SAT PRACTICE

1. Though not closely related, the hedgehog tenrecs of Madagascar share basic _______ true
hedgehogs, including protective spines, pointed snouts, and small body size—traits the two groups of
mammals independently developed in response to equivalent roles in their respective habitats.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A) examples of B)
concerns about C) indications of D) similarities with

2. In editor Lisa Yaszek’s introduction to her anthology The Future Is Female! More Classic Science
Fiction Stories by Women, Yaszek identifies an increasing sense of ______ _ feminist mode of writing in
the 1970s, in contrast to many woman-authored science fiction stories of the 1920s to 1960s whose
politics were less deliberately signaled.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) a prudently B) an overtly C) a cordially D) an inadvertently

3. _______ the long-standing trend of overemphasizing teenagers and young adults in research on social
media use, scholars have recently begun to expand their focus to include the fastest-growing cohort of
social media users: senior citizens.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) Exacerbating B) Redressing C) Epitomizing D) Precluding

4. The following text is adapted from James Baldwin’s 1956 novel Giovanni’s Room. The narrator is
riding in a taxi down a street lined with food vendors and shoppers in Paris, France.

The multitude of Paris seems to be dressed in blue every day but Sunday, when, for the most part, they
put on an unbelievably festive black. Here they were now, in blue, disputing, every inch, our passage,
with their wagons, handtrucks, their bursting baskets carried at an angle steeply self-confident on the
back. ©1956 by James Baldwin As used in the text, what does the word “disputing” most nearly mean?
A) Arguing about B) Disapproving of C) Asserting possession of D) Providing resistance to

5.While recent scholarship has undermined claims that the works of twelfth-century Islamic philosopher
Ibn Rushd were _______ other Muslim philosophers of his time, it is indisputable that his location in the
Muslim-ruled area of what is now Spain meant that his works were primarily available thousands of
miles west of the era’s center of Islamic thought.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A) controversial
among B) antagonistic toward C) imitated by D) inconsequential to

6. The following text is from the 1913 story “The King’s Coin” by Emily Pauline Johnson, a Kanienkahagen
(Mohawk) writer also known as Tekahionwake. Fox-Foot, a young Ojibwe man, is guiding a group of fur
traders who are traveling by canoe and suspects that they are being followed. At supper time, Fox-Foot
would allow no fire to be built, no landing to be made, no trace of their passing to be left. They ate
canned meat and marmalade, drank again of the stream and pushed on, until just at dusk they reached
the edge of a long, still lake, with shores of granite and dense fir forest. As used in the text, what does
the word “trace” most nearly mean? A) Evidence B) Blemish C) Amount D) Sketch

7.Many ancient sculptures of people’s heads are missing their noses. This is because the nose is the
most _______ part of a sculpture of a person’s head. It is delicate and sticks out from the rest of the
sculpture, making it especially easy to break. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and
precise word or phrase? A) recognizable B) fragile C) common D) sophisticated

8. K.D. Leka and colleagues found that the Sun’s corona provides an advance indication of solar flares—
intense eruptions of electromagnetic radiation that emanate from active regions in the Sun’s
photosphere and can interfere with telecommunications on Earth. Preceding a flare, the corona
temporarily exhibits increased brightness above the region where the flare is _______ .

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) antecedent B) impending C) innocuous D) perpetual

9.To demonstrate that the integrity of underground metal pipes can be assessed without unearthing the
pipes, engineer Aroba Saleem and colleagues _______ the tendency of some metals’ internal magnetic
fields to alter under stress: the team showed that such alterations can be measured from a distance and
can reveal concentrations of stress in the pipes. Which choice completes the text with the most logical
and precise word or phrase? A) hypothesized B) discounted C) redefined D) exploited

10. Despite the generalizations about human behavior they have produced, many studies of behavioral
psychology have used highly unrepresentative subject pools: students at the colleges and universities
where the researchers are employed. To _______ this situation, it is necessary to actively recruit
subjects from diverse backgrounds and locations.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) sanction B) ameliora te C) rationalize D) postulate

11. Former astronaut Ellen Ochoa says that although she doesn’t have a definite idea of when it might
happen, she _______ that humans will someday need to be able to live in other environments than
those found on Earth. This conjecture informs her interest in future research missions to the moon.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) demands B) speculates C) doubts D) establishes

