SRI MANAKULA VINAYAGAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Puducherry-605107

Register No. :

Name :

Subject :

Branch :

Year/Semester:

Certificate
Certified that this is the bonafide record of Practical Work done by the
above student in the ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY (U23EEPC01)
during the academic year .

Staffin-Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the End Semester Practical Examination held on

InternalExaminer
List of Experiments:

1. Domestic Wiring Practice (Staircase Wiring, Doctor’s Room Wiring, Godown Wiring)
2. Load test on single phase transformer.
3. Load test on 3 phase transformers
4. Measurement of three phase power using two wattmeter method
5. OCC and Load test on DC shunt Generator.
6. Load test on DC shunt motor.
7. Load test on DC series motor
8. Speed control methods of DC motor.
9. Load test on single phase Induction Motor.
10. Load test on 3 phase induction motor.
 CONTENTS

Ex. PageN
Date TitleoftheExperiment Marks Signature
No. o.

10

11

12
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
EXP NO:1 DOMESTIC WIRING PRACTICE DATE:

AIM:

To study about the various types of wiring and to verify its truth table experimentally.

A) STAIR-CASE WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To control an incandescent lamp from two different places

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 1
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Switch box 4x4 2
4 PVC pipes 19 mm 4
5 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 4
6 Screws --- 15
7 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
8 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 2
9 Batten holder 230V, 10A 1
10 Incandescent lamp (Bulb) 230V, 60W 1
11 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
12 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:
➢ Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected
➢ As per the layout diagram (1b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixed
rigidly on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.
➢ As per the circuit diagram (1a) the connections are given:
➢ The Phase wire is connected to the common terminal of the two-way switch (SPDT-1)
through fuse.
➢ From the other two throw points of SPDT-1, wires are connected to the two throw
points of SPDT-2. (ie. top terminals of SPDT-1 and SPDT-2 are connected and
bottom terminals of SPDT-1 and SPDT-2 are connected).
➢ From the common terminal of SPDT-2, wire is taken to any one terminal of the
incandescent lamp (bulb).
➢ The other terminal is taken out as the neutral line.
➢ Connections are checked using the wiring diagram (1c) and the truth table (1d) is
verified for different combinations.
➢ Now the lamp can be controlled from two places irrespective of the position of the
switches.
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

S1 S2 Lamp

T T On

T B Off

B B On

B T Off
RESULT:

Thus the experiment of various wiring done and verified the truth table.

INFERENCE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
 B. DOCTOR’S ROOM WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To make a doctor’s room wiring

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 2
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Four - way junction box 19 mm 1
4 Switch box 4x4 2
5 PVC pipes 19 mm 6
6 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 6
7 Screws --- 20
8 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
9 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 1
10 Batten holder 230V, 10A 1
11 Bell push 230V, 10A 1
12 Buzzer 230V, 10W 1
13 Ceiling rose 230V, 10A 1
14 Incandescent lamp (Green + Red) 230V, 15W 1+1
15 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
16 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:

➢ Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected. Required
connecting wires are taken.

➢ As per the layout diagram (2b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixed
rigidly on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.

➢ As per the circuit diagram (2a) the connections are given:

➢ The phase wire is connected to the top terminal of the bell push S1 through proper
fuse.

➢ From the bottom terminal of the S1, wire is taken and connected to the common
terminal of S2 (SPDT).
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

Bell Switch SPDT Lamp In Lamp Out

Buzzer
S1 S2 (Green) (Red)

ON T RING ON OFF
ON B OFF OFF ON
OFF T/B OFF OFF OFF
 ➢ From top terminal of the switch S2, two wires are taken, one wire is connected to one
terminal of batten holder (lamp-1) and other wire is connected to one terminal of the
ceiling rose (buzzer).

➢ From the bottom terminal of S2, a wire is taken and connected to one terminal of the
batten holder (lamp-2).

➢ Other terminals from the button holders (L1 – L2) and the ceiling rose (buzzer) are
connected together and taken out as neutral wire.

➢ Connections are checked using the wiring diagram (2c) and the truth table (2d) is verified
for different combinations.

➢ Now the lamps (Lamp in and Lamp out) and the buzzer can be controlled.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment of Doctors room wiring has done and verified the truth table.

INFERENCE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
 C). GODOWN WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To make a Go-down wiring

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 3
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Four - way junction box 19 mm 2
4 Switch box 4x4 3
5 PVC pipes 19 mm 9
6 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 9
7 Screws --- 25
8 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
9 One-way switch 230V, 10A 1
10 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 2
11 Batten holder 230V, 10A 3
12 Incandescent lamp 230V, 60W 3
13 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
14 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:

➢ Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected. Required
connecting wires are taken.
➢ As per the layout diagram (3b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixed
rigidly on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.
➢ As per the circuit diagram (3a) the connections are given:
➢ The phase wire is given to the top terminal of the switch S1 (SPST) through proper fuse.
➢ The bottom terminal of S1 and the common terminal of switch S2 (SPDT) are connected.
➢ The top terminal of S2 is connected to one end of the batten holder (for L1) and the bottom
terminal of S2 is connected to the common terminal of switch S3 (SPDT).
➢ Again the top terminal of the switch S3 is connected to the one terminal of the batten
holder (for L2) and the bottom terminal of S3 is connected to any one terminal of the
batten holder (for L3).
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

S1 S2 S3 L1 L2 L3

OFF T/B T/B OFF OFF OFF

ON T T ON OFF OFF

ON B T OFF ON OFF

ON B B OFF OFF ON

ON B T OFF ON OFF

ON T T ON OFF OFF

OFF T T OFF OFF OFF

 ➢ The remaining unconnected terminals of the batten holders are connected togetherand taken
out as neutral wire.
➢ Connections checked using the wiring diagram and the truth table is verified fordifferent
combinations.
➢ Now the three lamps can be controlled from three different places.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment of Godown wiring has done and verified the truth table.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP.NO.: 2 DATE:

LOADTESTON SINGLE PHASETRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to obtain percentage regulation
and efficiency.

