SURVIVAL KIT 1 p.

1-9

Regular Verbs 1
Regular Verbs 2
Irregular Verbs 3
Present Simple 4
Present Continuous 5
Present Simple and Continuous – Future use 6
Past Simple 7
Past Continuous 8
Future ‘will’ and ‘be going to’ 9
REGULAR VERBS SK1

Pasado y participio terminan en ed

Play – played – played

Call – called – called

La ed se pronuncia como /t/,

menos cuando acaban en ‘t’ o ‘d’ que se pronuncia /ed/

Signed /saignt/

Started /started/
Needed /nided/
REGULAR VERBS SK1

Para agregar ed

Si acaba en ‘e’ solo agregamos d

1 Decide – decided

Si acaba en ‘y’ y antes va una

consonante, cambiamos
2 ‘y’ por ‘i’ + ed

Study – studied

Si las tres últimas letras son CVC,

3 repetimos la ultima letra + ed

Stop – stopped
cvc
IRREGULAR VERBS SK1

Pasado y participio cambian indistintamente

Bring – brought – brought

Take – took – taken

Put – put – put

Swim – swam – swum

SIMPLE PRESENT sk1

Habits and routines

+ I play tennis everyday

- I don’t play tennis everyday

? Do I play tennis everyday? } do

agregar ‘s’/ ’es’

+ She plays tennis everyday

- She doesn’t play tennis everyday

? Does she play tennis everyday? } does

(3era
persona
singular
he/she/it)

Exceptions (no necesitan auxiliar): to be, can, have got

PRESENT CONTINUOUS sk1

Temporary actions happening right now

to be + verb(ing)

+ She’s dancing on stage

- She isn’t dancing on stage

? Is she dancing on stage?

I --------------------- am
You ----------------- are
He/she/it ---------- is
We ----------------- are
You ----------------- are
They ---------------- are
PRESENT TENSES FOR FUTURE USE SK1

Things that happen at a set time

Present simple
(timetables, meetings, programs)

The class starts at 3 pm

Present continuous Future arrangements

I’m playing football on Saturday

SIMPLE PAST SK1

Finished actions

past

I bought cereal this morning

+
- I didn’t buy cereal this morning

? Did I buy cereal this morning?

} did

Exceptions (no necesitan auxiliar): was/were, could

PAST CONTINUOUS SK1

Actions in progress in the past

to be + verb(ing)

+ She was dancing on stage

- She wasn’t dancing on stage

? Was she dancing on stage?

I --------------------- was
You ----------------- were
He/she/it ---------- was
We ----------------- were
You ----------------- were
They ---------------- were
FUTURE ‘WILL’ AND ‘BE GOING TO’ SK1

Spontaneous actions and future predictions

Subject + will + infinitive (without TO)

Will Someday, I will be rich
+
- Someday, I won’t be rich

? Will I be rich someday?

Plans and predictions based on facts

Subject + to be + going to + verb
Be going to
+ I am going to travel next week

- I’m not going to travel next week

? Am I going to travel next week?

SURVIVAL KIT 2 p. 10-15

Present Perfect 10
Present Perfect Continuous 11
Past Perfect 12
Past Perfect Continuous 13
Comparatives and superlatives 14
Irregular adjectives 15
PRESENT PERFECT SK2

Actions that started in the past and haven’t finished yet

Action in the past with consequences in the present

Action started in no-specific time in the past

(life experiences)

3era persona singular

he/she/it)
have/has + participle

+ I’ve played volleyball my whole life

- I haven’t played volleyball my whole life

? Have I played volleyball my whole life?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS SK2

Same as Spanish

have/has + been + verb(ing)

+ I’ve been teaching English for 10 years

- I haven’t been teaching English for 10 years

? Have I been teaching English for 10 years?

PAST PERFECT SK2

Pasado del pasado

had + participle

+ I had told you to look after it

- I hadn’t told you to look after it

? Had I told you to look after it?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS SK2

Same as Spanish

had+ been + verb(ing)

+ I had been planning that trip for 2 months

- I hadn’t been planning that trip for 2 months

? Had I been planning that trip for 2 months?

