Deccan Education Society’s

Willingdon College Sangli

BSC COMPUTER SCIENCE (ENTIRE)

Question Bank 2024

BSC –I Sem - I

Computer Science Paper –I

C Programming

Q. 1 Select the correct alternatives for each the following (1

mark each)

1. What is an algorithm?

A. Flowchart
B. Flowchart or Pseudocode
C. A Decision
D. Step by step instructions used to solve problem

2. GUI stands for

A. Graphical User Interface

B. Graphical Input Unit
C. Graph under Instruction
D. None of above

3. Terminal symbol in flowchart indicates

A. End
B. Decision Making
C. Input and Output
D. Processing

4. The format specifier “%d” is used for _________

A. int
 B. float
C. char
D. void

5. What is short int in C programming?

A. Basic Data Type

B. Qualifier
C. Short is qualifier and int is basic data type
D. All the above

6. Which of following are basic datatype?

A. array
B. int
C. pointer
D. structure

7. How many keywords are there in C language?

A. 30
B. 20
C. 32
D. 31

8. Find correct keyword from below

A. breaker
B. default
C. shorter
D. go

9. Which of the following is true for variable name in C

A. Variable names cannot start with a digit

B. Variable can be of any length
C. They can contain alphanumeric characters as well as
special characters
D. Reserved Word can be used as variable name
10. What is the output of following program

# include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
int i;

for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
int a = i;
}
printf(“%d”,a);

return 0;
}

A. Syntax error in declaration of a

B. No errors, program will show output 5
C. Redeclaration of a in same scope, throws error
D. A is out of focus when printf is called

11. Which of the following is branching statement in c program?

A. if statement
B. if…else statement
C. switch statement
D. All the above

12. The default case is compulsory in switch statement.

A. True
B. False
C. None of above

13. The break statement is optional in switch statement

A. True
B. False
 C. None of above

14. Choose a C conditional operator from list

A. ?:
B. :?
C. :<
D. <:

15. Choose correct statement regarding C Comparison operators

A. (x==y) is x really equal to y

(x!=y) is x not equal to y
B. (x<y) is x less than y
(x>y) is x greater than y
C. (x<=y) is x less than or equal y
(x>=) is x greater than or equal to y
D. All the above

16. Choose correct statement to use C if--- else statement

A. else if is compulsory to use with if statement

B. else is compulsory to use with if statement
C. else or else if is optional to use with if statement
D. None of the above mentioned

17. If you have to make decision based on multiple choices,

which of the following is best suited?

A. if
B. if--else
C. if—else--if
D. all the above

18. To perform a set of instructions repeatedly which of the

following can be used?

A. for
B. while
C. if—else--if
 D. both (i) & (ii)

19. for(int i=2,j=2;j<=7;j++)

will this statement execute

A. yes
B. no
C. compile time error
D. run time error

20. When _________ is encountered inside any loop, Control

automatically passes to the first statement after loop.

A. continue
B. break
C. goto
D. return

21. This Loop tests the condition after having executed the
Statements within the Loop.

A. while
B. do--while
C. for
D. if—else--if

22. ++ operator used within Loops increment the value of

variable by

A. 1
B. 2
C. 10
D. Depends upon compiler

23. The continue statement cannot be used with ___________

A. for
B. while
C. do--while
D. switch
24. switch statement accepts

A. int
B. char
C. long
D. all the above

25. Which loop is guaranteed to execute atleast one time

A. for
B. while
C. do--while
D. both (A) & (B)

26. Which of the statement we need to write in order to check

any condition?

A. if
B. break
C. continue
D. exit

27. ________ statement causes the loop to be terminated.

A. exit
B. break
C. default
D. continue

28. Which of the following is the unconditional control structure?

A. do--while
B. if--else
C. goto
D. for

29. Which is the syntax of for loop?

A. for(intialization; condition; increment/decrement)

 B. for(increment; expression; condition)
C. for(condition; expression; statement)
D. for(expression; condition; statement)

30. In what sequence tha initialization, testing and execution of

body is done in a do-while loop ?

A. Initialization, execution of body, testing

B. Execution of body, initialization, testing
C. Initialization, testing, execution of body
D. None of the above

31. What is the work of break keyword?

A. Halt execution of program

B. Restart execution of program
C. Exit from loop or switch statement
D. None of the above

32. What is the right way of declaring array?

A. int num[5]={1,2,3,4,5];
B. int num{} ={2,3,4,5};
C. int num{4}={1,2,3,4};
D. int num(5)={1,2,3,4,5};

33. What is an Array?

A. Collection of different type of elements

B. Collection of similar type of elements
C. None of the above
D. Both A & C

34. Which of these best describes an array?

A. Array is collection of similar type of data store continusely

B. Container of objects of similar types
C. Arrays are immutable once initialized
D. Array is not a data structure
35. What are the Types of Arrays?

A. Single dimensional
B. Two dimensional
C. Multi dimensional
D. All the above

36. Which of the following is string copying function ?

A. memcpy()
B. strcopy()
C. memcopy()
D. strxcpy()

37. Which of the following function is used to join two strings?

A. strcpy()
B. strcat()
C. strncon()
D. memcon()

38. What will strcmp() function will do?

A. Compares the first n characters of the object

B. Compares the string
C. Undefined function
D. Copies the string

39. Which string method helps to find the length of the string?

A. StringLength
B. strlen
C. strdup
D. Both (A) & (B)

40. What is string in C Language?

A. String is new data type in C

B. String is an array of characters with null character as the
last element of an array
 C. String is an array of characters with null character as the
first element of an array
D. String is an array of integers with 0 as the last element of
an array

44. Which of the following specifier for printing strings in printf()?

A. %d
B. %f
C. %c
D. %s

45. String constant in C terminated by ___________ ?

A. ‘\0’
B. ‘\\0’
C. ‘’
D. “”

46. Choose a correct statement about C string?

Char arr[]=”Hello”;

A. character array, arr is a string

B. arr has no NULL character at the end
C. String size is not mentioned
D. String can not contain special characters

47. A string in C is what?

A. 1-D Array of character

B. 2-D Array of character
C. Any of A & B
D. None of the above

47. What does the ++ operator do in c when applied to a variable.

A. Decrements by 1
B. Adds 1
C. Doubles the value

D. Leaves it unchanged.
48. Which operator is used for logical OR in C?

A. &&
B. OR
C. |
D. ||

49. The string-processing related functions are stored in which

header file?

A. <stdio.h>
B. <conio.h>
C. <string.h>
D. None of the above

50. Size of array need not be specified, when?

A. Initialization is part of the definition

B. It is a formal parameter
C. It is a declaration
D. All of the above
Q.2 Answer the following questions (10 marks each)

1. Explain the concept of flowchart. What are various symbols used to

draw flowchart?

Ans: Flowcharts are a great tool for planning and visualizing the structure of a program,
including C programs. In the context of C programming, flowcharts can help you map out the
logic and flow of your code before you start writing it. This can be especially useful for complex
algorithms or for visualizing how different functions interact.

1. Start/End (Oval): Indicates the start or end of the program.

2. Process (Rectangle): Represents a single operation or a sequence of operations, like a C

statement or a block of code.