APPARATUSREQUIRRED:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter
4 AutoTransformer
5 Resistiveload
6 ConnectingWires

THEORY:

When the secondary is loaded the secondary current I 2is setup. The magnitude and
phase of I2 with respect to V2 is determined by the characteristics of the load. These
condary current sets up its own emf and hence its own fluxф2 which is in opposition to
main primary flux ф which is due to I 0 the secondary ampere turns N2*I2are known as
demagnetizing ampere turns .The opposing secondary flux I 2 weakens the primary flux
ф momentary. Hence primary back Emf E 1 tends to be reduced. For a moment V1gain the
upper hand over E1and hence causes more current to flow in primary.
Let the additional primary current be I21 .It is known as load component of primary
current. This current is anti-phase with I21 the additional primary emf N1*I2sets up its own
flux ф21 which is in opposite to ф2 and is equal to its magnitude. Hence the two cancel
each other out. So the magnetic effects of secondary current I 2 are immediately neutralized
by the additional primary currentI21. Hence whatever the load conditions be, the net flux
passing through core is approximately the same as no-load.
Name Plate Details:
Capacity =2KVA
Frequency =
50HzNo.ofPhase
=1ØTypeo
fSupply
=1ØACPri
maryVoltage =230V
Secondary Voltage =115V

Calculation of Rated current on primary and secondary:

P
Primary current(I1) =
V1Cos(1)
2000
=
230*1
=8.69A

P
Secondary current(I2) =
V2Cos (2)
2000
=
115*1
=17.39A
Calculation of Fuse Rating:
For load test fuse rating125%

Primary fuse rating =8.69*1.25

=10.86A

Secondary fuse rating =17.39*1.25

=21.72A
FORMULAUSED:

Output power
%𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦𝜂=
input power

E0 −𝑉
%𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=
V
Tabulation:

Wattmeter W
Primar 1
Primary Multiplicatio Secondary Inputp Output
ycurre Secondary
voltage nfactor=2 current ower( power( %Efficiency %
S.No. ntI1 VoltageV2 (
V1 I2( W) W) (ή) Regulation
(A) Volts)
(Volts) A)
Obs Act

5
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.

2. Before switching off the supply the variac should be brought back to minimum
position.
3. Initially load should off condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect as per the circuit diagram

2. Close the DPST switch
3. Adjust the Autotransformer till the rated voltage is reached
4. Note down the readings of primary voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter & secondary
voltmeter, ammeter.
5. Apply load in steps and note down the corresponding reading till the rated current
is reached.
Model Calculation:

Actualreadingofwattmeter1(W1) =MF*observedreadingofwattmeter1
=2*240=480W

Input Power =W1

=480W
Output Power =V2×I2cosΦ
=7.5×112×1
Efficiency(ƞ) = Output power ×100
Input power

= 440 ×100
480
=91.6%

No Load voltage(VNL) =115V

Load Voltage (VL) =114V
%Regulation
VNL−
=
VFLV
F
L

115−114
= *100
114
=0.87%
MODELGRAPH:


R
RegulationR %
Efficiency%

GRAPHS: Load current(A)

1. Output power Vs efficiency

2. Output power Vs %regulation
RESULT:

Thus, the load test on single phase transformer was performed and the respective
graphs were plotted.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of transformer?
Transformer is a static device by which electric power is transformed from one circuit to
another circuit without any change in frequency. It is based on the Faradays laws of
electromagnetic induction.
2. What is the purpose of load test on transformer?
The purpose of load test of a transformer is used to find the efficiency and percentage
regulation of atransformer.
3. What are the types of transformer?
Based on the type of core arrangement
i. coretype
ii. Shelltype
iii. Spiralwound
Based on type of cooling arrangement
i. Oil filled self cooled
ii. Oil filled water cooled
iii. Air blast type
Based on transformation ratio
i. Step up and
ii. Stepdown
4. Why transformer rating is specified as kVA not in kW?
In transformer, core loss depends on voltage (V) and copper loss depends on current
(A).The total transformer loss depends on volt ampere (VA) and not on phase angle
between voltage and current i.e. it is independent of
loadpowerfactor.ThatiswhytransformerratingisspecifiedinkVAnotinkW.
5. Define Ideal Transformer?
An ideal transformer is one that has,
(i).No winding resistance
(ii). No leakage flux
(iii). No Iron loss (Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss)
6. What are faradays laws of electromagnetic induction?
Faraday’sFirstLaw
Whenever the conductor cuts the flux or flux cuts the conductor, an emf is
induced.
Faraday’sSecondLaw
It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages with the coil. The flux linkages of the coil is the product of
number of turns in the coil and flux associated with the coil.
7. How can identify primary and secondary in transformer?
 Theterminalwhichisgiventoinputsupplyiscalledprimaryandwhichisconnec
tedtoloadorothersideiscalledsecondary.
8. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?
WhenCopperlossisequaltoIronlosswewillgetmaximumefficiencyinatransform
er.
9. What type of load is used for conducting load test on transformers?
Variable resistive type load
10. What is auto transformer?
Autotransformer is kind of electrical transformer where pr im ar y and
secondary shares same common single winding.
11. What is the use of auto transformer?
The autotransformer is used to increase the voltage or current to get the exact
rated voltage.
12. List out the applications of a transformer.
➢ It can rise or lower the level of Voltage or Current in an AC circuit.
➢ It can increase or decrease the value of capacitor, an inductor or
resistance in an AC circuit.
➢ It can be used to prevent DC from passing from one circuit to the other.
➢ It can isolate two circuits electrically.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP NO: 3 DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF 3 Ø POWER USING TWO WATTMETER METHOD
AIM
To conduct a suitable experiment on a 3-phase load to measure the three phase power and
Power factor using two wattmeter method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Resistive load
5 Auto Transformer
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The connection diagram for the measurement of power in a three-phase circuit using two
wattmeters, is given in Fig. 20.1. This is irrespective of the circuit connection – star or delta. The
circuit may be taken as unbalanced one, balanced type being only a special case. Please note the
connection of the two wattmeters. The current coils of the wattmeters, 1 & 2, are in series with the
two phases, R&B, with the pressure or voltage coils being connected across Y R− Y and B−Y
respectively. Y is the third phase, in which no current coil is connected.
So, it can be concluded that the sum of the two wattmeter readings is the total power
consumed in the three-phase circuit, assumed here as a star-connected one. This may also be easily
proved for delta connected circuit. As no other condition is imposed, the circuit can be taken as an
unbalanced one, the balanced type being only a special case, as stated earlier.
FORMULA USED:

1. Total power P = W1+W2 (watts)

2.  = Tan-1 3[W1-W2/W1+W2] watts

3. P1 =3VL IL Cos.

4. P.F = Cos.

P1- P2
5. Percentage Error = ------------------ x 100%
P1

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

2. There should be no load at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Adjust the Auto transformer till the rated voltage is reached.
3. If any Wattmeter shows negative reading then interchange M and L connections and
readings are taken in negative.
4. At no load, the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted.
5. Load is gradually increased. All meter readings are noted at each stage.
6. The above procedure is repeated till the rated current is reached.

