Ashima Joshi

Biology

❏ Taught and mentored 3000+ Students

❏ Qualified CSIR-UGC NET with AIR 120
❏ Eligible for being Assistant Professor under
UGC norms

Consistency and Patience are the

key to qualify competitive exams.
Things you will learn in today's session

Things you will learn in today's session

❏ Morphology of
flowering plants -
Part 1
❏ Root, stem, Leaf
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 Stem

Morphology of
Flowering
plants Leaf

Root

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 LEAF
❖ The leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne
on the stem
❖ It develops from the node
❖ Originates from shoot apical meristem
❖ Acropetal order
❖ Photosynthesis

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Parts of LEAF

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Leaf Structure
 VENATION
Reticulate-Dicot
Parallel-Monocot

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Venation
Parallel
Reticulate Venation
Venation

● Bamboo
● Hibiscus ● Banana
● Cucumber
Phyllotaxy Whorled Phyllotaxy

Alternate or Spiral Phyllotaxy

Opposite Phyllotaxy

Example: Sunflower, Mustard, Rose Example: Maple, Guava, Example: Nerium, Alstonia
Calotropis
Simple and Compound Leaf
Pinnately Compound Leaf

Example: Neem, Tamarind, Curry Leaves

Axillary
bud

Rachis
Palmately Compound Leaf

Axillary
Bud
Example: Hemp, Oxalis, Silk
cotton
 MODIFICATIONS
❖ Leaves are modified
according to the functions
they perform.
➢ Leaf Tendrils- peas
➢ Spines- cacti
➢ Storage Leaves-
onion,garlic
➢ Insect-catching leaves:
Pitcher plant, venus fly
trap SUBSCRIBE
Modification of Leaves - Tendrils

Garden pea plant

Tendrils for climbing

Modification of Leaves - Spines
Barberry Opuntia
Spines
Modification of Leaves - Spines
Spines Prickly Poppy
Spines Vs Thorns Vs Prickles
● Thorn – A sharp pointed modified stem.
● Spine – A sharp pointed structure that is a modified leaf or stipule.
● Prickle – A sharp outgrowth from the epidermis or bark.

Spines Thorns Prickles

Modification of Leaves – Storage of Food

The fleshy leaves of onion and garlic

store food
Modification of Leaves – Insectivorous

Sundew (Drosera)

Insect-trapping leaves of
pitcher plants A Venus’s flytrap plant
Concept Map ✓ Alternate or Spiral
✓ Opposite Phyllotaxy
✓ Whorled Phyllotaxy

Leaf
Phyllotaxy

✓ Reticulate Venation
✓ Parallel Venation

Structure Types Function Modification

✓ Photosynthesis ✓ Tendrils
✓ Green lateral
Simple Leaf Compound Leaf ✓ Transpiration ✓ Succulent leaves
outgrowth, borne on ✓ Leaf Pitcher
✓ Spines
node of stem and its
branches
 WHAT IS INFLORESCENCE?
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis (shoot system) of a plant is
called Inflorescence.
During flowering the shoot meristem gets modified to floral meristem.
INFLORESCENCE

The main axis or stalk of a solitary

inflorescence is called the
PEDUNCLE.

and the stalk of individual flower is called PEDICEL.

There are two types of inflorescence:

RACEMOSE (acropetal arrangement)
CYMOSE (basipetal arrangement)
DEFINITION

Flower is the specialized reproductive shoot of an

angiosperm plant
A typical flower consists of four whorls of
modified leaves viz.
Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium.
MONOECIOUS

Technical terms used in description of a flower.

Monoecious: A condition where both male and female flowers are
borne in the same plant.
UNISEXUAL FLOWER & BISEXUAL FLOWER

Unisexual flower: flower having only one

functional sex of the reproductive organ.
(either male or female sex organ)
Tribulus flower Castor flower

Bisexual flower:
Flower having both
male and female
functional sex organs
(gynoecium and
androecium )
PISTILLATE FLOWER & STAMINATE FLOWER

Pistillate flower: Flowers having only female

reproductive organ. (gynoecium)

cucurbita female flower

Staminate flower: Flowers having only male

reproductive organ. (Androecium)

cucurbita male flower

 ACTINOMORPHIC & ZYGOMORPHIC
Actinomorphic: Flowers which are symmetrical in all
direction.
i.e. Each whorl of the flower consisting of same size.

Tribulus
flower
Zygomorphic: Flowers which are symmetrical in
one direction only. I.e. Each whorl of the flower
consisting of different sepals.

Cassia flower
ACTINOMORPHIC & ZYGOMORPHIC

Asymmetric: A flower is asymmetric (irregular) if it

cannot be divided into two similar halves by any vertical
plane passing through the centre, as in Canna.

