gS tks i`Foh dh lrg ij HkwdEi ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ¼fp= 14-4½A
Vdjkrh IysVsa jxM+rh IysVsa

(Colliding plates) (Brushing plates)
fp= 14-4 i`Foh dh IysVksa dh xfr;k¡¡ (Movements of Earth's plate)
Tokykeq[kh ds QVus] fdlh mYdk fiaM ds i`Foh ls Vdjkus ;k fdlh Hkwfexr ukfHkdh;
foLQksV ds dkj.k Hkh HkwdEi vk ldrs gaS fdUrq vf/kdka'k HkwdEi i`Foh dh IysVksa dh xfr;ksa ds
dkj.k vkrs gSaA
HkwdEi dh 'kfDr ds ifjek.k dks fjDVj iSekus ij O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA fjDVj iSekus ij
7 ls vf/kd ifjek.k okys HkwdEi vf/kd fouk'kdkjh gksrs gSaA vr% vko';d gS fd Hkouksa ds <k¡ps
ljy vkSj HkwdEijks/kh gksaA

HkwdEi vkus ij cpko dSls djsa (Protection against earthquakes)-
• ;fn vki ?kj esa gaS rks fdlh est ;k iyax ds uhps ysV tk,aA
• ,slh Å¡ph rFkk Hkkjh phtksa ls nwj jgsa tks vki ij fxj ldrh gaSA
• vki ;fn fcLrj ij gSa rks ysVs jgsa rFkk vius flj dk rfd, ds }kjk cpko djsaA
• ;fn vki ?kj ls ckgj gSa rks Hkouksa] o`{kksa] fo|qr ds rkjksa vkfn ls nwj fdlh [kqyh txg
ij tehu ij ysV tk,aA
;fn vki fdlh okgu esa gSa rks ckgj u fudysa] Mªkboj ls dgsa fd /khjs&/khjs okgu dks
fdlh [kqys LFkku ij ys pysA
1- gokbZ tgkt dk vkdkj d"kZ.k dks dSls de djrk gS\ le>kb,A
2- yxkrkj pyrh gqbZ dksbZ e'khu xeZ D;ksa gks tkrh gS\
3- D;k Lusgd inkFkksZa ds mi;ksx ls ?k"kZ.k dks 'kwU; fd;k tk ldrk gS\
• ?k"kZ.k lEidZ esa j[ks nks i`"Bksa ds chp lkis{k xfr dk fojks/k djrk gSA ;g nksuksa i`"Bksa
ij dk;Z djrk gSA
• ?k"kZ.k laidZ esa vkus okys nks i`"Bksa dh vfu;ferrkvksa ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
• ?k"kZ.k lEidZ ds nks i`"Bksa dh vkd`fr ,oa fpdusiu dh voLFkk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
• ?k"kZ.k bl ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gS fd nks i`"B ,d nwljs dks fdrus cyiwod Z nckrs gaAS
• LFkSfrd ?k"kZ.k rc dk;Z djuk vkjaHk djrk gS tc dksbZ oLrq fdlh vU; oLrq ij lihZ
xfr djrh gSA
• fdlh i`"B dks [kqjnqjk ;k :[kk cukdj ?k"kZ.k c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
• Lusgd ¼rsy] xzht vFkok xzsQkbV vkfn½ yxkdj ?k"kZ.k dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• tc dksbZ oLrq fdlh vU; oLrq ij yksVu djrh gS rks yksVfud ?k"kZ.k dk;Z djuk vkjaHk
djrk gSA yksVfud ?k"kZ.k] lihZ ?k"kZ.k dh vis{kk de gksrk gSA
• dbZ e'khuksa esa ckWy cs;fjax dk mi;ksx djds ?k"kZ.k dks de fd;k tkrk gSA
• rjy esa xfr djus okyh oLrqvksa dks mfpr vkd`fr iznku djds ?k"kZ.k cy dks de fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
• HkwdEi] i`Foh dk dEiu ;k >Vdk gksrk gS tks i`Foh dh HkwiiZVh ds Hkhrj xgjkbZ esa gksus
okyh xM+cM+h ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA
155 ?k"kZ.k
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTION FOR PRACTICE) -
1- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks) &

¼d½ ?k"kZ.k ,d&nwljs ds lEidZ esa j[kh nks oLrqvksa ds i`"Bksa ds chp
-------------------------dk fojks/k djrk gSA
¼[k½ ?k"kZ.k i`"Bksa dh --------------------------- ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
¼x½ ?k"kZ.k ls -------------------- mRiUu gksrh gSA
¼?k½ dSje cksMZ ij ikmMj fNM+dus ls ?k"kZ.k ----------------- gks tkrk gSA
¼M+½ lihZ ?k"kZ.k] LFkSfrd ?k"kZ.k ls -------------------------------- gksrk gSA
2- vkfcnk viuh f[kykSuk dkj dks laxejej ds lw[ks Q'kZ] laxejej ds xhys Q'kZ] Q'kZ
ij fcNs lekpkj i= rFkk rkSfy, ij pykrh gSA dkj ij fofHkUu i`"Bksa ij yxs ?k"kZ.k
cy dk c<+rk Øe gksxk &
¼d½ laxejej dk xhyk Q'kZ] laxejej dk lw[kk Q'kZ] lekpkj i=] rkSfy;k
¼[k½ lekpkj i=] rkSfy;k] laxejej dk lw[kk Q'kZ] laxejej dk xhyk Q'kZ
¼x½ rkSfy;k] lekpkj i=] laxejej dk lw[kk Q'kZ] laxejej dk xhyk Q'kZ
¼?k½ laxejej dk xhyk Q'kZ] laxejej dk lq[kk Q'kZ] rkSfy;k] lekpkj i=
3- ;fn vki vius MsLd dks FkksM+k >qdkrs gSa rc ml ij j[kh dksbZ iqLrd] uhps dh vksj
ljduk vkjaHk dj nsrh gSA yxus okys ?k"kZ.k cy dh fn'kk fp= cukdj n'kkZb,A
4- vkids fy, xhys Q'kZ ij pyuk vklku gksxk ;k dfBuA vius mRrj dk dkj.k
fyf[k,A
5- ?k"kZ.k mi;ksxh Hkh gS vkSj gkfudkjd Hkh gSA mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
6- rjy esa xfr djus okyh oLrqvksa dh vkd`fr fo'ks"k izdkj dh D;ksa cuk;h tkrh gS le>kb,A
7- vki ?kj ls ckgj gSa rFkk HkwdEi ds >Vds yxrs gSa vki vius cPkko ds fy, D;k
lko/kkfu;k¡ cjrsaxsA
bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THIS) &
1-vius ekrk&firk@cqtqxksZa ls HkwdEi ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh izkIr dj uksV dhft,A lkFk
gh if=dkvksa@lekpkj i=ksa ls HkwdEi ls lacaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa ,oa fp=ksa dk ladyu dj ,d
fjiksVZ fyf[k,A
15 fdruk Hkkstu] dSlk Hkkstu
(HOW MUCH FOOD, WHAT TYPE OF FOOD)
,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd fdlh O;fä dks HkjisV Hkkstu fu;fer :i

ls feys rks mlds ’kjhj ds iks"k.k dh t:jr iwjh gks tkrh gSA fdarq ;g lgh
ugha gSA Hkkstu esa ;fn ,d gh ,d pht [kk,a rks lkjs iks"kd inkFkZ ugha fey
ikrsA ;fn Hkkstu esa eq[; [kk| inkFkZ vkSj izksVhu] olk okys inkFkksaZ ds lkFk
i;kZIr foVkfeu vkSj [kfut yo.k okys inkFkZ gksa rks Hkkstu larqfyr gksrk gSA vr% gekjk Hkkstu
feyk&tqyk gksuk pkfg, ftlesa lc izdkj ds inkFkZ gksus pkfg,A
ftl Hkkstu esa dkcksZgkbMsªV] olk] izksVhu] foVkfeu rFkk [kfut yo.k mfpr ek=k esa
gksrs gSa mls larqfyr Hkkstu dgrs gSaA vkb,] ns[ksa fd dkSu lh phtsa [kkuss ls ;s inkFkZ gesa fey
ldrs gSaA
15-1 fofHkUu izdkj ds [kk| inkFkZ (Different type of food items)
Hkkstu esa ,d ;k nks inkFkZ eq[; gksrs gSa tSls& Pkkoy]xsg¡w] eDdk] cktjk]
Tokj] dksnks] dqVdh vkfnA dqN ns’kksa esa vkyw ]dsyk ;k jrkyw ¼’kdjdan½ Hkh
Hkkstu ds eq[; inkFkZ gksrs gSaA vkids Hkkstu dk eq[; inkFkZ D;k gS \
bu lc eq[; inkFkkZsa dk vf/kdka’k Hkkx dkcksZgkbMsªV gksrk gSA fdarq vki
i<+ pqds gSa fd larqfyr Hkkstu esa dkcksZgkbMªsV ds vykok vkSj cgqr dqN gksuk
pkfg,A vr% ;fn dksbZ O;fä isV Hkj dj dsoy pkoy ;k xsgw¡ ;k vkyw gh [kk, rks og detksj
gks tk,xk vkSj mls dbZ chekfj;k¡ gks ldrh gSaA
’kjhj ds Bhd ls c<+us ds fy, vkSj efLr"d ds vPNs fodkl ds fy, Hkkstu esa izksVhu
gksuk t:jh gSA oSls rks izksVhu lHkh inkFkksaZ esa gksrs gSa] fdarq lHkh izdkj dh nkyksa] lks;kchu]
ew¡xQyh] eVj] nw/k] ngh] vaMk] eNyh vkSj ek¡l eas ;s vf/kd ek=k esas gksrs gSaA
eD[ku] ?kh vkSj lHkh izdkj ds rsy] olk ;k pchZ ds cus gksrs gSaA buls gesa ÅtkZ feyrh
gSA buds vykok xqM+] ’kDdj vkSj ’kgn ls Hkh ÅtkZ feyrh gSA
vc ge iks"kd inkFkksaZ ds ,d ,sls lewg ds fo"k; esa i<+xsa s tks gesa LoLFk j[krs gSa vkSj jksxksa
ls cpkrs gSaA ;s gSa foVkfeu vkSj [kfut yo.kA
uhps dqN phtksa ds uke fn, x, gSa ftuesa i;kZIr foVkfeu vkSj [kfut yo.k ik, tkrs
gSa % lHkh gjh iRrsnkj lfCt;k¡ ¼tSls ikyd] esFkh½ equxk ¼lgtu½] iihrk] vk¡oyk] vke] larjk]
uhscw] ve:n] xktj] dÌw] beyh] pqdanj] xqM+] ek¡l] vaMs] nw/kA
vkb,] ns[ksa fdlls D;k feyrk gS \
lkj.kh&15-1
dkckZga s kbMªVs (Carbohydrates) olk (Fats) izkVs hu (Proteins) foVkfeu ,oa [kfut yo.k (Minerals)
pkoy] xsg¡w eD[ku] ?kh nkya]s ek¡l xktj] dn~n]w iihrk] vk¡oyk
eDdk] cktjk] rsy eNyh] vaMs gjh iŸksnkj lfCt;k¡
Tokj] vkyw lks;kchu nw/k] vaM]s larjk] uhcw] vke]VekVj
dkcksZgkbMªsV] izksVhu vkSj olk gesa Hkkstu esa dkQh ek=k esa ysus iM+rs gSa] fdarq foVkfeuksa
dh t:jr cgqr de ek=k esa gksrh gSA ysfdu ;g de ek=k Hkh u feys rks xM+cM+ gks ldrh
gSA foVkfeuksa ds vlyh uke vkSj gSaS] fdUrq bUgsa dsoy ,] ch] lh] Mh] vkfn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
uhps dqN foVkfeuksa ds ukeksa ds lkFk ;g tkudkjh nh xbZ gS fd ’kjhj esa mudh deh gksus ij
dkSu lk jksx gks ldrk gS&
1- foVkfeu ,& ;g nw/k] vaMs ds ihys Hkkx] dysth] gjh lfCt;ksa] VekVj
vkSj xktj esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;fn ’kjhj esas foVkfeu , dh deh gks tk,
rks jrkSa/kh uked jksx gks tkrk gS ftlesa jkr dks fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rkA
2- foVkfeu ch& ;g ,sls foVkfeuksa dk ,d lewg gS tks vukt] ek¡l] nw/k] ngh]
eD[ku] vaMksa vkfn esa ik, tkrs gSaA budh deh ls ’kjhj esa jDr dh deh] jh<+
dh gM~Mh dk Vs<+kiu] csjhcsjh ¼ raf=dk ra= dk Bhd ls dke u djuk½ vkfn jksx
gks ldrs gSaA
3- foVkfeu lh& ;g foVkfeu vk¡oyk] larjk] uhcw] vkfn Qyksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
bldh deh ls Ropk ¼peM+h½ ds jksx gksrs gSa tSls LdohZA
4- foVkfeu Mh& ;g foVkfeu nw/k] ngh] eD[ku] NkN vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA oSls
foVkfeu Mh /kwi dh mifLFkfr esa ’kjhj esa vius vki Hkh curk jgrk gSA gekjh gfÏ;k¡ dSfY’k;e
ls cuh gksrh gSa vkSj gfÏ;ksa rd dSfY’k;e igq¡pkus dk dke foVkfeu Mh dh mifLFkfr esa gks
ldrk gSA vr% ’kjhj esas pkgs foVkfeu Mh dh deh gks pkgs dSfY’k;e dh+( gfÏ;k¡ detksj gks
dj Vs<+h&es<+h gks tkrh gSaA bl jksx dks fjdsV~l dgrs gSa
¼fp=&15-1½A
buds vykok foVkfeu ^^bZ** vkSj ^^ds** gksrs gSa ;s Hkh ’kjhj
ds fy, vko’;d gaSA
gekjs ’kjhj dks dbZ izdkj ds [kfut yo.kksa dh vko’;drk
gksrh gS] ftuesa vk;ksMhu] yksgk] QkLQksjl vkSj dSfY’k;e lcls
egRoiw.kZ gSaA gekjs ns’k esa dbZ LFkkuksa ds yksxksa ds Hkkstu esa
vk;ksMhu dh deh gksrh gSA blhfy, cktkj esa feyus okys ued
esa vk;ksMhu feyk;k tkrk gSA vk;ksMhu dh deh ls ?ksa?kk uked
jksx gks tkrk gSA
fp=&15-1 fjdsV~l (Rickets)
foKku ,oe~ izkS|ksfxdh & 8 158
;fn Hkkstu esa i;kZIr ek=k esa ykSg rRo u gks rks 'kjhj esa
i;kZIr ek=k esa jä ugha cu ikrkA bl jksx dks jäkYirk dgrs
gSaA vaxzsth esa bls ,uhfe;k dgrs gaSA ;g jksx gksus ij ejht dh
Ropk Qhdh] lQsn lh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] thHk pednkj vkSj fpduh
gks tkrh gS vkSj vk¡[kksa dh iydksa ds vanj dk Hkkx] uk[kwu rFkk
elwM+s jaxghu gks tkrs gaS ¼fp= 15-2½A ejht detksj gks tkrk gS
vkSj FkksM+k dke djus ij gh mls cgqr FkdkoV eglwl gksrh gSA
gjh iRrsnkj lfCt;ksa] xqM+] beyh] pqdanj] cktjk] ek¡l] fp=&15-2 jäkYirk (Anaemia)
vaMs vkSj eNyh esa dkQh ykSg rRo gksrk gSA bUgsa [kkus ls jäkYirk ls cpk tk ldrk gS vkSj
dqN gn rd bldk bykt Hkh gks ldrk gSA
15-2 ty (Water)
vkius ;g vuqHko fd;k gksxk fd ;fn yEcs le; rd ikuh u feys rks tksj ls I;kl
yxrh gSA ge cspSuh eglwl djus yxrs gaSA gekjs ’kjhj esa gksus okyh fØ;kvksa ds fy, ty dh
vko’;drk gksrh gSA LoLFk euq"; dks ,d fnu esa de ls de 2 ls 3 yhVj ikuh ihuk pkfg,A
,d fxykl esa yxHkx 200 feyh ikuh vkrk gSA fglkc yxkb, fd LoLFk jgus ds fy, gesa ,d
fnu esa de ls de fdrus fxykl ikuh ihuk pkfg,A
• D;k ihus ds igys ty dks 'kq) djuk vko';d gS\ tks ty ns[kus esa gesa LoPN izrhr
gksrk gS mlesa jksx&okgd lw{e tho rFkk ?kqys gq, vinzO; gks ldrs gSaA vr% ihus ds
igys ty dks 'kq) djuk vko';d gSA ihus ds fy, mi;qDr ty dks is; ty dgrs gSaA
• uxj fuxe vFkok uxjikfydk,¡ ?kjksa esa vkiwfrZ djus ls igys ty dk mipkj djrh gSaA
vkb,] ns[ksa fd ty dks ihus ds yk;d dSls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
• ?kjksa esa ty dks dSaMy fQYVj ds mi;ksx ls Nuu }kjk vinzO;ksa dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA
;g ,d izpfyr HkkSfrd fof/k gSA
• cgqr ls ?kjksa esa ty dks mckydj ih;k tkrk gSA mckyus ls ty esa mifLFkr thok.kq
ej tkrs gSaA
• ty dks 'kq) djus dh lkekU; jklk;fud fof/k Dyksjhuhdj.k gSA ;g ty esa Dyksjhu
dh xksfy;k¡ vFkok fojatd pw.kZ feykdj fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq Dyksjhu dh xksfy;k¡
ges'kk fu/kkZfjr ek=k ls vf/kd ugha Mkyuk pkfg,A
tc ge Qy] dPph lfCt;k¡ vkSj iRrs vkfn [kkrs gSa rc budk ,d Hkkx gekjh vk¡r esa ls
fcuk ips fudy tkrk gSA bl Hkkx dks js’kk ;k #{kka’k dgrs gSAa #{kka’k gekjs fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ
gS D;ksfa d ;g gekjs ikpura= dks lkQ j[krk gS vkSj ikpu fØ;k dks Bhd rjg ls pykus esa enn
djrk gSA dPph ddM+h] xktj] ewyh] pqdna j vkfn Qyksa esa dkQh :{kka’k gksrk gSA
;fn fdlh O;fä dks HkjisV Hkkstu u feys ;k ,slk Hkkstu feys ftlesa lkjs iks"kd inkFkZ
u gksa rks mldk ’kjhj detksj iM+ tk,xkA tc ’kjhj dks vko’;d ek=k esa iks"kd inkFkZ ugha
feyrs rks bl fLFkfr dks dqiks"k.k dgrs gSaA cPps dqiks"k.k dk f’kdkj tYnh gks tkrs gSaA
tks cPps dqiks"k.k dk f’kdkj gks tkrs gSa os detksj gks tkrs gaSA detksjh dh otg ls ,sls
cPps tYnh chekj Hkh gks tkrs gaSA tc os chekj gksrs gSa rks igys ls T;knk dqiksf"kr gks tkrs gSaA
;kuh chekjh vkSj dqiks"k.k dk pDdj ’kq: gks tkrk gSA ,sls cPpkssa dks cpkus ds fy, mudk
dqiks"k.k nwj djuk t:jh gSA
larqfyr vkSj HkjisV Hkkstu gh dqiks"k.k dk ,dek= bykt gSA dqiks"k.k ds f’kdkj cPps
dks uhps fy[kh [kqjkd jkst nsus ls og Bhd gks ldrk gS %
cjkcj&cjkcj ek=k esa ewaxQyh] xsgw¡ vkSj puk feyk dj vkVk cuk ysaA bl vkVs dks rsy
esa Hkwu dj xqM+ feyk dj dqiksf"kr cPps dks jkst f[kyk,a rks og Bhd gks ldrk gSA ;g [kqjkd
Bhd gksus ds ckn Hkh cPps dks nsrs jguk pkfg,A
15-3 [kk| inkFkksZa dh tk¡p (Testing Food Items)
uhps ijh{k.k djus ds rjhds fn, x, gS vki Lo;a ;g irk dj ldrs gSa fd [kkus dh
fdl pht esa dkSu lk iks"kd inkFkZ ¼dkcksZgkbMsªV] izksVhu ;k olk½ gSA ysfdu blds fy, dqN
rS;kjh djuh iM+sxhA rks vkb,] lcls igys mu jlk;uksa dks cuk,a ftuls ge ijh{k.k djsaxsA
vk;ksMhu dk ?kksy (Iodine Solution)
tc fdlh dks pksV yx tkrh gS rc ml ij fVaDpj vk;ksMhu yxkrs gSaA ;g nokbZ dh
nqdku esa ;k vLirky esa vklkuh ls fey tkrh gSA ,d ij[kuyh ;k NksVh lkQ ’kh’kh esa fVaDpj
vk;ksMhu dh 10 cw¡nsa Mkfy,A blesa bruk ikuh feykb, fd gYdk ihyk ?kksy cu tk,A bldh
cw¡nsa Mkyus ds fy, ,d lkQ MªkWij j[k yhft,A
uhys FkksFks dk ?kksy (Solution of Blue Vitriol)
,d lkQ ij[kuyh ;k NksVh ’kh’kh esa nks xzke uhyk FkksFkk Mky dj mlesa 100 feyh
ikuh Mkfy,A bls rc rd fgykb, tc rd uhyk FkksFkk iwjh rjg ?kqy u tk,A blds fy, Hkh
,d vyx MªkWij dh t:jr gksxhA
dkfLVd lksMs dk ?kksy (Solution of Blue Vitriol)
,d FkksM+h cM+h ’kh’kh esa 10 xzke dkfLVd lksMk ys dj mlesa 100 feyh ikuh Mky dj
vPNh rjg fgykb,A bl ?kksy ds fy, ,d rhljk MªkWij ysuk gksxkA
blds ckn lkj.kh&15-2 esa fy[ks gq, inkFkksaZ dks bdÎk djsaA bu lc phtksa dh
FkksM+h&FkksM+h ek=k dks ,d Fkkyh ;k IykfLVd dh cM+h IysV esa bl rjg j[ksa fd os ,d nwljs
esa fey u tk,aA ?kh dh txg vki rsy Hkh ys ldrs gSaA nw/k vkSj rsy tSls inkFkZ IysV esa rks
vk,axs ughaA bUgsa ij[kufy;ksa ;k NksVh ’khf’k;ksa esa j[kuk gksxkA vc ijh{k.k ’kq: djrs gSaA
vko’;d lkexzh (Materials Required) & lkj.kh&15-2 esa fn, x, HkksT; inkFkZ]
dkxt dk VqdM+k] ij[kufy;k¡] ikuh] uhys FkksFks dk 2 izfr’kr ?kksy] dkfLVd lksMs dk 10
izfr’kr ?kksy] vk;ksMhu foy;uA buds vk/kkj ij vki ijh{k.k dj ns[ksa fd fdlh pht esa dksbZ
iks"kd inkFkZ gS ;k ugha ;fn ;s iks"kd inkFkZ mifLFkr gksa rks mlds vkxs lkj.kh&15-2 esa 
dk fu’kku vkSj ;fn iks"kd inkFkZ u gks rks  dk fu’kku yxkb,A
olk ijh{k.k (Fat Test)