GRAPHS:

Load Current Vs % Error

 TABULATION:

Wattmeter W1 Wattmeter W2
Load M.F = M.F = Φ = tan-1√3 Power P1 =
Load Power P2 = % Error = ((P1 –
S.No. Current ((W1–W2)/ Factor √3VLILcos
Voltage VL W1+W2 P2) / P1) × 100
IL Obs Act Obs Act (W1+W2)) cosΦ Φ
MODEL CALCULATION:
 RESULT:
Calculated the three phase wattmeter using two wattmeter method and calculated % error and plotted the
curve

INFERENCE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPTNO: 4 DATE:

LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To calculate the percentage efficiency and percentage voltage regulation for the given
3φ transformer at various load.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:
S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter
4 Resistive load
5 AutoTransformer
6 ConnectingWires

THEORY:
The three cores are arranged at 120o from each other. Only primary windings are
show on the cores for simplicity. The primaries are connected to the three-phase
supply. The primaries carry the currents I R, IY and IB producing the fluxes ΦR,ΦY and ΦB
in the individual cores. The common leg of the cores
i.e. center leg formed carries sum of the all three fluxes.
But at any instant, in a three-phase system, ĪR + ĪY + ĪB = 0, hence the sum of the three
fluxes is also zero at any instant. Hence the center leg does not carry any flux. So if
center leg is removed, It hardly makes any difference in the other conditions of the
transformer. If it is removed, any two legs provide there turn path for the current and
hence the flux in the third leg. This is the general principle used in the design of three
phase core type transformers.
The three phase transformers can be core type or shell type. The three-core type single
phase transformers can be combined togetthree phase core type transformers. Similarly,
three single phase shell type transformers can be combined together to form a three-phase
shell type transformer.
Name Plate Details:
Capacity =3KVA
Frequency =50Hz
No. of Phase =3Ø
Type of Supply =3ØAC
Primary Voltage =440V
Secondary Voltage =220V

Calculation of Rated current on primary and secondary:

P3V1Cos(
Primary current(I1) =
1)

3000
=
3*440*1
=3.93A
P
Secondary current(I2) =
3V2Cos(2)
3000
=
3*220*1
=7.87A
Calculation of Fuse Rating:
For load test fuse rating125%
Primary fuse rating =3.39*1.25
=4.91A
FORMULAUSED:

Input Power =W1+W2(watts)

Output Power =3V2I2Cos(Watts)

Output power
%Efficiency η= X100
Input power

VNL–VFL
%Regulation =
X100
VNL

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

2. There should be no load at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Auto transformer is adjusted for voltmeter in the primary side to read the rated
voltage.
3. The output voltage corresponding to the rated primary voltage is noted. This is no
load secondary voltage.
4. The wattmeter and ammeter readings corresponding to no load is also noted.
5. Load is gradually increased. All meter readings are noted at each stage.
6. The above procedure is repeated till the secondary current exceeds rated current.
Tabulation:

WattmeterW1 WattmeterW2
Multiplication Multiplication V2 Input Output % %
V1 I1( I2(
factor=2 factor=2 (Volts) power(W) power(W) Efficiency Regulatio
(V) A) A) W1+W2 √𝟑V2I2 Cos(Ø2) (ή) n
OBS(W ACT( OBS(W
ACT(W)
) W) )
Model Calculation:

Actualreadingofwattmeter1(W1) =MF*observedreadingofwattmeter1
=2*360=720w

Actualreadingofwattmeter2(W2) =MF*observedreadingofwattmeter2
=2*440=880w

Input Power =W1+W2

=720+880
=1600W

Load voltageV2 =200V

Load CurrentI2 =3.1A
Output power =√3V2I2Cos(Ø2)
=√3*200*3.1 [Cos(Ø2)=1]
=1073.81W

Efficiency =(Output Power/Input Power)*100

1073.81
= 1600 ∗100
=67.1%

No Load voltage(VNL) =210V

Load Voltage(VL) =200V
%Regulation =
VNL−V
NL V
NL
MODELGRAPH:

RegulationR % 
Efficiency%

Loadcurrent(A)

GRAPHS:

1. Output power Vs efficiency

2.Output power Vs %regulation
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single phase transformer was performed and the respective
graphs were plotted.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of transformer?
It transforms electric power from one circuit to another circuit without any change in
frequency
2. Why the efficiency of a transformer is higher than that of motors?
Motors has moving parts so there is always a loss, but transformer has no moving
parts so more efficiency.
3. Distinguish between core type and shell type trans
formers? Core type transformer
The coils are wound around the two limbs of a rectangular magnetic core.
The winding surrounds the core
Single magnetic path
Shell type transformer
The coils are wound on the central limb of a three limb core.
The core surrounds the winding
Two magnetic paths
4. What is the power formula for single phase and three phase?
Electric power is the rate of energy consumption in an electrical circuit.
For single phase(1Φ)– P=VIcosΦ
For three phase(3Φ)–P=current VLIL cosΦIn term sof line voltage and line
 For three phase(3Φ)–P=3VPIPcosΦ In terms of phase voltage and phase
current
5.Define regulation and efficiency of the transformer?
The regulation of the transformer is defined as the reduction in magnitude of the
terminal voltage due to load, with respect to the no-load term in a l voltage.
% regulation = (V2on no-load – V2when loaded/ V2on no-load) × 100
Transformer efficiency ƞ=(output power/input power)×100
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP.NO.: 5 DATE:
OCC AND LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To draw the OCC and load characteristics of Self Excited DC shunt
Generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.
No Apparatus Range Type Qty