12. Beginning in the 1950s, Navajo Nation legislator Annie Dodge Wauneka continuously worked to
promote public health; this _______ effort involved traveling throughout the vast Navajo homeland and
writing a medical dictionary for speakers of Diné bizaad, the Navajo language.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) impartial B) offhand C) persistent D) mandatory

13. Following the principles of community-based participatory research, tribal nations and research
institutions are equal partners in health studies conducted on reservations. A collaboration between the
Crow Tribe and Montana State University _______ this model: tribal citizens worked alongside scientists
to design the methodology and continue to assist in data collection. Which choice completes the text
with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A) circumvents B) eclipses C) fabricates D) exemplifies

14.The parasitic dodder plant increases its reproductive success by flowering at the same time as the
host plant it has latched onto. In 2020, Jianqiang Wu and his colleagues determined that the tiny dodder
achieves this _______ with its host by absorbing and utilizing a protein the host produces when it is
about to flower.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) synchronization B) hibernation C) prediction D) moderation

15. Given that the conditions in binary star systems should make planetary formation nearly impossible,
it’s not surprising that the existence of planets in such systems has lacked _______ explanation. Roman
Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee shed light on the subject when they used modeling to determine a complex
set of factors that could support planets’ development. Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? A) a discernible B) a straightforward C) an inconclusive D) an
unbiased

16. On painter William H. Johnson’s return to the United States in 1938 after a decade in Europe, his
style underwent an abrupt transformation. Turning away from landscapes painted in an expressionist
style—a style that often involves using fluid, distorted shapes and thick, textured brushstrokes to
express the artist’s subjective experience of reality—Johnson began painting portraits of Black
Americans in a bold new way. Evocative of African sculpture and American and Scandinavian folk art,
these portraits feature flat, deliberately oversimplified figures in a vibrant but limited color palette.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?

A) It elaborates on the previous sentence’s statement about a transitional moment in Johnson’s artistic
career. B) It provides information about Johnson’s travels in support of a claim about his artistic
influences, which is advanced in the following sentence. C) It recounts a moment in Johnson’s personal
life that enabled the success of his subsequent career, which is summarized in the following sentence.
D) It presents evidence that calls into question the previous sentence’s characterization of Johnson’s
artistic development.

17.When classical pianist Martha Argerich performs, it appears as if the music is coming to her
spontaneously. She’s highly skilled technically, but because of how freely she plays and her willingness
to take risks, she seems relaxed and natural. Her apparent ease, however, is due to a tremendous
amount of preparation. Despite Argerich’s experience and virtuosity, she never takes for granted that
she knows a piece of music. Instead, she approaches the music as if encountering it for the first time and
tries to understand it anew. Which choice best states the main purpose of the text? A) To provide details
about how Argerich identifies which pieces of music she will perform B) To assert that Argerich’s
performances look effortless because of how she prepares for them C) To discuss the kinds of music
Argerich feels most comfortable encountering for the first time D) To describe the unique way that
Argerich approaches music she hasn’t performed before

18. The following text is adapted from Herman Melville’s 1855 novel Israel Potter. Israel is a young man
wandering through New England during the late eighteenth century.

He hired himself out for three months; at the

end of that time to receive for his wages

two hundred acres of land lying in New

Hampshire. [...] His employer proving false to

the contract in the matter of the land, and there

being no law in the country to force him to fulfil

it, Israel—who, however brave-hearted, and even

much of a dare-devil upon a pinch, seems

nevertheless to have evinced, throughout many

parts of his career, a singular patience and

mildness—was obliged to look round for other

means of livelihood than clearing out a farm for

himself in the wilderness.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It implies
that Israel treasures a particular characteristic of his personality when that characteristic should usually
be regarded as a flaw. B) It suggests that if not for a certain aspect of his character, Israel might not have
been as easily thwarted in his ambition to establish a farm. C) It shows why Israel would not have been
able to undertake the enormous amount of labor necessary to run a farm even if he had owned the
necessary property. D) It explains why, when the situation requires it, Israel is able to undertake
courageous acts that others would generally avoid.

19.

Text 1

In 1954 George Balanchine choreographed a

production of The Nutcracker, a ballet by Pyotr Ilyich

Tchaikovsky. It has since become a tradition for

hundreds of dance companies in North America to

in the past, with an old-fashioned story and

references, so it should no longer be produced. Ballet

needs to create new traditions if it wants to stay

relevant to contemporary audiences.

