Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network as Fire

Detector using Arduino Nano

Andi Ray Hutauruk, Jomen Pardede, Pangeran Aritonang, Rosari Fernanda Saragih, Albert Sagala
Institut Teknologi Del, Indonesia
andihutauruk2@gmail.com, jomenpardede@gmail.com, aritonang1997@gmail.com, rofersa14@gmail.com, albert@del.ac.id

Abstract— At this time there are still many fires that This fire detector uses a communication system using
occurred. One cause of this disaster is human negligence. wireless nRF24L01. The wireless nRF24L01 is a single-
Fire can cause damage to lives and financial loss. The first chip radio transceiver for the world ISM 2.4 - 2.5 GHz
indication of fire is smoke and fire, or gases too. This paper band ISM RF waves (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical).
presents the application of a fire detection system. This fire This module uses the SPI interface to communicate. The
system will use Arduino Nano as a microcontroller and the working voltage of this module is 5 V DC. The transceiver
wireless nRF24L01 as communication data. this system has 2 consists of a fully integrated frequency synthesizer, power
microcontrollers that have different functions. The first amplifier, crystal oscillator, demodulator, modulator, and
microcontroller will be used as the slave that detects fires by
Enhanced Shock Burst protocol engine. nRF24L01 was
using fire, smoke and gas sensors. the second
microcontroller will be used as a master that functions as an
also developed to overcome the problem of energy
access point and is used to activate a fire warning in the consumption. Users of nRF24L01 are developed so that
form of a lamp and a buzzer sound. Tool design has a small system performance is high but does not lead to a decrease
size, efficient, easy to use and has met the system that has in system reliability [4] [5] [6].
been designed without reducing the reliability and power of Fire sensors, smoke sensors, and gases sensors are used
the system. In this study, we will make the slave consist of as a tool to detect fires. The author focuses on sending and
three parts with different locations. receiving data using wireless sensor networks. in this
Keywords— Arduino Nano, Fire Detection, Wireless
study, two devices have created that function to send and
Sensor Network. receive data. In the event of a fire, a data notification will
be sent. when the data notification is received, the fire
I. INTRODUCTION alarm in the form of lights and buzzers will be activated. It
is expected to accelerate response times to evaluate fire
Fire is one of the incidents that often occur during the
events. And notice to the fire investigation team is the
days. Fire can cause damage to lives and financial loss. It’s
location mark or when the fire occurred. It is expected to
caused by the lack of active protection and passive
make it easier to find locations. In its implementation, the
protection about the first indication of fire. The first
situation to be detected is limited to 3 rooms (15cm x
indication of fire is smoke and fire, or gases too. One of
15cm x 15cm). Sensor placement is done randomly.
the passive protection systems detects the first indication
of fire uses wireless sensor network. The wireless sensor II. RELATED WORK
network is the main proportion to collect information
needed by the initialized network, whether in the industrial In this section, the current studies are evaluated that
buildings or automation systems [1]. have been applied with Zigbee 802.15.4 to detect fire
incident by Jusak and Fardhan Arkan in their research
Fire detection proposed by the author is to use an about wireless sensor networks. Zigbee uses a WiFi
embedded system and wireless sensor network. The network (Wireless Fidelity) as the communication media
microprocessor used is Arduino Nano. Arduino Nano is a with the frequency 2.4 GHz [7]. On the other side, the
microprocessor development board that is small, complete research about wireless sensor network has been done
and supports the use of a breadboard. Arduino Nano was with Parallax 433MHz using radiofrequency. The range
created based on the ATmega 328 microcontroller (for of that Parallax is 250 meters (NLOS / No Line Of Sight)
Arduino Nano version 3.x) or ATmega 168 (for Arduino and 350 meters (LOS / Line Of Sight) [7] [8] [9]. In
Nano version 2.x). The use of Arduino Nano is expected to general, all of that related works is difficult for the user to
be a smaller and more efficient design. Arduino is an get the data.
electronic platform open to the public based on easy-to-use
software an and hardware. This device is made so that During the last decade, the number of mobile phones
everyone can make a project. Arduino can be programmed has increased rapidly in the developing world [10]. By
using the Arduino Development Environment (Arduino this increasing, it will be possible to use a smartphone’s
ID). Arduino Nano is also easy to find on the market and feature for many good things, also as the communication
low cost. [2] [3]. media for fire detectors. Communication system in mobile
phones is using GSM (Global System for Mobile