ftl inkFkZ dk ijh{k.k djuk gS mldh FkksM+h lh ek=k ysdj ,d dkxt ds VqdMs+ ij
gYds ls jxfM+,A ;fn dkxt fpduk vkSj vYi&ikjn’kZd gks tk, rks ml inkFkZ esa olk gSA
feÍh dk rsy] Mhty ;k ekse jxM+us ij Hkh dkxt ikjn’kZd gks tkrk gS] fdarq ;s [kkus ds inkFkZ
ugha gSaA buesa olk ugha gksrhA
izksVhu ijh{k.k (Protein Test)
ftl inkFkZ dk ijh{k.k djuk gks mldh nl cw¡n ,d lkQ ij[kuyh esa yhft,A ;fn
inkFkZ Bksl gS rks mldh FkksM+h&lh ek=k ihldj ij[kuyh esa yhft, vkSj mlesa 10 cw¡n ikuh
Mkydj vPNh rjg fgykb,A
blesa uhys FkksFks ds 2 izfr’kr ?kksy dh nks cw¡n vkSj dkfLVd lksMs ds 10 izfr’kr ?kksy
dh nl cw¡n Mkydj vPNh rjg fgykb,A tkequh ;k cSaxuh jax gks tkus dk eryc gS fd mlesa
izksVhu gSA
dkcksZgkbMªsV ijh{k.k (Carbohydrate Test)
gekjs Hkkstu esa nks izdkj ds dkcksZgkbMªsV gksrs gSaA ,d rks ’kDdj ;k ’kdZjk ftls ge
[kkrs gSaA ’kDdj dh rjg Xywdkst uke dk ,d ehBk inkFkZ gksrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d izdkj dh
’kDdj gSA dkcksZgkbMªsV dk nwljk vkSj cgqrk;r ls ik;k tkus okyk izdkj eaM ;k ekM+ gS tks
pkoy] xsgw¡ ] vkyw vkfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
bldk ijh{k.k djuk cgqr ljy gSA
ftl inkFkZ dk ijh{k.k djuk gks ml ij vk;ksMhu ds gYds ?kksy dh nks&pkj cw¡n
Mkfy,A ;fn jax xgjk uhyk ;k dkyk gks tk, rks ml inkFkZ esa eaM starch gSA
lkj.kh (TABLE) & 15-2
Ø- oLrq dk uke olk gS ;k ugha izksVhu gS ;k ugha eaM gS ;k ugha

1- mcys gq, pkoy -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
2- dPps pkoy -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
3- xsgw¡ -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
4- vkyw dk VqdM+k -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
5- ewaxQyh ds nkus -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
6- lkcqr rqvj ¼vjgj½ -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
7- rqvj dh nky -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
8- ?kh ;k rsy -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
9- nw/k -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
10- fdlh lCth dk VqdM+k -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
11- fdlh Qy dk VqdM+k -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
12- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------
vc fn, x, iz’uksa ds mŸkj viuh dkWWih esa fy[kas

(Now write the answers to the following questions in your copy) &
1- D;k eaM] izksVhu vkSj olk Hkkstu dh gj oLrq esa gSa \
2- D;k ;g dguk Bhd gksxk fd HkksT; inkFkksZa esa ,d ls vf/kd iks"kd inkFkZ gksrs gSa \
vc vki le> x, gksaxs fd izk;% ,d pht esa dbZ izdkj ds iks"kd inkFkZ ik, tkrs gSaA
eq[; inkFkksaZ esa dkcksZgkbMsªV ds vykok izksVhu vkSj foVkfeu Hkh gks ldrs gSaA vaMs esa olk] izksVhu
vkSj foVkfeu rFkk [kfut yo.k gksrs gSaA fdarq lc inkFkksaZ ds lkFk ,slk ugha gksrkA ’kDdj esa
dsoy dkcksZgkbMªsV gksrs gSa rks ?kh vkSj rsy esa dsoy olkA
15-4 larqfyr Hkkstu D;ksa t:jh gS \(Why is balanced diet necessary ?)
’kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus ds fy, larqfyr Hkkstu ysuk t:jh gSA larqfyr
Hkkstu ls ’kjhj dks fuEufyf[kr ykHk gksrs gSa %
1- gekjs ’kjhj ds vanj dbZ fØ;k,¡ pyrh jgrh gSa] ftuds fy,
gesaÅtkZ dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA tks gessa larqfyr Hkkstu ls
fey ldrh gSA
2- Hkkstu ls ’kjhj ds u, Hkkx curs gSaA ftlls cPpksa dk ’kjhj yxkrkj c<+rk jgrk
gSA ;fn Hkkstu larqfyr ugha gksxk rks ’kjhj dh c<+ksrjh Bhd ls ugha gksxhA
3- gekjs ’kjhj ds Hkkxksa esa yxkrkj VwV&QwV gksrh jgrh gSA bl VwV&QwV dh ejEer
ds fy, larqfyr Hkkstu dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
4- foVkfeu vkSj yo.k Hkh larqfyr Hkkstu ds Hkkx gksrs gSaA ;s gesa dbZ izdkj ds jksxksa
ls cpkrs gSaA
;kn j[kus ;ksX; dqN ckrsa % (Things to remember)
1- vf/kd feBkbZ] elkysnkj phtsa vkSj ryh gqbZ phtsa ugha [kkuk pkfg, vkSj u
vf/kd pk;&dkWQh ihuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;s gekjs ikpura= esa [kjkch iSnk djrs gSaA
2- ;g t:jh ugha gS fd [kkus dh egaxh phtksa esa vf/kd iks"kd rRo gksaA gjh
iRrsnkj lfCt;k¡ vkSj xktj] dn~nw tSlh ihyh lfCt;ksa esa xksHkh vkSj f’keyk fepZ
dh rqyuk esa vf/kd iks"kd rRo gksrs gSaA blh izdkj vkaoyk vkSj ve:n
¼tkeQy½ tSls Qyksa esa dkQh foVkfeu gksrs gSaA
3- [kkuk cukus vkSj [kkus ls igys gkFkksa dks vPNh rjg /kks ysuk pkfg, rkfd gkFkksa
ij yxs dhVk.kq Hkkstu ds lkFk gekjs isV esa u pys tk,aaA
4- cPpksa] xHkZorh fL=;ksa vkSj nw/k fiykus okyh ekrkvksa dks vf/kd ek=k esa larqfyr
Hkkstu dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
15-5 [kk| inkFkksaZ dh cckZnh jksduk (STOPPING WASTE OF FOOD ITEMS)
gekjs ns’k esa cgqr lkjs [kk| inkFkZ blfy, csdkj gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd ;k rks yksx mUgsa
cckZn dj nsrs gSa ;k fQj os dhM+ksa] pwgksa] QQwan vkfn ds dkj.k [kkus ;ksX; ugha jg tkrsA gok
esa cgqr lkjs lw{e thok.kq gksrs gSa tks [kk| inkFkksaZ dks lM+k nsrs gSaA ;g t:jh gS fd ge bu
lcls [kk| inkFkksZa dks cpk,aA
15-6 [kk| inkFkkZsa dk ifjj{k.k (Food Preservation)
[kk| inkFkksaZ ds j[kj[kko ;k mUgsa lqjf{kr j[kus dks ifjj{k.k dgrs gSaA ifjj{k.k ds dqN
rjhds uhps fn, x, gSa%
vpkj cukuk (Pickling)

