PHILIPPINE

POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

-Sir Rusby R. Salalila
‘di ko na po maalala your honor...
PRELIMINARY HEARING
(Informal Debate)
 1. The class will be divided into two (2) groups, one for the agree
and the other one for the disagree.
2. A social issue topic will be picked via fishbowl method and
toss-coin will determine who will be on the agree or disagree
side.
3. Each group will have the chance to defend their sides across 3
stages (Preliminary statement, counter-argument, and closing
statement)
4. After the activity, the whole class will answer the following
guide questions leading to the topic.
5.
POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES
“Ideology”
 POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

LIBERALISM COMMUNISM
CONSERVATISM POPULISM
SOCIALISM FEMINISM
Is it FREEDOM or LIBERTY?
DEFINING LIBERALISM
The 1899 Malolos Constitution established a liberal democratic
republic of the Philippines after its independence from Spain.
DEFINING LIBERALISM

●An ideology refers to a set of ideas that “structure political

understanding and so set goal and inspire activism, shape the nature of
political systems, and act as a form of social cement” (Heywood 2017, 2)

●The study of political ideologies often begins with liberalism.

DEFINING LIBERALISM

Liberalism came from the Latin word liber, which refers to “a class of
free men” (Heywood 2017, 24).

The liberal ideology was a response to the breakdown of feudalism in

Europe.
Class Adjourned.
 LIBERAL
THINKERS
VARIATIONS OF LIBERALISM
VARIATIONS OF LIBERALISM
VARIATIONS OF LIBERALISM
Class Adjourned.
CONSERVATISM
CONSERVATISM
FORMS OF CONSERVATISM

LIBERAL CONSERVATISM
LIBERTARIAN CONSERVATISM
NATIONAL CONSERVATISM
SOCIAL CONSERVATISM
CULTURAL CONSERVATISM
RELIGIOUS CONSERVATISM
LIBERAL CONSERVATISM
LIBERTARIAN CONSERVATISM
NATIONAL CONSERVATISM
SOCIAL CONSERVATISM
CULTURAL CONSERVATISM
RELIGIOUS CONSERVATISM
Class Adjourned.
In yellow sheet(s) of paper, rationalize a three (3)
paragraphed essay encapsulating this guide
question:

How can we relate the discussed topics

(Liberalism & Conservatism) on the current
social issues happening on our society.

(You can cite evidences or social occurrences to solidify and support your claim)
Pointers to Review
Definition and example of Political Ideologies (3 items)
Concept of Liberalism (7 items)
Principles of Liberalism (4 items)
Main Liberal Thinkers in the history (5 items)
Variations of Liberalism ( 2 items )
Concept under Classical Liberalism (1 item)
Concept of Conservatism ( 2 items )
Forms of Conservatism ( 4 items)
Difference between Liberalism and Conservatism ( 2 items)
Is socialism necessary
for a country?
WHAT IS SOCIALISM?

Socialism is best understood as

a reaction against capitalism.
It seeks to counteract the
attitude of selfish interest that
is associated with capitalism.
DEFINING SOCIALISM

