Environmental Protection and Management

MODULE -1

Environmental management standards

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines an environmental management
system as “part of the management system used to manage environmental aspects, fulfill
compliance obligations, and address risks and opportunities.”

Unique characteristics of Environmental Problems

1. Genetic Modification Of Crops
Environmental issues caused by man-made chemicals are becoming clearer. For example, there
has been a 90% reduction in the Monarch butterfly population in the United States that can
be linked to weed killers that contain glyphosate.
There is also some speculation that genetically-modified plants may leak chemical compounds
into soil through their roots, possibly affecting communities of microorganisms.

2. Waste Production

The average person produces 4.3 pounds of waste per day, with the United States alone accounting
for 220 million tons per year. Much of this waste ends up in landfills, which generate enormous
amounts of methane.

Not only does this create explosion hazards, but methane also ranks as one of the worst of the
greenhouse gases because of its high global warming potential.

3. Population Growth
Many of the issues listed here result from the massive population growth that Earth has
experienced in the last century. The planet’s population grows by 1.13% per year, which works
out to 80 million people.

This results in a number of issues, such as a lack of fresh water, habitat loss for wild animals,
overuse of natural resources and even species extinction. The latter is particularly damaging, as
the planet is now losing 30,000 species per year.

4. Water Pollution
Fresh water is crucial to life on Earth, yet more sources are being polluted through human activities
each year. On a global scale, 2 million tons of sewage, agricultural and industrial waste enters the
world’s water every day.
Water pollution can have harmful effects outside of contamination of the water we drink. It
also disrupts marin

5. Overfishing
It is estimated that 63% of global fish stocks are now considered overfished. This has led to many
fishing fleets heading to new waters, which will only serve to deplete fish stocks further.

Dr. Asha G, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060
Environmental Protection and Management

Overfishing leads to a misbalance of ocean life, severely affecting natural ecosystems in the
process. Furthermore, it also has negative effects on coastal communities that rely on fishing to
support their economies.

e life, sometimes altering reproductive cycles and increasing mortality rates.

6. Deforestation
The demands of an increasing population has resulted in increasing levels of deforestation. Current
estimates state that the planet is losing 80,000 acres of tropical forests per day. This results in loss
of habitat for many species, placing many at risk and leading to large-scale extinction.
Furthermore, deforestation is estimated to produce 15% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.

7. Urban Sprawl
The continued expansion of urban areas into traditionally rural regions is not without its problems.
Urban sprawl has been linked to environmental issues like air and water pollution increases, in
addition to the creation of heat-islands.

Satellite images produced by NASA have also shown how urban sprawl contributes to forest
fragmentation, which often leads to larger deforestation

8. Acid Rain
Acid rain comes as a result of air pollution, mostly through chemicals released into the
environment when fuel is burned. Its effects are most clearly seen in aquatic ecosystems,
where increasing acidity in the water can lead to animal deaths.
It also causes various issues for trees. Though it doesn’t kill trees directly, acid rain does weaken
them by damaging leaves, poisoning the trees and limiting their available nutrients.

9. Ozone Layer Depletion

Ozone depletion is caused by the release of chemicals, primarily chlorine and bromide, into the
atmosphere. A single atom of either has the potential to destroy thousands of ozone molecules
before leaving the stratosphere.
Ozone depletion results in more UVB radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. UVB has been linked
to skin cancer and eye disease, plus it affects plant life and has been linked to a reduction of
plankton in marine environments.

10. Ocean Acidification

Ocean acidification is the term used to describe the continued lowering of the pH levels of the
Earth’s oceans as a result of carbon dioxide emissions. It is estimated that ocean acidity will
increase by 150% by 2100 if efforts aren’t made to halt it.
This increase in acidification can have dire effect on calcifying species, such as shellfish. This
causes issues throughout the food chain and may lead to reductions in aquatic life that would
otherwise not be affected by acidification.

Dr. Asha G, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060
Environmental Protection and Management

11. Air Pollution

Air pollution is becoming an increasingly dangerous problem, particularly in heavily-populated
cities. The World Health Organization (WHO) has found that 80% of people living in urban areas
are exposed to air quality levels deemed unfit by the organization.
It is also directly linked to other environmental issues, such as acid rain and eutrophication.
Animals and humans are also at risk of developing a number of health problems due to air
pollution.