vkius ’kk;n ?kj esa vpkj curs gq, ns[kk gksxkA vkidks ;g Hkh irk gksxk fd
vpkj cgqr fnuksa rd fcuk [kjkc gq, jg ldrk gSA vpkj esa Mkys tkus okys rsy vkSj
ued QQwan dh o`f) dks jksdrs gSaA fdarq dHkh&dHkh vpkj QQwan yx tkus ls [kjkc
gks tkrk gaSA tc vpkj esa rsy rFkk ued de gks tkrk gS rc QQwan vkSj vU; lw{e
dhVk.kq ml ij fodflr gks tkrs gSa vkSj mls [kjkc dj nsrs gaSA
lq[kkuk (Drying)
ifjj{k.k dk ,d vU; rjhdk gS& [kkus dh phtksa dks lq[kkukA vkius ns[kk gksxk
fd gjh lfCt;ksa] I;kt] fepZ vkfn dks lq[kk dj j[k ysrs gSaA lq[kkus dk eryc gksrk
gS ml pht ls ikuh gVk nsukA ikuh gVk nsus ij phtsa lM+rh ugha gSa vkSj bUgsa yEcs
le; rd j[kk tk ldrk gSA
ued ds mi;ksx }kjk (Use of Salt)
dqN inkFkksaZ ds VqdM+s dkVdj mUgsa ued yxkdj lq[kk;k tkrk gSA ,slk djus ij os
[kjkc ugha gksrs vkSj yEcs le; rd [kkus ;ksX; cus jgrs gSaA
eqjCck cukuk (Making Jams/ Murabbas)
Qyksa dks bl fof/k ls ifjjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA ’kDdj vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k QQwan ls
[kkn~; inkFkZ dk cpko gks tkrk gSA
[kk| inkFkksZa dks BaMk j[kuk (Freezing the food items)
[kk| inkFkksaZ dks yEcs le; rd lqjf{kr j[kus dk vklku rjhdk gS mUgsa BaMk j[kukA
blhfy, [kkus dh phtksa dks jsfÝtjsVj ¼fÝt½ esa j[krs gSaA [kkn~; inkFkZ ftruk vf/kd BaMk
jgrk gS mrus vf/kd fnuksa rd og lqjf{kr jg ldrk gSA
[kk| inkFkksaZ dh dhM+ksa ls lqj{kk (Protection against Insects)
dbZ [kk| inkFkksaZ tSls gjh lfCt;ka] vukt vkfn dks dhM+s u"V dj nsrs gSaA buls cpko
ds fy, dbZ izdkj ds mik; fd, tkrs gSaA vkidks irk gksxk fd [ksrksa esa [kM+h Qly dks dhM+ksa
ls cpkus ds fy, nokbZ dk fNM+dko fd;k tkrk gSA vf/kdrj ;g nokbZ Mh-Mh-Vh- ;k ch-,p-
lh- gksrh gSA
;g irk dhft, fd vkids {ks= ds fdlku fdl nokbZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
dhM+ksa dks ekjus okyh nokb;ksa dks dhVuk’kd dgrs gSaA ;s lc tgjhys jlk;u gksrs gSa
vkSj euq"; dks uqdlku igq¡pkrs gSaA
vktdy dbZ yksx ;g dksf’k’k dj jgs gSa fd ,sls [krjukd jklk;fud dhVuk’kdksa dh
txg dhM+ksa dks ekjus ds fy, ijEijkxr mik; fd, tk,a tSls rEck[kw ;k uhe dh ifŸk;ksa dk
jl Qlyksa ij fNM+dukA
[kk| inkFkksaZ dh pwgksa ls lqj{kk (Protection against rats)
vkidks ;g tku dj vk’p;Z gksxk fd gekjs ns’k esa ftruk vukt iSnk gksrk gS mldk
yxHkx ikapok fgLlk pwgs [kk tkrs gSaA blfy, ;g t:jh gS fd [kk| inkFkksaZ dks bl izdkj
j[kk tk, fd pwgs ml rd u igqap ldsaA
Hkkstu dh nw"k.k ls lqj{kk (Protection against Contamination)
;fn ge Hkkstu dks Bhd ls <d dj u j[ksa rks ml ij efD[k;k¡] dkdjksp vkfn dhM+s
pyus&fQjus yxrs gSaA
bu dhM+ksa dh Vkaxksa ij vufxur dhVk.kq gksrs gSa tks euq"; esa dbZ izdkj ds jksx iSnk djrs
gSaA ftlls Hkkstu nwf"kr gks tkrk gSA blh izdkj dqRrk] fcYyh vkfn ikyrw tkuojksa ds Hkkstu
esa eq¡g yxk nsus ls Hkh dhVk.kq Hkkstu esa fey tkrs gSa vkSj mls nwf"kr dj nsrs gSaA
Hkkstu dh cjcknh dks jksduk (Preventing Wastage of Food)
dbZ yksx bruk Hkkstu ys ysrs gSa fd os mls [kk ugha ldrs vkSj fQj cps gq, Hkkstu dks
Qsaduk iM+rk gSA blh izdkj vko’;drk ls vf/kd Hkkstu idk ysus ij ;fn mldh lqj{kk dh
O;oLFkk u gks rks og cjckn gks tkrk gSA
ftl Hkkstu esa dkcksZgkbMªsV] olk] izksVhu rFkk [kfut yo.k mfpr ek=k esa gksrs
gSa mls larqfyr Hkkstu dgrs gSaA
dkcksZgkbMªsV rFkk olk ls ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gS] izksVhu ’kjhj dh o`f) rFkk efLr"d
ds fodkl ds fy, vko’;d gSA
foVkfeu vkSj [kfut yo.k gesa LoLFk j[krs gaS vkSj jksxksa ls cpkrs gSaA
#{kka’k] gekjs ikpu ra= dks lkQ j[krs gaSA
’kjhj esa gksus okyh fØ;kvksa ds fy, ty vko’;d gSA
cPpkas] xHkZorh fL=;ksa vkSj nw/k fiykus okyh ekrkvksa dks larqfyr Hkkstu dh
vko’;drk vf/kd gksrh gSA
[kk| inkFkksZ ds j[k&j[kko ;k mUgsa lqjf{kr j[kus dks ifjj{k.k dgrs gSaA
[kk| inkFkksZa ds ifjj{k.k ds rjhds gSa& vpkj cukuk] lq[kkuk] ued ds mi;ksx
}kjk] eqjCck cukuk] BaMk j[kukA
[kk| inkFkksZa dks dhM+ksa] pwgksa ls lqjf{kr j[kuk rFkk nw"k.k vkSj cckZnh ls jksduk
vko’;d gSA
vH;kl ds iz’u (QUESTION FOR PRACTICE)
1- tc cktkj ls dksbZ pht tSls lso] Hkft, ;k leksls vkfn
dkxt dh iqfM+;k esa ykrs gSa rks og dkxt ikjn’kZd gks tkrk
gSA ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS \
2- ;fn fdlh O;fä dks larqfyr Hkkstu u feys rks mls D;k uqdlku gks ldrk gS\
3- foVkfeu ,] ch rFkk lh fdu phtksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA budh deh ls gksus okys jksx
dkSu&dkSu ls gSa \
4- uhps fn, xyr dFkuksa dks lgh djds vius ’kCnksa esa fyf[k,&
d- #{kka’k euq"; ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrk gS D;kasfd blds dkj.k ikpu fØ;k
esa xM+cM+h gksrh gSA
[k- egaxs [kk| inkFkZ ges’kk vf/kd iks"kd gksrs gSaA
x- cPpksa] xHkZorh ekrkvksa vkSj nw/k fiykus okyh ekrkvksa dks vf/kd ek=k esa
larqfyr Hkkstu dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA
?k- vkyw esa izksVhu vf/kd ek=k esa ik;k tkrk gSA
³- ,d izdkj ds [kk| inkFkZ esa ges’kk ,d gh izdkj dk iks"kd inkFkZ
gksrk gSA
p- larqfyr Hkkstu esa ,d gh izdkj dk iks"kd inkFkZ gksuk pkfg,A
N- gekjs ’kjhj dks foVkfeu vkSj yo.kksa dh t:jr vf/kd ek=k esa vkSj
dkcksZgkbMªsV] izksVhu rFkk olk dh t:jr lw{e ek=k esa gksrh gSA
5- gjh lfCt;ksa] I;kt vkSj fepZ dks lq[kk dj ifjjf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh vU;
phtksa ds ckjs esa irk dj ds mudh lwph cukb, ftudk ifjj{k.k lq[kkdj fd;k
tkrk gSA
6- ,slh phtksa dh lwph cukb, ftUgsa vkids vkSj iM+ksfl;ksa ds ?kjksa esa ued yxk
dj lqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS A
7- vkids {ks= esa vukt vkSj lfCt;ksa dks dhM+ksa ls cpkus ds fy, dkSsu ls dhVuk’kd
dke esa yk, tkrs gSaA blh izdkj] vukt dks ?kj esa lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, mlesa
D;k Mkyrs gSaA
8- ns[kk tkrk gS T;knkrj O;fDr larqfyr Hkkstu ugha djrs gSaA blds D;k&D;k
dkj.k gks ldrs gSa] vki mUgsa D;k lq>ko nsaxs\
9- LoPN] ikjn'khZ ty lnSo ihus ds ;ksX; gksrk gS] fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
10- ty dks ihus ;ksX; cukus dh fof/k;k¡ dkSu&dkSu lh gSa\ fyf[k,A
1- cktkj ls tSe] tSyh rFkk vpkj ds yscy ,d= dhft, rFkk muesa fn, x, la?kVdksa
ds ukeksa dh lwph cukb, rFkk ;g tkuus dk iz;kl dhft, fd buesa fdl ifjj{kd dk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k gSA
2- viuk fQYVj cukb,& ,d IykfLVd dh cksry ysdj mls chp ls nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa
dkVsaA blds Åijh Hkkx dks mYVk djds dhi ds :i esa uhps ds Hkkx ij j[ksaA blesa Hkhrj irys
diM+s vFkok dkxt ds usSifdu dh ,d ijr cuk,aA blds Åij Øe'k% #bZ] jsr rFkk ctjh dh
ijr fcNk,¡A bl fQYVj ij xanyk ty mM+sysa rFkk Nfur ty dk voyksdu dj vius f'k{kd
rFkk lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk fuEu iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa &
• ihus ls igys ty dks fQYVj djus dh vko';drk D;ksa gksrh gS\
• ;fn ge iznwf"kr ty fi,¡ rks D;k gksxk\
• ?kjksa esa ty dks ihus ;ksX; cukus ds fy, vkSj dkSu&dkSu ls rjhds viuk, tkrs gSa\
• yksxksa esa is; ty laca/kh tkx`fr mRiUu djus ds fy, D;k&D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS\
16 dqN lkekU; jksx
(SOME COMMON DISEASE)
16-1 lkekU; jksx (COMMON DISEASES)
,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ^^LoLFk 'kjhj esa LoLFk efLr"d dk okl gksrk gSA** vkius vuqHko
fd;k gksxk fd dHkh&dHkh vkidh bPNk i<+us fy[kus ;k [ksyus dh ugha gksrh vkSj u gh [kkuk
vPNk yxrk gSA ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS \ lkekU;r% ,d LoLFk euq"; dh leLr 'kkjhfjd] ekufld
,oa jklk;fud fØ;k,¡ lqpk: :i ls pyrh jgrh gSaA buesa fdlh Hkh izdkj ls vfu;ferrk gh
euq"; esa jksxksa dks tUe nsrh gSA dqN jksx ,sls gksrs gSa( tks jksxh O;fDr ds lEidZ esa vkus okys
LoLFk O;fDr dks Hkh jksxh cuk nsrs gSa ,sls jksxksa dks laØked jksx dgrs gSaA fdUrq lHkh jksx
laØked ugha gksrsA ,sls jksx tks laØfer euq"; ls LoLFk euq"; rd ugha QSyrs vlaØked jksx
dgykrs gSaA iks"kd rRoksa dh deh ls gksus okys jksx blh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA vkb,] euq";ksa esa gksus
okys dqN jksxksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaA
16-2 dSls QSyrs gSa jksx (How a disease spreads?) &
laØked jksxksa ds gksus rFkk QSyus ¼lapj.k½ esa gekjs i;kZoj.k dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgrh
gS D;ksafd jksx QSykus okys lw{ethoksa tSls& cSDVhfj;k ¼thok.kq½] izksVkstksvk] ok;jl ¼fo"kk.kq½
rFkk d`fe vkfn okrkoj.k dh xanxh esa gh iuirs gSaA vr% ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd ;s jksx
D;k gSa vkSj ;s dSls QSyrs gSa \ jksxksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh ls mudk funku ,oa muls cpko djuk
vklku gks tkrk gS ¼fp= 16-1½A
ok;q lnhZtqdke] Vh-ch-
nLr vfrlkj] ihfy;k] ikpu

ty ra= laaca/kh jksx
/kwy ds d.k 'olu ra= lac/a kh jksx
laØfer oLrq,a risfnd] lnhZ tqdke

ekuo ey ikpu ra= laca/kh jksx
,oa xanxh
ePNj eysfj;k] Qkbysfj;k
eD[kh gStk] iksfy;ks
dqRrk jscht+
Healthy Person Infected Person
lh/kk laidZ ,M~l LoLFk euq"; laØfer euq";
fp= 6-1 jksxksa ds lapj.k dh fof/k;k¡ (Transmission of diseases)
fp= 16-1 esa vkius ns[kk fd ok;q] /kwy ds d.k] laØfer Hkkstu] ty] jksxh dh laØfer
oLrq,a] ekuo&ey] xanxh] efD[k;ka] ePNj] dqÙks o vU; tho jksx ds laØe.k esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
16-3 laØked jksx (Communicable Diseases)
1- gStk (Cholera) &

;g fofcz;ks dksysjh uked thok.kq ds }kjk gksus okyk jksx gS tks
egkekjh dh rjg QSyrk gSA gStk ikpu ra= dks laØfer djrk gSA
gSts ds y{k.k (Symptoms of cholera)
1- jksxh dks lQsn o irys nLr gksrs gSaA

2- isV dh isf'k;ksa esa ,asBu o ejksM+ gksrh gSA
3- jksxh dh /k¡lh gqbZ vk¡[ksa] fipds xky] fuEu jDr pki o detksjhA
4- cgqr vf/kd yEcs le; rd nLr gksrs jgus ls 'kjhj esa ty dh deh gks tkrh
gS bl fLFkfr dks futZyhdj.k ;k MhgkbMªs'ku dgrs gSaA ftlls jksxh dh e`R;q
Hkh gks ldrh gSA
gSts ls cpko% (Prevention from cholera)
1- rktk o LoPN Hkkstu djsa] laØfer Hkkstu u djsaA

2- ;g jksx xanxh o xans ty ds dkj.k gksrk gS] vr% ty dk mfpr fu"dklu o
izca/ku gksuk pkfg,A
3- mckydj BaMk fd;k x;k ikuh ihuk pkfg,A
4- jksxh ds ey o mYVh dks xje jk[k ;k pwuk Mkydj nwj Qsaduk ;k xM~<s esa
xkM+uk pkfg,A
5 jksxh O;fDr dks thou j{kd ?kksy ¼O.R.S.½ ckj&ckj nsuk pkfg,A
6- jksx ds izdksi ls cpus ds fy, gSts dk Vhdk yxokuk pkfg,A Vhds dk izHkko 6
ekg rd jgrk gSA
vki Lo;a cuk,a thou j{kd ?kksy (You can make Life Saving Solutions)
1- thou j{kd ?kksy ;k vks-vkj-,l- ¼vksjy jhgkMªs'ku lksY;q'ku½ cukus gsrq ,d cM+k
di ikuh ¼yxHkx 200 feyh½ ,d crZu eas ysdj xeZ djsa o 5 feuV rd mckysaA
2- bls dejs ds rki rd BaMk gksus nsaA blesa ,d pqVdh ued ¼lksfM;e DyksjkbM½
rFkk ,d pk; dk pEep 'kDdj feyk,aA ;fn miyC/k gks rks blesa vk/kk uhcw dk
jl Mkysa rFkk vPNh rjg fgyk,¡A thou j{kd ?kksy rS;kj gSA blds cukus dh
fof/k vU; yksxksa dks Hkh crk,¡A
167 dqN lkekU; jksx
2- risfnd ;k Vh-ch- ¼T.B. or Tuberculosis½

D;k vkius vius ?kj esa ;k ikl&iM+ksl esa fdlh ,sls
O;fDr dks ns[kk gS] ftls yxkrkj [kk¡lh vkrh gS vkSj [kk¡lh ds
lkFk cyxe ;k [kdkj Hkh vkrk gS \ mls laØked chekjh
risfnd gks ldrh gS tks thok.kqvksa ls gksus okyk jksx gSA blds
thok.kq LoLFk O;fDr ds 'kjhj esa gok }kjk izos'k dj mlds
QsQM+ksa ds lkFk&lkFk efLr"d] vk¡[k o vk¡r vkfn dks izHkkfor
djrs gSaA
risfnd ds y{k.k (Symptoms of tuberculosis)
1- ;fn nks lIrkg ls vf/kd cq[kkj o [kk¡lh ds lkFk

cyxe vk;s rks Vh-ch- gks ldrh gSA vf/kd
laØe.k dh fLFkfr esa cyxe ds lkFk [kwu Hkh
vkrk gSA
2- lhus esa nnZ] otu esa deh] Hkw[k u yxuk o
detksjh vkrh gSA
fp= 16-2 risfnd ls xzLr jksxh
risfnd ls cpko (Prevention from tuberculosis) Person infected by tuberculosis
1- jksxh dks ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ls vyx LoPN ,oa vkjkenk;d dejs esa j[kasA
2- jksxh }kjk mi;ksx dh xbZ oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx u djsaA
3- jksxh dks [kkalrs o Nhadrs le; viuk eq¡g diM+s o gkFk ls <¡dus gsrq izsfjr djsaA
4- ?kuh vkcknh okys] va/ksjs] ueh;qDr] /kwyHkjs iznwf"kr okrkoj.k ls nwj jgsa o dqiks"k.k
ls cpsAa
5- jksxh ds Fkwd dks jk[k ;k feêh ls <+d dj j[ksa o nwj Qsdas ;k xM~<s esa xkM+ nsaA
6- B.C.G. ¼cSflyl dkYesVh xq,fju½ dk Vhdk cpko gsrq izHkkodkjh gksrk gSA
7- yEcs le; rd fo'ks"k izfrtSfod ¼,.Vh V~;wcjdqyj Mªx½ ds lsou ls bl jksx dks
fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
24 ekpZ dks izfro"kZ fo'o Vh-ch- fnol euk;k tkrk gS rFkk 01 fnlEcj dks izfro"kZ fo'o ,M~l
fnol euk;k tkrk gSA
3- eksrhf>jk ;k fe;knh cq[kkj Vk;QkbM (Typhoid)
;g lkyeksusyk VkbQh uked thok.kq ls gksus okyk laØked jksx gSA izfro"kZ cM+h la[;k
esa yksx blds f'kdkj gksrs gSaA
Vk;QkbM jksxxzLr jksxh ds Fkwd] mYVh] ey&ew= vkfn esa blds thok.kq gksrs gSa tks
efD[k;ksa }kjk Hkkstu o ty L=ksr esa igq¡apdj mUgsa nwf"kr dj nsrs gSaA nwf"kr Hkkstu ,oa ty ds
lsou ls ;s jksxk.kq LoLFk euq"; dh vk¡r esa igq¡pdj mldh nhokj dks {kfrxzLr djrs gSa ftlls
jksxh dks yxkrkj cq[kkj jgrk gSA bl jksx esa vk¡r ds lkFk&lkFk Iyhgk ,oa fiÙkk'k; Hkh
izHkkfor gksrs gSaA
Vk;QkbM ds y{k.k (Symptoms of typhoid)
1- jksxh dks yxkrkj fljnnZ ,oa cq[kkj jgrk gSA igys lIrkg esa 'kjhj dk rkieku
izfrfnu c<+rk gS] nwljs lIrkg esa rst cq[kkj jgrk gS rFkk rhljs ,oa pkSFks lIrkg
esa cq[kkj de gksrk tkrk gSA ,d fuf'pr le; ij cq[kkj ds p<+us vkSj mrjus
ds dkj.k bls fe;knh cq[kkj Hkh dgrs gSaA
2- mnj ds Åijh Hkkx esa xqykch jax ds pdÙks mHkj vkrs gSaA jksxh dks ewNkZ vkrh gS
,oa uCt /kheh pyrh gSA
3- laØe.k ds 10&15 fnu ckn gh jksx ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA jksxh dks cspSuh]
flj] 'kjhj o vkek'k; esa nnZ o irys nLr ds lkFk jDr okfgfu;ksa esa jDr teus
¼gsejst½ dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA
4- 2&3 lIrkg ckn vfLFkeTtk] Iyhgk o fiÙkk'k; ds laØfer gksus ls nksckjk
Vk;QkbM gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA
Vk;QkbM ls cpko (Prevention from Typhoid)
1- jksxh dks mfpr Hkkstu] mcyk ty o i;kZIr vkjke nsaA
2- Hkkstu dks efD[k;ksa ls cpk,a o jksxh ds ey dk mfpr fuokj.k djsaA
3- jksxh }kjk iz;qDr oLrqvksa dks MsVkWy ls /kksdj] /kwi esa lq[kkdj iz;ksx djsaA
4- jksxh ds Fkwd] mYVh] nLr vkfn dks jk[k o pwuk Mkydj nwj Hkwfe esa xkM+ nsuk
pkfg,A
5- jksxh dks T.A.B. dk Vhdk yxk,a tks 3 o"kZ ds fy;s lqj{kk nsrk gSA
6- izfrtSfodksa ds iz;ksx ls bl jksx ij fu;a=.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
gStk] risfnd o Vk;QkbM lw{ethoh cSDVhfj;k }kjk gksus okys laØked jksx gSaA jksx
mRiUu djus okys lw{ethoksa dks jksxksRiknd lw{etho ¼jksxk.kq ;k iSFkkstu½ dgrs gaSA
buds mÙkj nhft, &
1- gSts ds izeq[k y{k.k fy[ksaA