3. Decision (Diamond): Used for conditional operations, such as if-else statements in C.

4. Input/Output (Parallelogram): Shows where data is inputted or outputted, akin to

scanf() or printf() functions.

5. Flow Line (Arrow): Illustrates the direction of the process flow, showing the order in
which steps are executed.

6. Connector (Circle): Used to connect different parts of the flowchart, helpful in complex
flowcharts or those that span multiple pages.

7. Document (Document Shape): Represents the creation or use of a document, though

less common in basic C programming.

8. Preparation (Hexagon): Often used to represent initialization steps, such as declaring

and initializing variables in C.

9. Subroutine (Rectangle with Double Stripes): Represents a function or subroutine in C,

showing modularity in the program.

Let's consider a simple C program that checks if a number is even or odd and print the result:

1. Start: Begin the process.

2. Process: Declare an integer variable.

3. Input: Read the integer value (scanf).

4. Decision: Check if the number is even (number % 2 == 0).

o If true, print "Even". / If false, print "Odd".

5. End: End the process.

2. What is Algorithm? Write an algorithm to display sum of first n
numbers

Ans:

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or

accomplishing a task. In computer programming, algorithms are essential for
writing efficient code to perform various functions.

Here's an algorithm to display the sum of the first n natural numbers in C

programming:

1. Start
2. Input: Read the value of nn
3. Initialize: Set sum = 0
4. Loop: For i = 1 to n
o Add: sum = sum + i
5. Output: Display the value of sum
6. End

3. Explain various branching statement.

Ans:

Branching statements are crucial in programming as they allow the flow of

execution to change based on certain conditions.there are several types of
branching statements, each serving a unique purpose. Let's explore them:

1. if Statement

The if statement is used to test a condition. If the condition is true, the code
block inside the if statement is executed.

if (condition) {

// code to be executed if condition is true

}
2. if-else Statement

The if-else statement provides an alternative path of execution when the if

condition is false.

if (condition) {

// code to be executed if condition is true

} else {

// code to be executed if condition is false

3. if-else if-else Ladder

This is used to test multiple conditions sequentially. The first condition that is
true will have its corresponding code block executed.

if (condition1) {

// code to be executed if condition1 is true

} else if (condition2) {

// code to be executed if condition2 is true

} else {

// code to be executed if all conditions are false

4. nested if Statement

An if statement inside another if statement is known as a nested if statement.

if (condition1) {

if (condition2) {
 // code to be executed if both condition1 and condition2 are true

5. switch Statement

The switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of
values, each associated with a specific block of code.

switch (variable) {

case value1:

// code to be executed if variable equals value1

break;

case value2:

// code to be executed if variable equals value2

break;

// you can have any number of case statements

default:

// code to be executed if none of the cases are true

Key Points:

• if statements are used for simple, single-condition checks.

• if-else statements provide an alternative path.
• if-else if-else ladders are useful for multiple conditions.
• nested if statements handle complex conditions.
• switch statements are ideal when checking the same variable against
multiple values.
4. Explain various looping statements.

Ans:

Looping statements are essential in programming as they allow the execution of

a block of code multiple times. there are three primary types of loops: for,
while, and do-while. Each serves a unique purpose and can be used based on
the specific needs of the task. Let's dive into each one:

1. for Loop

The for loop is used when the number of iterations is known beforehand. It
consists of three parts: initialization, condition, and increment/decrement.

for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {

// code to be executed

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("%d ", i);

This loop prints numbers from 0 to 9.

2. while Loop

The while loop is used when the number of iterations is not known beforehand.
It continues to execute the block of code as long as the condition is true.

while (condition) {

// code to be executed

Example:

int i = 0;

while (i < 10) {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

This loop also prints numbers from 0 to 9.

3. do-while Loop

The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but it guarantees that the block
of code will be executed at least once. The condition is evaluated after the
execution of the code block.

do {

// code to be executed

} while (condition);
Example:

int i = 0;

do {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

} while (i < 10);

This loop prints numbers from 0 to 9, ensuring that the code inside the loop is
executed at least once, even if the condition is false initially.

Key Points:

• for Loop: Best when the number of iterations is known.

• while Loop: Useful when the number of iterations is unknown and
depends on a condition.
• do-while Loop: Ensures the code is executed at least once, regardless of
the condition.
5. What is Array in C? Explain initialization of array.

Ans:

An array is a collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous

memory locations. Arrays allow you to store multiple values in a single
variable, which can be accessed using an index. This makes arrays very useful
for handling large amounts of data efficiently.

Declaring an Array

To declare an array in C, you specify the data type of its elements, the name of
the array, and the number of elements it will hold:

int myArray[10];

This line declares an array named myArray that can hold 10 integers.

Initializing an Array

You can initialize an array at the time of declaration or later in the code. Here
are a few ways to initialize an array:

1. Initialization at Declaration

You can initialize an array when you declare it by providing a list of values
enclosed in curly braces:

int myArray[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

If the number of values provided is less than the size of the array, the
remaining elements are automatically initialized to zero:

int myArray[5] = {1, 2};

In this example, myArray will contain {1, 2, 0, 0, 0}.

2. Initialization Without Size

You can omit the size of the array if you are initializing it at the time of
declaration:

int myArray[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

The compiler automatically determines the size based on the number of values
provided.

3. Individual Initialization

You can initialize individual elements of an array at a later point in the code:

int myArray[5];

myArray[0] = 1;

myArray[1] = 2;

myArray[2] = 3;

myArray[3] = 4;

myArray[4] = 5;

Multidimensional Arrays

C also supports multidimensional arrays, which are essentially arrays of

arrays. A common example is a two-dimensional array:

int matrix[3][3] = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

};

This initializes a 3x3 matrix with the specified values.

Example Code

Here's a simple example demonstrating array initialization and usage in a C

program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int myArray[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

// Printing the elements of the array

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", myArray[i]);

return 0;

In this example, the myArray is initialized with values {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and the
program prints each element of the array.
6. Write a program to accept marks of subjects and calculate total and
percentage and display grade

Ans:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int subjects;

printf("Enter the number of subjects: ");

scanf("%d", &subjects);

int marks[subjects];

int total = 0;

float percentage;

char grade;

// Input marks

printf("Enter marks for %d subjects:\n", subjects);

for (int i = 0; i < subjects; i++) {

printf("Subject %d: ", i + 1);

scanf("%d", &marks[i]);

total += marks[i];

// Calculate percentage

percentage = (float)total / subjects;

// Determine grade

if (percentage >= 90) {

grade = 'A';
 } else if (percentage >= 80) {

grade = 'B';

} else if (percentage >= 70) {

grade = 'C';

} else if (percentage >= 60) {

grade = 'D';

} else {

grade = 'F';

// Output results

printf("\nTotal Marks = %d\n", total);

printf("Percentage = %.2f%%\n", percentage);

printf("Grade = %c\n", grade);

return 0;

Explanation:

1. Input: The program first asks the user to enter the number of subjects.
2. Marks Input: It then prompts the user to enter the marks for each
subject, storing them in an array and calculating the total marks.
3. Percentage Calculation: It calculates the percentage by dividing the total
marks by the number of subjects.
4. Grade Determination: Based on the percentage, the program determines
the grade using a series of if-else statements:
o A: 90% and above
o B: 80% to 89%
o C: 70% to 79%
o D: 60% to 69%
o F: Below 60%
5. Output: Finally, the program prints the total marks, percentage, and
grade.
7. Write a program to accept 10 numbers and display them using array.