12. Lowered Biodiversity

Continued human activities and expansion has led to lowered biodiversity. A lack of biodiversity
means that future generations will have to deal with increasing vulnerability of plants to pests and
fewer sources of fresh water.

Some studies have found that lowered biodiversity has as pronounced an impact as climate change
and pollution on ecosystems, particularly in areas with higher amounts of species extinction.

13. The Nitrogen Cycle

With most of the focus being placed on the carbon cycle, the effects of human use of nitrogen often
slips under the radar. It is estimated that agriculture may be responsible for half of the nitrogen
fixation on earth, primarily through the use and production of man-made fertilizers.
Excess levels of nitrogen in water can cause issues in marine ecosystems, primarily through
overstimulation of plant and algae growth. This can result in blocked intakes and less light getting
to deeper waters, damaging the rest of the marine population.

14. Natural Resource Use

Recent studies have shown that humanity uses so many natural resources that we would need
almost 1.5 Earths to cover our needs. This is only set to increase as industrialization continues in
nations like China and India.
Increased resource use is linked to a number of other environmental issues, such as air pollution
and population growth. Over time, the depletion of these resources will lead to an energy crisis,
plus the chemicals emitted by many natural resources are strong contributors to climate change.

15. Transportation
An ever-growing population needs transportation, much of which is fueled by the natural resources
that emit greenhouse gases, such as petroleum. In 2014, transportation accounted for 26% of all
greenhouse gas emissions.
Transportation also contributes to a range of other environmental issues, such as the destruction of
natural habitats and increase in air pollution.

Dr. Asha G, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060
Environmental Protection and Management

16. Polar Ice Caps

The issue of the melting of polar ice caps is a contentious one. While NASA studies have shown
that the amount of ice in Antarctica is actually increasing, these rises only amount to a third of
what is being lost in the Arctic.
There is strong evidence to suggest that sea levels are rising, with the Arctic ice caps melting being
a major contributor. Over time, this could lead to extensive flooding, contamination of drinking
water and major changes in ecosystems.

17. Climate Change

The majority of the issues previously listed contribute or are linked to climate change. Statistics
created by NASA state that global temperatures have risen by 1.7 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880,
which is directly linked to a reduction in Arctic ice of 13.3% per decade.The effects of climate
change are widespread, as it will cause issues with deforestation, water supplies, oceans and
ecosystems. Each of these have widespread implications of their own, marking climate change as
the major environmental issue the planet faces today.

Systems Approach to corporate environmental Management

A system approach is identifying, understanding, and managing integrated and interdependent
processes and their risks that contribute to the organization's environmental management system
effectiveness.

Reviewing the inputs and outputs of each process as only a section of the company as a whole
contributes to understanding the effects on other processes within the organization. This approach
helps managers avoid analyzing problems in isolation.

The most common system model used for environmental management is the ISO 14001. There
have been other models, such as the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) and
the Responsible Care model, developed by the American Chemical Council (ACC).

Many organizations, when implementing their environmental management system (EMS) to ISO
14001 requirements, have used the PDCA methodology, based on Deming's “ Plan-Do-Check-
Act,” implemented in post-WWII Japan.

The focus in the twenty-first century has been on the environmental revolution, and the ISO
management system's emphasis has been on continual improvement. In 1995, I developed the
Three-Step Process: Identify, Insure, Improve™ for management system implementation. These
three steps can be applied not only to quality but also to implementation of an environmental
management system (see Figure 7.1).

Dr. Asha G, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060
Environmental Protection and Management

Environmental impact reduction efforts

Use energy more efficiently. Producing electricity and natural gas and delivering it to your door
generates greenhouse gas emissions. Installing energy-efficient building systems and equipment
can save energy and reduce your environmental footprint. See
the Commercial or Industrial energy efficiency tools for recommendations that are tailored to your
business segment.

Install renewables. Clean, renewable energy systems, such as solar and wind, can reduce your
impact on the environment significantly while lowering your energy bill. A variety of federal, state
and local incentives are available to make installing renewable energy more affordable. See
the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE) for information about
incentives available in your area

Dr. Asha G, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060
Environmental Protection and Management

Conserve water. Energy is used (and emissions generated) to heat the water used in your facility
and process waste water. Reduce water heater temperatures and repair leaks. Install low-flow
showerheads and aerated faucets to reduce the amount of water used; this can be especially
effective in lodging and multi-family facilities. Facilities with high hot water demand, such as
hospitals and restaurants, should consider heat recovery to capture the energy from waste fluids to
heat or preheat water.
Reduce, reuse, recycle. Your environmental footprint goes beyond energy use and your business.
All of the materials and equipment in your facility must be produced and shipped there, and then
disposed of—all of which impacts the environment. Look for ways to use less; it could be
something as simple as printing on both sides of paper or developing a better preventive
maintenance program to make equipment last longer. Establish a companywide recycling program.