Text 2

The Nutcracker is outdated, but it should be kept

because it’s a holiday favorite and provides

Substantial income for some dance companies.

Although it can be behind the times, there are

creative ways to update the show. For example,

Debbie Allen successfully modernized the story. Her

show Hot Chocolate Nutcracker combines ballet, tap,

hip-hop, and other styles, and it has been gaining in

popularity since it opened in 2009.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text
1?

A) By questioning the idea that the story of The Nutcracker is stuck in the past and by rejecting the
suggestion that contemporary audiences would enjoy an updated version B) By agreeing that
contemporary audiences have largely stopped going to see performances of The Nutcracker because it’s
so old-fashioned . C) By pointing out that most dance companies could increase their incomes by
offering modernized versions of The Nutcracker. D) By suggesting that dance companies should consider
offering revised versions of The Nutcracker instead of completely rejecting the show
20. External shopping cues are a type of marketing that uses obvious messaging—a display featuring a
new product, for example, or a “buy one, get one free” offer—to entice consumers to make
spontaneous purchases. In a study, data scientist Sam K. Hui and colleagues found that this effect can
also be achieved with a less obvious cue: rearranging a store’s layout. The researchers explain that trying
to find items in new locations causes shoppers to move through more of the store, exposing them to
more products and increasing the likelihood that they’ll buy an item they hadn’t planned on purchasing.
Which response from a survey given to shoppers who made a purchase at a retail store best supports
the researchers’ explanation?

A) “I needed to buy some cleaning supplies, but they weren’t in their regular place. While I was looking
for them, I saw this interesting notebook and decided to buy it, too.” B) “I didn’t buy everything on my
shopping list today. I couldn’t find a couple of the items in the store, even though I looked all over for
them.” C) “The store sent me a coupon for a new brand of soup, so I came here to find out what kinds of
soup that brand offers. I decided to buy a few cans because I had the coupon.” D) “This store is larger
than one that’s closer to where I live, and it carries more products. I came here to buy some things that
the other store doesn’t always have.”

21. The Bet” is an 1889 short story by Anton Chekhov. In the story, a banker is described as being very
upset about something: _______ Which quotation from “The Bet” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A) “Then the banker cautiously broke the seals off the door and put the key in the keyhole.” B) “It struck
three o’clock, the banker listened; everyone was asleep in the house and nothing could be heard outside
but the rustling of the chilled trees.” C) “The banker, spoilt and frivolous, with millions beyond his
reckoning, was delighted at the bet.” D) “When [the banker] got home he lay on his bed, but his tears
and emotion kept him for hours from sleeping.”

22. The Younger Dryas was a period of extreme cooling from 11,700 to 12,900 years ago in the Northern
Hemisphere. Some scientists argue that a comet fragment hitting Earth brought about the cooling.
Others disagree, partly because there is no known crater from such an impact that dates to the
beginning of the period. In 2015, a team led by Kurt Kjær detected a 19-mile-wide crater beneath a
glacier in Greenland. The scientists who believe an impact caused the Younger Dryas claim that this
discovery supports their view. However, Kjær’s team hasn’t yet been able to determine the age of the
crater. Therefore, the team suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) it can’t be concluded that the impact that made the crater was connected to the beginning of the
Younger Dryas. B) it can’t be determined whether a comet fragment could make a crater as large as 19
miles wide. C) scientists have ignored the possibility that something other than a comet fragment could
have made the crater. D) the scientists who believe an impact caused the Younger Dryas have made
incorrect assumptions about when the period began.

23. In 2016 biological anthropologist Heather F. Smith and her team investigated the evolution of the
appendix, an intestinal organ that is present in some mammals, including humans, but is generally
thought to have no function. Studying 533 mammal species, the team found that the appendix has
emerged independently across multiple lineages in separate instances and, significantly, hasn’t
disappeared after emerging in specific lineages. Moreover, the team determined that species with the
organ tend to have higher concentrations of lymphoid tissue, which supports immune responses, in the
cecum, the organ the appendix is attached to. Therefore, the team hypothesized that the appendix likely
_______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) was once present in many nonmammal species but has since disappeared from those lineages. B) has
been preserved in certain mammal species because it benefits their immune systems. C) will emerge in a
greater number of mammal species because it may serve a necessary function in the immune system. D)
produced higher concentrations of lymphoid tissue in mammals in the past than it does currently.