Capitalism recognizes that individuals are

separate from society and have their own
initiatives.
DEFINING SOCIALISM

Socialism recognizes that a person is not just a

mere individual but an individual who forms
part of society.
Principles of
SOCIALISM
PRINCIPLES OF
SOCIALISM:
SOCIAL EQUALITY
COMMUNITY
COOPERATION
SOCIAL CLASS
COMMON OWNERSHIP
SOCIAL EQUALITY
it is the central idea of socialism. The socialist
perspective holds that the
source of inequality is the unfair treatment of
society toward its members. Equal treatment
will enable people to live in better
circumstances.
COMMUNITY
refers to the notion that each person is bonded
to another person. Hence, the
identity of a person is shaped through
experiences and interactions with various social
groups. A sense of community is important for
socialism because a feeling of belongingness
with others encourages cooperation.
COOPERATION
enables individuals to develop concern
about the welfare of another, which
further strengthens the bonds of the
community. Socialists believe that making
people compete against each other will only
breed conflict, aggression, and selfishness.
SOCIAL CLASS
refers to people grouped together because
of their social and economic situation. The
grouping is usually known as the proletariat
(the working class) and the
bourgeoisie (the owners of the means of
production).
COMMON OWNERSHIP
property that produces wealth
property that can be used in
production
VARIATIONS OF
SOCIALISM
DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM
COMMUNISM
DEMOCRATIC
SOCIALISM
seeks reforms in the government so that the
conditions of theworking class can be
ameliorated
COMMUNISM
Those who follow this variation of socialism
are called purists. They are committed to
change the entire structure of society
through a revolution. The revolution here
does not necessarily mean war but more of
seizure of power from the bourgeois
government.
COMMUNISM
 communism
an ideology that is rooted in
socialism. It shares the critique of socialism
against a capitalist system in which private property
ownership is detrimental to society because it
pushes individualism instead of cooperation. The
goal of a communist society is the abolition of
private property and the class divisions within
society.
 The leading figure in the communist
school of thought is Karl Marx, a German
philosopher and revolutionary. The
Marxist tradition of communism is based
on a critique of capitalism
and the human conditions capitalism
produces and perpetuates.
Chinese Communism
The third main variant of communism aside from
classical Marxism and Soviet Marxism-Leninism is
Chinese communism. This variant of communism was
developed and led by Mao Zedong, who founded the
People’s Republic of China and chaired the Communist
Party of China. Mao lived from 1893 to 1976. It is
important to discuss this variant of communism because
aside from Russia, China is one of the powerful countries
in the world that identifies as a communist.
Mao learned from the writings of Marx and
Lenin. Vladimir Lenin. He developed their
theories and applied them to the specific
context of China. The Chinese context
during the time of Mao was, in a way,
similar to the Russian context: it was
mostly agricultural, and the majority of
the Chinese people were peasants.
POPULISM
 POPULISM
While there have been multiple attempts to define populism, certain key concepts and
relationships have become part of its general understanding. Perhaps the most
important concept of populism is that of “the people.” In 1981, Margaret Canovan, an
English political theorist, defined populism as “a kind of political movement or
ideology that places the idea of a unified people at the core of its vision.” As will
be discussed at a later section of this lesson, populism looks at “the people” in at
least three ways—as the sovereign, as the common people, and as the nation (Mudde and
Kaltwasser 2017).
POPULIST LEADER
These questions posed on what constitutes and concerns “the people” are dealt by key
players in populism—the populists themselves. The term populist can be understood as a
description (“a populist leader”) or as a category in itself (“a group of populists”), but it is
commonly understood in relation to politicians or leaders of a particular country.
Populists are political actors and their primary activities include recognizing and
attempting to address the needs and concerns of the people, even to the extent of
claiming to represent their struggles as their own, in order to forward their political
agenda. In other words, populist leaders try to appeal to people’s dissatisfaction to gain
popular support and legitimacy so they can fulfill their own interests.
FEMINISM
FEMINISM AS AN IDEOLOGY

Feminism is an ideology that advocates for women’s political, economic,

personal, cultural, and social rights in the spirit of equality between the
sexes. This ideology holds that women are disadvantaged compared to
men. This disadvantage is not a result of biological differences but a
product of a society that perceives women as inferior. Historically,
women have been denied the same political, economic, and social
opportunities as men and have been traditionally perceived as the
“weaker sex.” In the Philippines, for instance, women were only given the
right to vote in 1937 after 447,725 Filipinas voted in a plebiscite to be
granted suffrage.
ORIGINS OF FEMINISM

By the mid-19th century, the first wave of feminism started

when the women’s movement acquired a central goal: women’s
suffrage. They demanded that women should be receiving the
same legal and political rights as men. This goal was predicated
on the idea that if women could vote, other issues experienced
by women (e.g., discrimination) would be eliminated as well.
 BONUS TRIVIA

A liberal feminist seeks to attain equal rights and opportunities in the public sphere. Family
life and marriage are already considered part of the traditional sphere in which women are
put into by society. Thus, liberal feminists are not likely to aspire for marriage.
 GOOD LUCK
PEOPLE OF THE

*Pointers to Review PILIPENS!

in Philippine Politics & Governance

8 items DEFINITION OF POLITICS
FIRST QUARTER

8 items PERSPECTIVES ON POLITICS

5 items DEFINITION AND APPROACHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
8 items VALUE OF POLITICS
7 items GOVERNANCE & GOVERNMENT
 PAPASA KA,

*Pointers to Review
TIWALA LANG (=

in Philippine Politics & Governance

SECOND QUARTER

5 items LIBERALISM
Principles of Liberalism
5 items CONSERVATISM
Forms of Conservatism
5 items SOCIALISM
Principles of Socialism
3 items COMMUNISM
3 items POPULISM
3 items FEMINISM
Eyy, congrats na agad!