Ans:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int numbers[10];

// Input: Accept 10 numbers from the user

printf("Enter 10 numbers:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("Number %d: ", i + 1);

scanf("%d", &numbers[i]);

// Output: Display the numbers

printf("\nThe numbers you entered are:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("%d ", numbers[i]);

printf("\n");

return 0;

Explanation:

1. Array Declaration: We declare an integer array numbers with a size of 10.

2. Input Loop: Using a for loop, we prompt the user to enter 10 numbers.
These numbers are stored in the numbers array.
3. Output Loop: Another for loop is used to display the 10 numbers stored
in the array.
8. Write a C program to check entered number is prime or not.

Ans:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int num, isPrime = 1; // Assuming the number is prime

// Input: Accept a number from the user

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

if (num <= 1) {

isPrime = 0; // Numbers less than or equal to 1 are not prime

} else {

for (int i = 2; i <= num / 2; i++) {

if (num % i == 0) {

isPrime = 0; // If num is divisible by any number other than 1 and

itself, it is not prime

break;

}
 // Output: Display the result

if (isPrime) {

printf("%d is a prime number.\n", num);

} else {

printf("%d is not a prime number.\n", num);

return 0;

Explanation:

1. Input: The program prompts the user to enter a positive integer.

2. Initial Check: It assumes the number is prime (isPrime = 1) and checks if
the number is less than or equal to 1, in which case it is not prime
(isPrime = 0).
3. Prime Check Loop: For numbers greater than 1, the program checks
divisibility from 2 up to num / 2. If the number is divisible by any of
these, it sets isPrime to 0 and breaks the loop.
4. Output: Based on the value of isPrime, the program prints whether the
number is prime or not.
9. Write a program to display Fibonacci series up to first 10 numbers.

Ans:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int n = 10; // Number of terms to display

int first = 0, second = 1, next;

printf("Fibonacci Series up to %d terms:\n", n);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

if (i <= 1) {

next = i;

} else {

next = first + second;

first = second;

second = next;

printf("%d ", next);

printf("\n");

return 0;

}
Explanation:

1. Initialize Variables:
o n is set to 10 to display the first 10 terms of the Fibonacci series.
o first and second are initialized to 0 and 1, the first two terms of the
series.
o next will store the next term in the series.
2. Print Series:
o The for loop runs 10 times.
o If i is 0 or 1, next is set to i (i.e., 0 for the first term and 1 for the
second term).
o For subsequent terms, next is calculated as the sum of the first
and second terms.
o first and second are then updated for the next iteration.
3. Output:
o The program prints the first 10 numbers in the Fibonacci series: 0,
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34.
10. Write a C program to calculate factorial of given number using
recursion function.

Ans:

#include <stdio.h>

// Recursive function to calculate factorial

long long int factorial(int n) {

if (n == 0) {

return 1;

} else {

return n * factorial(n - 1);

int main() {

int num;

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

if (num < 0) {

printf("Factorial of a negative number doesn't exist.\n");

} else {

printf("Factorial of %d is %lld\n", num, factorial(num));

return 0;

}
Explanation:

1. Recursive Function (factorial):

o This function takes an integer n as its parameter.
o If n is 0, it returns 1 (as 0! is 1).
o Otherwise, it calls itself with n - 1 and multiplies the result by n.
2. Main Function:
o The program prompts the user to enter a positive integer.
o It checks if the entered number is negative. If it is, the program
informs the user that the factorial of a negative number doesn't
exist.
o If the number is non-negative, it calls the factorial function and
prints the result.
11. What is Array? What are various types of array?

Ans:

An array is a collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous

memory locations. Arrays provide a convenient way to handle multiple values
using a single variable name and an index to access each element.

Various types of arrays:

1. One-Dimensional Array (1D Array):

o Description: A simple list of elements of the same type.
o Example: int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
o Usage: Accessed using a single index, e.g., arr[2] gives the third
element.
2. Two-Dimensional Array (2D Array):
o Description: Represents a table of elements with rows and
columns.
o Example: int arr[3][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}};
o Usage: Accessed using two indices, e.g., arr[1][2] gives the element
in the second row and third column.
3. Multi-Dimensional Array:
o Description: An extension of 2D arrays, includes arrays with more
than two dimensions.
o Example: int arr[2][3][4]; (3D array with 2 layers, 3 rows, and 4
columns)
o Usage: Accessed using multiple indices, e.g., arr[0][1][2] accesses a
specific element in the 3D array.
4. Character Array (String):
o Description: Used to store sequences of characters, essentially
strings.
o Example: char str[6] = "Hello";
o Usage: Each character is accessed using an index, e.g., str[1] gives
the character e.

Benefits of Using Arrays:

• Efficiency: Provides an efficient way to handle large volumes of data.

• Indexed Access: Allows quick access to individual elements using indices.
• Memory Management: Facilitates contiguous memory allocation,
simplifying management.
12. What is Array? Explain with example

An array is a collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous

memory locations. Arrays provide a convenient way to handle multiple values
using a single variable name and an index to access each element.

Example of a One-Dimensional Array

Let's consider an example where we have an array to store the marks of 5

students in a class:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int marks[5] = {85, 90, 78, 92, 88}; // Initializing the array with marks

// Display the elements of the array

printf("Marks of 5 students are:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("Student %d: %d\n", i + 1, marks[i]);

} return 0;

Explanation:

1. Declaration and Initialization:

o int marks[5] = {85, 90, 78, 92, 88};
o This line declares an array marks that can hold 5 integers and
initializes it with the values 85, 90, 78, 92, and 88.
2. Accessing Elements:
o The elements of the array are accessed using an index. For
example, marks[0] refers to the first element (85), and marks[4]
refers to the fifth element (88).
3. Using a Loop to Access All Elements:
o The for loop iterates through the array, accessing each element by
its index and printing the marks of each student.

This simple program demonstrates how arrays can be used to store and
manipulate a collection of related data efficiently.
13. Explain different types of Operators with an example.

Ans:

1. Arithmetic Operators

These operators perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and modulus.

• Example:

int a = 10, b = 3;

int sum = a + b; // Addition

int diff = a - b; // Subtraction

int prod = a * b; // Multiplication

int quo = a / b; // Division

int mod = a % b; // Modulus (remainder)

2. Relational Operators

These operators compare two values and return true or false based on the comparison.

• Example:

int a = 10, b = 3;

int isEqual = (a == b); // Equal to

int isNotEqual = (a != b); // Not equal to

int isGreater = (a > b); // Greater than

int isLess = (a < b); // Less than

int isGreaterOrEqual = (a >= b); // Greater than or equal to

int isLessOrEqual = (a <= b); // Less than or equal to

3. Logical Operators

These operators perform logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.

• Example:

int a = 1, b = 0;

int resultAnd = (a && b); // Logical AND

int resultOr = (a || b); // Logical OR

int resultNot = !a; // Logical NOT

4. Bitwise Operators

These operators perform bit-level operations such as AND, OR, XOR, NOT, and bit shifts.