Canna
 BRACTEATE FLOWER & EBRACTEATE FLOWER
Bracteate flower: Bracteate flowers are those Mimosa
that have a reduced leaf at the
base of the pedicel

Rose Bougainvillea Ebracteate flower: Flowers without a bract

 COMPLETE FLOWER & INCOMPLETE FLOWER
Complete flower: Flowers having all the four whorls
viz. Calyx, Carolla, Androecium and Gynoecium

Incomplete flower: Flowers lacking one of the

four whorls viz. Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and
Gynoecium.

INCOMPLETE FLOWER

COMPLETE FLOWER
 EPIGYNOUS FLOWER & HYPOGYNOUS FLOWER
Epigynous flower Hypogynous flower
Flowers in which the floral parts are arising Flowers in which the floral parts are
above the level of the ovary arising below the level of the ovary
 PERIGYNOUS FLOWER
Perigynous flower
Flowers in which the floral parts are arising from the rim
of the hypanthium cup of the ovary.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
Out of the four whorls of the flower. Calyx and Corolla are
called accessory whorls as they do not directly take part in
reproduction

Androecium and Gynoecium are considered as essential

whorls.
 CALYX: 1ST WHORL OF THE FLOWER
It is composed of sepals. Rose Gamosepalous
The sepals are fused with each other

Polysepalous: The sepals are free from each other HIBISCUS

 COROLLA: 2ND WHORL OF THE FLOWER
It is composed of petals Gamosepalous
The petals are fused with each other

Rose

Polysepalous: The petals are free from each other DATUR

AESTIVATIO
N
Aestivation: The arrangement of petals & sepals in the
flower bud

Valvate: Here the floral leaves (Petals & Sepals) are

arranged side by side. (Eg. Calotropis)
AESTIVATIO
N

Twisted: Here the floral leaves show

regular overlapping in one direction
(Eg. Lady’s finger, Cotton, China rose)
AESTIVATIO
N
Imbricate: If the margins of sepals or
petals overlap one another but not in any
particular direction as in Cassia and
gulmohur, the aestivation is called
imbricate
AESTIVATIO
Nexillary: In a whorl of five petals, the one
V
posterior petal is largest which covers two
lateral petal and in turn these two lateral
petals cover the two anterior or smallest
petals.
Example- Peas, Beans

Fabaceae
flower
ANDROECIUM: 3RD WHORL OF THE FLOWER/MALE WHORL

It is composed of stamens.
Each stamen has a slender stalk, at the topDATUR
an anther connected by a connective.
 ADELPHY
Adelphy: Fusion of filaments & anthers free

Monadelphous: The filaments of all the stamens become fused forming a

single bundle.

Diadelphous: Here the filaments are fused forming two bundles.

Polyadelphous: The filaments of the stamens are fused forming many bundles.

Monadelphous Diadelphous

Polyadelphous
 SYNGENY
Epipetalous stamens: Here the filaments of stamens are found attached to the petal.
Epiphyllous stamens :Here the filaments are attached to the perianth.
 ANTHER LOBES

Monothecous: The anthers have only Dithecous: The anthers have only
one lobe two lobe
 GYNOECIUM: 4TH WHORL OF THE FLOWER/FEMALE WHORL

Gynoecium is composed of carpels

Each carpel has three parts, Ovary with

ovules, Style and stigma.
TYPES OF GYNOECIUM

Monocarpellary Gynoecium: A gynoecium with a single carpel

Bicarpellary Gynoecium: A gynoecium with two carpels

Tricarpellary Gynoecium: A gynoecium with three carpels

Tetracarpellary Gynoecium: A gynoecium with four carpels

Pentacarpellary Gynoecium: A gynoecium with five carpels

Polycarpellary Gynoecium: A gynoecium with more than five

carpels
 TYPES OF GYNOECIUM
Apocarpous Syncarpous
Here the gynoecium consists of two or more Here the gynoecium consists of two or more
carpels and all the carpels are free carpels and all the carpels are fused
Placentation: The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation. The
placentation are of different types namely, marginal, axile, parietal, basal, central and
free central .

In marginal placentation the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary
and the ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows, as in pea.
When the placenta is axial and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary, the
placentation is said to be axile, as in china rose, tomato and lemon.
In parietal placentation, the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on
peripheral part. Ovary is one-chambered but it becomes two chambered due to
the formation of the false septum, e.g., mustard and Argemone.
When the ovules are borne on central axis and septa are absent, as in Dianthus and
Primrose the placentation is called free central.
In basal placentation, the placenta develops at the base of ovary and a single ovule is
attached to it, as in sunflower, marigold.
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