Travel less. Employees driving to and from work produce a substantial amount of air pollution.
Encourage (or subsidize) employees to use public transportation or organize car pools, and allow
employees to work from home whenever possible. Minimize business travel through web
conferencing, email and other low-emission communications. If you maintain a fleet of vehicles,
use them only when needed and look for fuel-efficient models.

Consider near sourcing. All businesses require resources to function, whether it is office supplies
or raw materials for manufacturing. Transporting these resources to your door uses energy and
creates emissions. Near sourcing—using vendors close to your business—is a growing trend that
can reduce your environmental impact and may save you money as well.

Ship goods more efficiently. If your business delivers products, consider ways to reduce your
shipping emissions. Ground shipments, by rail or truck, are generally more fuel-efficient than
shipping by air. Fewer, full ground shipments will use less fuel than frequent light loads. If you do
not have enough goods for full shipments, consider teaming up with other local businesses.

Business charter for sustainable production and consumption

Sustainable economic growth provides the foundation and resources for societies to develop and
prosper, and for people to meet their needs and pursue their aspirations. It helps enable economic
empowerment and poverty eradication, advance environmental stewardship; and contribute to
dealing with the trans-boundary global challenges highlighted by the UN Sustainable Development
Goals.
At the heart of economic growth are innovative, successful, and responsible businesses operating
within strong, forward-looking governance and policy frameworks.

Now more than ever, sustainable development depends on the solutions, capabilities,
contributions and engagement of business. ICC believes this entails:

 · Innovation in all dimensions of sustainable development so as to develop more integrated

strategies, policy and decision-making.

 · Leadership and collaboration to leverage the mutually-reinforcing and cross-cutting elements

of integrated policy-making.

Dr. Asha G, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060
Environmental Protection and Management

 · Integrated governance structures fostering greater policy coherence between economic,

environmental and development objectives.

 · Efforts by all actors to reconcile short-term pressures with longer-term strategies to deal with
the multiplicity of economic, societal, and environmental challenges and opportunities in an
integrated manner.
 · Bottom up and top down actions pursued simultaneously by governments and business in
support of sustainable growth. A one-size-fits-all approach will not be effective, nor will
policies that work in silos.

 · Multilateral and cross-cutting approaches across countries and sectors, which are
indispensable in the global marketplace.
ICC and sustainable development ICC has played a long-standing role in promoting responsible
business conduct and remains committed to providing through leadership to deliver sustainability
solutions.

In 1991, only four years after the milestone Brundtland report ―Our Common Future‖, ICC
launched its first Business Charter for Sustainable Development, voicing the first world business
position on sustainable development. The Charter was subsequently updated in 2000 and 2015,
with the latest version reflecting the new approach to sustainable development and its economic,
societal, and environmental dimensions.

The 2015 Business Charter for Sustainable Development has been specifically designed to help
companies contribute to the SDGs’ implementation. Based around eight guidelines, it sets out a
strategic framework to help companies place sustainability at the heart of their operations; it calls
on the widest range of enterprises to enhance their sustainability performance; it also calls for
enhanced co-operation to support sustainable growth. Sustainable development as a business
priority

 To recognize the business contribution to sustainable development as a key priority and an

enabler for long-term business success.
 To build the necessary awareness and understanding amongst its employees, shareholders,
customers, and other stakeholders.

 To clarify and integrate sustainability into its strategies, leadership principles, operations,
activities and investments according to each business’ individually relevant context.
 To govern its business with integrity, develop best practices in any relevant area of work, and
promote ethical conduct, including fighting corruption.

Tools for Sustainable Business Management

Specific tools for translation of general requirements of sustainable development into manageable
demands are necessary. The sustainability balanced scorecard is the central tool for the
development and implementation of sustainable business strategies. In order to identify the
position of an enterprise related to sustainable development the concept of sustainability cube is
discussed. With this instrument the social, economical and ecological dimension of sustainable

Dr. Asha G, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060
Environmental Protection and Management

development within an enterprise can be measured. A tool for sustainable design of new products
or services is the sustainable orientated quality function deployment. This concept combines the
needs of the market and customers with the principles of sustainable development.