.
1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
5 Resistive Load
Connecting
6
Wires

THEORY:
A DC generator requires an excitation circuit to generate an induce voltage
depending on whether excitation circuit consumes power for the armature of the
machine or from separately require power supply. Generators may be classified as
self excited or separately excited generators respectively. The induced emf in DC
generators is given by the equation PфZN/60A volts. State P, Z, A are constants the
above equation are written as Eg = KфN. If the speed of the generator also maintained
constant then Eg = Kф but the flux is directly proportional to the current Hence Eg =
K2If. From the above equation it is clear that the induced emf is directly proportional
to the field current when speed maintained constant. The plot between the induced
emf and the field current is known as open circuit characteristics of the DC generator.
The induced emf when the field current is zero is known as residual voltage. This emf
is due to the presence of a small amount of flux detained. In the field poles of the
generator called residual flux. Once the OCC is obtained parameters such as critical
field resistance, critical speed and the maximum voltage to which the machine can
build up can be determined. If required the OCC at a different speeds can also be
obtained. Critical speed is minimum speed below which the generator shunt fails to
excite.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :3W
Voltage :220V
Current :19A
Speed :1500RPM

Name plate details of DC Generator:

Capacity :3W
Voltage :220V
Current :16A
Speed :1500RPM

Calculation of Fuse Rating for load test:

For load test on DC generator = rated current*1.25

= 16*1.25
= 20A

For Motor = rated current*1.25

= 19*1.25
= 23.75A

Calculation of Fuse Rating for OCC test:

For OCC test on DC generator = rated current*0.25

= 16*0.25
= 4A

For Motor = rated current*1.25

= 19*0.25
= 4.75A
 A DC generator works on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
induction, which says that, “Whenever a conductor is moved in magnetic field, an
EMF is generated in it”. “The magnitude of induction EMF is directly proportional to the
rate of change of flux”. The voltage equation for a DC shunt generator is given; by VL =
Eg–IaRa; Under No Load Condition; Since Ia, Is negligibly small, From the above
equation, the terminal voltage (VL), Is the no; load induced EMF (Eg), as the load on the
generator increases, the load current and hence the armature current increases due to
armature action the induced EMF in the armature decreases.
Also increased armature current causes increase in IaR a drop. Hence the terminal
voltage decreases with increase load. The plot between the terminal voltage (VL) and
load current (IL) is known as the external of load characteristics. The plot between
the induced EMF (Eg) and the armature current (Ia) is known as the internal or total
characteristics. The type of graph of internal and external characteristics is shown in
model graph.

1. Remove the fuse carriers before wiring and start wiring as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position and generator field
rheostat at maximum resistive position.
3. The SPST switch is kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
4. As the no-load test is conducting the required fuse ratings are 20% of motor
rated current.
5. Replace the fuse carriers with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit
connections are checked by the staff-in-charge.
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given to motor by enclosing DPSTS 1
3. Motor is started using Three point Starter.
4. The field Rheostat of motor is varied to make the motor run at rated speed of the
generator.
5. Note residual voltage before closing the SPST switch.
6. The voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
7. The field rheostat of generator is varied gradually and the readings of ammeterand
voltmeter are noted in steps.
8. Bring the generator field rheostat and motor field rheostat to the original position
and open the DPSTS1.
TABULATION:

OCC CHARACTERISTICS:

Open circuit voltage Field current

Sl. No.
V0 (v) If (A)

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:

Armature Armature Induced

Load Load Field
Sl. current voltage EMF
current voltage current
No. Ia=I f+IL Va =I aRa Eg=VL+Va
IL (A) VL (V) If (A)
(A) (V) (V)

MODEL CALCULATION FOR OCC CHARACTERISTICS:

Critical field Resistance = V1/If2

= 70/0.1
Rc = 700Ω

Critical Speed RN = (XY/XZ)*1500

= (6/12)*1500
= 750RPM
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given to motor by enclosing DPSTS1.
3. Motor is started using Three point Starter.
4. The field Rheostat of motor is varied to make the motor run at rated speed of
the generator.
5. Now the load side DPST2 is closed and load is applied gradually up to rated
current.
6. The speed is maintained constant at each load.
7. The readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted at each load.
8. Remove the load completely.
9. Open the load side DPST2. Bring the field rheostat of generator and motor to
its original position and open the DPST1.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO MEASURE Ra

TABULATION TO FIND THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Armature Armature
Resistance
Sl. No. current voltage
Ra (Ω)
Ia(A) Va(V)

4
Average
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO MEASURE Rsh

TABULATION TO FINDTHEFIELDRESISTANCE:

Field current Field voltage Resistance

Sl. No.
If (A) Vf (V) Rf (Ω)

Average

MODELCALCULATIONFORLOADCHARACTERISTICS:

Load current IL =3.6A

Load voltage VL =210V
Field current If =0.76
Armature current If+IL = 3.6+0.76=4.36A
Emf induced in generator Eg =VL+(Ia*Ra)
=210+(1.103*4.36)
=210.85V
GRAPHS:
1. Field current Vs Generated voltage
2. Load current Vs Load voltage
MODEL GRAPH:
Open Circuit Characteristics:

V1 XY
Critical Resistance RC = , Critical Speed, NC =  rated speed
I f2 XZ

Load
characteristics:
RESULT:

Thus, the OCC and load characteristics of DC shunt generator when it is separately
excited are determined.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is self–excited generator?
Self excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized by the current
produced by the generator themselves.
2. What are the types of self–excited generator?
Based on the type of armature connection these self-excited generators are classified
into 3 types
(i) Shunt wound
(ii) Series wound
(iii) Compound wound
3. How will you find residual voltage in DC series generator?
Thus by making SPST switch open, there will not be any current flow in field winding
and it does not produce flux. In that case, the voltage which is induced due to residual flux
(some flux stored in side the machine) is called residual voltage.
4. What is mean by excitation?
The process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current is called
excitation.
5. What is the purpose of motor field rheostat in the circuit?
To adjust the motor speed as required (rated speed).
By adjusting the field rheostat, we can change the field current and correspondingly
flux changes. As speed (N) inversely proportional to flux (∅),
We can vary speed as required. N = k 1∅
6. What is the purpose of generator field rheostat in the circuit?
To vary the field current of generator (Initial to maximum excitation current). To
perform OCC test in generator, we need to increase the field current and correspondingly
flux increases. Due to that generated emf will be increased. As Generated emf (E) directly
proportional speed (N) and flux (∅).
EαNΦ (speed(N)–constant)
VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of generator?

Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in
it according to the Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
2. Define Fleming right hand rule?
The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of right hand are held so that these fingers
are mutually perpendicular to each other, then forefinger gives the direction of the
lines of flux, thumb gives the direction of the relative motion of conductor and middle
finger gives the direction of the emf induced.
3. What is mean residual magnetism (or) residual flux?
Themagneticfieldthatremainsinamagneticmaterial(awindingcore)aftertheremova
lofelectricpowerorthemagnetizingforce.
4. What is critical field resistance and critical
speed?
If field resistance is more than critical resistance at start than induced emf fails to
drive current through field circuit and generator fails to excite at given speed.
Thus we can define the critical resistance as that resistance of the field circuit at a
given speed at which generator just excites and starts voltage building while beyond
this value generator fails to excite.
Critical speed
Critical speed of a generator is that speed for which the given field resistance will
represent critical field resistance. Is the speed is below the critical speed the generator
would fail to excite.
5. What is prime mover?
A device supplying the turning force necessary to turn the shaft of a generator or
alternator. Steam turbines or diesel engines are the most common prime movers for
AC generators.
6. Why we prefer DC shunt motor as prime mover in generator
experiments why not DC series or DC compound motor?
Because DC shunt motor is a constant speed motor. We cannot use series motor
because DC series motor cannot be operated under no load condition.
7. Why it is called separately excited generator?
A D.C. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an independent
external D.C. source (e.g., a battery etc.) is called a separately excited generator.
8. Define residual voltage?
The voltage which is induced due to residual flux (some flux stored in side the
machine) is called residual voltage.
9. How will you find residual voltage in DC separately excited generator?
In this type of generator, the field winding is supplied from separate DC source. So, if
the field input supply DPST switch is opened then there will not be any current flow in
field winding and it does not produce flux. In that case, the voltage which is induced due
to residual flux (some flux stored inside the machine) is called residual voltage.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP. NO.: 6 DATE:
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on D.C. motor and to obtain performance characteristics.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

Sl.
Apparatus Range Type Qty
No
.
1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
Connecting
5
Wires

THEORY:

The shunt motor has a definite no load speed hence it does not run away when
load is suddenly thrown off provided the field circuit remains closed. The drop in
speed from no-load to full load is small hence this motor is usual referred to a
constant speed motor.

The efficiency curve is usually of the same shape for all electric motors and
generators. The shape of efficiency curve and the point of maximum efficiency can
be varied considerably by the designer, though it is advantageous to have an
efficiency curve which is fairly flat. So that there is little change inefficiency between
load and 25% overload and to have the maximum efficiency as near to the full load
as possible.

From the curves it is observed that is certain value of current is required even
when output is zero. The motor input under no-load conditions goes to meet
the various losses, occurring within the machine.

Name plate details of DCMotor:

Capacity :3.6W
 Voltage :220V
Current :16A
Speed :1500RPM

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For load test on DC Motor =rated current*1.25

=16*1.25
=20A
MODELCALCULATION:

Load voltage VL =216V

Load current IL =8.6
Speed N =1464RPM
SpringBalancereadingS1 =8Kg
S2 =4Kg

Torque developed =9.81*Radius*Force

=9.81*0.5*(8-4)
=5.886NM

Input power =VI*II

=216*8.6
=1857.6W

Output power =(2*Π*N*T)/60

=902.7W

Efficiency ƞ =(Output power/Input power)*100

=902.7/1857.6
=48.5%
FORMULA USED:

T
Radius R= r + In meter.
2

Torque τ = 9.81 x Rx(S 1~S2)N-m

Input Power W i = Vi Ii Watts

Output Power Wo= 2N

Watts

60
 Output Power
Percentage Efficiency =  100
Input Power

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that there is no load on the brake drum initially.

2. Check for correct fuse rating.
3. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
4. Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistive position initially.
5. The motor should be cooled by circulating water in the brake drum throughout the
experiment.
6. It is ensured that the MC (Moving Coil) meters are connected with proper
polarities.

GRAPHS:

1. Output power Vs efficiency

2. Output power Vs current
3. Output power Vs torque
4. Output power Vs speed
Tabulation:

Springbalance
Loadvo Loadcu Reading
SpeedN( TorqueN Input Outputp Efficiency
Sl.No ltage VL rrentIL
RPM) m power ower %
(V) (A) S1 S2
Kg Kg

5
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that no load is applied to the brake drum and the field
rheostat is kept in minimum resistive position initially.
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST switch, motor is
started using a 3–point starter.
4. The field rheostat is adjusted to make the
5. Motor run at the rated speed.
6. At no load, the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer and spring
balance readings are noted.
7. The load is then increased in steps and there readings are noted up
to rated current. The load on the brake drum is released fully to no
load condition. The field rheostat to original resistive position
8. The supply to the motor is switched off by opening the DPST switch.
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT:

Thus, the performance and load characteristics of a DC shunt motor are

drawn.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of motor?