2- Vk;QkbM dk laØe.k dSls gksrk gS \
3- Vk;QkbM 'kjhj ds fdu vaxkas dks izHkkfor djrk gS \
4- ;fn fdlh jksxh ds 'kjhj esa ikuh dh deh gks tk,] rc vki D;k ?kjsyq mipkj
djsx
a As
169 dqN lkekU; jksx
4- eysfj;k (Malaria)
vkius yksxksa dks jkr esa ePNjnkuh yxkdj lksrs gq, ns[kk gksxkA yksx ,slk ePNjksa ds
dkVus ls cpus ds fy, djrs gSaA D;ksafd ePNj dh ,d tkfr ,ukfQyht ¼eknk½ ds dkVus ij
eysfj;k jksx gksrk gSA eknk ,ukfQyht dh ykj esa IykTeksfM;e uked ijthoh izksVkstksvk ik,
tkrs gSaA tc eknk ,ukfQfyt ePNj fdlh LoLFk euq"; dk jDr pwlrh gS rc ;s IykTeksfM;e
mlds jDr esa igq¡p tkrs gSa vkSj yky jDr df.kdkvksa rFkk ;d`r dksf'kdkvksa dks u"V djrs
gSaA cM+h la[;k esa yky jDr df.kdkvksa ds u"V gksus ls ghekstkbu uked fo"kSyk inkFkZ curk
gSA ftlds dkj.k daidih ds lkFk rst cq[kkj vkrk gSA
1- vpkud BaM o daidih ds lkFk cq[kkj vkuk 2- flj o 'kjhj esa nnZ o vdM+u gksuk
3- ilhus ds lkFk cq[kkj vkuk 4- 'kjhj esa jDr dh deh gksuk

16-3 eysfj;k ds y{k.k
eysfj;k ds y{k.k (Symptoms of Malaria)
1- vpkud BaM o daidih ds lkFk rst cq[kkj vkukA
2- flj o 'kjhj esa nnZ] vdM+u gksuk
3- ilhus ds lkFk cq[kkj mrjukA
4- 'kjhj esa jDr dh deh gksukA

5- eysfj;k Toj dk vkØe.k izfrfnu] rhljs fnu ;k nks fnu NksM+dj gksrk gSA
6- jksxh dks I;kl cgqr yxrh gS] rFkk psgjk yky fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
7- jksxh ds ;d`r o frYyh esa lwtu vkrh gS ;k mudk vkdkj c<+ tkrk gSA
eysfj;k ls cpko (Prevention from Malaria)
fuEukafdr mik;ksa dks viukdj eysfj;k ds laØe.k ls cpk tk ldrk gS&
1- ePNjnkuh yxk,a 2- ?kj esa tkfy;ka yxk,a 3- crZu vkfn esa ikuh tek u gksus nsa
4- uhe dh iRrh dk /kqvka¡ djas 5- laxfz gr ty dks <ad dj j[ks 6- NksVs rkykcksa esa eNfy;ka Mkyas
fo'o LokLF; laxBu ¼W.H.O. = oYMZ gsYFk vkxsuZ kbts'ku½dh

lgk;rk ls jk"Vªh; eysfj;k mUewyu ;kstuk ds varxZr jksxh ds
jDr dh tkap dh tkrh gS vkSj laØe.k dh fLFkfr esa 600 fexzk
DyksjksDohu dh ,d fVfd;k ¼xksyh½ igys fnu rFkk mlds ckn 15
fexzk dh ,d fVfd;k izfrfnu ds fglkc ls yxkrkj pkj fnuksa rd
7- vuko';d ty tek u gksus nsAa nh tkrh gSA nok MkWDVj dh lykg ls gh ysuk pkfg,A
5- isfp'k ¼vehfc;kfll½ (Amoebiosis)
vpkud isV esa ejksM+ ;k ,saBu ds lkFk irys nLr gksuk
isfp'k dk y{k.k gSA ;g chekjh xehZ ;k cjlkr ds ekSle esa T;knk
gksrh gSA blds QSyus dk ek/;e nwf"kr Hkkstu rFkk ty gSA
;g chekjh ,d lw{eijthoh izks Vkstksvk ¼,.Vvehck
8- #ds gq, ikuh dh lrg ij rsy fgLVksfyfVdk½ }kjk gksrh gSA ;g euq"; dh cM+h vkar dk ijthoh
vFkok baftu dk tyk gqvk rsy Mkysa gS] tks vkar dh thfor dksf'kdkvksa ,oa Årdksa dks Hkkstu ds :i esa
16-4 eysfj;k ls cpko iz;ksx dj ,d fo"kSyk o gkfudkjd inkFkZ mRiUu djrk gS] ftlls
171 dqN lkekU; jksx
Ård u"V gks tkrs gSaA ;s vkar dh vkarfjd f>Yyh esa

igqapdj Nkys ¼vYlj½ ;k uklwj cuk nsrs gSa ftlds
dkj.k isfp'k ;k vehfc;kfll jksx gksrk gSA gSts ds
leku bl jksx dh okgd Hkh efD[k;k¡ gSaA
isfp'k ds y{k.k (Symptoms of Amoebiosis)
vki fuEu y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij isfp'k dh igpku
dj ldrs gSa%&
1- isV esa ,asBu ;k ejksM+ ds lkFk ckj&ckj
nLr gksrk gSA vf/kd le; rd nLr gksus
ls ey ds lkFk jDr] 'ys"ek vFkok vkao
Hkh vkrh gSA
2- gYdk Toj Hkh vkrk gSA
3- jksx 'kh?kz nwj ugha gksrkA dHkh&dHkh o"kksZa fp= 16-5 vfrlkj ds y{.k (Diarrhoea)
rd cuk jgrk gS] ftlls jksxk.kq vkar dh
f>Yyh ls ân; o frYyh esa igq¡p dj ?kko cukrs gSaA
4- lkekU;r% jksx dk izdksi 2&3 ;k 4&5 fnuksa rd jgrk gSA ijUrq ,d ckj jksx
gksus ij rFkk lko/kkuh ugha j[kus ij ckj&ckj gksus rFkk rhozrk c<+ tkus dk
[krjk cuk jgrk gSA
6- vfrlkj ¼Mk;fj;k½ (Diarrhoea) &
bl chekjh esa O;fDr ds 'kjhj ls rjy ;k v/kZrjy ey fnu esa 3 ckj ls T;knk fudyrk
gSA ;g jksx ,'psfj;kbZ dksykbZ] lkYeksusyk vFkok ,.Vvehck fgLVksfyfVdk }kjk gksrk gSA ;g
jksx nwf"kr Hkkstu ,oa ty }kjk vkar esa laØe.k ls gksrk gSA
vfrlkj ds y{k.k (Symptoms of Diarrhoea)
1- isV esa ,saBu o ejksM+ ds lkFk yxkrkj irys nLr gksrs gSaA
2- mYVh gksuk] e¡qg lw[kuk] I;kl yxuk] fpM+fpM+kiu vkfnA
3- otu esa vpkud deh] ean ukM+h] yEch o rst lkalsa pyukA
4- /k¡lh vka[kas] fldqM+h ukd] thHk o xky dk Hkhrjh Hkkx lw[k tkukA
5- ew= de vkuk ;k u vkuk vFkok xgjk ihyk ew= vkukA
6- 'kjhj dk ty vR;f/kd ek=k esa fudyus ls MhgkbMªs'ku ds dkj.k e`R;q Hkh gks
ldrh gSA
isfp'k o vfrlkj ls cpko (Prevention from Diarrhoea)
fuEu mik; viukus ls isfp'k o Mk;fj;k ls cpk tk ldrk gS%&
isfp'k o vfrlkj dk ?kjsyw mipkj& ukfj;y dk ikuh] uedhu yLlh] uhacw dh f'kdath]
pkoy dk ekaM] gYdh pk;] nky dk ikuh esa ls tks Hkh ?kj esa miyC/k gks] dk yxkrkj lsou
djuk pkfg, rkfd 'kjhj esa ikuh dh deh ls cpk tk ldsA
1- ikuh mckydj ih,a

2- crZuksa dh lQkbZ
3- ikuh dk lqjf{kr mi;ksx djsa
4- [kkuk cukus o [kkus ds iwoZ gkFk /kks,a
5- 'kkSp ds ckn gkFk lkcqu ls /kks,
fp= 16-6 isfp'k o Mk;fj;k ls cpko (Fig 16.6 Prevention from diarrhoea & dysentry)
mYVh nLr ls 'kjhj esa gksus okyh ikuh dh deh dks vks-vkj-,l-¼thou j{kd ?kksy½ ds
lsou ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
buds mÙkj nhft,&

1- ijthoh izksVkstksvk ls gksus okys jksx dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\
2- eysfj;k QSyus dk izeq[k dkj.k D;k gS\
3- nLr rFkk vfrlkj ds jksxh dk izkFkfed mipkj dSls djsaxsA
4- eysfj;k ds jksxk.kq ,oa okgd dk uke fy[ksaA
5- isfp'k ,oa Mk;fj;k esa izeq[k nks varj fy[ksaA
7- gkFkh ikao ¼Qkbysfj;k ;k Qkbysfj;kfll½ (Filaria or Filariasis)
'kk;n vkius fdlh ,sls O;fDr dks ns[kk gksxk ftldk ,d iSj vFkok nksuksa iSj lkekU;
ls cgqr vf/kd eksVs gkas\ D;k vkius lkspk fd mlds iSj brus eksVs D;ksa gS \ ,slk d`fe }kjk gksus
okys laØked jksx Qkbysfj;k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
bl jksx dk laØe.k D;wysDl ePNj ds dkVus ls gksrk gSA
bl jksx ds d`fe ¼okmpsfj;k cSaØkIVkbZ½ thfor rFkk e`r nksuksa voLFkkvksa esa jksx mRiUu
djrs gSaA thfor voLFkk esa ;s d`fe fyEQ okfgfu;ksa ,oa xzafFk;ksa esa izos'k dj gkfudkjd
mikip;h inkFkZ dk L=ko djrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k fyEQokfguh dh dksf'kdk;sa foHkkftr gksdj
budh xqgk dks candj nsrh gSa] ftlls [kqtyh gksrh gSA /khjs&/khjs ikao eksVk gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g
gkFkh ik¡o jksx dgykrk gSA
173 dqN lkekU; jksx
Qkbysfj;k ds y{k.k (Symptoms of Filaria)
1- jksxh dks cq[kkj jgrk gS rFkk [kqtyh gksrh gSA

2- ;d`r] Iyhgk] LØksVe ¼vaMdks"k½] iSj vkfn
Qwydj jlkSyh cuk ysrs gSaA
3- iSj Qwydj lkekU; ls vf/kd eksVk gks tkrk gS
vr% bls ,fyQaSfVvkfll¼gkFkh ik¡o½ ;k Qhyikao
Hkh dgrs gSaA
Qkbysfj;k ls cpko (Prevention from Filaria)
Qkbysfj;k ls cpus ds fy;s fuEu mik; djuk pkfg, & 16-7 Qkbysfj;k xzLr jksxh dk iSj
1- ePNjksa ls cpus ds fy;s ePNjnkuh dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

2- ePNj mRiUu gksus okyh txgksa ij feêh dk rsy ;k batu dk rsy Mkydj ePNj
ds v.Mksa] ykokZ rFkk ePNjksa dks u"V dj nsuk pkfg,A
3- Mh-bZ-lh- ¼Mkb bFkkby dkckZekthu½ dh [kqjkd vo'; ysa ij fuEufyf[kr O;fDr
;g nok u ysa&
2 o"kZ ls de mez ds cPpsA
xHkZorh efgyk,¡A
vR;ar chekj O;fDrA
vLirky esa HkrhZ O;fDrA
8- lnhZ&tqdke (Cold & Fever)
dHkh&dHkh gesa Nhads vkrh gSa] vkSj ukd cgus yxrh gSA ,slk fo"kk.kq }kjk gksus okyh
chekjh lnhZ&tqdke ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;g jksx fdlh dks Hkh gks ldrk gSA
lnhZ jkbuksok;jl }kjk gksus okyh fo"kk.kq tU; laØked chekjh gSA blesa 'okluyh dh
Åijh 'ys"ek f>Yyh ¼fo'ks"kr% ukd rFkk xys dh½ ok;jl ls laØfer gks tkrh gSA dHkh&dHkh
vU; ok;jl ds laØe.k ls 'kjhj esa nnZ ,oa cq[kkj vk tkrk gSA bl cq[kkj dks ge ¶yw
¼bUk¶yw,atk½ ds uke ls Hkh tkurs gSaA lnhZ ds jksxk.kq jksxh ds Nhadus rFkk [kkalus ls fudyus
okys ikuh ds d.kksa ds lkFk jksxh O;fDr ls LoLFk O;fDr rd igq¡prs gSAa jksxh }kjk iz;qDr oLrqvksa
tSls #eky] rkSfy;k] vkfn ds mi;ksx }kjk Hkh laØe.k gks ldrk gSA
lnhZ ds y{k.k (Symptoms of Cold)
1- ckj&ckj Nhadsa vkukA
2- ukd ls tyh; L=ko gksuk ;k ukd cgukA
3- ukd yky gksuk] lwtu o tyu gksukA
4- ukd can gksuk