24. Some ethicists hold that the moral goodness of an individual’s actions depends solely on whether
the actions themselves are good, irrespective of the context in which they are carried out. Philosopher L.
Sebastian Purcell has shown that surviving works of Aztec (Nahua) philosophy express a very different
view. Purcell reveals that these works posit an ethical system in which an individual’s actions are judged
in light of how well they accord with the individual’s role in society and how well they contribute to the
community. To the extent that these works are representative of Aztec thought, Purcell’s analysis
suggests that _______

Which choice most logically completes the text? A) the Aztecs would have disputed the idea that the
morality of an individual’s actions can be assessed by appealing to standards of behavior that are
independent of the individual’s social circumstances. B) the Aztecs would not have accepted the notion
that the morality of an individual’s actions can be fairly evaluated by people who do not live in the same
society as that individual. C) actions by members of Aztec society who contributed a great deal to their
community could be judged as morally good even if those actions were inconsistent with behaviors the
Aztecs regarded as good in all contexts. D) similar actions performed by people in different social roles in
Aztec society would have been regarded as morally equivalent unless those actions led to different
outcomes for the community.

25. Lê Lươ ng Minh became the thirteenth secretary-general of the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN) in January 2013, making _______ the first time the organization would appoint a
Vietnamese leader.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) these B)
those C) this D) some

26. He was just the man for such a place, and it was just the place for such a man.” This line is from
Frederick Douglass’s autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845). It’s an example of
antimetabole, a writing technique that _______ emphasis by repeating a statement in a reversed order.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) create
B) are creating C) have created D) creates
27. Researchers Amit Kumar and Nicholas Epley investigated how _______ In a series of experiments
conducted in 2022, they found that people performing small acts of kindness underestimated the
positive effect their actions had on others. Wh ich choice completes the text so that it conforms to the
conventions of Standard English? A) do people perceive acts of kindness. B) do people perceive acts of
kindness? C) people perceive acts of kindness? D) people perceive acts of kindness.

Module 2

1. In a painting titled “The Milkmaid” by Johannes Vermeer, the artist prominently features a bread
basket, milk pitcher, and bowl. Such quotidian objects, depicted in exquisite detail by Vermeer, a painter
celebrated for his naturalism, _______ the daily minutiae of a seventeenth-century Dutch household.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) was
revealing B) has revealed C) reveals D) revealamaican

2. British artist Willard Wigan is known for his remarkable _______ so small that they are best viewed
through a microscope, Wigan’s sculptures are made from tiny natural materials, such as spiderweb
strands. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)
microsculptures creations B) microsculptures, creations C) microsculptures. Creations D)
microsculptures and creations

3.Consider the mechanics of the pinhole camera: light passes through a small hole, resulting in a focused
projected image. A ray diagram reveals how this _______ the hole’s small size restricts light to a single
ray, all light passing through the hole can only arrive at a single destination, eliminating diffraction and
ensuring a clear image.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) works
because B) works. Because C) works, it’s because D) works: it’s because

4. In the search for extraterrestrial life, astrobiologists Stuart Bartlett and Michael L. Wong propose that
scientists avoid using the term “life.” _______ researchers should use another word: “lyfe.” This new
term, they argue, could be used to draw distinctions between the known characteristics of life on Earth
and the potentially differing characteristics of lyfe on other planets. Which choice completes the text
with the most logical transition? A) Previously, B) Regardless, C) There, D) Instead

5. Before it unveiled a massive new gallery in 2009, the Art Institute of Chicago was only able to display
about 5% of its art collection. _______ the museum is able to display close to 30% of its collection.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) Additionally, B) For example, C)
Nevertheless, D) Today,

6. Working together with the Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources, Dr. Lani Tsinnajinnie
analyzed data about snowpack levels in the Chuska Mountains. She found that the snowpack (the
amount of snow on the ground) was deepest in early March at lower elevations. At higher elevations,
_______ the snowpack was deepest in mid-March. Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition? A) in other words, B) for instance, C) on the other hand, D) in summary,
7. The Inca of South America used intricately knotted string devices called quipus to record countable
information, like population data and payments. _______ they may have used quipus to record more
complex information, like stories and myths, according to researchers. Which choice completes the text
with the most logical transition? A) As a result, B) In other words, C) In addition, D) For example,