When a current- carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field
perpendicular to the conductor, the conductor experiences a force
perpendicular to itself and to the external magnetic field.
2. Define lenz law.
The law that whenever there is an induced electromotive force (emf) in
a conductor, it is always in such a direction that the current it would
produce would oppose the change which causes the induced emf.
3. Why should the field rheostat be kept in minimum position?
It is kept at minimum position to produce more torque which is required
for starting a motor.
4. What is the loading arrangement used in a DC motor?
Brake type of load
5. How can the direction of rotation of a DC motor be reversed?
The direction of rotation of a DC motor (shunt, series or compound) can be
reversed by changing the polarity of either the armature coil or the field coil.
6. What are the mechanical and electrical characteristics of a
DC shunt motor?
Mechanical characteristics can be drawn between speed and torque.
Electrical characteristics are
a. Output power Vs speed
b. Output power Vs efficiency
c. Output power Vs input power
d. Output power Vs line current
e. Output power Vs torque
7. Why the efficiency of the generator is greater than that of the
motor? Why?
In a generator, the mechanical losses are supplied by prime mover. But in
case of a motor, the motor has to meet the mechanical losses, so the efficiency
of generator is greater.
8. Define Fleming left hand rule?
The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of left hand are held so that these
fingers are mutually perpendicular to each other, then forefinger gives the
direction of magnetic field, middle finger gives the direction of the current and
thumb gives the direction of the force experienced by the conductor.
9. What are the applications of DC shunt motor?
Lathes
Centrifugal pumps Blowers and machine tools Reciprocating pumps
 10. Define back emf.
When the motor armature rotates, the conductors also rotate and hence
cut the flux. By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, emf is induced in
them, which is in opposition to applied voltage (lenz law). Because of its
opposing direction, it is referred to as counter emf or back emf.
11. Why You Need Back EMF in DC Motor?
The back emf controls (or) regulates current. This means it is responsible
for the amount of electricity coming from the motor. Without a back emf, the
motor would simply always send out maximum power, which would easily
overload lower or even medium powered appliances.
12. What is a DC shunt motor and from where we are getting DC
for the input supply?
The shunt wound D.C. motor falls under the category of self excited D.C.
motors, where the field windings are shunted to or are connected in parallel
to the armature winding of the motor.
And we are getting DC for the input supply from rectifier panel.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP. NO.: 7 DATE:

LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on DC series motor and to obtain performance characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S. No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Tachometer
4 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The drop in speed with increased load is much prominent in series motor than in a shunt motor
hence a series motor is not suitable for application requiring a substantially constant speed.

For a given current input a starting torque developed by a series motor is greater than that
developed by a shunt motor. Hence series motors are used where huge starting torques is necessary
that means for cranes and traction purpose. In addition to huge starting torque there is another
unique characteristic of series motor which makes this especially desirable for traction work that
means when a load comes on a series motor it response by decreasing its speed and supplies the
increased torque with a small increase in current.

On the other hand a shunt motor under the same condition would hold its speed nearly constant
and would supply the required increased torque with a large increase of input current.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity : 3W
Voltage : 220V
Current : 20A
Speed : 1500RPM

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For load test on DC Motor = rated current *1.25

=20*1.25
=25A
FORMULA USED:

T
Radius R = r + in metre.
2
Torque  = 9.81 R  (S1 S2 ) N - m
Input Power Wi = Vi Ii Watts
2N
Output Power, Wo = Watts
60
Output Power
Percentage Efficiency = 100
Input Power

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that some load is applied to the brake drum initially (S1=S2=5kg).
2. Check the correct fuse ratings.
3. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
4. Under no circumstances, the motor should be unloaded fully during operation.
5. The motor should be cooled by circulating water in the brake drum throughout the
experiment.
6. It is ensured that the MC (Moving Coil) meters are connected with proper polarities.
Tabulation:

Spring balance
Load Load Reading
Speed Torque Input Output Efficiency
Sl. No voltage current
N(RPM) Nm power power %
VL(V) IL(A)
S1 S2
Kg Kg
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that some load is applied to the brake drum initially (S1=S2=5Kg).
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST Switch.
4. Motor is started using the two point starter.
5. The readings of ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer and spring balance are noted.
6. The load is then gradually increased in steps and the readings are noted up to rated load.
7. Decrease the load on the brake drum (until S1=S2=5Kg).
8. The motor is switched off using the DPST switch.
MODEL CALCULATION:

Load voltage VL =170 V

Load current IL =14A
Speed N =1550RPM
Spring Balance reading S1 =8Kg
S2 =4Kg

Torque developed = 9.81*Radius*Force

=9.81*0.5*(12-4)
=11.77 NM

Input power =VI*II

=170*14
=2380W

Output power = (2*Π*N*T)/60

= 1910.4 W

Efficiency ƞ = (Output power/Input power)*100

= (1910.4/2380)*100
=80.2%
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT:

Thus, the performance and load characteristics of a DC shunt motor are drawn.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 EXP.NO.: 8 DATE:

SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:

To control the speed of DC shunt motor by

1. Armature control method

2. Field control method

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
Connecting
5
Wires

THEORY:
FLUX CONTROL METHOD
The speed of the DC motor is inversely propositional to the flux per pole , when the
armature voltage is kept constant. By decreasing the flux the speed can be increased and
vice –versa. Hence the main flux of field control method the flux of a DC motor can be
changed by changing field current with help of a shunt field rheostat. Since shunt field
current is respectively small shunt field rheostat has to carry only a small amount of
current which means I2R losses is small so that rheostat is small in size. This method is
very efficient.

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

This method is used when speed below the no load speed are required. As the supply
voltage is normally constant the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a
variable rheostat in series with the armature circuit. As conductor resistance is increased
potential difference across the armature is decreased, herby decreasing the armature
speed. For a load of constant torque speed is approximately propositional to the potential
difference across the armature.
TABULATION:

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

Field Current If=1.0A Field Current If=0.9A

Armature Armature
S.No. Speed Speed
Voltage Voltage
N N
Va Va
(RPM) (RPM)
(Volts) (Volts)
1

FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

Armature Voltage Va = 220 Armature Voltage Va=200

Field Field
S.No. Speed Speed
Current Current
N N
If If
(RPM) RPM)
(Amps) (Amps)
1

3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for the correct fuse ratings.
2. Ensure there are no loose connections.
3. Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistive position initially.
4. Armature resistance rheostat is kept initially at maximum resistive position.

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Field rheostat is initially kept in the minimum resistive position and the armature
rheostat is in the maximum resistive position.
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST switch.
4. Motor is started using a three point starter.
5. Adjust the armature rheostat to get rated voltage.
6. In actual case adjust to about 200V, beyond this speed will be more than 1500
rpm.
7. The field rheostat is adjusted to make the motor run at the rated speed.