5- gYdk cq[kkj vkuk] flj o iwjs 'kjhj esa nnZ gksukA
6- ukd o xys esa [kjk'k ds lkFk [kk¡lh vkukA
lnhZ&tqdke ls cpko (Prevention from Cold)
lnhZ ds laØe.k ls cpus ds fy;s fuEu ckrksa
dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,%&
1- LoLFk O;fDr dks jks x h ds la i dZ
es a ugha vkuk pkfg;s rFkk jks x h
dk #eky] rkS f y;k o diM+ s vkfn 1- ckj&ckj Nhad vkuk 2- ukd cguk
dk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A
2- jksxh ds #eky] rkSfy;k o diM+s vkfn
dks Ms V kWy ls /kks d j /kw i es a
lq[kkuk pkfg,A
3- lnhZ ds jksxh dks Nhadrs o [kk¡lrs le;
#eky] lkQ diM+ s ;k gkFkks a
ls ukd rFkk eqag dks <d ysuk pkfg,A 3- ukd yky gksuk] lwtu o 4- ukd can gksuk
9- NksVh ekrk ¼fpdu ikWDl½ (Chicken tyu gksuk fp= 16-8
pox)
fpdu ikWDl ;k NksVh ekrk] fo"kk.kq tfur laØked jksx gS] tks NksVs cPpksa dks vf/kd
gksrk gSA ;g jksx ojlhyk tksLVj uked fo"kk.kq }kjk 10 o"kZ ls de mez ds cPpksa dks vf/kd
gksrk gSA
NksVh ekrk ds y{k.k (Symptoms of Chicken pox)
1- jksxh dks gYdk ;k e/;e cq[kkj jgrk gSA
2- cspSuh ds lkFk ihB o tksM+ksa esa nnZ gksrk gSA
3- bl chekjh ds laØe.k dk lcls vuqdy w le; nkus fudyus ls 2 fnu igys rFkk
mlds 14 fnuksa ckn rd jgrk gSA
4- bl chekjh dh rhozrk rFkk vof/k fudyus okys nkus ds Åij fuHkZj djrh gSA rhoz
fLFkfr esa 'kjhj nkuksa ls Hkj tkrk gS nkus igys xys ij fudyrs gSa ckn esa Åij
dh rjQ psgjs ij rFkk uhps dh vksj iSjksa esa QSyrs gSaA nkus fudyus ds 4 ls 7
fnu ckn nkuksa ij iiM+h cuuk 'kq: gks tkrh gSA
NksVh ekrk ls cpko (Prevention from Chicken pox)
1- jksxh ds lEidZ ls cpuk pkfg,A
2- chekjh ls cpus ds fy, Vhdk Hkh fn;k tkrk gSA
3- jksxh dk fcLrj] diM+s vkfn lkQ j[kuk pkfg,A mls vU; cPpksa ls nwj j[kuk
pkfg,A
175 dqN lkekU; jksx
10- iksfy;ks %& ¼iksfyfeykbfVl½ (Polio)
D;k vkius fdlh ,sls cPps dks ns[kk gS] ftlds iSj cgqr detksj gksa rFkk og cSlk[kh ;k
ykBh ds lgkjs pyrk gksA ,slk fo"kk.kq tfur laØked jksx iksfy;ks ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
iksfy;ks jksx vc rd Kkr fo"kk.kqvksa esa ls vfr lw{e fo"kk.kq iksfy;ks fo"kk.kq }kjk gksrk
gSA ;g fo"kk.kq laØfer O;fDr dh vk¡r dh nhokj esa viuh la[;k esa o`f) dj ylhdk vkSj jDr
izokg ds }kjk dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= esa igqapdj iSjksa dh isf'k;ksa dks
fu;af=r djus okyh raf=dkvksa dks u"V djrk gSA raf=dh; vkosx ds
vHkko esa iSjksa dh isf'k;ka viuk dk;Z lgh <ax ls ugha dj ikrha vr%
laØfer iSj thou Hkj ds fy;s ydokxzLr ;k viax gks tkrs gSaA
dHkh&dHkh bl jksx ls e`R;q Hkh gks tkrh gSA
iksfy;ks dk ok;jl jksxh dh fo"Bk esa gksrk gS] rFkk efD[k;ka
bUgsa Hkkstu] ikuh o vU; [kk| oLrqvksa rd igq¡pkdj mUgsa iznwf"kr
djrh gaSA ;s ok;jl Hkkstu o ikuh ds lkFk cPpksa ds isV esa pyk
tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa laØfer djrk gSA
iksfy;ks ds y{k.k (Symptoms of Polio)
1- tqdke ds lkFk cq[kkj vkrk gS o mfYV;k¡ gksrh gSaA

2- cq[kkj ds dkj.k xnZu vdM+ tkrh gSA
3- ek¡lisf'k;ka fldqM+ tkrh gaS ,oa dk;Z djuk can dj
nsrh gSaA ftlls nnZ jgrk gSA
fp= 16-9 iksfy;ks xzLr cPpk
4- dqN le; ckn jksxh ds iSjksa dh ekalisf'k;ka detksj (Polio affected child)
gks tkrh gSa vkSj og lgh <ax ls [kM+k ugha gks ldrk gS ¼fp= 16-9½A
iksfy;ks ls cpko (Prevention from Polio)
1- cPpksa dks tUe ds rqjUr ckn ^^vksjy iksfy;ks oSDlhu**¼O.P.V½ fiykuk pkfg,A
2- jksxh ds eyew= dk lgh <ax ls fuLrkj.k djuk pkfg;sA
3- ydok xzLr iSj dk mipkj rqjar djkuk pkfg;sA
iYl iksfy;ks (Pulse Polio)
vkius ns[kk ,oa lquk gksxk fd fnlEcj ,oa tuojh ds eghuksa esa uotkr f'k'kq ls 5 o"kZ
dh vk;q rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks iksfy;ks izfrjks/kd nok& ^^vksjy iksfy;ks oSDlhu** fiykbZ
tkrh gSA ns'k ds cPpksa dks iksfy;ks eqDr djus ds fy;s Hkkjr 'kklu }kjk fo'o LokLF; laxBu
ds lg;ksx ls pyk;k tkus okyk ;g ,d jk"Vªh; egkvfHk;ku ^îYl iksfy;ks** gSA
buds mÙkj nsa%&

1- NksVh ekrk ds y{k.k fy[ksaA
2- iksfy;ks okbjl fdl vax dks izHkkfor djrk gS \
3- vks-ih-oh- D;k gS \
4- iksfy;ks dk laØe.k fdlds }kjk gksrk gS \
11- jscht ¼gkbMªksQksfc;k½ [RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA)]
jscht¼tykard½ ,d Hk;kud chekjh gS] tks euq"; esa i'kqvksa ds dkVus fo'ks"kr% jscht
ok;jl ls laØfer dqÙkksa ds dkVus ls gksrh gSA tc dksbZ jscht fo"kk.kq ls laØfer i'kq tSls dqÙkk]
fcYyh] fxygjh] pexknM+] ykseM+h] fl;kj o HksfM+;k vkfn fdlh LoLFk euq"; dks dkVrk gS] rks
mudh ykj esa mifLFkr fo"kk.kq ?kko ds ek/;e ls muds 'kjhj esa igq¡p tkrs gSaA ;g chekjh
laØe.k ds 1 ls 3 ekg rd fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh A ;s fo"kk.kq dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= esa igq¡p dj O;fDr
dks vfr mÙkstd voLFkk esa yk nsrs gSaA
jscht ds y{k.k (Symptoms of rabies)
1- ty ls Mjuk gh bldk izeq[k y{k.k gS] blhfy;s bl jksx dks gkbMªksQksfc;k Hkh
dgrs gSaA
2- rst cq[kkj] fljnnZ ,oa cspSuh jgrh gSA
3- xys esa vojks/k ds dkj.k vkokt nch&nch jgrh gSA
4- ukfM+;ksa ds QVus ls ydok Hkh gks ldrk gSA
jscht ls cpko (Prevention against rabies)
1- i'kqvksa dks ,.Vh jscht dk Vhdk yxkuk pkfg,A igys ,.Vh jscht oSDlhu ds 14
batsD'ku yxk;s tkrs FksA ckn esa ikap yxk;s tkus yxs] ijUrq vc ,.Vh jscht
oSDlhu dk ,d Vhdk yxk;k tkrk gSA
2- vxj vki fdlh dqÙks] fcYyh] ;k canj ds }kjk dkVs gq, O;fDr ds lEidZ esa vkrs
gSa rks mls fudV ds fdlh vLirky esa tkus dh lykg nsaA ;g Hkh ;kn j[ksa fd
fdlh Hkh tkuoj dks dHkh u NsMa+sA
jscht ds mipkj dh fof/k dh [kkst yqbZl ik'pj us dh FkhA jscht ds fo"kk.kq ls 'k'kd
dks d`f=e :i ls laØfer djds mlds es#jTtq ds Ård ls oSDlhu rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
12- ,M~l ¼AIDS½ &
,M~l dk iwjk uke ,Dok;MZ bE;wuks fMfQf'k;sUlh flUMªkse gSA ;g ,p-vkbZ-oh- ¼áweu
bE;wuks fMfQf'k;sUlh ok;jl½ ls gksrk gSA ,p- vkbZ-oh- ok;jl] 'osr jDr df.kdkvksa esa izos'k
djrk gS rFkk 'kjhj dh jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dks u"V djrk gS ¼blh le; 'osr jDr d.k buls
yM+us ds fy;s ,UVhckWMh cukrs gSa] ijUrq ;s ,UVhckWMh ,p-vkbZ-oh- ok;jl ls yM+us esa vleFkZ gksrs
ga½S A
,p-vkbZ-oh- ok;jl laØfer O;fDr ds 'kjhj ls fudyus okys nzo] [kwu] ykj] iq:"kksa ds
oh;Z] efgykvksa ds xqIrkaaxksa ls fudyus okys nzo ,oa ek¡ ds nw/k esa ik;s tkrs gSaA
177 dqN lkekU; jksx
,M~l dh igpku ds y{k.k (Symptoms of AIDS)

,M~l dh igpku fuEufyf[kr y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij dj ldrs gSa%&
1- 'kjhj dk otu rsth ls ?kVrk gSA
2- ,d ekg ls vf/kd le; yxkrkj cq[kkj vkSj [kkalh ds lkFk cyxe vkrk gSA
3- ,d ekg ls vf/kd le; rd irys nLr gksrs gSaA
4- cgqr vf/kd FkdkoV yxukA
5- yfldk xzafFk esa lwtu ,oa tksM+ksa esa nnZ jgukA
6- eq¡g esa lQsn Nkys iM+ukA
7- Ropk esa nkuksa dk mHkj vkuk vkSj [kqtyh rFkk tyu gksukA
uks V & 1- y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ,M~l dh igpku ugha dh tk ldrh D;ksafd ;s
(NOTE) y{k.k vU; chekfj;ksa esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA vr% [kwu dh tkap djkuk
vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA
2- ,p-vkbZ-oh 'kjhj esa izos'k djus ds rqjar ckn ,M~l ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ ugha
nsrs] fdUrq 3&15 o"kksZa ds vUrjky esa fn[kkbZ nsus yxrs gaSA
3- ,p-vkbZ-oh- ok;jl fdlh O;fDr ds 'kjhj esa jgus ij Hkh laØfer O;fDr
LoLFk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ysfdu ,slk O;fDr fdlh vU; LoLFk O;fDr dks
laØfer djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA
,M~l ls cpko (Prevention against AIDS)
LokLF; f'k{kk }kjk ,M~l laca/kh tkudkjh yksxksa dks nh tk jgh gS] D;ksafd lgh tkudkjh
gh ,M~l ls cpko dk mik; gSA
13- ihfy;k (Jaundice)
ihfy;k iznwf"kr ty o Hkkstu ls QSyus okyk laØked jksx gSA bls ok;jy gsisVkbfVl
bZ dgk tkrk gSA ihfy;k ds fo"kk.kqvksa ds 'kjhj esa izos'k djus ds 15 ls 50 fnuksa esa bl jksx ds
y{k.k izdV gksrs gSaA bl jksx ls lHkh dks uqdlku gksrk gS fdarq xHkZorh efgykvksa dks vf/kd
[krjk gksrk gSA
ihfy;k ds y{k.k (Symptoms of Jaundice) &
1- Hkw[k u yxuk rFkk Hkkstu dk Lokn u vkukA
2- ihys jax dk is'kkc gksuk o vk¡[kksa vkSj Ropk dk jax ihyk gksukA
3- flj esa nnZ gksuk] mYVh yxuk ;k gksukA
4- detksjh vkSj FkdkoV yxukA
5- isV esa nkfguh rjQ] Åij dh vksj nnZ gksukA
ihfy;k ls cpko (Prevention against Jaundice)
1- ihus ds ikuh dks 20 feuV rd mckydj] BaMk dj mi;ksx djsaA
2- 20 yhVj ihus ds ikuh esa 1 Dyksjhu xksyh ihldj Mkysa ,oa 30 feuV ckn mi;ksx djsAa
3- 'kkSp ds i'pkr~ ,oa Hkkstu ds igys gkFk lkcqu ls /kks,aA
4- ihfy;k ds fo"kk.kq ejht ds ey ds lkFk folftZr gksrs gSa vr% [kqys esa 'kkSp u djsaA
5- [kqys esa j[kh] cklh o lM+h&xyh [kkn~; lkexzh dk lsou u djsaA
6- ihfy;k ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gh rqjar MkDVj ls lykg ysaA
16-4 ,d vkuqokaf’kd jksx & fldy lsy (A Genetic disease - Sickle celled Anaemia)
fldy lsy jksx dk uke vkius lquk gksxkA NŸkhlx<+ dh dqN tkfr;ksa
esa Hkh ;g chekjh ik;h tkrh gSA
vkb,] tkusa vkf[kj fldy lsy lkekU; yky
jksx ;k fldfyax D;k gS\ jDr dksf'kdk
fldy lsy jksx 'kjhj esa (Normal red
blood cells)
yky jDr d.kksa esa gq, tUetkr
ifjorZu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ftleas xksykdkj yky gafl;kdkj yky
jDr d.k gafl, ds vkdkj ds gks tkrs gSa ¼vaxszth esa jDr dksf'kdk
gafl, dks Sickle dgrs gaS½ lkekU; yky jDr d.k (Sickle shaped red
blood cells)
'kjhj esa vkWDlhtu dk ifjogu djrs gSa tcfd fp= 16-10
gafl;kdkj gks tkus ds dkj.k vkWDlhtu ds ifjogu esa deh gks tkrh gSA lkFk gh ;s 'kjhj ds
fofHkUu vaxksa dh eghu jDr okfgfu;ksa esa xqPNk cudj Qal tkrs gaS ftlls ml vax ds dk;Z esa
#dkoV vkSj nnZ gksus yxrk gSA
;g chekjh lkekU;r% mu Hkw&Hkkxksa esa ik;h tkrh gS tgk¡ eysfj;k vf/kd gksrk gSA
oSKkfudksa dk vuqeku gS fd eysfj;k ijthfo;ksa ls cpus ds fy, yky jDr d.kksa us vius
lkekU; vkdkj esa ifjorZu dj bl izdkj dk j{kkRed :i /kkj.k fd;k gksxkA
lkekU; yky jDr dksf'kdk vkSj gafl;kdkj yky jDr dksf'kdk esa varj
lkekU; yky jDr dksf'kdk gafl;kdkj yky jDr dksf'kdk
1- ;s xksykdkj gksrs gaSA 1- ;s gafl;kdkj gksrs gSaA
2- eqyk;e o yphys gksrs gaSA buesa yphykiu de gksrk gS rFkk
vis{kkd`r dM+s gksrs gSaA
3- jDr okfgfu;ksa esa vklkuh ls cg ldrs gSSaA 2- jDr okfgfu;ksa eas xqPNksa ds :i esa
Qal tkrs gaSA
4- ;s cuus ds ckn 120 fnuksa rd thfor jgrs gaSA 3- tYnh u"V gks tkrs gaS budk thou
dsoy 20 fnu dk gksrk gSA
fldy lsy jksx ds y{k.k (Symptoms of sickle cell Anaemia)
1- ,uhfe;k vFkkZr~ [kwu dh deh ds dkj.k 'kjhj dk jax lQsn fn[kkbZ nsukA
2- tYnh Fkduk vkSj lkal QwyukA
3- fpM+fpM+kiu] [kku&iku esa v#fpA
4- gkFk&iSj dh vaxqfy;ksa] tkssM+ksa esa lwtu rFkk nnZA
179 dqN lkekU; jksx
5- ckj&ckj cq[kkj vkSj lnhZ gksukA

6- frYyh ¼Iyhgk Spleen½ dk vkdkj cM+k gks tkukA
7- cPPkksa ds fodkl esa #dkoV vkukA
fldy lsy ds jksxh dks D;k djuk pkfg, (What a sickle celled anemic person must do)
1- [kwc ikuh ihuk pkfg, A

2- larqfyr vkgkj ysuk pkfg, A
3- gj ekg jDr dh tk¡p djuk pkfg, A
4- jDr dh ek=k esa o`f) ds fy, fpfdRld dh lykg ls nok ysuk pkfg, A
fldy lsy jksx ls cpko dSls gks \ (How do we prevent sickle celled anaemia)
;g ,d vkuqokaf'kd chekjh gS tks ekrk&firk ls cPpksa eas vkrh gS A bl chekjh ds jksxh

nks izdkj ds gksrs gS&
1 fldy lsy okgd
2 fldy ls ihfM+r jksxh
fldy lsy okgd lkekU;r% LoLFk jgrk gS buesa chekjh ds dksbZ y{k.k ugha gksrs ,oa
lkekU; thou O;rhr djrs gSaA fldy lsy okgd dks Lo;a Hkh ;g ugha ekywe jgrk fd og
fldy jksx dk /kkjd ;k okgd gSA fldy lsy okgd tc fdlh vU; okgd ;k ihfM+r jksxh
ls fookg djrs gSa rks fldy lsy ihfM+r larku ds gksus dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA ;fn nks fldy
jksxh vkil esa fookg djrs gSa rks muds cPps fldy lsy ds jksxh gksaxsA
vr% fookg iwoZ yM+ds yM+fd;ksa dh bl jksx ds lac/a k esa jDr tk¡p dh fjikssVZ vo'; ns[kh
tkuh pkfg,A
1- jscht ds izeq[k y{k.k D;k gSa\