• Example:

int a = 5, b = 3; // 5 in binary is 0101, and 3 is 0011

int resultAnd = a & b; // Bitwise AND

int resultOr = a | b; // Bitwise OR

int resultXor = a ^ b; // Bitwise XOR

int resultNot = ~a; // Bitwise NOT

int resultLeftShift = a << 1; // Left shift

int resultRightShift = a >> 1; // Right shift

5. Assignment Operators

These operators are used to assign values to variables. They include =, +=, -=, *=, /=, and %=.

• Example:

int a = 10;

a += 5; // Equivalent to a = a + 5

a -= 3; // Equivalent to a = a - 3

a *= 2; // Equivalent to a = a * 2

a /= 2; // Equivalent to a = a / 2

a %= 3; // Equivalent to a = a % 3

6. Increment and Decrement Operators

These operators increment or decrement a variable by one. They include ++ and --.

• Example:

int a = 10;

a++; // Increment a by 1, equivalent to a = a + 1

a--; // Decrement a by 1, equivalent to a = a - 1

7. Conditional (Ternary) Operator

This operator is a shorthand for an if-else statement. It takes three operands and is used to
evaluate a condition.

• Example:

int a = 10, b = 20;

int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // If a is greater than b, max is a; otherwise, max is b

8. Comma Operator

The comma operator allows two expressions to be evaluated in a single statement. The value of
the entire expression is the value of the last expression.

• Example:

int a = (1, 2); // a is assigned the value 2

9. Sizeof Operator

This operator returns the size of a variable or data type in bytes.

• Example:

int a = 10;

printf("Size of a: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(a)); // Size of integer variable a

printf("Size of int: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(int)); // Size of int data type

10. Pointer Operators

These operators include the address-of operator (&) and the dereference operator (*).

• Example:

int a = 10;

int *ptr = &a; // ptr now holds the address of a

int value = *ptr; // value is now 10, the value at the address stored in ptr
14. Explain Problem Solving Process.

Ans:

The problem-solving process involves several steps that help in systematically

approaching and solving a programming problem. Here’s a detailed explanation
of the problem-solving process in C programming:

1. Understanding the Problem

Before you start writing any code, it's crucial to thoroughly understand the
problem you're trying to solve. Read the problem statement carefully, identify
the inputs, expected outputs, and the constraints.

2. Planning the Solution

Once you understand the problem, the next step is to plan the solution. This
involves breaking down the problem into smaller, manageable tasks and
deciding on the algorithms and data structures you will use. Creating a
flowchart or writing pseudocode can be very helpful in this phase.

3. Writing the Algorithm

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve the problem. Write a clear

and concise algorithm that defines the steps needed to achieve the desired
outcome. Here’s an example of an algorithm for finding the maximum number
in an array:

Algorithm:

1. Start
2. Initialize max to the first element of the array
3. For each element i in the array:
o If i is greater than max, set max to i
4. Output max
5. End

4. Coding the Solution

Translate the algorithm into a C program. This involves writing the actual code
in the C programming language, following the syntax and semantics of C.
5. Testing and Debugging

After coding the solution, it's crucial to test your program with various inputs
to ensure it works correctly. Look for edge cases and test your program against
them. If the program doesn't produce the expected results, debug it to find and
fix errors. Common debugging techniques include:

• Using print statements to display variable values at different points in

the program.
• Using a debugger tool to step through the code and monitor the
execution flow.

6. Optimizing the Solution

Once the program is working correctly, consider optimizing it to improve its

efficiency. This can involve reducing the time complexity, memory usage, or
making the code more readable and maintainable.

7. Documentation and Maintenance

Finally, document your code by adding comments that explain what each part
of the program does. This makes it easier to understand and maintain the code
in the future. Proper documentation is essential, especially for large and
complex programs.

Example of Problem-Solving Steps:

Problem: Write a program to calculate the factorial of a given number using a

loop.

Understanding: Calculate the product of all positive integers up to a given

number n.

Planning:

• Input: A positive integer n

• Output: Factorial of n
• Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Initialize factorial to 1
3. For each integer i from 1 to n:
▪ Multiply factorial by i
4. Output factorial
5. End
Testing and Debugging:

• Test with different values of n (e.g., 0, 1, 5, 10)

• Check for edge cases (e.g., negative numbers, very large numbers)

Optimization:

• Ensure the loop runs efficiently

• Use appropriate data types to handle large results

Documentation:

• Add comments to explain the code logic

• Document the purpose of the program and each function
15.Write a C program to sort data ascending using array.

Ans:

Bubble Sort Algorithm

Bubble Sort is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list,
compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.
The pass through the list is repeated until the list is sorted.

#include <stdio.h>

void bubbleSort(int arr[], int n) {

int i, j, temp;

for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n - i - 1; j++) {

if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {

// Swap arr[j] and arr[j + 1]

temp = arr[j];

arr[j] = arr[j + 1];

arr[j + 1] = temp;

int main() {

int n;

printf("Enter the number of elements: ");

scanf("%d", &n);
 int arr[n];

printf("Enter %d elements: ", n);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

bubbleSort(arr, n);

printf("Sorted array in ascending order: \n");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

printf("\n");

return 0;

Explanation:

1. Function bubbleSort:
o Parameters: Takes an array arr and its size n as parameters.
o Process: Uses nested loops to iterate through the array. In each
iteration, adjacent elements are compared and swapped if they are
in the wrong order.
2. Main Function:
o Input: The program prompts the user to enter the number of
elements and then the elements themselves.
o Sorting: Calls the bubbleSort function to sort the array.
o Output: Prints the sorted array.
Q.3 Answer the following questions (5 Marks each)

1. Write note on Data Types in C.

Ans:

Data Types in C

Data types in C programming define the type of data that a variable can hold.
They are fundamental in defining the nature of operations that can be
performed on the data, as well as the memory allocation for storing these
values. Here's a detailed overview of the various data types in C:

1. Basic Data Types

1. int (Integer):
o Description: Used to store integer values.
o Size: Typically 4 bytes (may vary based on the system).
o Example: int a = 10;
2. float (Floating Point):
o Description: Used to store single-precision floating-point numbers.
o Size: Typically 4 bytes.
o Example: float b = 3.14;
3. double (Double Precision Floating Point):
o Description: Used to store double-precision floating-point
numbers.
o Size: Typically 8 bytes.
o Example: double c = 3.1415926535;
4. char (Character):
o Description: Used to store single characters.
o Size: 1 byte.
o Example: char d = 'A';

2. Derived Data Types

1. Array:
o Description: A collection of elements of the same data type stored
in contiguous memory locations.
o Example: int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
2. Pointer:
o Description: A variable that stores the memory address of another
variable.
o Example: int *ptr = &a;
 3. Structure:
o Description: A user-defined data type that allows to combine
different data types.
o Example:

struct Person {

char name[50];

int age;

float salary;

};

4. Union:
o Description: Similar to structures but shares memory among its
members.
o Example:

union Data {

int i;

float f;

char str[20];

};

3. Enumeration Data Type

• enum (Enumeration):
o Description: A user-defined data type that consists of integral
constants.
o Example:

enum week {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,

Saturday};

4. Void Data Type

• void:
o Description: Represents the absence of type. Commonly used in
functions to indicate no return value or no parameters.
o Example: void functionName(void);
2. Explain following Concepts

i. variables ii. Keywords iii. Constants

Ans:

i. Variables

Definition: A variable is a storage location identified by a name that holds data

which can be modified during program execution. Variables are essential for
storing and manipulating data in a program.