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 2019 International Conference of Computer Science and Information Technology (ICoSNIKOM)

Communication). The GSM is a digital cellular Furthermore, the Arduino Nano microcontroller will send
communication’s technology. this data to the Nano microcontroller that functions as a
master. then the microcontroller will activate the alarm as
GSM’s technology is widely applied in mobile a warning as a buzzer.
communication, especially the mobile station. In the
mobile station, there is some feature that can be used in nRF24L01
GSM cellular communication’s system, like SMS (Short
Message Service). SMS contains 160 characters
maximum. Figure 1 shows the technology standards of
GSM [11] [12]. Arduino Nano as
A wireless sensor network consists of 3 main Slave
components, node, gateway, and software. Node is
distributed thought an interface like a sensor detecting
environment. Data collected will be sent by wireless
thought the gateway, where’s free operated or connected
to the host system. In that host system, data are collected,
processed, and displayed using software.
Figure 1 shows how the communication flow of SMS
from the MS1 to MS2. When the user sends a SMS, then
the SMS is transmitted to MSC by cellular network that
available. Then, MSC will forward the SMS again to
SMSC for saving it. In general, the communication
system for mobile phones is reliable. The data can quickly Fire Sensor
be transferred between the users and the microcontroller
via the SMS feature. This feature will be used as the Gas & Smoke Sensor
communication system in a fire detector [13] [14] [15].
Fig 2. Arduino Nano as Slave

LCD Display

Fig 1. Communication Flow of SMS

III. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Wireless Sensor Networking consists of 3 main
components that are node, gateway, and software where Arduino Nano as Buzzer & nRF24L01
the node was distributed from the interface like a sensor Master LED
that monitor asset or environment. Data from sensor send
by wireless from gateway where can free operation or
Fig 3. Arduino Nano as Master
connect to host system where data gathered, process, and
displayed use software.
This fire detector will be divided into 2 parts namely as
the sender (Slave) and receiver (Master). Arduino Nano as
a Slave is combined using fire, smoke and gas sensors to
detect fires. Arduino Nano as a Slave can be seen in Figure
2. Arduino Nano as a Master is combined using lights and
buzzers to give fire notifications. Arduino Nano as a
Master can be seen in Figure 3.
The flow of information delivery through the wireless
nRF24L01 is shown in Figure 4. The sensor is used to
detect the initial conditions in an environment
simultaneously. Data will be obtained from measurements
made by sensors. Then the data will be processed with an
Arduino Nano microcontroller that functions as a slave.

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 2019 International Conference of Computer Science and Information Technology (ICoSNIKOM)

IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Fig 4. Block Diagram of the System Figure 6 shows a way to find out the level of reliability
Figure 5 shows the system flow diagram to be of the tool is to calibrate the sensor. This sensor calibration
simulated. All sensors will detect the sample space in real- is done by bringing fire, smoke or gas sources close to the
time. When the sensor detects fire and smoke in room 1, a sensor. The sensor output is in the form of an analog signal
notification will be sent and the location where the fire so that the output voltage value can be measured using a
occurred from room 1. When the sensor detects fire and multi-meter.
smoke in room 2, a notification will be sent and the
location where the fire occurs from room 2. When the
sensor detects a fire and smoke in room 3, a notification
will be sent and the location where the fire occurred from
room 3.

Fig 6. Sensor Testing

Fig 5. The Flowchart of the System

Fig 7. Serial Monitor Arduino IDE

Testing system output:

1. Fire sensor
Testing is done by providing a heat source such as
fire right in front of the sensor receiver after the fire
sensor is connected to Arduino Nano. Figure 7 shows
the serial monitor the Arduino IDE software will be
activated so that the output voltage of the fire sensor
can be seen. This test also measures the distance from
the heat source to the sensor receiver. With different
distances, different voltages are produced. this table is
a table of results of voltage measurements from serial
monitor software.
TABLE I. FIRE SENSOR
No Distance Voltage from Voltage real
Serial using
Monitor

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 2019 International Conference of Computer Science and Information Technology (ICoSNIKOM)

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Fig 8. Final Design
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evaluate the transmission time, from the sensors to the
alarm notification through the SLAVE - nRF24L01 –
MASTER. The output of this sensor is an analog signal.
And the longer the fire source from the sensor, the lower
the measurement voltage will get. Overall, the proposed
system can be used as an efficient first notification as an
alarm of fire incident.
REFERENCES
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