2- ,M~l ds fo"kk.kq dk iwjk uke fyf[k,A
3- fldy lsy jksx ds D;k y{k.k gSa\
4- lkekU; yky jDr dksf'kdk vkSj gafl;kdkj yky jDr dksf'kdk esa D;k varj gksrk gS\
16-5 Vhdkdj.k (Vaccination)
Vhdkdj.k og mik; gS ftlds }kjk fdlh tho esa fdlh jksx ds izfr izfrjks/kd {kerk
dks mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA
Vhdkdj.k rkfydk ¼f'k'kqvksa ds fy,½ [Vaccination chart (for children)]

le; fu/kkZ j .k Vhdkdj.k ftu chekfj;ksa ds fy, Vhdk fn;k tkrk gS
tUe ls 12 eghuksa rd ch-lh-th- {k;jksx
1½ eghuk Mh-ih-Vh-&1 dkyh [kkalh] fM¶Fkhfjvk
vks-ih-oh-&1 VSVul] iksfy;ks
9&12 eghus [kljk [kljk
16&24 eghus Mh-ih-Vh-cwLVj dkyh [kkalh] fM¶Fkhfjvk
vks-ih-oh- cwLVj VSVul] iksfy;ks
5&6 o"kZ Mh-Vh- dkyh [kkalh] VSVul
10&16 o"kZ Vh-Vh- VSVul

jksxksa ls cpus ds fy;s ges'kk rktk o xeZ Hkkstu djuk pkfg,A
ty] Hkkstu] Qyksa ,oa lfCt;ksa dks <ddj j[kuk pkfg, rFkk Qyksa ,oa lfCt;ksa
dks /kksdj iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
Hkkstu djus ls iwoZ rFkk 'kkSp ds ckn lkcqu ls gkFk vo'; /kksuk pkfg,A
?kj] 'kkyk o xkao ds vklikl dwM+k&djdV o ikuh tek ugha gksus nsuk pkfg,A
bUgas nwj xM~<s esa Qsaddj LoPNrk j[kuk pkfg,A
'kkSpky;ksa ,oa ukfy;ksa esa fQukby dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
jksxh dks LoPN] lw[ks o goknkj vyx dejs esa j[kuk pkfg,A
jksxh dks iw.kZ lgkuqHkwfr ,oa i;kZIr vkjke nsuk pkfg,A
jksxh dks b/kj&m/kj Fkwdus ugha nsuk pkfg, oju~ ,d feêh ds ik= esa jk[k ;k
feêh Mky dj Fkwdus dh vknr Mkyuk pkfg,A ckn esa mls dgha nwj xM~<s esa
xkM+ nsuk pkfg,A
jksxh ds diM+ksa dks vyx dj MsVkWy ikuh ls /kksdj /kwi esa lq[kkuk pkfg,A
jksxh dks ihus ds fy, mckydj BaMk fd;k gqvk ikuh] rjy iks"kd ,oa ikpd
Hkkstu nsuk pkfg,A
lHkh cPpksa dks le;≤ ij fofHkUu jksxksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k vo'; djkuk
pkfg,A
MkWDVj dh lykg o tkudkjh ds fcuk fdlh Hkh nok dk iz;ksx ugha djuk
pkfg,A
181 dqN lkekU; jksx
?kj esa] vklikl] eksgYys o xkao ds yksxksa dks ;fn dksbZ jksx gS rks mUgsa mipkj
ds fy, izsfjr djuk pkfg,A
jksx mRiUu djus okys lw{etho] ^^jksxksRiknd lw{etho** dgykrs gSaA
'kjhj esa mYVh o nLr ds dkj.k gksus okyh ty dh deh dks futZyhdj.k
¼MhgkbMªs'ku½ dgrs gSaA
futZyhdj.k dks jksdus gsrq vks-vkj-,l-¼vksjy fjgkbMªs'ku lksY;q'ku½ ds ?kksy dk
iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
gStk] isfp'k] Mk;fj;k o iksfy;ks ds jksxk.kqvksa dh okgd ^êfD[k;ka** gSaA
eysfj;k ds jksxk.kqvksa ds okgd ^êknk ,uksfQyht ePNj** gSaA
Qkbysfj;k jksx D;wysDl ePNj ds dkVus ls QSyrk gSA
iksfy;ks ls cpko gsrq 0 ls 5 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks vksjy iksfy;ks oSDlhu nsuk pkfg,A
,M~l] ,p-vkbZ-oh- ¼áweu bE;wuks fMfQf'k;Ulh ok;jl½ }kjk gksrk gSA bldh
tkudkjh izkIr dj gh blls cpk tk ldrk gSA
gStk] Vk;QkbM] isfp'k] Mk;fj;k vkfn chekfj;ka laØe.k;qDr ikuh ihus
ls gksrh gSaA vr% ikuh dks mckydj ihuk lcls lqjf{kr mik; gSA
1- futZyhdj.k jksdus ds fy;s jksxh dks&&&&&&&&?kksy
ckj&ckj fiykuk pkfg,A
2- eknk ,ukfQyht ePNj ds dkVus ls &&&&&&&& jksx gksrk gSA
3- ,d LoLFk cPps dks vpkud Nhdsa vkbZ vkSj mldh ukd cgus yxh
mls&&&&& jksx gks ldrk gSA
4- ,d cPps dk ,d iSj cgqr vf/kd eksVk o ,d iSj lkekU; gS mls
&&&&&& jksx gSA
5- fyEQ okfgfu;ka&&&&&&&& }kjk laØfer gksrh gSaA
6- &&&&&&&,oa &&&&&& jksx esa dsUnzh; raf=dk ra= izHkkfor gksrk gSA
7- euq"; ds 'kjhj esa izos'k djds ,p-vkbZ-oh-ok;jl &&&&&& dksf'kdkvksa
dks u"V djrk gSA
2- lgh o xyr dFku igpku dj xyr dFku dks lgh dj fy[ksa&
1- Vh-,-ch- dk Vhdk Vk;Qk;M ds fy;s yxkrs gSaA
2- risfnd fofcz;ks dksysjh }kjk gksus okyk laØked jksx gSA
3- ePNj ls cpus ds fy;s ePNjnkuh yxkdj lksuk pkfg,A
4- isfp'k o Mk;fj;k ds jksxh ds ey dks [kqyk ugha NksM+uk pkfg;s oju~ jk[k
o feêh ls <d nsuk pkfg,A
5- lnhZ ;k bU¶yw,atk ds jksxk.kq jksxh ds #eky o rkSfy;s ds mi;ksx ls LoLFk

O;fDr rd ugha igq¡prsA
6- Qkbysfj;k ls cpus ds fy;s ePNjksa dks u"V dj nsuk pkfg,A
7- jscht lHkh dqÙkksa] fcfYy;ksa ds dkVus ls gksrk gSA
1- thok.kqvksa ,oa fo"kk.kqvksa ls gksus okyk jksx gS%&
¼d½ vuqokaf'kd jksx ¼[k½ laØked jksx ¼x½ LdohZ ¼?k½ vlaØked jksx
2- ch-lh-th- ds Vhds dk mi;ksx fdl jksx ds fy;s gksrk gS%&
¼d½ iksfy;ks ¼[k½ V~;wcjdqyksfll ¼x½ VkbQkbM ¼?k½ eysfj;k
3- fuEu esa ls dkSu lk thok.kq tfur jksx gS%&
¼d½ fpduikWDl ¼[k½ Vk;QkbM ¼x½ jscht ¼?k½ bU¶yq,Utk
4- eysfj;k ds jksxk.kq dk okgd gS &
¼d½ uj D;wysDl ePNj ¼[k½ uj ,ukfQyht ePNj
¼x½ eknk ,ukfQyht ePNj ¼?k½ eknk D;wysDl ePNj
5- fuEu esa ls fdl jksx esa BaM rFkk daidih ds lkFk cq[kkj vkrk gSA
¼d½ Vk;QkbM ¼[k½ gStk ¼x½ eysfj;k ¼?k½ V~;wcjdqyksfll
6- izksVkstksvk ls gksus okyk laØked jksx gS%&
¼d½ isfp'k ¼[k½ eysfj;k ¼x½ Mk;fj;k ¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh
7- isfp'k jksx gksrk gS%&
¼d½ nwf"kr ikuh ihus ls ¼[k½ vf/kd [kkuk [kkus ls
¼x½ LoPN ikuh ihus ls ¼?k½ lykn [kkus ls
1- cPpksa dks risfnd ls cpkus ds fy;s D;k&D;k djuk pkfg, \
2- futZyhdj.k D;k gS \ bls nwj djus ds mik; D;k gaS \
3- ;fn vkids ?kj ds vklikl cgqr xM~<s gSa] muesa ikuh Hkh Hkjk gS] ePNj
Hkh cgqr gaS] rc vkidks dkSu&dkSu ls jksx gks ldrs gSa \
4- vkids lkFkh dks isV esa ,asBu o ejksM+ ds lkFk irys nLr gks jgs gSa] D;k
vki crk ldrs gSa fd mls D;k vkSj D;ksa gqvk gS\
5- fdUgha nks fo"kk.kq tU; jksxksa ds uke rFkk y{k.k fyf[k,A
6- efD[k;ksa ds }kjk dkSu&dkSu ls jksx QSyrs gSa \
7- fookg iwoZ jDr tk¡p dh fjiksVZ D;ksa ns[kh tkuh pkfg,\
21
17 fd'kksjkoLFkk (ADOLESCENCE)
17-1
vkius d{kk 6 esa ^^lthoksa esa o`f)^^ ds ckjs esa i<+k gSA vki tkurs gSa fd o`f) ,d izkd`frd
izfØ;k gS tks tUe ds le; ls vkjaHk gks tkrh gSA euq";ksa esa 10 ;k 11 o"kZ dh vk;q ds ckn o`f)
esa ,dk,d rhozrk vkrh gS tks 'kjhj esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k Li"V fn[kkbZ nsus yxrh
gSA ;s ifjorZu Hkh o`f) dh izfØ;k dk gh ,d Hkkx gaSA
fØ;kdyki&1
vkidh d{kk ;k ikl&iM+ksl ds ,sls nks lkFkh tks cpiu ls vkids lkFk
[ksys@i<++s gksa esa cpiu ls vc rd gq, ifjorZuksa dks lkj.kh&17-1 esa lgh ¼ ½
dk fu'kku yxkdj n'kkZb,&
lkj.kh&17-1
Ø- cpiu ls vc rd gq, ifjorZu lkFkh 1 lkFkh 2
¼yM+dk@yM+dh½ ¼yM+dk@yM+dh½
1 yEckbZ c<+ xbZ gS
2 vkokt cny xbZ gS
3 'kkjhfjd vkd`fr esa ifjorZu gks x;k gS
4 psgjs ij eq¡gkls gks jgs gSa
5 ek¡l&isf'k;k¡ etcwr gks x;h gSa
6 xys esa mHkkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS
7
8
vkius ns[kk fd gekjs thoudky es]a 'kjhj esa yxkrkj ifjorZu gksrs gSa fdarq gekjs thou
dky dk og le; tc 'kjhj esa dqN ,sls ifjorZu gksrs gSa ftuds ifj.kke Lo:i tuu ifjiDork
vkrh gS fd'kksjkoLFkk dgykrh gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku euq"; ds 'kjhj esa vusd ifjorZu gksrs
gSAa ;g ifjorZu ;kSoukjaHk dk ladrs gSAa buesa ls lcls egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gS yM+dksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa
esa tuu {kerk dk fodklA fd'kksj dh tuu ifjiDork ds lkFk gh ;kSoukjaHk lekIr gks tkrk gSA
fd'kksjkoLFkk yxHkx 11 o"kZ dh vk;q ls izkjaHk gksdj 18 vFkok 19 o"kZ dh vk;q rd jgrh
gSA ;g vof/k vaxzsth ds "teens" (Thirteen ls Nineteen) rd dh gksrh gS blfy, fd'kksjksa
dks VhustlZ (Teenagers) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA yM+fd;ksa dh ;g voLFkk yM+dksa dh vis{kk ,d
;k nks o"kZ iwoZ izkjaHk gks tkrh gSA
fd'kksjkoLFkk] lkspus ds rjhds esa ifjorZu dh vof/k gSA bl voLFkk esa ckSf)d fodkl Hkh
gksrk gS vFkkZr bl voLFkk esa efLr"d dh lh[kus dh {kerk lokZf/kd gksrh gSA ;|fi fd'kksj
'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld ifjorZuksa ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dks cnyus dk iz;kl djrk gS fQj Hkh og
vlqjf{kr eglwl djrk gSA izR;sd fd'kksj dks ;g le>uk pkfg, fd vlqjf{kr eglwl djus
dk dksbZ dkj.k ugha gS] ;s ifjorZu izkd`frd gSa tks 'kkjhfjd o`f) ds dkj.k mRiUu gks jgs gSaA
17-2 fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gksus okys ifjorZu (Changes during Adolescence)
17-2-1 yEckbZ esa o`f) & yackbZ esa ,dk,d o`f) fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gksus okyk lcls
vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsus okyk ifjorZu gSA bl le; 'kjhj dh gkFk o iSjksa dh vfLFk;ksa ¼gfM~M;ksa½
dh yEckbZ esa o`f) gksrh gS vkSj O;fDr yack gks tkrk gSA lkj.kh 17-2 esa yM+ds o yM+fd;ksa dh
vk;q ds lkFk yackbZ esa vkSlr o`f) dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kr% 12 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ,d yM+dk
viuh iw.kZ yackbZ dk 84 izfr'kr rFkk yM+dh 91 izfr'kr y{; izkIr dj ysrh gSA ;s vkadM+s
izfrfuf/kRo ek= gSA buds vk/kkj ij viuh iw.kZ yackbZ dk vuqeku yxkb,A
Lkkj.kh&17-2
vk;q o"kksZa esa iw.kZ yEckbZ dk izfr'kr
(Age in years) (% of full height)
yM+ds (Boys) yM+fd;k¡ (Girls)
08 72% 77%
09 75% 81%
10 78% 84%
11 81% 88%
12 84% 91%
13 88% 95%
14 92% 98%
15 95% 99%
16 98% 99-5%
17 99% 100%
18 100% 100%
Ikw.kZ yEckbZ ds fy, x.kuk ¼cm esa½ ¾