Sustainable cube In order to determine organisation's position in the light of sustainable

development the "sustainable cube" can be applied 191. This tool contains the three perspectives
of sustainable development - the economical, the ecological and the social one - and proposes a
metric system for each of them. The position within the cube allows one to define strategies for
further sustainable management. The cube can be used for the whole organisation, for parts of an
organisation or for individual products or services. The economic perspective can be measured
with common economic concepts like economic value added, option pricing theory, shareholder
value, contribution accounting, target costing or product profitfloss accounting. Economic value
added, shareholder value, options price theory and contribution accounting can be used to analyse
the whole organisation. Target costing is a tool for product-specific questions. Meanwhile specific
variations of shareholder value or contribution accounting were developed including ecological
requirements (spec. ecological shareholder value [lO], environmental contribution accounting [l
l]). The ecological perspective can be measured by life cycle assessment resp. environmental
performance measurement and indicators. The chosen method should refer to principles of
sustainable development, the methods suitably are assessing not-monetary and quantitative. The
methods Sustainable Process Index (SPI) [12], Material Input per Service (MIPS) [13],
Ecoindicator 99 [l41 and Eco-Points [l 51 are in discussion.

These methods allow the measurement of ecological effects of products, processes or

organisations. Application is usually complex, and the methods are debatably. If environmental
effects can be evaluated by experts, also indicators combined with ABC-analysis can be used [16].
Social perspective can be measured by indicators. Questions of legal compliance of social

Dr. Asha G, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560060
Environmental Protection and Management

standards and laws, of human rights and of gender mainstrearning, to give a few examples, are
here in focus. For practical use, the relevant indicators for each perspective have to be defined for
a specific organisation. The next step is measuring and collecting the needed data, due to evaluate
and calculate each indicator. The sustainable cube is an instrument used in organisational decision
making processes - therefore evaluation is of a relative characteristic. The organisation starts in
the centre of the cube and can derivate strategies for each sustainability perspective to improve the
position. The cube can be used for benchmarking purposes, too, but in this case all partners of the
benchmarking process have to use the same criteria, indicators and methods. The lettering of the
axis is characterized by "W, "S" and "EP and is measured through specific criteria valid for t he
organisation. The ideal position of measurement point within the cube would be the top of each
perspective, economic realistic, social ideal, with high environmental performance. An unalterable
demand for the position of each organisation is section with G > 0, otherwise they lose money. In
this case the organisation has no economic perspective, and there is no continuous success in the
ecological and social perspective.

These methods allow the measurement of ecological effects of products, processes or

organisations. Application is usually complex, and the methods are debatably. If environmental
effects can be evaluated by experts, also indicators combined with ABC-analysis can be used [16].
Social perspective can be measured by indicators. Questions of legal compliance of social
standards and laws, of human rights and of gender mainstrearning, to give a few examples, are
here in focus. For practical use, the relevant indicators for each perspective have to be defined for
a specific organisation. The next step is measuring and collecting the needed data, due to evaluate
and calculate each indicator. The sustainable cube is an instrument used in organisational decision
making processes - therefore evaluation is of a relative characteristic. The organisation starts in
the centre of the cube and can derivate strategies for each sustainability perspective to improve the
position. The cube can be used for benchmarking purposes, too, but in this case all partners of the
benchmarking process have to use the same criteria, indicators and methods. The lettering of the
axis is characterized by "W, "S" and "EP and is measured through specific criteria valid for the
organisation. The ideal position of measurement point within the cube would be the top of each
perspective, economic realistic, social ideal, with high environmental performance. An unalterable
demand for the position of each organisation is section with G > 0, otherwise they lose money. In
this case the organisation has no economic perspective, and there is no continuous success in the
ecological and social perspective.
Environmental Protection and Management

Sustainability requirements can be included on all steps of the Qm> process. For the House of
Quality (HOQ), the subsystem design matrix and the piece part design matrix the relevant criteria
can be derived from the principles of ecodesign as well as from criteria's concerning social resp.
health and safety issues. Eco-Efficiency Criteria and principles of Cleaner Production can be
integrated into the process design matrix, but it has to be noted, that these principles will also have
an impact to matrix 1 - 3 (see Table 2). Eco-Efficiency means creating more value with less impact
[24]. The goal of the concept of Cleaner Production are environmental sound processes, in order
to avoid harmful emissions and waste which have to be cleaned up with so called end-of-pipe
technologies. The objective of Eco-Design is to maximize the benefit and to minimize the
environmental impact of a product or service. Additionally requirements of corporate strategy are
important. Therefore tool employment has to be seen in the light of the general objectives which
are management for example with a SBSC within a Generic Management System

What is Environmental Stewardship

 Human responsible consumption, protection of the natural environment or corrective

activities that could be achieved through conservation efforts and sustainable practices.