Types of Variables:

• Local Variables: Declared inside a function and accessible only within

that function.
• Global Variables: Declared outside any function and accessible from any
function within the program.
• Static Variables: Retain their value even after the function in which they
are declared exits.
• Automatic Variables: Default type of local variables allocated and
deallocated automatically.

ii. Keywords

Definition: Keywords are reserved words in C that have special meanings and
cannot be used as variable names or identifiers. They are part of the C
language syntax and are predefined by the compiler.

Common Keywords:

• int: Declares integer variables.

• float: Declares floating-point variables.
• char: Declares character variables.
• if, else: Used for conditional statements.
• for, while: Used for loops.
• return: Exits from a function and optionally returns a value.
• void: Specifies that a function does not return a value.

iii. Constants

Definition: Constants are fixed values that do not change during the execution
of a program. They are used to define values that remain constant throughout
the program.
Types of Constants:

• Integer Constants: Whole numbers without a fractional part.

• Floating-Point Constants: Numbers with a fractional part.
• Character Constants: Single characters enclosed in single quotes.
• String Constants: Sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.

3. Write short note on jumping Statement (break & continue).

Ans:

Jumping Statements in C: break and continue

Jumping statements , such as break and continue, are used to alter the flow of
control in loops and switch statements. These statements help manage the
execution of loops by either terminating the loop prematurely or skipping the
rest of the loop iteration.

1. break Statement

Purpose: The break statement is used to terminate the execution of a loop or

switch statement prematurely. When a break statement is encountered inside a
loop or switch case, the control immediately exits from that loop or switch
statement.

Usage in Loops: In loops, break is used to exit the loop when a certain
condition is met, even if the loop has not iterated through all its elements.

Usage in Switch Statements: In switch statements, break is used to terminate

a particular case and exit the switch block.

2. continue Statement

Purpose: The continue statement is used to skip the remaining code in the
current iteration of a loop and proceed to the next iteration. Unlike break,
continue does not terminate the loop but skips to the next iteration.

Usage: The continue statement is useful when you want to skip certain
conditions within a loop without terminating the entire loop.

Summary

• break Statement: Used to exit from loops and switch statements

prematurely. It terminates the current loop or switch case immediately.
 • continue Statement: Used to skip the rest of the code inside a loop for
the current iteration and jump to the next iteration of the loop.

Both break and continue are powerful control flow statements that help
manage the execution of loops and make the code more efficient and readable.

4. Differentiate while and do—while loop

Ans:

The while and do-while loops are both used to execute a block of code
repeatedly based on a condition. However, they differ in the way they check the
condition and execute the code block. Let's explore the differences between the
two:

• while Loop

Syntax:

while (condition) {

// code block to be executed

Characteristics:

1. Condition Check: The condition is checked before the code block is

executed.
2. Execution: If the condition is true, the code block is executed. This
process repeats as long as the condition remains true.
3. Usage: Suitable when the number of iterations is not known beforehand
and may be zero.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

printf("%d ", i);

 i++;

return 0;

Output:

01234

• do-while Loop

Syntax:

do {

// code block to be executed

} while (condition);

Characteristics:

1. Condition Check: The condition is checked after the code block is

executed.
2. Execution: The code block is executed at least once, regardless of the
condition. The loop repeats as long as the condition remains true.
3. Usage: Suitable when the code block needs to be executed at least once.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int i = 0;

do {

printf("%d ", i);

i++;

} while (i < 5);

 return 0;

Output:

01234

Key Differences

Aspect while Loop do-while Loop

Condition Before executing the code
After executing the code block
Check block
Code block executes at least
Code block may not execute if
Execution once, even if the condition is
the condition is false initially
false initially
Syntax while (condition) { ... } do { ... } while (condition);
When you want to execute the When you want to ensure the
Use Case code, block based on the code, block is executed at least
condition once

Summary

• while Loop: Checks the condition before executing the code block. The
code block may not execute at all if the condition is false initially.
• do-while Loop: Checks the condition after executing the code block. The
code block is guaranteed to execute at least once.
5. Explain array

An array in a data structure that can store a fixed-size sequence of elements of

the same data type. This makes arrays very useful for handling multiple
values, especially when these values are logically related.

Key Characteristics of Arrays

1. Contiguous Memory Allocation: All elements of an array are stored in

contiguous memory locations.
2. Fixed Size: The size of the array is specified when it is declared and
cannot be changed during the execution of the program.
3. Same Data Type: All elements in the array are of the same data type.
4. Indexing: The elements of an array can be accessed using indices, with
the first element having an index of 0.

• Declaring an Array

To declare an array, you specify the type of its elements, the name of the array,
and the number of elements it can hold:

int myArray[10]; // Declares an array of 10 integers

• Initializing an Array

Arrays can be initialized at the time of declaration:

int myArray[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Initializes the array with values 1, 2, 3, 4,

5

If the number of values provided is less than the size of the array, the
remaining elements are initialized to zero.

• Accessing Array Elements

You can access the elements of an array using their index:

int firstElement = myArray[0]; // Accesses the first element

myArray[2] = 10; // Sets the third element to 10

 • Example Program

Here's a simple example program that demonstrates how to declare, initialize,

and access elements of an array:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int myArray[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // Declares and initializes the array

// Display the elements of the array

printf("Elements of the array:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", myArray[i]);

printf("\n");

return 0;

• Multidimensional Arrays

C also supports multidimensional arrays, such as two-dimensional arrays,

which can be thought of as arrays of arrays:

int matrix[3][3] = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

}; // Initializes a 3x3 matrix

You access the elements of a 2D array using two indices:

int value = matrix[1][2]; // Accesses the element in the second row and third
column

• Advantages of Arrays

o Efficiency: Arrays provide an efficient way to store and manipulate data.

o Indexed Access: Quickly access any element using its index.
o Memory Management: Easier to manage contiguous memory
allocations.
6. Write a program to check whether entered number is even or odd.

Ans:

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int number;

// Input: Prompt the user to enter a number

printf("Enter an integer: ");

scanf("%d", &number);

// Check if the number is even or odd

if (number % 2 == 0) {

printf("%d is even.\n", number);

} else {

printf("%d is odd.\n", number);

} return 0;

Explanation:

1. Input:
The program prompts the user to enter an integer using scanf.
o
The entered number is stored in the variable number.
o
2. Condition Check:
o The program uses the modulus operator (%) to check the
remainder when number is divided by 2.
o If number % 2 == 0, the number is even.
o Otherwise, the number is odd.
3. Output:
o The program prints whether the entered number is even or odd.
7. Write a C program to accept 5 names using string.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

char names[5][50]; // Array to store 5 names, each up to 49 characters long

// Input: Prompt the user to enter 5 names

printf("Enter 5 names:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("Name %d: ", i + 1);

scanf("%s", names[i]);

// Output: Display the names

printf("\nThe names you entered are:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%s\n", names[i]);

} return 0;

Explanation:

1. Array Declaration:
o char names[5][50] declares an array of 5 strings, each capable of
holding up to 49 characters (plus the null terminator).
2. Input Loop:
o The for loop iterates 5 times, prompting the user to enter a name
in each iteration.
o scanf("%s", names[i]) reads a name from the user and stores it in
the i-th position of the names array.
3. Output Loop:
o Another for loop iterates 5 times, printing each name stored in the
names array.
8. Explain Loop Control statements.