mnkgj.k & ;fn jes'k dh vk;q 9 o"kZ rFkk yEckbZ 120 cm gSA o;Ld voLFkk esa vkus
ij mldh vuqekfur yEckbZ gksxh &
¼lkj.kh&17-2 esa fn, x, eku ds vuqlkj½
120
x 100cm = 160cm
75
185 fd'kksjkoLFkk
izkjaHk esa yM+fd;ksa dh yEckbZ yM+dksa dh vis{kk vf/kd rhozrk ls c<+rh gS ijUrq yxHkx
18 o"kZ dh vk;q rd nksuksa viuh vf/kdre yackbZ dks izkIr dj ysrs gSaA vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa
dh yEckbZ esa o`f) dh nj Hkh fHkUu&fHkUUk gksrh gSA dqN ;kSoukjEHk esa rhoz xfr ls c<+rs gSa rFkk
ckn esa ;g xfr /kheh gks tkrh gS tcfd dqN /khjs&/khjs o`f) djrs gSaA
vkius /;ku fn;k gksxk fd fdlh O;fDr dh yackbZ mlds ifjokj ds fdlh u fdlh
lnL; dh yackbZ ds yxHkx leku gksrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd yackbZ ekrk&firk ls izkIr
^^thu^^ ij fuHkZj djrh gS ijUrq o`f) ds bu o"kksZa esa mfpr izdkj dk larqfyr vkgkj egRoiw.kZ
gSA blls vfLFk;ksa] isf'k;ksa ,oa 'kjhj ds vU; Hkkxksa dks lgh <ax ls o`f) djus gsrq i;kZIr iks"k.k
izkIr gksrk gSA
17-2-2 'kkjhfjd vkd`fr esa ifjorZu (Change in Body Shape) - D;k vkius /;ku fn;k
gS fd vkidh d{kk ds Nk=ksa ds da/ks ,oa lhuk fupyh d{kk ds Nk=ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd pkSM+s gksrs
gSa\ o`f) ds dkj.k yM+dksa esa 'kkjhfjd isf'k;k¡ yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk lqLi"V ,oa xBh gqbZ fn[kkbZ
nsrh gSaA fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku yM+dksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA
17-2-3 Loj esa ifjorZu (Voice change) - D;k vkius /;ku fn;k gS fd dHkh&dHkh vkidh
d{kk ds dqN yM+dksa dh vkokt QVus yxrh gS\ ;kSoukoLFkk esa Loj;a= vFkok ySfjUdl esa o`f)
dk izkjaHk gksrh gSA yM+dksa dk Loj;a= fodflr gksdj vis{kkd`r cM+k gks tkrk gSA yM+dksa esa c<+rk
gqvk Loj;a= xys ds lkeus dh vksj lqLi"V mHkjs Hkkx ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftls daBef.k dgrs
gSAa yM+fd;ksa esa Loj;a= vis{kkd`r NksVk gksrk gS vr% ckgj ls lkekU;r% fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA
17-2-4 Losn ,oa rSy xzafFk;ksa dh fØ;k'khyrk esa o`f) (Increased Activity of Sweat
and Sebaceous Glands) & fd'kksjkoLFkk esa Losn ,oa rSyxzafFk;ksa dk óko c<+ tkrk gSA bu
xzafFk;ksa dh vf/kd fØ;k'khyrk ds dkj.k dqN fd'kksjksa ds psgjs ij Qqafl;k¡ vkSj e¡qgkls vkfn gks
tkrs gSaA
17-2-5 tuu vaxksa dk fodkl (Development of Sex Organs) & ;g ;kSoukjEHk esa gksus
okyk lcls egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gS] ftlesa tuukax iw.kZr% fodflr gks tkrs gSa rFkk yM+dksa ,oa
yM+fd;ksa dh tuu {kerk dk fodkl gks tkrk gSA euq"; ds iztuu ra= ds ckjs esa vkius d{kk
lkr esa i<+k gSA vkb,] bls foLrkj ls tkusaA
¼d½ uj tuu vax (Male reproductive organs) buesa ,d tksM+h o`"k.k] nks 'kqØk.kq
ufydk,a ,oa ,d f'k'u gksrk gS ¼fp= 17-1 d½A tuukaxksa ds ifjiDo gksus ij o`"k.k ls vR;ar
lw{e] yk[kksa 'kqØk.kqvksa ;k uj tuu ;qXedksa dk mRiknu izkjaHk gks tkrk gSA 'kqØk.kq ,dy
dksf'kdk tSls gksrs gSa] izR;sd 'kqØk.kq esa ,d flj] ,d e/; Hkkx ,oa ,d iwN
¡ gksrh gS ¼fp= 17-1 [k½A
flj
(Head)
'kqØk.kq ufydk
(Sperm duct)
e/; Hkkx
(Middle Piece)
f'k'u
(Penis)
o`"k.k iwN
¡
(Tail)
(Testis)
d [k
fp= 17-1 ekuo esa ¼d½ uj tuu vax ¼[k½ 'kqØk.kq
¼[k½ eknk tuu vax (Female reproductive organs) & buesa ,d tksM+h vaMk'k;] vaM
okfguh ¼fMac okfguh½ ,oa xHkkZ'k; gksrk gS ¼fp= 17-2 d½A fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ;s iw.kZr% fodflr
gks tkrs gSaA vaMk'k; eknk tuu ;qXed mRiUu djrs gSa ftUgsa vaMk.kq ¼fMac½ dgrs gSaA ;ksSoukjaHk
esa] yM+fd;ksa esa vaMk'k; ds vkdkj esa o`f) gks tkrh gS rFkk vaM ifjiDo gksus yxrs gSaA izfr ekg
nksuksa vaMk'k;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d ls fodflr vaMk.kq ¼fp= 17-2 [k½ ;k fMac dk fueksp Z u ¼ckgj
fudyuk½ vaMokfguh esa gksrk gSA xHkkZ'k; og Hkkx gS tgk¡ f'k'kq dk fodkl gksrk gSA 'kqØk.kq dh rjg
vaMk.kq Hkh ,dy dksf'kdk gSA
v.Mokfguh Nucleus
Oviduct
dsUnzd
v.Mk'k;
Ovary
xHkkZ'k;
Uterus
d [k
fp= 17-2 ekuo esa ¼d½ eknk tuu vax ¼[k½ vaMk.kq
¼x½ fu"kspu (Fertilization) & vki tkurs gaS fd tc 'kqØk.kq] vaMk.kq ds laidZ esa vkrs gSa
rks buesa ls ,d 'kqØk.kq] vaMk.kq ds lkFk layf;r gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj 'kqØk.kq vkSj vaMk.kq dk
layf;r gksdj ,d gks tkuk fu"kspu dgykrk gS ¼fp= 17-3 d½A tc 'kqØk.kq o vaMk.kq dk
lay;u eknk 'kjhj ds vanj gksrk gS rc og vkarfjd fu"kspu tSls euq";] fcYyh] xk; vkfn esa
rFkk tc lay;u eknk 'kjhj ls ckgj gksrk gS rc og ckg~; fu"kspu dgykrk gS] tSls esa<d]
187 fd'kksjkoLFkk
eNyh ,oa vf/kdka'k tyh; tUrqvksa vkfn esaA lay;u ds ifj.kkeLo:i ;qXeut ¼fp= 17-3 [k½
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] tks vkxs ,d Hkwz.k ,oa var esa ,d larfr ds :i esa fodflr gksrk gSA
'kqØk.kq
Sperms layf;r dsUnzd
Fusing nuclei
v.Mk.kq
Ovum
d [k
fp= 17-3 ekuo esa ¼d½ fu"kspu ¼[k½ ;qXeut [Human (a) fertilization (b) Zygote]
euq"; ,oa vU; Lru/kkfj;ksa tSls xk;] fcYyh vkfn esa Hkwz.k dk fodkl xHkkZ'k; esa gksrk
gS rFkk ;s iw.kZ fodflr f'k'kq dks tUe nsrs gSaA dqN tarq vaMs nsrs gSa tks ckn esa f'k'kq esa fodflr
gksrs gSaA ,sls tUrq tks lh/ks gh f'k'kqvksa dks tUe nsrs gSa tjk;qt ;k fiaMt dgrs gSaA os tUrq tks
vaMs nsrs gSa vaMt tUrq dgykrs gSaA lksfp, vaMt tUrq dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\
vR;ar NksVs tUrqvksa esa vySafxd tuu gksrk gS] tSls gkbMªk esa tuu eqdqyu ds }kjk gksrk
gS] blesa NksVk lk mHkkj ftls dfydk dgrs gSa] eq[; 'kjhj ls vyx gksdj ,d u, tho ds :i
esa o`f) djrk gSA lw{en'khZ; tho vehck tSls ,d dksf'kdh; thoksa esa f}[kaMu gksrk gSA blesa
dksf'kdk rFkk dsanzd nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gks tkrk gS vkSj izR;sd Hkkx ,d u, tho ds :i esa
o`f) djrk gSA
1- fd'kksjkoLFkk ds izeq[k y{k.k dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\

2- fd'kksjksa ds psgjs ij Qqafl;k¡ vkSj e¡qgkls vkfn gks tkus ds D;k dkj.k gSa\
3- fd'kksj Lo;a dks vlqjf{kr eglwl D;ksa djrs gSa\
4- tjk;qt ,oa vaMt tUrqvksa esa izeq[k varj D;k gS \
5- fu"kspu fdls dgrs gSa \ le>kb,A
17-3 xkS.k ySafxd y{k.k (Secondary Sexual Characters) & vki tkurs gSa fd o`"k.k ,oa
v.Mk'k; tuu vax gSaA os ;qXed vFkkZr~ 'kqØk.kq rFkk vaMk.kq mRiUu djrs gSaA ;qokoLFkk esa
yM+fd;ksa esa Lruksa dk fodkl gksus yxrk gS rFkk yM+dksa ds psgjs ij nk<+h&ew¡N vkus yxrh gaSA
;s y{k.k yM+fd;ksa dks yM+dksa ls igpkuus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA vr% bUgsa xkS.k ySafxd y{k.k
dgrs gSaA yM+dksa ds lhus ij Hkh cky vk tkrs gSaA yM+dksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa nksuksa ds cxy ,oa tk¡?k
ds Åijh Hkkx ¼I;wfcd {ks=½ esa Hkh cky vk tkrs gSaA
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gksus okys ifjorZu gkeksZu ds }kjk fu;af=r gksrs gSaA gkeksZu] var% L=koh
xzafFk;ksa ls L=kfor gksus okys jklk;fud inkFkZ gSaA
;kSoukjaHk ds lkFk gh o`"k.k ikS:"k gkeksZu vFkkZr~ VsLVksLVsjkWu dk Lkzko izkjaHk dj nsrk gSA
;g yM+dksa esa ifjorZu dk dkjd gS mnkgj.k ds fy, psgjs ij ckyksa dk vkukA yM+fd;ksa esa
;kSoukjaHk ds lkFk gh vaMk'k; L=h gkeksZu vFkok ,LVªkstu mRikfnr djuk izkjaHk dj nsrk gS
ftlls Lru fodflr gks tkrs gSaA nqX/kókoh xzafFk;k¡ vFkok nqX/k xzafFk;k¡ Lru ds vanj fodflr
gksrh gSaA bu gkeksZUl ds mRiknu dk fu;a=.k ih;w"k xzafFk vFkok fiV~;wVjh xzafFk }kjk L+=kfor
gkeksZUl ls gksrk gSA
17-4 tuu dk;Z izkjaHk djus esa gkeksZUl dh Hkwfedk (Role of Hormones in Initiating
Reproductive Function)
vki tkurs gSa fd var%ókoh xzafFk;ksa ls fudyus okys gkeksZUl lh/ks jDr izokg esa fey
tkrs gSa ftlls og jDr ds lkFk fo'ks"k Hkkx ¼y{; LFky½ rd ig¡qp ldsa rFkk muls lacaf/kr
dk;Z laikfnr gks ldsA gekjs 'kjhj esa vusd var%ókoh xazfFk;k¡ gSa ftuesa o`"k.k ,oa v.Mk'k;
ySafxd gkeksZu ókfor djrs gSaA ySafxd gkekZsu Hkh ih;w"k xzafFk }kjk lzkfor gkekZsu ds fu;a=.k
esa gksrs gSa &
ih;w"k xzafFk ls ókfor gkeksZu tuukaxksa dks
VsLVksLVsjkWu ¼uj esa½ rFkk ,LVkªts u ¼eknk es½a
ókfor djus ds fy, mn~nhfir djrk gSA
#f/kj izokg esa ókfor fd;k tkrk gS rFkk

'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ¼y{; LFky½ rd
ig¡qprk gSA
;kSoukjEHk ds le; 'kjhj esa ifjorZuksa dks

mn~nhfir djrk gSA
izokg vkjs[k 17-4 & ;kSoukjEHk ds le; 'kkjhfjd ifjorZuksa dk gkekZsu }kjk fu;a=.k
17-5 euq"; esa tuu dky dh vof/k (Reproductive Phase of life in Human) tc
fd'kksjksa ds o`"k.k rFkk vaMk'k; ;qXed mRikfnr djus yxrs gSa rc os tuu ds ;ksX; gks tkrs gSAa ;qXed
dh ifjiDork ,oa mRiknu dh {kerk iq:"kksa esa fL=;ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd vof/k rd jgrh gSA
fL=;ksa esa tuukoLFkk dk izkjaHk ;kSoukjEHk ¼10 ls 12 o"kZ dh vk;q½ ls gks tkrk gS rFkk
lkekU;r% 45 ls 50 o"kZ dh vk;q rd pyrk jgrk gSA ;kSoukjaHk ij vaMk.kq ifjoDo gksus yxrs
gSaA vaMk'k;ksa esa ,d vaMk.kq ifjiDo gksrk gS rFkk yxHkx 28 ls 30 fnuksa ds varjky ij fdlh
189 fd'kksjkoLFkk
,d vaMk'k; }kjk fuekZsfpr gksrk gSA bl vof/k esa xHkkZ'k; dh nhokj eksVh gks tkrh gS ftlls
og vaMk.kq ds fu"kspu ds i'pkr~ ;qXetu dks xzg.k dj lds ftlds QyLo:i xHkZ/kkj.k gksrk
gSA ;fn vaMk.kq dk fu"kspu ugha gks ikrk rc ml fLFkfr esa vaMk.kq rFkk xHkkZ'k; dk eksVk Lrj
mldh #f/kj okfgdkvksa lfgr 'kjhj ls ckgj fudky fn;k tkrk gSA blls fL=;ksa esa jDróko
gksrk gS ftls _rqóko vFkok jtks/keZ dgrs gSaA _rqóko yxHkx 28 ls 30 fnu esa ,d ckj gksrk
gSA igyk _rqóko ;kSoukjaHk esa gksrk gS ftls jtksn'kZu dgrs gSaA yxHkx 45 ls 50 o"kZ dh vk;q
esa _rqóko gksuk #d tkrk gSA _rqóko ds #d tkus dks jtksfuo`fŸk dgrs gSAa izkjaHk esa _rqóko
pØ vfu;fer gks ldrk gS rFkk mlds fu;fer gksus esa dqN le; yx ldrk gSA
_rqóko pØ dk fu;a=.k gkeksZu }kjk gksrk gSA bl pØ esa vaMk.kq dk ifjiDo gksuk]
xHkkZ'k; dh nhokj dk eksVk gksuk ,oa fu"kspu u gksus dh fLFkfr esa mldk VwVdj 'kjhj ls ckgj
fudkyuk 'kkfey gSA ;fn vaMk.kq dk fu"kspu gks tkrk gS rks og foHkktu djrk gS rFkk xHkkZ'k;
esa fodkl ds fy, LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA
buds mRrj nhft, (ANSWER THESE)
1- fd'kksjksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ds fy, mRrjnk;h gkeksZu dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\
2- fL=;ksa esa tuu dky dh vof/k dc ls dc rd gksrh gS\
3- xkS.k ySafxd y{k.kksa ls D;k le>rs gSa fyf[k,\
bl ckr dk fu/kkZj.k dSls gksrk gS fd fu"ksfpr vaMk.kq yM+ds vFkok yM+dh ds :i esa
fodflr gksxk vkb,] bls le>saA
17-6 Lkarfr dk fyax fu/kkZj.k fdl izdkj gksrk gS\
(How is the sex of the baby determined?)
fu"ksfpr vaMk.kq vFkok ;qXeut esa tUe ysus okys
f'k'kq ds fyax fu/kkZj.k dk lans'k gksrk gSA ;g lans'k fu"ksfpr
vaMk.kq esa /kkxs tSlh lajpuk vFkkZRk~ xq.klw=ksa esa fufgr gksrk gS
¼fp=&17-5½A vki tkurs gSa fd xq.klw= izR;sd dksf'kdk ds
dsUnzd esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA lHkh euq";ksa dh dksf'kdkvksa ds iq#"k L=h
dsUnzd esa 23 tksM+s xq.klw= ik, tkrs gSaA buesa ls 2 xq.klw=
¼1 tksM+h½ fyax xq.klw= gSa ftUgsa X ,oa Y dgrs gSaA L=h esa nks X
xq.klw= gksrs gSa tcfd iq#"k esa ,d X rFkk ,d Y xq.klw= gksrk
gSA ;qXed ¼vaMk.kq rFkk 'kqØk.kq½ esa xq.klw=ksa dk ,d tksM+k gksrk
gSA vfu"ksfpr vaMk.kq esa lnk ,d X xq.klw= gksrk gS ijUrq 'kqØk.kq
nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa ftuesa ls ,d izdkj esa X xq.klw= ,oa nwljs
esa Y xq.klw= gksrk gSA
euq";ksa esa xq.klw=ksa dh la[;k &
fp=&17-5 euq"; esa fyax
L=h esa & 22 tksM+s $ XX ¼,d tksM+k½
fu/kkZj.k
iq#"k esa & 22 tksM+s $ XY ¼,d tksM+k½
tc X xq.klw= okyk 'kqØk.kq] vaMk.kq dks fu"ksfpr djrk gS rks ;qXeut esa nks X xq.klw=
gksaxs rFkk og eknk f'k'kq esa fodflr gksxkA ;fn vaMk.kq dks fu"ksfpr djus okys 'kqØk.kq esa Y
xq.klw= gS rks ;qXeut uj f'k'kq esa fodflr gksxkA
vc vki tku x, gSa fd tUe ls iwoZ f'k'kq ds fyax dk fu/kkZj.k mlds firk ds fyax
xq.klw=ksa }kjk gksrk gSA ;g /kkj.kk fd cPps ds fyax ds fy, mldh ek¡ mŸkjnk;h gS] iw.kZr%
fujk/kkj ,oa vU;k;iw.kZ gSA
17-7 tuu LokLF; (Reproductive Health)
O;fDr dk 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls LoLFk gksuk gh mlds vPNs LokLF; dk izek.k
gSA fdlh Hkh vk;q ds O;fDr ds 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus ds fy, mls larqfyr vkgkj dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA O;fDr dks O;fDrxr LoPNrk dk fu;fer :i ls ikyu ,oa i;kZIr
'kkjhfjd O;k;ke djuk Hkh vko';d gSA fd'kksjkoLFkk esa tc 'kjhj o`f) djrk gS rc mijksDr
ckrsa vkSj Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSaA
17-7-1 fd'kks j dh iks "k.k vko';drk,¡ (Nutritional Needs of the Adolescents) &
fd'kksjkoLFkk rhoz o`f) ,oa fodkl dh voLFkk gSA vr% fdlh Hkh fd'kksj ds fy, larqfyr vkgkj
ysuk vko';d gSA larqfyr vkgkj dk vFkZ gS Hkkstu esa izksVhu] dkckZsgkbMªsV] olk] foVkfeu ,oa
[kfut i;kZIr ek=k esa gksaA gekjk Hkkstu ftlesa jksVh] pkoy] nky ,oa lfCt;k¡ gksrh gSa ,d
larqfyr vkgkj gSA Qy vkfn ls Hkh gesa iks"kd rRo feyrs gSaA ykSg rRo jDr ds fuekZ.k ds fy,
vko';d gS tks gjh iŸksnkj lfCt;ksa] xqM+] ek¡l] larjk] vk¡oyk bR;kfn esa ik;k tkrk gSA
17-7-2 O;fDrxr LoPNrk (Personal Hygiene) & izR;sd O;fDr dks izfrfnu ,d ckj
Luku djuk pkfg,A ;g fd'kksjksa ds fy, vkSj Hkh vko';d gS D;ksafd Losn xzafFk;ksa dh vf/kd
fØ;k'khyrk ds dkj.k 'kjhj ls xa/k vkus yxrh gSA vr% 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa dh fu;fer lQkbZ
t:jh gSA ;fn lQkbZ ugha j[kh xbZ rks thok.kq laØe.k gksus dk [krjk jgrk gSA yM+fd;ksa dks
_rqóko ds le; lQkbZ dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A mUgsa vius _rqóko pØ dk /;ku j[krs
gq, _rqóko ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A
17-7-3 'kkjhfjd O;k;ke (Physical Exercise) &lHkh ;qok@fd'kksj yM+ds] yM+fd;ksa
dks Vgyuk] ckgj [ksyuk vkSj O;k;ke djuk pkfg,A ;g muds 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[ksxkA
17-8 Hkzkafr;k¡ ,oa vlR; vo/kkj.kk,¡ (Myths and Taboos) &
,slh cgqr lh vlR; vo/kkj.kk,¡ izpfyr gSa ftUgsas tkudj vkidks fd'kksj gksus ds ukrs
NksM+uk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, fd'kksjksa esa 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu laca/kh vuqHkoksa dks ysdj vusd
Hkzkafr;k¡ ,oa vlR; vo/kkj.kk,¡ gSaA buesa ls dqN uhps nh xbZ gaS ;s feFk vFkok vlR; /kkj.kk,¡
gaS ftudk dksbZ vk/kkj ugha gSA
1- _rqóko ds le; ;fn dksbZ yM+dh fdlh yM+ds dks ns[krh gS rks og xHkZorh gks tkrh gSA
2- larku ds yM+dk ;k yM+dh gksus ds fy, ek¡ mŸkjnk;h gSA
3- _rqóko dh voLFkk esa yM+dh dk jlksbZ dk dke djuk] dqN [kk| inkFkksZa dks Nwuk
vkfn fuf"k) gSA
4- _rqóko dh voLFkk esa yM+dh dk 'kjhj vifo= gks tkrk gSA
vkidks ,sls vU; vusd dFku ;k feFk feysaxs ftudk dksbZ vk/kkj ugha gSA bu dFkuksa dks
O;ogkj esa er ykb,A
191 fd'kksjkoLFkk
fØ;kdyki &2
viuh d{kk esa mu lgikfB;ksa ds vk¡dM+s ,d= dhft, tks fu;fer :i ls O;k;ke djrs
gSa rFkk muds vk¡dM+s Hkh ,d= dhft, tks O;k;ke ugha djrs gSaA D;k vkidks mudh pqLrh ,oa
LokLF; esa dksbZ varj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\ fu;fer O;k;ke ds ykHk ij ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj dhft,A
17-9 u'khyh nokvksa ¼MªXl½ dk fu"ks/k djsa (Say "No" to Drugs) &
fd'kksjkoLFkk O;fDr ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i esa vf/kd lfØ;rk dk le; gS tks
o`f)dky dk ,d lkekU; Hkkx gSA vr% Hkzfer vFkok vlqjf{kr eglwl u djsaA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr
vkidks ;g crkrk gS fd MªXl ¼u'khyh nok½ ds lsou ls vki vPNk o rukoeqDr eglwl djsaxs
rks vkidks blds fy, u dguk pkfg, tc rd og nok MkWDVj }kjk u nh xbZ gksA MªXl] u'khys
inkFkZ gSa ftudh yr iM+ tkrh gSA ;fn vki bUgsa ,d ckj ysrs gSa rks vkidks bUgsa ckj&ckj ysus
dh bPNk gksrh gSA ijUrq dkykarj esa ;g gkfudkjd gSA u'khys inkFkksaZ dk lsou LokLF; ,oa
[kq'kh nksuksa dks cckZn dj nsrs gSaA
vkius AIDS ds fo"k; esa i<+k gS tks HIV uked [krjukd fo"kk.kq ¼ok;jl½ }kjk gksrk
gSA ;g ok;jl ,d ihfM+r O;fDr ls LoLFk O;fDr esa Mªx ds fy, bLrseky dh tkus okyh
lhfjat }kjk Hkh tk ldrk gSA ok;jl dk laØe.k nwljs ek/;eksa tSls fd ihfM+r ¼jksxh½ ek¡ ds
nw/k }kjk mlds f'k'kq esa gks ldrk gSA HIV ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds lkFk ySfa xd laidZ LFkkfir djus
ls Hkh bl jksx dk laØe.k gks ldrk gSA
17-10 cky fookg ls gkfu;k¡ (Child Marriage is Harmful) %&
vki laHkor% tkurs gSa fd gekjs ns'k esa fookg dh dkuwuh vk;q yM+fd;ksa ds fy, 18 o"kZ
,oa yM+dksa ds fy, 21 o"kZ gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd Vhu&vk;q okyh ¼fd'kksj½ yM+fd;k¡
'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls ekr`Ro ds fy, rS;kj ugha gksrhA cky fookg ¼de mez esa fookg½
rFkk ekr`Ro ls ek¡ ,oa larku nksuksa esa gh LokLF; laca/kh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA
1- euq"; esa fyax fu/kkZj.k ds fy, mRrjnk;h xq.k lw= dkSu ls gSa\
2- fd'kksj ds fy, vkgkj fu;kstu D;ksa vko';d gS\
3- fd'kksjksa ds fy, O;fDrxr LoPNrk D;ksa vko';d gS\
• 11 o"kZ ls 19 o"kZ rd dh vk;q dh vof/k fd'kksjkoLFkk dgykrh gSA