 The responsible use and management of natural resources in a way that takes a full and
balanced account of the interests of society, future generations, and other species while
accepting significant answerability to society for these actions.
 Reduce the number of bags you use for shopping. Use reusable bags.
Environmental Protection and Management

 Reduce water usage and waste by closing taps and lower the flow to the smallest needed
to do the job in reasonable time.

 Reduce the amount of fuel you use by choosing smaller, lighter vehicles. Carpool. Live
close to where you work. Use public transit if you can.
Environmental stewardship ties in with land stewardship and good agricultural practices which
farmers would not truly practice if they care about obtaining optimal yields for an infinite period
of time.
It includes things like:

 Planting trees around fields to act as wind break barriers which reduce soil erosion due to
winds blowing across cultivated ground.
 Reduced tillage or no tillage methods of growing crops. This also helps reduce soil erosion
by wind because less or nose bare soil is left open to the elements.
 Incorporation of plant waste, such as stems, back into the soil to add organic matter. This
means healthier soil and corresponding increased yields. It also can mean soil which is
more open allowing for better drainage.
 Not using equipment on soil when it is too wet resulting in compaction. This can mean
reduced yields and reduced drainage. Also using suitable equipment to match the soil such
as tracked equipment versus just plain wheels on muck type soil.

 Applying the correct amount of fertilizer or manure at the correct time to achieve optimal
growing results without having run off issues. Allowing fertilizer or manure to leach into
waterways is harmful to the environment as well as a waste of the resource. As part of this,
incorporating the fertilizer or manure into the soil

Drivers of sustainability
The business case for sustainability has been at the forefront of much of the literature. Some of the
most commonly mentioned drivers/benefits of sustainability include: competitive advantage,
reduced costs, increased sales, improved image and reputation, and increased employee motivation
(FSC, 2010; Jenkins, 2006; KPMG, 2008; Makower, 2010; Masurel, 2007; Morsing, 2006;
Simpson, Taylor, & Barker, 2004; Werbach, 2009; Willard, 2005). In December 2010, the
American Institute of Public Accountants (AICPA), Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants
(CICA) and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) released a report on
drivers to sustainability. This report looked at the evolution of CR practices in Canada, the US and
the UK;
The top three drivers to sustainability for large organizations were:

(1) Compliance with legal and regulatory requirements,

(2) Managing risk to the reputation of your brand and
Environmental Protection and Management

(3) Achieving competitive advantage and long-term profitability (see figure 6) (AICPA, CIMA,
CICA, 2010, p.5).

The survey respondents were small (under 1000 employees) and large (over 1000 employees)
organizational leaders who are members of these three associations. Based on the literature, the
most important drivers for sustainability are external to 18 the company and focus on competitive
advantage, compliance with regulatory bodies and managing risk and reputation. Jenkins (2006)
concluded that external drivers are: improved image and reputation, better market position; and
internal drivers are: increased employee motivation, cost savings and increased efficiency. Figure
6 – Sustainability drivers for large companies

Large organizations are also more inclined to have formal sustainability departments as well as
formal reporting standards, and 79% of companies currently had a sustainability strategy

BARRIERS
Sustainable development has been widely promoted as a holistic concept which aims or targets
to integrate social, economic and cultural policies to ensure high-quality growth. However, there
are barriers combating the implementation of sustainable development. These barriers are,
according to an UK essay and other materials, the following:

Economic and financial barriers: Economists observed that the dominating development
model tends to focus on economic growth as precedence rather than people's rights or welfare,
and environmental processes and limits. This requires a shift in the worldview from treating the
Environmental Protection and Management

environment as part of the economy to treating the economy as part of the environment;
strategically this means the economy should be adapted to ensure environmental services are
maintained.

Innovational Barriers: In the educational sector there is a lack of innovation-oriented research.