Ans:

Loop control statements in are used to control the flow of loops (like for, while,
and do-while). These statements help manage the execution of loops by
modifying their behavior based on certain conditions. The primary loop control
statements in C are break, continue, and goto.

1. break Statement

Purpose: The break statement is used to terminate the execution of a loop or

switch statement prematurely. When encountered, it causes the immediate exit
from the loop or switch case.

Usage in Loops: In loops, break is often used to exit the loop when a specific
condition is met, even if the loop has not iterated through all elements.

Usage in Switch Statements: In switch statements, break is used to terminate

a particular case and exit the switch block, preventing the execution of
subsequent cases.

2. continue Statement

Purpose: The continue statement is used to skip the remaining code in the
current iteration of a loop and proceed to the next iteration. It does not
terminate the loop, but skips to the next iteration based on the loop's
condition.

3. goto Statement

Purpose: The goto statement transfers control to a labeled statement within

the same function. While its use is generally discouraged due to its potential to
create confusing and difficult-to-maintain code, it can be useful in certain
situations like breaking out of nested loops.

Summary

• break Statement: Terminates the loop or switch statement immediately

and transfers control to the statement following the loop or switch.
• continue Statement: Skips the remaining code in the current iteration of
a loop and proceeds to the next iteration.
• goto Statement: Transfers control to a labeled statement within the same
function.
9. Write a program to check whether entered number is Armstrong or not.

Ans:

An Armstrong number (also known as a narcissistic number or pluperfect

number) is a number that is equal to the sum of its own digits each raised to
the power of the number of digits. For example, 153 is an Armstrong number
because 13+53+33=1531^3 + 5^3 + 3^3 = 153.

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

int main() {

int num, originalNum, remainder, n = 0;

double result = 0.0;

// Input: Prompt the user to enter an integer

printf("Enter an integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

originalNum = num;

// Calculate the number of digits

while (originalNum != 0) {

originalNum /= 10;

++n;

originalNum = num;

// Calculate the sum of the power of each digit

while (originalNum != 0) {

remainder = originalNum % 10;

 result += pow(remainder, n);

originalNum /= 10;

// Check if the number is an Armstrong number

if ((int)result == num) {

printf("%d is an Armstrong number.\n", num);

} else {

printf("%d is not an Armstrong number.\n", num);

return 0;

Explanation:

1. Input:
The program prompts the user to enter an integer using scanf.
o
The entered number is stored in the variable num.
o
2. Calculate the Number of Digits:
o A while loop is used to determine the number of digits in the
entered number. The original number is divided by 10 repeatedly
until it becomes 0, and the count of iterations (n) gives the number
of digits.
3. Calculate the Sum of the Power of Each Digit:
o The program iterates over each digit of the original number. For
each digit, it calculates the power of the digit raised to n (the
number of digits) using the pow function from the math.h library
and adds the result to the result variable.
4. Check Armstrong Condition:
o The program checks if the sum (result) is equal to the original
number (num). If they are equal, the number is an Armstrong
number; otherwise, it is not.
10. Write a C program to calculate area of circle.

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

float r,a,;

printf("enter radius of circle\n");

scanf("%f",&r);

a = 3.1415 * r * r;

printf("area of circle %f \n",a);

11. Explain for loop in detail

Ans:

The for loop in C is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed
repeatedly based on a condition. It is particularly useful when the number of
iterations is known beforehand. The for loop provides a concise way of writing
the loop structure. Here’s a detailed explanation:

Syntax

The general syntax of a for loop is:

for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {

// code block to be executed

• Components

1. Initialization:
o This part is executed only once at the beginning of the loop.
o It is typically used to initialize a counter variable.
o Example: int i = 0;
2. Condition:
o The condition is evaluated before each iteration.
 If the condition is true, the code block inside the loop is executed.
o
If the condition is false, the loop terminates.
o
Example: i < 10;
o
3. Increment/Decrement:
o This part is executed at the end of each iteration.
o It is typically used to update the counter variable.
o Example: i++ (increments i by 1).

Example

Here’s an example of a for loop that prints numbers from 0 to 9:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("%d\n", i);

return 0;

Explanation of the Example

• Initialization: int i = 0;
o The loop starts with i set to 0.
• Condition: i < 10;
o The loop continues as long as i is less than 10.
• Increment: i++
o After each iteration, i is incremented by 1.
• Code Block:
o printf("%d\n", i);
o Prints the current value of i.
• Working of the Loop

1. Initialization: int i = 0; sets i to 0.

2. Condition Check: i < 10; checks if i is less than 10.
3. Code Block Execution: If the condition is true, the code block is
executed, printing the value of i.
4. Increment/Decrement: i++ increments i by 1.
 5. Repeat: The condition is checked again, and steps 3 and 4 are repeated
until the condition becomes false.

• Variations

Multiple Initializations and Increments

You can initialize more than one variable and increment multiple variables in a
for loop:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

for (int i = 0, j = 10; i < j; i++, j--) {

printf("i = %d, j = %d\n", i, j);

return 0;

• Omitting Parts

Any of the three parts of the for loop can be omitted if not needed, but
the semicolons must remain:

• Without Initialization:

int i = 0;

for (; i < 10; i++) {

printf("%d\n", i);

• Without Condition:

for (int i = 0; ; i++) {

if (i >= 10) break;

printf("%d\n", i);
}

• Without Increment:

for (int i = 0; i < 10;) {

printf("%d\n", i);

i++;

Infinite Loop

A for loop can also create an infinite loop if the condition always
evaluates to true (or if the condition is omitted):

for (;;) {

printf("This will run forever\n");

Summary

• Initialization: Sets up the loop control variable.

• Condition: Determines whether the loop should continue.
• Increment/Decrement: Updates the loop control variable.
• Code Block: Contains the statements to be executed in each iteration.
12. Explain multi dimensional array

Ans:

A multi-dimensional array is essentially an array of arrays, where each element

of an array can itself be another array. The most common type of multi-
dimensional array is the two-dimensional array, but you can create arrays with
more dimensions as needed.

Two-Dimensional Arrays

A two-dimensional array can be visualized as a table with rows and columns.

Here’s how you declare, initialize, and access elements of a two-dimensional
array:

Declaration and Initialization:

int matrix[3][3] = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},

{7, 8, 9}

};

Accessing Elements: You access the elements using two indices—one for the
row and one for the column.

int value = matrix[1][2]; // Accesses the element in the second row and third
column (value is 6)

Example Program: Here’s a simple C program that demonstrates declaring,

initializing, and accessing a two-dimensional array:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

// Declare and initialize a 3x3 matrix

int matrix[3][3] = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6},
 {7, 8, 9}

};

// Display the elements of the matrix

printf("The elements of the matrix are:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {

printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);

printf("\n");

return 0;

Higher-Dimensional Arrays

You can extend this concept to three-dimensional arrays (or even higher
dimensions). Here’s an example of declaring and initializing a three-
dimensional array:

Declaration and Initialization:

int cube[2][3][4] = {

{1, 2, 3, 4},

{5, 6, 7, 8},

{9, 10, 11, 12}

},

{13, 14, 15, 16},

 {17, 18, 19, 20},

{21, 22, 23, 24}

};

Accessing Elements: You access elements using three indices.

int value = cube[1][2][3]; // Accesses the element in the second block, third
row, and fourth column (value is 24)

Benefits and Uses

• Organized Data Management: Multi-dimensional arrays are useful for

managing and organizing data in a structured way. For example, a 2D
array is ideal for representing matrices, tables, and grids.
• Complex Data Structures: Higher-dimensional arrays are used in
applications requiring complex data structures, like 3D modeling and
simulations.