8. In hindsight, given the ideas about the natural world circulating among British scientists in the 1800s,
the theory of natural selection was an obvious next step. It may not have been a coincidence, _______
that Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace arrived at the concept independently. Indeed, contrary to the
popular myth of the lone genius, theirs is not the first paradigm-shifting theory to have emerged from
multiple scholars working in parallel.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) however, B) then, C) moreover, D)
for example,

9. In 1929, Edwin Herbert Land invented a polarizing filter that was featured in a number of products,
from sunglasses to 3D movies. A decade later, Land _______ his technology to invent the world’s first
instant camera, the Polaroid Land camera. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the
conventions of Standard English? A) used B) to have used C) to use D) using

10. An online content creator who uses copyrighted songs without permission risks being demonetized
(prohibited from including paid advertisements in content). The best way to avoid demonetization is to
choose music from the public domain. Using one of these noncopyrighted songs _______ a creator
won’t lose advertising revenue. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English? A) are ensuring B) have ensured C) ensure D) ensures

11 .What makes the theremin a unique musical instrument? You play it without touching it. When you
place your _______ the pitch will shift as your hands move through the air.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) hand’s between the two
antenna’s, B) hands between the two antennas, C) hands’ between the two antennas’, D) hands’
between the two antennas,

12. In the music video for the song “We Didn’t Start the Fire” by Billy Joel, the singer lists 118 political
and cultural references. Such iconic references, cited in rapid and frenetic procession by the musician,
who is seated impassively at a dinner table, _______ key moments and personalities of the twentieth
century. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A)
represents B) has represented C) was representing D) represent

13. Long attributed to Jacques-Louis David, the preeminent Neoclassical painter of his day, the 1801
painting Marie Joséphine Charlotte du Val d’Ognes gained fresh attention in the 1990s when art
historians discovered that the painting—which depicts a solitary young woman sketching—was actually
the work of little-known French portrait _______ Marie-Denise Villers (1774–1821). Which choice
completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A) artist— B) artist C)
artist: D) artist,

14. In 1986, conceptual artist Sophie Calle asked twenty-three people, all of whom had been born
without sight, to describe “their image of beauty” in rich detail. Calle paired excerpts of these
conversations with photographs—both of interviewees and the items they _______ to powerful effect in
her exhibition The Blind. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? A) described, from hair to grass to sculptures B) described, from hair to grass to
sculptures— C) described—from hair to grass to sculptures, D) described: from hair to grass to
sculptures

15. Historians agree that the jazz pianist Jelly Roll Morton was exaggerating when he claimed to have
invented jazz music. No one can deny, _______ that Morton’s innovative compositions and remarkable
improvisational skills helped shape jazz as a genre during its early years. Which choice completes the
text with the most logical transition? A) therefore, B) in the second place, C) in other words, D) though, -
16.Celebrated Tewa potter Maria Martinez (1887–1980) made her signature all-black ceramic vessels
using a heating technique called reduction firing. This technique involves smothering the flame
surrounding the clay vessel. _______ the vessel takes on a shiny, black hue. Which choice completes the
text with the most logical transition? A) On the contrary, B) For example, C) Previously, D) As a result,

16. A turtle shell appears external to the animal, protecting its body like armor. _______ the shell is
often incorrectly assumed to be an exoskeleton, a rigid outer casing like that of a crustacean or an
insect, when in fact it is an endoskeleton, a part of the turtle’s internal bone structure, more akin to a
spine or a pair of ribs. Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition? A) That being
said, B) However, C) For instance, D) Hence,

17.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 1859, the novel Adam Bede was published in

England.

• According to the novel’s title page, the author’s

name was George Eliot.

• George Eliot was widely assumed to be a

pseudonym.

• A pseudonym is a fake name used to conceal an

author’s identity.

• A woman named Mary Ann Evans later revealed

herself as the novel’s real author.

The student wants to identify the real author of

Adam Bede. Which choice most effectively uses

this goal?

A) The real author of Adam Bede was Mary Ann Evans, who published the novel using the

Pseudonym George Eliot.

B) George Eliot, which Adam Bede’s title page indicated was the name of the novel’s author,

was widely assumed to be a pseudonym. C) The title page of the novel Adam Bede indicated that the
author’s name was George Eliot. D) A woman who had used a pseudonym to conceal her identity later
revealed herself as the real author of Adam Bede.