This means that there has to be a closer connection between research institutes and the economy,
which would also overcome problems concerning the knowledge transfer to applications in real
life.

• Social barriers: Population growth, paired with unsustainable consumption and production
patterns among the wealthy, are the biggest social challenges to achieving sustainable
development in the world. Absent of a significant change in human behavior, sustainability will
not be potential. There are other social barriers which are: The marginalization of the poor and
entrenched inequities Limited awareness about sustainable development. Environmental issues
among both politicians and the wider public fragmented civil society. Inadequate interaction
between civil society and government. Insufficient incentives to for the private sector to pursue
sustainable development.

• Political barriers: Inadequate economic, social and environmental methods for policies, plans
and projects are the major barrier combating the implementation of sustainable development.
• Poor monitoring and evaluation systems: A basic problem is lack of specific targets (globally,
nationally and at local level), measurement and data to track progress, resulting in a lack of
information available to decision-makers. It is suggested for strengthening monitoring and
evaluation of sustainable development strategies in order to establish a dynamic improvement
process, with an objective of increasing their effectiveness. It is recommended that governments
should turn up deeper and assess the socio-economic impacts of developmental projects, rather
than the outcome alone.

• Institutional barriers: Institutional barriers as a result of lack of institutional experience to

operate all the mechanism of democratic system has been combating and frustrating sustainable
development in many developing countries.

• Trade barriers

Environmental Management Principles

Principles of environmental management are a set of rules and guidelines that help attain
desirable environmental outcome. Principles of environmental management, refers to procedure,
government, industries and people should follow. Environmental management principles have
been drivers, in response to economic and social problems which may arise as a result of any
economic undertaking. This includes agriculture, mining, industries and natural disasters likely to
damage the environment.
Environmental Protection and Management

7 Key Principles Of Environmental Management

1. Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)

2. User Pays Principle (UPP)

3. Precautionary Principle (PP)

4. Principle of Responsibility

5. Principle Of Effectiveness and Efficiency

6. Principle of Proportionality

7. Principle Of Participatio

7 Key Principles Of Environmental Management

Below are the main principles of environmental management important for environmental decision
making and any undertaking, likely to damage the environment. 7 main principles of
environmental management, which play major role in economic, social and environmental
decision making, including policy formulation.

1. Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)

Most economists around the world suggested for many years that the only to ensure clean safe
environment was through this principles of environmental management. Experts suggested that
firms producing hazard chemicals and pollutants affecting the environment must pay

After many countries embarked on measuring damage, through environmental impact assessment
(EIA). It was noted that pollution must be linked to damage and pollution caused, therefore prices
must be according to damages caused the industry.
Polluter pays principle, ensures absolute liability for any damage and harm caused by the industry
and firms. It makes the process and procedure for compensation easy in an event where there
victims affected. Another important aspect of this among principles of environmental
management is that the cost gets shared and its easy to repair or reduce damages.

2. User Pays Principle (UPP)

This principle has been derived from the polluter pays principle which gives the responsibility to
users for them to pay for any long run cost and marginal environmental damage or pollution.
It includes users bearing the costs for utilizing resources, services and treatment services whenever
the resources are consumed and been used.

For instance consumption of water which comes from rivers, each household is required to pay
certain fee towards the service. Farmers are required to pay land fees, which part of the money
goes towards cleaning and budgetary funding for developing EIA systems to help predict, protect
and prescribe measure s to protect the environment from economic activities
Environmental Protection and Management

3. Precautionary Principle (PP)

This proposes protecting the environment through precautionary measures, especially for heavy
activities that might cause more damage to the environment. Precautionary principle has major
objectives which include measuring primary and secondary activities posing a threat to the
environment.

4. Principle of Responsibility

Among principles of environmental management, this states each person and firm needs to be
held accountable and take responsibility to maintain safe, clean and sustainable development.
Ecological sustainability should be attained by ensuring the use of resources is properly managed
and not wasted, people must go about knowing that one of there duties is to protect the
environment, safe applies for firms and corporations extracting and committing gasses polluting
the environment.

5. Principle Of Effectiveness and Efficiency

It the responsibility of government in every country, city or state to ensure, well structured policies
and procedures are put in place for essential waste management. Failure to properly mage waste
can lead to diseases, soil problems, chemical build ups, water born diseases. Hence its essential
that through the principle of effectiveness and efficiency, major agencies and council do
everything possible to reduce waste building up and control dump sites for garbage.