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

1. By varying the field rheostat, set the value of field current to a particular value say
If=A
2. Now, by varying the armature rheostat ,for various values of armature voltages ,find
the values of speed and armature voltage, repeat this procedure for various values of
field current.
3. Bring back the armature rheostat and field rheostat to initial resistive position.

FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

1. By varying the armature rheostat ,set the value of armature voltage to a particular
value say Va=-V.
2. Now ,by varying the field rheostat ,for various values of field currents ,find the values
of speed and field current ,repeat this procedure for various values of armature
voltage.
3. Bring back the armature rheostat and field rheostat to the initial resistive position.
4. Switch off the DPST switch.
MODEL GRAPH:

Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :3.5W
Voltage :220V
Current :16A
Speed :1500RPM

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For speed control on DC Motor =rated current*0.25

=16*0.25
=4A

GRAPHS:

1. Field current Vs speed

2. Armature voltage Vs speed
RESULT:
Thus, the speed control characteristics of DC shunt motor by (i)Armature
control method (ii)Field control method are done.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. How does the speed of a DC shunt motor vary with armature voltage
and field current?
V−I R
The speed of the shunt motor is given by N=k a a
∅
From the above expression the speed is directly proportional to voltage and it is
inversely to the field current.
2. What is the importance of speed control of dc motor in industrial
application?
The speed control of the DC motor is important because its speed can be
changedoverawidevarietyofsimplemethodswhichisnotpossibleinanACmotor.
3. Which is of two method of speed control is better? Why?
Flux control method is better and very efficient. Since I sh is relatively small, shunt
field rheostat has to carry only a small amount ,which means I 2 R loss is less.
4. Why the speed of DC shunt motor is practically constant under
normal load conditions?
For shunt motors ∅ is assumed constant ,then N𝖺 Eb. as Eb is also practically
constant , speed is also constant.
5. Why we are using low range ammeter (less than rated current) at
supply side?
Due to no load, current flow will be very low, for that 25 % of rated current is
enough to perform the test. So low range ammeters (25 % of rated current) are used.
6. What are the methods available for speed control other than these
two methods?
Voltage control
(i) Multiple voltage control
(ii) Ward Leonard method
(iii) Tappings
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
EXP.NO.: 9 DATE:

LOADTESTONSINGLEPHASEINDUCTIONMOTOR
AIM:

To determine the performance characteristic of a given single phase capacitor start

induction motor by conducting load test.

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Tachometer
5 Auto transformer
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
In the single-phase induction motor, single phase A.C. supply is given to the stator
winding. The stator winding carries an alternating current which produces the flux which
is also alternating in nature. This flux is called main flux. This flux links with the rotor
conductor sand due to transformer action E.M.F. gets induced in the rotor. The induced
E.M.F. drives current through the rotor as rotor circuit is closed circuit. This rotor current
produces another flux called rotor flux required for the motoring action. Thus second flux
is produced according to induction principle due to induced E.M.F. hence the motor is called
induction motor. As against this in D.C. motor a separate supply is required to armature to
produce armature flux. This is an important difference between D.C.
motorandaninductionmotor.Thesingle-phaseinductionmotorsarenotself-starting,to make
a single-phase induction motor self-starting ,the following methods are used
(i) Split-phase motors
(ii) Capacitor-Start Motor
(iii) Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor
(iv) Shaded-pole motors
NAME PLATE DETAILS

Capacity of Motor =1.5KW

Rated Voltage =220V
Rated Current =9.9A
Rated Speed =1440RPM

FUSE RATING CALCULATION

Fuse current=120%*Rated current

=
=

FORMULA USED

1.Input power,Pi=W(in
watts)2.Torque=(S1~ S2) ×R ×9.81
Where , R =Radius of brake drum of motor in meter S1

, S2 = spring balance reading in kg

3. Output Power, Po=2NT Watts

60

4. %Efficiency, = Output power

100
Input power
120f
5. Synchronous speed, NS = (rpm)
P

Where,f=frequency in Hz

P =no. of poles
NS −N
6. %Slip,s= 100
NS
Where ,Ns=synchronous speed in rpm

Nr=speed of the rotor in rpm

PinV
7. Power factor =cos =
L L I
PRECAUTION

1) Before switching on the supply the auto transformer is kept in minimum position.
2) There should be no load while starting the motor.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply at no load condition.
3. Apply the rated voltage to the motor by adjusting autotransformer.
4. The no load readings are taken.
5. Vary the load in suitable step sand note down all the reading still rated current is
reached.
 TABULAR COLUMN :
Observation Tabulation
Spring
Input Power Pi,
Balance
Line Line M.F=
Speed Reading (S1~
S.N Voltage Current
Observed (N) S2)
o. VL IL
Actual S1 S2

V A W W rpm Kg Kg Kg
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

CALCULATION TABULATION:
Power Input
Sl. No. Factor=
Torque
%Slip Power
Output 
N-m Power(W) %
cos Pi (W)
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
MODE CALCULATION
1. Input power= W

2. Torque=(S1 ~S2)×R×9.81 Where ,R=0.11m

= × ×
= Nm
3.Output Power= 2NT
60
=

= Watts

4. % = Output
100
Input
= ×100= %
5. Slip= NS−N
100
NS
120f
N=
S
P
12050
N= =1500
S
4
Slip=

PinV
6. Power factor= cos=
I
L L

=
MODEL GRAPHS:

GRAPHS:
1. Output Power Vs speed
2. Output power Vs Torque
3. Output power Vs Effecting
4. Output power Vs slip
5. Output power Vs Power factor
RESULT
Thus ,the load test on single phase induction motor was performed and
there spective graphs were drawn.

Sl .No. Parameters
1. Maximum efficiency =
2. Maximum slip =

3. Maximum power factor =

4. Maximum torque =

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. A single phase induction motor is not self- starting. Why?

When a single phase supply is connected across a single phase winding, a pulsating
magnetic field is produced .The force experienced by the upper conductors of the
rotor will be down ward and the force experienced by the lower conductors will be
directed upward . The two sets of force will cancel and the rotor will experience no
torque. Hence the rotor will not rotate.

2. How will you change the direction of rotation of a single phase

induction motor?
The direction of rotation of a single phase induction motor can be changed by
changing the direction of current either in the starting winding or in the running
winding.