ADJECTIVES SK2

COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES

Short adjectives

My house is cheaper than yours My house is the cheapest

Long adjectives

My house is more expensive than yours My house is the most expensive

ANOTHER
COMPARATIVE

My house is as cheap as yours

My house isn’t as expensive as yours
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES SK2

Good

Bad

Far

Better
SURVIVAL KIT 3 p. 16-21

Modal Verbs 16
Conditionals 17
Passive Voice 18
Reported Speech 19
Possessives/ Another, other… 20
This, these, so, such 21
MODAL VERBS SK3

Never use ‘to’ after them

Must
Deber (obligación)
Have to
Tener que
Should/Ought to
Debería
Could
Podría
Would
Verbo(ía)
May
Puede
Might
Puede que
CONDITIONALS SK3

ZERO CONDITIONAL Facts

0 if + present, present
If you need a friend, call me

FIRST CONDITIONAL Very likely

1 if + present, will
If you study hard, you’ll pass the exam

SECOND CONDITIONAL Unlikely

2 if + past simple, would
If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house

THIRD CONDITIONAL Impossible

3 if + past perfect, would + present perfect
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a big house
PASSIVE VOICE SK3

SheShe wrote
wrotethe the
bookbook
VOZ ACTIVA Sujeto verbo Sujeto
Activo Tiempo Verbal Pasivo
(past simple)

Aplicar
SP + to be (TV) + Participio Verbo + by + SA
formula

VOZ PASIVA The book was written by her

REPORTED SPEECH SK3

Utilizar siempre el pasado mas inmediato

will would

Anna: “I like cakes”

Anna said she liked cakes

Anna: “I’m playing tennis”

Anna said she was playing tennis

Anna: “They went to the cinema on Tuesday”

Anna said they had gone to the cinema on Tuesday

Anna: “I will need help today”

Anna said she would need help today
POSSESSIVES SK3

I My (mi) Me (a mi) Mine (mio)

HE His (su) Him (a el) His (suyo)

SHE Her (su) Her (a ella) Hers (suyo)

IT Its (su) It (a eso) Its (suyo)

WE Our (nuestro) Us (a nostros) Ours (nuestro)

YOU Your (tu, vuestro) You (a ti, a vosotros) Yours (tuyo, vuestro)

THEY Their (su) Them (a ellos) Theirs (suyo)

Acaban en ‘s’
Van al final de la frase
Another (S) otro
Other (P) otros
The other (S) el otro, (P) los otros
Others Otras personas/cosas
DEMONSTRATIVES SK3

SINGULAR PLURAL

This Esto These Estos

That Eso Those Esos

So tan Such tan

so + adjetivo such + a/an + adjetivo + sustantivo

This house is so beautiful This is such a beautiful house
SURVIVAL KIT 4 p. 22-28

There is, there are 22

Get 23
Questions with prepositions 24
Question tags 25
I’m used to, I used to 26
Much, many, enough 27
Since, from-to, until, for, during, ago 28
THERE IS, THERE ARE SK4

HABER

There + conjugamos verbo to be

SINGULAR PLURAL

There is There are

There was There were

There has been There have been

There had been

There will be

There would be
GET SK4

GET

Morning I’m ok Estoy bien

Momento Afternoon I got ill Me enfermé

del cambio
Night I’m ill Estoy enfermo

I got angry with you yesterday Ayer me enfadé contigo

I think she’s getting dizzy Creo que se está mareando

Mum will get sad Mamá se pondrá triste

QUESTIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS SK4

Ejemplo base: Where are you from?

Hay verbos que siempre llevan preposiciones y debemos ponerlas en la pregunta

Always start with ‘WH’ and preposition of the verb at the end

What are you looking at? ¿Qué miras?

Who are you angry with? ¿Con quién estás enfadado?

What music do you like listening to? ¿Qué música te gusta escuchar?

Who are you waiting for? ¿A quién esperas?

Who did you talk to? ¿Con quién hablaste?

What did you speak about? ¿De qué hablaste?

QUESTION TAGS SK4

Vienes a casa, ¿no?

You’re coming home, aren’t you?

+ -
She didn’t go to the party, did she?

- +

Easy way
(sospechas que es así)
You’re coming home, right?
She went to the party, right?
USED TO SK4

I’m used to + verb(ing)

I’m used to studying at night
Estoy acostumbrado a estudiar por la noche

I used to + verb
I used to practise sports every day
Solía hacer deporte todos los días

Para decir muchas rutinas en el pasado ‘I would’ también se usa como ‘solía’
When I was little my mum would wake me up in the morning, and she would
help me get dressed to go to nursery school. There we would play games and
learn a lot, and finally my father would pick me up at around 1 o’clock.