6. Principle of Proportionality
This refers to striking a balance between development and protecting the environment. Building
of basic essential infrastructure through development has been considered major part for Human
development, therefore, protecting the environment but so does development. Without the
environment which provides for land, man would not have where to build homes.

7. Principle Of Participation
Every citizen, person, government and firms have a responsibility to participate in environmental
decision making and protection policies. Through collective collaboration in the affairs of the
environment its easy to foster a shift and wave reflecting need to protect the environment.

Every individual should take a major step and contribute to issues relating to solid waste
management, garbage collection, construction, chemicals, gaseous omission and demolition
materials which are likely to affect the environment and how to reduce the impact.
Environmental Protection and Management

National Environment Policy (NEP)

The National Environment Policy (NEP) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF) aims at mainstreaming environmental concerns into all developmental activities. It
emphasises conservation of resources, and points that the best way to aid conservation is to ensure
that people dependent on resources obtain better livelihoods from conservation, than from
degradation of the resources. It argues that environmental degradation often leads to poverty and
poor health outcomes among populations.

The document goes on to highlight the principles underlying the policy that emphasise the

 Important role of human beings in the sustainable development processes

 The non negotiability and incomparable value of environmental resources

 Right to development for all

 Equity in the use of environmental resources and

The need for the decentralised and multisectoral approach in dealing with environmental issues.

The objectives of the policy include:

Conservation of critical environmental resources

Intra-generational equity
Livelihood security for the poor

Inter-generational equity

Integration of environmental concerns in economic and social development

Efficiency in environmental resource use
Environmental governance

Enhancement of resources for environmental conservation

Environmental Protection and Management

Abatement of pollution and conservation of resources

Pollution Abatement
Pollution abatement refers to any measure taken to reduce, control or eliminate pollution from a
given environment. Abatement measures can be technological, like catalytic converters on vehicles
to reduce air pollution, or they may be regulatory, like laws limiting the amount of

solid waste a sewage management facility can release into a waterway. Abatement measures may
also be behavioral, like turning down a home thermostat a degree or two in winter to reduce
electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

Air
Smog, ground-level ozone pollution, acid rain and climate change influenced by greenhouse gas
emissions are all products of fossil-fuel combustion, whether for industrial processes, electricity
generation or gasoline-powered vehicles. Examples of contemporary abatement strategies include
requiring smoke-stack scrubbers on coal-fired power plants to reduce emissions of sulfur and
nitrogen dioxides and placing caps on carbon emissions to reduce greenhouse gases.
Environmental Protection and Management

Soil
Land pollution can come from a variety of sources. Landfills, chemical and fuel refinery leaks or
spills and industrial agricultural techniques that require heavy use of pesticides and chemical
fertilizers all contribute to soil pollution. Abatement measures include eliminating lead from fuels
to reduce lead pollution of the soil, requiring underground liners for landfills, voluntary recycling
programs, regulating fuel and chemical production to minimize risks of spills or leaks and
exploring alternative agricultural methods to reduce the need for pesticides and herbicides.

Water
Water pollution usually comes in one of two major forms, point source pollution and nonpoint
source pollution. Point sources include specific release of pollutants into waterways, like industrial
effluents or untreated sewage. Nonpoint sources are not locally specific and include pollution from
storm water runoff in urban areas and pollutant leaching from contaminated soils. Abatement
measures include requiring treatment of sewage waste water solids, installation of storm runoff
retention systems (also called wet ponds) in areas with a high density of impervious surfaces and
educating the public about the dangers of storm water pollutants to streams, rivers and aquifers.

Energy Conservation
Another basic but important pollution abatement strategy includes what many call reducing your
carbon footprint. More people using fewer resources and less energy reduces pollution impacts on
a larger scale. Examples of conservation include: using cleaner-burning fuels and renewable
sources of energy like solar or wind power, using public transportation or carpooling, recycling
and reusing paper, plastics and metals, insulating your home to make it more energy-efficient,
installing energy-efficient appliances, and buying locally produced goods to reduce the need for
shipping of products over long distances.

The focus in the twenty-first century has been on the environmental revolution, and the ISO
management system's emphasis has been on continual improvement. In 1995, I developed the
Three-Step Process: Identify, Insure, Improve™ for management system implementation. These
three steps can be applied not only to quality but also to implementation of an environmental
management system.