Key Points to Remember

• Memory Layout: The elements of a multi-dimensional array are stored in

contiguous memory locations. In C, arrays are stored in row-major order,
meaning elements of each row are stored in successive memory
locations.
• Boundary Checking: C does not perform boundary checking for arrays.
Ensure you do not access indices outside the array’s defined limits to
avoid undefined behavior.

Example Program with 3D Array

Here’s a simple example program demonstrating the usage of a three-

dimensional array:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

// Declare and initialize a 2x3x4 cube

int cube[2][3][4] = {

{
 {1, 2, 3, 4},

{5, 6, 7, 8},

{9, 10, 11, 12}

},

{13, 14, 15, 16},

{17, 18, 19, 20},

{21, 22, 23, 24}

};

// Display the elements of the cube

printf("The elements of the cube are:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {

for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++) {

printf("%d ", cube[i][j][k]);

printf("\n");

printf("\n");

return 0;

}
13. Explain features of array.

1. Homogeneous Elements

• Description: All elements in an array are of the same data type.

• Example: An array of integers can only store integer values.

2. Contiguous Memory Allocation

• Description: Array elements are stored in contiguous memory locations,

which allows efficient access using indexed addressing.
• Benefit: This enables fast retrieval and manipulation of elements.

3. Fixed Size

• Description: The size of an array is specified at the time of its

declaration and cannot be changed during the execution of the program.
• Example: int arr[10]; declares an array of 10 integers.

4. Indexed Access

• Description: Array elements can be accessed using their index, starting

from zero.
• Benefit: This provides a straightforward and efficient way to retrieve and
update elements.
• Example: arr[0] accesses the first element of the array.

5. Efficient Element Access

• Description: Due to contiguous memory allocation, accessing any

element using its index is very fast and takes constant time, O(1).
• Example: Accessing arr[5] is as fast as accessing arr[0].

6. Multidimensional Arrays

• Description: Arrays can have more than one dimension, such as two-
dimensional or three-dimensional arrays, to represent more complex
data structures like matrices and tables.
• Example: int matrix[3][3]; declares a 3x3 matrix.

7. Static or Dynamic Allocation

• Description: Arrays can be statically allocated (fixed size at compile-

time) or dynamically allocated (size determined at runtime using pointers
and memory allocation functions like malloc).
 • Example:

int *arr = (int *)malloc(10 * sizeof(int)); // Dynamically allocates an array of 10

integers

8. Iteration and Traversal

• Description: Arrays can be easily traversed using loops, making it

simple to perform operations on each element.
• Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("%d\n", arr[i]);

9. Ease of Sorting and Searching

• Description: Arrays are often used as the basis for various sorting and
searching algorithms due to their simple structure and efficient element
access.
• Example: Algorithms like bubble sort, quick sort, and binary search are
commonly applied to arrays.

Summary

• Homogeneous Elements: All elements of the same type.

• Contiguous Memory: Stored in sequential memory locations.
• Fixed Size: Size defined at declaration.
• Indexed Access: Efficient retrieval and updating using indices.
• Efficient Access: Fast access to elements.
• Multidimensional: Supports complex data structures.
• Static/Dynamic Allocation: Fixed at compile-time or runtime.
• Iteration: Easily traversed using loops.
• Sorting/Searching: Suitable for various algorithms.
14. Explain GCC compiler.

GCC Compiler

The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is a powerful and versatile compiler system
produced by the GNU Project. It supports various programming languages,
including C, C++, Objective-C, Fortran, Ada, and more. GCC is widely used for
its robustness, performance, and the extensive range of features it offers to
developers. Here's an overview of GCC and its key features:

Key Features of GCC:

1. Multi-Language Support:
o Languages: GCC supports multiple programming languages,
making it a versatile tool for developers. It includes front ends for
C, C++, Objective-C, Fortran, Ada, Go, and others.
o Example: You can compile a C program with gcc and a C++
program with g++.
2. Cross-Platform:
o Compatibility: GCC is cross-platform, meaning it runs on various
operating systems, including Linux, Windows, and macOS.
o Benefit: This cross-platform capability allows developers to compile
and run their code on different environments.
3. Optimization:
o Optimization Levels: GCC provides multiple levels of optimization
to improve the performance and efficiency of the compiled code.
These levels range from -O0 (no optimization) to -O3 (maximum
optimization).
o Example: gcc -O2 myprogram.c -o myprogram optimizes the code
for speed and performance.
4. Open Source:
o Availability: GCC is an open-source project under the GNU General
Public License (GPL). This means it is freely available for use,
modification, and distribution.
o Benefit: The open-source nature of GCC allows developers to
contribute to its development and adapt it to their needs.
5. Extensible:
o Plug-ins and Extensions: GCC supports plug-ins and extensions,
enabling developers to enhance its functionality and add new
features.
o Benefit: This extensibility makes GCC a flexible and adaptable tool
for various programming tasks.
 6. Error and Warning Messages:
o Diagnostics: GCC provides comprehensive error and warning
messages to help developers identify and fix issues in their code.
o Benefit: Detailed diagnostics improve code quality and debugging
efficiency.
7. Inline Assembly:
o Support: GCC allows the inclusion of inline assembly code within
C and C++ programs. This feature is useful for low-level
programming and optimization.
o Example: Using asm keyword to include assembly instructions.

Advanced Features:

1. Linking with Libraries:

o You can link your program with external libraries using the -l
option.
o Example: gcc myprogram.c -o myprogram -lm links the math
library.
2. Debugging Information:
o GCC can include debugging information in the compiled
executable using the -g option.
o Example: gcc -g myprogram.c -o myprogram allows you to use
debugging tools like gdb.
3. Profiling and Analysis:
o GCC supports profiling and performance analysis using options
like -pg for generating profiling data.
o Example: gcc -pg myprogram.c -o myprogram prepares the
program for profiling with gprof.

Conclusion

GCC is a comprehensive and versatile compiler system that supports multiple

programming languages, cross-platform compatibility, extensive optimization
options, and much more. Its open-source nature and extensibility make it a
popular choice among developers for a wide range of programming tasks.
15. Write a C program to accept 10 numbers and display their sum using
array.

Ans:

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int numbers[10]; // Array to store 10 numbers

int sum = 0; // Variable to store the sum of the numbers

// Input: Prompt the user to enter 10 numbers

printf("Enter 10 numbers:\n");

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

printf("Number %d: ", i + 1);

scanf("%d", &numbers[i]);

// Calculate the sum of the numbers

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

sum += numbers[i];

// Output: Display the sum of the numbers

printf("The sum of the 10 numbers is: %d\n", sum);

return 0;

}
16. Explain functions in c, what are the type of function?