• fd'kksjkoLFkk ;k ;kSoukjEHk gksus ij O;fDr tuu esa l{ke gks tkrk gSA
• ;kSoukjEHk dk izkjaHk gksus ij tuu vaxksa esa o`f) gksrh gS rFkk 'kjhj ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij
cky vkus yxrs gSAa yM+fd;ksa esa Lru fodflr gks tkrs gSa rFkk yM+dksa ds psgjs ij
nk<+h&e¡N
w as vk tkrh gSAa fd'kksjkoLFkk esa Loj;a= dh o`f) gksus ds dkj.k yM+dksa dh vkokt
QVus yxrh gSA
• fd'kksjkoLFkk esa yackbZ esa o`f) gksrh gSA
• ;kSoukjEHk ,oa tuu vaxksa dk ifjiDo gksuk gkeksZu }kjk fu;af=r gksrk gSA
• gkekZsu var%ókoh xzafFk;ksa }kjk ókfor inkFkZ gSa tks :f/kj esa lh/ks ig¡qprs gSaA
• VsLVksLVsjkWu uj gkekZsu gS rFkk ,LVªkstu eknk gkeksZu gSA xHkkZ'k; dh nhokj fu"ksfpr
vaMk.kq ¼;qXeuTk½ dks xzg.k djus ds fy, vius vkidks rS;kj djrh gSA fu"kspu u gksus
dh fLFkfr esa xHkkZ'k; dh nhokj dh vkarfjd lrg VwVdj 'kjhj ls ckgj jDr ds lkFk
izokfgr gks tkrh gSA bls _rqóko vFkok jtks/keZ dgrs gSaA
• vtUes f'k'kq dk fyax fu/kkZj.k bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ;qXetu esa XX xq.klw=
gSa vFkok XY xq.klw=A
• fd'kksjkoLFkk esa larfq yr vkgkj ysuk rFkk O;fDrxr LoPNrk dk ikyu djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
1- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lgh@xyr dks igpku dj lgh dj fyf[k,&

¼i½ larku ds fyax ds fy, mldh ek¡ mŸkjnk;h gSA
¼ii½ fd'kksjkoLFkk esa yEckbZ esa o`f) gksrh gSA
¼iii½ _rqóko dh voLFkk esa yM+fd;ksa dks jlksbZ dk dke ugha djuk pkfg,A
¼iv½ f'k'kqvksa dh ^VhustlZ^ dgk tkrk gSA
¼v½ ;qXetu esa XY xq.klw= gksus ij mRiUu larku yM+dk gksxkA
¼vi½ _rqóko ds le; fd'kksfj;ksa dk 'kjhj vifo= gks tkrk gSaA
2- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct option)&
¼i½ fd'kksjksa dks larqfyr Hkkstu ysuk pkfg, D;ksafd &
¼d½ mfpr Hkkstu ls muds efLr"d dk fodkl gksrk gSA
¼[k½ 'kjhj esa rhoz xfr ls gksus okyh o`f) ds fy, larqfyr vkgkj dh vko';drkA
¼x½ fd'kksj dks Hkw[k vf/kd yxrh gSA
¼?k½ fd'kksj esa Lokn dfydk,¡ ¼xzafFk;k¡½ HkyhHkk¡fr fodflr gksrh gaSA
¼ii½ fL=;ksa esa tuu vk;q ¼dky½ dk izkjaHk ml le; gksrk gS tc &
¼d½ _rqóko izkjEHk gksrk gSA
¼[k½ Lru fodflr gksuk izkjaHk djrs gSaA
¼x½ 'kkjhfjd Hkkj esa o`f) gksus yxrh gSA
¼?k½ 'kjhj dh yEckbZ c<+rh gSA
¼iii½ fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk vkgkj fd'kksj ds fy, mfpr gS &
¼d½ jksVh] uwMYl] pkdysV ¼[k½ jksVh] nky] lfCTk;k¡
¼x½ pkoy] uwMYl] fpIl ¼d½ lfCTk;k¡] fpIl rFkk 'khry is;
¼iv½ fuEukafdr esa ls uj gkeksZu gS &
¼d½ VsLVksLVsjkWu ¼[k½ ,LVªkstu
¼x½ bUlqfyu ¼?k½ Fkk;jkWfDlu
193 fd'kksjkoLFkk
3- fuEufyf[kr dks le>kb, (Explain the followings) &

d- xkS.k ySafxd y{k.k
[k- xHkZLFk f'k'kq esa fyax fu/kkZj.k
x- vaMt rFkk fiaMt tarq
?k- uhps nh xbZ lkj.kh esa vk;q o`f) ds vuqikr esa yM+dksa ,oa yM++fd;ksa dh
vuqekfur yackbZ ds vk¡dM+s rFkk xzkQ n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ,slk gh xzkQ viuh dkih esa cukb, rFkk
bl xzkQ ls D;k fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fyf[k,A
180
vk;q o"kksZa esa Height yackbZ ¼lseh esa½ 160
Age (years) yM++ds yM+fd;k¡ 140
0 51 51 120
100
4 94 90 80 yM+d+ s
Series1
8 112 108 60 yM+fd;k¡

Series2
12 127 131 40
20
16 148 148 0
20 171 163 1 2 3 4 5 6
vkadMs+ xzkQ
fd'kksjksa dh vuqekfur yackbZ ds vkadM+s rFkk xzkQ
1- vius ls cM+s lacaf/k;ksa ls cky fookg ds dkuwuh igyw ds lca/k esa irk yxkb,A vki
Lo;a bl laca/k esa vius v/;kid] ekrk&firk] MkWDVj vFkok baVjusV ls tkudkjh izkIr dj
ldrs gSaA cky fookg D;ksa mfpr ugha gS\ rdZ lfgr fyf[k,A
2- HIV/AIDS ds ckjs esa lekpkj&i= ,oa if=dkvksa ls dfVax ,df=r dhft,A HIV/
AIDS ij 15 ls 20 okD;ksa dk ys[k fyf[k,A
3- tux.kuk ds vuqlkj gekjs ns'k esa iq:"k] L=h vuqikr 1000 % 882 gSaA irk yxkb,
fd bl vuqikr ds fy, lekt dh D;k fpark,¡ gSaA ;kn jf[k, fd yM+dk vFkok yM+dh gksus dh
laHkkouk ,d leku gSA
4- vius lexz fopkjksa dks lekfgr djrs gq, tuu laca/kh rF;ksa dh tkudkjh ds egRo
ij vius fopkj fyf[k,A

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foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

(Science & Technology)

eksckby ij QR dksM dk mi;ksx dj fMftVy fo"k; oLrq dSls çkIr djsa \

MsLdVkWi ij QR Code dk mi;ksx dj fMftVy fo"k;&oLrq rd dSls igq¡ps \

lpZ ckj ij 6 fMftV dk QR izkIr fo"k;&oLrq dh lwph ls pkgh xbZ

jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ NÙkhlx<+] jk;iqj

eqfnzr iqLrdksa dh la[;k & ------------------------

3- Vh- vkj- 'ks"kkfnz (T.R. SHESHADRI)&

5- iapkuu ekgs'ojh (PANCHANAN MAHESHWARI)&

6- ,l-pUnz'ks[kj (S. CHANDRASHEKHAR)&

7- ts-oh-ukyhZdj (JAYANT VISHNU NARLIKAR)&

1- vkdk'k n'kZu (SKY VISION) 1

5- /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡ (METALS AND NON-METALS) 38

8- lw{etho& ,d vn~Hkqr lalkj (MICRO - ORGANISMS : A WONDERFUL WORLD) 69

lh[kusokys dks tksMh+ es@

i`Foh ls lw;Z yxHkx 15,00,00,000 km ¼iUnzg djksM+

rkjksa ds dqN ,sls lewg fn[kkbZ

buds mÙkj nhft, (ANSWER THESE)&

fp= 1-4 lkSj e.My (Solar System)

1-3-8 o#.k (NEPTUNE)&

;e ¼IywVks½ vc xzgksa dh fcjknjh ls ckgj D;kas \ fp= 1-12 o#.k

1- tks lw;Z dk pDdj yxkrk gksA

buds mÙkj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&

1- nh x;h tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij xzgksa dh igpku dhft,&

buds mÙkj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&

vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)&

1- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)&

1- fu;fer :i ls vkdk'k dk voyksdu dj fuEu vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa dks igpkuus dk

Ø- oLrq dk uke js'ks dk izdkj ¼izkÑfrd@Ñf=e½

vkius eksfr;ksa dh ekyk ns[kh gksxhA ftl izdkj ekyk esa

¼d½ js;kWu (Rayon)

2-3 la'ysf"kr js'kksa ds xq.k/keZ (Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres)

1- dqN js'ks la'ysf"kr js'ks D;ksa dgykrs gaS \

dqN vuqi;ksxh IykfLVd dh oLrq,¡ ysdj fuEufyf[kr fØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij vius

1 -------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

buds mRrj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&

• d`f=e js'ks xeZ djus ij fi?ky tkrs gSaA

vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)

1- mfpr fodYi pqudj fyf[k, (Choose the correct answer)&

bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THIS ALSO)&

1- lwrh /kkxk ----------------------------------------------------------------

3-2-2 vkWDlhtu ds HkkSfrd xq.k (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&

lkj.kh (TABLE) 3-1 vkWDlhtu ds xq.k (PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&

l-Ø- xq.k (Properties) fu"d"kZ (Observations)

3-2-3 vkWDlhtu ds jklk;fud xq.k (CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&

vko';d lkexzh & vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh] vxjcRrh] ekfplA

vkius ns[kk fd vxjcRrh dks vkWDlhtu xSl ls Hkjh

1- iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV dks xeZ djus ij gksus okyh fØ;k le>kb,\

ok;q iznw"k.k dk vFkZ gS fd fuyafcr d.kksa o

vko';d lkexzh & lQsn dkxt] rsy ;k oS l yhu

lQsn dkxt ij ,d rjQ rsy ;k oSlyhu

l-Ø- LFkku (PLACE) voyksdu (OBSERVATIONS)

3-5 /kwe dksgjk (SMOG)

xz hugkÅl ¼ikS/kk?kj½ (Greenhouse)

buds mRrj nhft, (ANSWER THESE) &

3-8 ok;qe.Myh; nkc (ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE)

vkWDlhtu esa /kkrq vkSj v/kkrq tydj vkWDlkbM cukrs gaSA

1 lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k, (Choose the correct alternativ)&

2 fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)&

bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THIS ALSO) &