3. What type of motor is used for ceiling fans?

Permanent magnet capacitor motor is used for ceiling fans.

4. Why single phase induction motor has low power factor?

The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a
verylargeangle.Hencethepowerfactorislowinsinglephaseinductionmotor.

5. Why are centrifugal switches provided on single phase induction motor?

The centrifugal switches are provided on single phase induction motors, because
when the motor is running at 75% of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch
connected in the auxiliary winding operates and disconnect the auxiliary winding
from the supply.

6. What is the function of capacitor in a single phase induction motor?

Capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the motor. Due to the capacitor
connected in series with the auxiliary winding, the capacitive circuit draws a
leading current which increases the split phase angle α between the two current Im
and Ist.

7. What are the classifications of single phase induction motor based on

the method of starting?
a) Split phase motor
b) Capacitor start motor
c) Capacitor start Capacitor run motor
d) Shaded pole motor
8. What are the applications of single phase induction motor?
Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads such as centrifugal pump
,fan and compressor.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXP.NO.:10 DATE:

LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To determine the performance characteristics of 3-phase squirrel cage

induction motor by direct loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Tachometer
5 Autotransformer
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
Induction motor works on the principle of Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
induction. When a three phase supply is given to the three phase stator winding, a
rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude will be produced. The speed of this
rotation magnetic field is synchronous speed Ns r.p.m.
Ns=120f/P
Now at this instant rotor is stationery and stator flux R.M.F. is rotating. So it’s
obvious that there exists a relative motion between the R.M.F. and rotor conductors.
Whenever conductor cuts the flux, e.m.f. gets induced in it. So e.m.f. gets induced in
the rotor conductors called rotor induced e.m.f. As rotor forms closed circuit, induced
e.m.f. circulates current through rotor called rotor current.
Any current carrying conductor produces its own flux. So rotor produces its flux
called rotor flux. This direction can be easily determined using right hand thumb rule.
Now there are two fluxes, one R.M.F. and other rotor flux. Both the fluxes interact
with each. On left of rotor conductor, two fluxes cancel each other to produce low
flux area. As flux lines act as stretched rubber band, high flux density area exerts
a push on rotor conductor towards low flux density area. So rotor conductor
experiences a force.
As all the rotor conductors experience a force, the overall rotor experiences a
torque and starts rotating.
NAME PLATE DETAILS

Capacity of Motor = 3.7KW

Rated Voltage = 415V
Rated Current = 7.5A
Rated Speed = 1430RPM

FUSE RATING CALCULATION

Fuse current = 120% *Rated current

= (120/100)*7.5
= 9.37A
= 10.A

FORMULA USED

1.Torque=(S1~S2) ×9.81 ×R N-m

Where, R =Radius of brake drum of motor in meter
S1,S2= spring balance reading in kg
2. Input Power, (Pi) = (W1+W2) (Watts)

3. Output Power, (Po)= 2NT (Watt)

60

4. %Efficiency = Output
100
Input
120f
5. Synchronous speed, NS = (rpm)
P

Where, f =frequency in Hz
P =no. of poles
NS−N
6. %Slip, s= 100
NS
Where, Ns=synchronous speed in rpm
Nr=speed of the rotor in rpm
Where, R=Radius of brake drum of motor in meter
S1,S2 = spring balance reading in kg
7. Power factor = cos=
PRECAUTION

1. 3-phase autotransformer should be at minimum voltage position.

2. There should be no-load at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply at no load condition.
3. Apply the rated voltage to the motor by adjusting autotransformer.
4. If any Wattmeter shows negative reading then interchange M and L connections.
5. The no load readings are taken.
6. Vary the load in suitable step sand note down all the readings till rated current
is reached.
 TABULAR COLUMN
Observation Tabulation
Input Power
Line Line Spring Balance
Sl. Pi(Watts) Speed (S1~S2)
Voltage Current Reading
No. W1 W2 (N)rpm Kg
VL(V) IL(A)
Obs. Act. Obs. Act. S1Kg S2Kg
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

CALCULATIONTABULATION:

Sl. No.
Power
Factor=
Torque
%Slip
Input Power Output 
N-m Pi(W) Power(W)
cos 

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
MODECALCULATION
1. Torque =(S1~S2) ×9.81 ×R N-m

= × ×
= Nm
2. Input Power=W1+ W2
= + Watts
= Watts
3. Output Power=2NT
60

= Watts

4.% = Output
100
Input
=

NS−N
5. Slip= 100
NS

6. Power factor = cos=

=
MODEL GRAPHS:

GRAPHS:
1. Output Power Vs Efficiency
2. Output Power Vs Torque
3. Output Power Vs Speed
4. Output Power Vs % S
RESULT
Thus, the load test on 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor
was performed and the respective graphs were drawn.

Sl. No. Parameters

1. Maximum efficiency =
2. Maximum slip =

3. Maximum power factor =

4. Maximum torque =

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. What are the fundamental characteristics of ar otating
magnetic field?
The resultant of three alternating fluxes separated from each other by
120 degree has constant amplitude of 1.5 Фm, where Фm is maximum
amplitude of an individual flux due to any phase.
The resultant always keeps on rotating with certain speed in space, and
the speed is given by Ns = 120f / P
2. What are the types of three phase induction motor?
(a). Squirrel cage induction motor (b). Slip ring induction motor
3. Can N=N sin three phase induction motor?
When rotor starts rotating it tries to catch the speed of rotating
magnetic field.
If it catches the speed of rotating magnetic field, the relative motion
between rotor and RMF will vanish. In fact the relative motion is the main
cause for the individual emf in the rotor. So induced emf will vanish and
hence there cannot be rotor current and rotor flux which is essential to
produce the torque on the rotor. Eventually motor will stop. The induction
motor never rotates at synchronous speed.
4. What is the effect of slip on frequency ,induced emf and
power factor?
(a). fr=s f
(b). E2r=s E2
(c). Cos Ф2r=R2/Z2r
5. The squirrel cage rotor is also known as short circuited rotor
.Why?
In squirrel cage rotor, the copper bars are placed in the slots. These bars
are short circuited at each end with the help of conducting copper ring
called end ring. The entire rotor resistance is very small. Hence this rotor
is also called as short circuited rotor.