Ans:

Functions in C

Functions are a fundamental aspect of C programming, allowing for the

modularization and reuse of code. A function is a block of statements that
performs a specific task. Functions help to reduce code redundancy, improve
code readability, and make maintenance easier.

Key Aspects of Functions

1. Function Definition: The body of the function where the actual task is
performed.
2. Function Declaration: Also known as a function prototype, it provides
the function's name, return type, and parameters to the compiler before
its actual definition.
3. Function Call: Invoking the function to execute its defined task.

Types of Functions

Functions in C can be categorized based on their functionality and usage:

1. Library Functions:
o Description: Predefined functions provided by C libraries.
o Examples: printf(), scanf(), strlen(), sqrt().
o Usage: Used for common tasks like input/output, string
manipulation, mathematical computations, etc.
2. User-Defined Functions:

o Description: Functions created by the programmer to perform

specific tasks.
o Usage: Used to encapsulate code for better organization,
readability, and reusability.

Summary

• Function Definition: The body of the function.

• Function Declaration: Provides the function's name, return type, and
parameters.
• Function Call: Invoking the function.
• Library Functions: Predefined functions provided by C libraries.
• User-Defined Functions: Functions created by the programmer.
• Classification by Return Type and Arguments: Functions can have
different combinations of return types and arguments.
17. Write a program to addition of two numbers using user defined
function.

Ans:

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

// Function declaration

int add(int a, int b);

int main() {

int num1, num2, sum;

// Input: Prompt the user to enter two numbers

printf("Enter first number: ");

scanf("%d", &num1);

printf("Enter second number: ");

scanf("%d", &num2);

// Function call to add two numbers

sum = add(num1, num2);

// Output: Display the sum of the two numbers

printf("Sum: %d\n", sum);

return 0;

// Function definition

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}
18. Write a program to calculate length of array.

Ans:

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; // Initialize array with 10

elements

int length;

// Calculate the length of the array

length = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);

// Output: Display the length of the array

printf("The length of the array is: %d\n", length);

return 0;

Explanation:

1. Array Initialization:
o int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; initializes an array
with 10 elements.
2. Calculate Length:
o sizeof(numbers) returns the total size of the array in bytes.
o sizeof(numbers[0]) returns the size of the first element (each
element is an int, so it returns the size of an integer).
o Dividing the total size of the array by the size of one element gives
the number of elements in the array: length = sizeof(numbers) /
sizeof(numbers[0]);.
3. Output:
o The program prints the calculated length of the array using printf.
19. Write a program to display even numbers upto n

Ans:

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int n;

// Input: Prompt the user to enter a number

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

// Output: Display even numbers up to n

printf("Even numbers up to %d are:\n", n);

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

if (i % 2 == 0) {

printf("%d ", i);

printf("\n");

return 0;

}
20. Explain if_else statement with an example.

The if_else Statement

The if_else statement is a control flow statement that allows you to execute
different blocks of code based on certain conditions. It is used to make
decisions in your code by evaluating a condition and then executing a
corresponding block of code based on whether the condition is true or false.

Syntax

The syntax of the if_else statement is as follows:

if (condition) {

// Code to execute if condition is true

} else {

// Code to execute if condition is false

How It Works

1. Condition: The condition is evaluated. If it is true, the code inside the if

block is executed.
2. Else Block: If the condition is false, the code inside the else block is
executed.

Example Program

Here’s an example of an if_else statement to check whether a number entered

by the user is even or odd:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int number;

// Input: Prompt the user to enter a number

printf("Enter an integer: ");

scanf("%d", &number);
 // If_else statement to check if the number is even or odd

if (number % 2 == 0) {

printf("%d is even.\n", number);

} else {

printf("%d is odd.\n", number);

return 0;

Explanation

1. Variable Declaration:
o int number; declares a variable to store the user input.
2. User Input:
o printf("Enter an integer: "); prompts the user to enter a number.
o scanf("%d", &number); reads the input and stores it in the variable
number.
3. Condition Check:
o if (number % 2 == 0): The condition checks if the remainder when
number is divided by 2 is zero, meaning the number is even.
o If the condition is true, printf("%d is even.\n", number); is
executed, printing that the number is even.
o If the condition is false, the else block executes printf("%d is
odd.\n", number);, printing that the number is odd.
21. Explain Type casting in C.

Ans:

Type Casting

Type casting is the process of converting one data type into another. It is useful
when you need to perform operations between different data types or when you
want to ensure that a particular value is interpreted correctly by the compiler.
Type casting can be either implicit or explicit.

1. Implicit Type Casting

Also known as automatic type conversion, this is done by the compiler without
any explicit instruction from the programmer. It usually occurs when data
types are compatible and no data will be lost during the conversion.

2. Explicit Type Casting

Also known as manual type conversion, this requires the programmer to

explicitly specify the type conversion. This is done using the cast operator.

Why Use Type Casting?

1. Data Compatibility:
o Ensures that operations between different data types are
compatible.
o Example: Calculating the average of two integers and storing the
result as a float.
2. Memory Management:
o Helps in managing memory by converting larger data types to
smaller ones when precision is not critical.
o Example: Converting a double to an int for simple arithmetic
operations.
3. Precision Control:
o Ensures that values are interpreted correctly, especially in
mathematical and financial calculations where precision is
important.
o Example: Converting an integer to a float to perform division
accurately.

Potential Issues with Type Casting

1. Loss of Data:
o Converting from a larger data type to a smaller one can result in
loss of data.
o Example: Casting a float to an int truncates the decimal part.
 2. Precision Loss:
o Casting a floating-point number to an integer results in loss of
precision.
o Example: (int) 5.99 results in 5.
3. Undefined Behavior:
o Improper type casting can lead to undefined behavior and errors.
o Example: Casting a pointer to an incompatible type.

Summary

Type casting in C is a useful tool that allows you to convert data types for compatibility, memory
management, and precision control. It can be done implicitly by the compiler or explicitly by the
programmer using the cast operator. While powerful, it should be used with care to avoid
potential data loss or undefined behavior.

22. Write a program to display pattern Pyramid:

**

***

****

*****

Ans:

Program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int n = 5; // Number of rows in the pattern

// Loop to print the pattern

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

// Print leading spaces

 for (int j = i; j < n; j++) {

printf(" ");

// Print stars

for (int k = 1; k <= (2 * i - 1); k++) {

printf("*");

// Move to the next line after printing each row

printf("\n");

return 0;

Explanation:

1. Variable Declaration:
o int n = 5; initializes the number of rows in the pyramid. You can
change this value to display a different number of rows.
2. Outer Loop:
o for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++): This loop runs from 1 to n, controlling the
number of rows.
3. Leading Spaces:
o for (int j = i; j < n; j++): This inner loop prints spaces before the
stars in each row. The number of spaces decreases as the row
number increases.
4. Print Stars:
o for (int k = 1; k <= (2 * i - 1); k++): This inner loop prints the stars
(*). The number of stars increases as the row number increases.
5. New Line:
o printf("\n"); moves the cursor to the next line after printing all
stars and spaces in a row.