I’m getting used to + verb(ing)

I’m getting used to biking to work
Me estoy acostumbrando a ir en bici al trabajo
MUCH/MANY/ENOUGH SK4

Much mucho (S) Many muchos (P)

So much tanto So many tantos

So + adj tan + adj

Too much demasiado Too many demasiados

Too + adj demasido + adj

Suficiente (sustantivo) I have enough food

Enough

Suficientemente (adj) The car is big enough

Adj siempre delante
SINCE, FROM-TO, UNTIL, FOR, DURING, AGO SK4

Since
Desde (inicio)
From - to
Desde-hasta (inicio-final)
Until
Hasta (final)
For
Durante = desde hace
During
Durante = en el transcurso de
Ago
Hace (final)

Just Acabar de (present perfect)

I’ve just arrived Acabo de llegar

To be ABOUT TO Estar a punto de

I’m about to start the class Estoy a punto de empezar la clase
SURVIVAL KIT 5 p. 29-33

Either and neither 29

Shall and duration 30
While and meanwhile 31
Hope, wait, expect 32
Few and Little 33
EITHER/NEITHER SK5

Either - I don’t like it either

TAMPOCO

Me neither
Neither +

Other uses:

Either…or
You either study or work, you can’t do both
O bien estudias o trabajas, no puedes hacer las dos cosas

Neither…nor
Neither Rachel nor Anna likes chocolate
Ni a Rachel ni a Anna les gusta el chocolate
SHALL/DURATION SK5

Sinonimo de ‘will’ muy formal

Shall
Sugerencias:
Shall we go? (nos vamos?)
Shall we dance? (bailamos?)
Shall I start? (empiezo?)

Long se refiere a tiempo (ademas de largo)

How long will you stay? (cuanto tiempo te quedaras?)

To last durar
The show lasts 2 hours

To take tardar
It takes me 10 minutes to get ready
WHILE SK5

While mientras
She cooked everything while I was reading

Meanwhile mientras tanto

She was cooking, meanwhile I was reading a short book

Some algun@s Some chairs are dirty

+ cualquier Here you can find any chair you like

Any

- ningún I don’t need any chair

No + ningún No chair here is uncomfortable!

ESPERAR SK5

Hope esperanza
I hope to see you someday

ESPERAR Expect expectativa

I’ve studied a lot, I expect to pass the exam

Wait tiempo
I waited 5 minutes for the bus
POCO/POCOS SK5

Few pocos (realmente pocos)

I have few problems learning English
PLURAL
A few unos pocos (unos cuantos, mas que pocos)
I have a few problems learning English

Little poco (generalmente)

My parents have little money, so I can’t travel
SINGULAR
A little un poco (en este momento)
I can’t pay for dinner, I only have a little money tonight
SURVIVAL KIT 6 p. 34-38

Still, yet, already, anymore 34

All, the whole, every 35
Whether 36
To be left, to have left, thanks to, due to 37
Word+ing 38
STILL/YET… SK6

Still + aún, todavía

I’m still waiting for you

Yet - aún, todavía

I haven’t finished my homework yet

Already ya

I’m already cooking dinner

Anymore ya no

I don’t need your help anymore

TODO SK6

All todos, todo lo que

I ate all the cakes

All I know is that she’s not here

The whole totalidad de una cosa

I ate the whole cake

Every todo el mundo/cosas, todo lo que

Everyone knows they’re together

Everything you need is in this bag
WHETHER SK6

Presenta la primera de dos o muchas alternativas

It doesn’t matter whether we go or stay

No importa si vamos o nos quedamos

I’m not sure whether she likes it or not

No estoy segura si le gusta o no

I doubt whether they can do any worse

Dudo que lo puedan hacer mucho peor
QUEDAN/POR SK6

To be left quedar (en general)

There are 5 sausages left in the fride

To have left quedar (a alguien)

I only have one sausage left on my plate

Gracias a thanks to

POR
Due to
A causa de Because of
WORD + ING SK6

Start
Begin

Inicio Finish Se pueden usar

End con infinitivo ‘to’
Fin cuando se
Love refieren a una
occasion en
Like + verb(ing) particular
Adore
Prefer
Impersonales Hate
Enjoy
Conectores
I love to swim in the
About, mornings
in, at…