18.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Scientists have developed a “freeze-thaw” battery

that can retain 92% of its charge after twelve

weeks.

• The battery contains molten salt (a type of salt

that liquifies when heated and solidifies at room

temperature).

• When the salt is in a liquid state, energy flows

through the battery.

• When the salt is in a solid state, energy stops

flowing and is stored in the battery.

• The stored (frozen) energy can be used by

reheating (thawing) the battery.

The student wants to specify how the salt enables

energy storage.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Scientists have developed a freeze-thaw battery that contains molten salt, which liquifies when

heated and solidifies at room temperature.

B) The stored energy in a freeze-thaw battery, which contains molten salt, can be used by

reheating the battery.

C) When the molten salt in a freeze-thaw battery solidifies at room temperature, energy stops
flowing and can be stored in the battery. D) Molten salt allows a freeze-thaw battery to retain 92% of its
charge after twelve weeks.

19.While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) keeps a

list of all at-risk species.

• Species on the list are classified as either endangered or threatened.

• A species that is in danger of extinction throughout most or all of its range is classified as

endangered.

• A species that is likely to soon become endangered is classified as threatened.

• The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) is likely to soon become endangered, according to

the FWS.

The student wants to indicate the California

red-legged frog’s FWS classification category. Which

choice most effectively uses relevant information

from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Species on the FWS list, which includes the

California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii), are

classified as either endangered or threatened.

B) The California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) appears on the FWS list of at-risk species.

C) According to the FWS, the California red-legged frog is in the endangered category, in danger of

extinction throughout most or all of its range.

D) Likely to soon become endangered,

20. Seminole/Muscogee director Sterlin Harjo _______ television’s tendency to situate Native characters
in the distant past: this rejection is evident in his series Reservation Dogs, which revolves around
teenagers who dress in contemporary styles and whose dialogue is laced with current slang. Which
choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A) repudiates B) proclaims
C) foretells D) recant The parasitic dodder plant increases its reproductive success by flowering at the
same time as the host plant it has latched onto.

21. In 2020, Jianqiang Wu and his colleagues determined that the tiny dodder achieves this _______
with its host by absorbing and utilizing a protein the host produces when it is about to flower.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A) synchronization
B) hibernation C) prediction D) moderation

22. Mônica Lopes-Ferreira and others at Brazil’s Butantan Institute are studying the freshwater stingray
species Potamotrygon rex to determine whether biological characteristics such as the rays’ age and sex
have _______ effect on the toxicity of their venom—that is, to see if differences in these traits are
associated with considerable variations in venom potency. Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase? A) a disconcerting B) an acceptable C) an imperceptible D) a
substantial

23. Researchers have struggled to pinpoint specific causes for hiccups, which happen when a person’s
diaphragm contracts _______ . However, neuroscientist Kimberley Whitehead has found that these
uncontrollable contractions may play an important role in helping infants regulate their breathing.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A) involuntarily B)
beneficially C) strenuously D) smoothly

24.Critics have asserted that fine art and fashion rarely _______ in a world where artists create timeless
works for exhibition and designers periodically produce new styles for the public to buy. Luiseño/
Shoshone-Bannock beadwork artist and designer Jamie Okuma challenges this view: her work can be
seen in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and purchased through her online boutique. Which choice
completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? A) prevail B) succumb C) diverge
D) intersect

25. In studying the use of external stimuli to reduce the itching sensation caused by an allergic histamine
response, Louise Ward and colleagues found that while harmless applications of vibration or warming
can provide a temporary distraction, such _______ stimuli actually offer less relief than a stimulus that
seems less benign, like a mild electric shock. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and
precise word or phrase? A) deceptive B) innocuous C) novel D) impractical

26.The Alvarez theory, developed in 1980 by physicist Luis Walter Alvarez and his geologist son Walter
Alvarez, maintained that the secondary effects of an asteroid impact caused many dinosaurs and other
animals to die _______ it left unexplored the question of whether unrelated volcanic activity might have
also contributed to the mass extinctions. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the
conventions of Standard English? A) out but B) out, but C) out D) out,

27.In his 1963 exhibition Exposition of Music— Electronic Television, Korean American artist Nam June
Paik showed how television images could be manipulated to express an artist’s perspective. Today, Paik
_______ considered the first video artist. Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the
conventions of Standard English? A) will be B) had been C) was D) is
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