Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
17 views

CC - Lecture 1-1

Uploaded by

eyihjih
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

CC - Lecture 1-1

Uploaded by

eyihjih
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 52

MATERIAL BALANCE ON

REACTIVE SYSTEMS

Engr. Naneth C. Jacinto-Aguado


Instructor, Chemical and Food Engineering
Material Balance on Reactive System

OVERVIEW: Non-Reactive Systems

➢ MB for single unit


➢ MB for multiple units
➢ MB with recycle, bypass and purge
Material Balance on Reactive System

OVERVIEW: Reactive Systems

➢ Stoichiometry
➢ Generation – Consumption term
➢ No Accumulation in the system
Material Balance on Reactive System

STOICHIOMETRY

“Stoichiometry provides a quantitative


means of relating the amount of products
produced by chemical reactions to the
amount of reactants”
Material Balance on Reactive System

OVERVIEW: Stoichiometry
1. Stoichiometry Coefficient
2. Stoichiometric Ratio
3. Balancing Equations
4. Limiting Reactant
5. Excess Reactant
6. Extent of Reaction, ε
7. %Conversion
8. Selectivity
9. Yield
Material Balance on Reactive System

1. STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENT

“The numbers that precede the chemical


substances involved in the chemical
reaction equations”
Material Balance on Reactive System

1. STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENT
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

Coefficient of Propane: _________


Coefficient of Oxygen: _________
Coefficient of Water: _________
Coefficient of Carbon Dioxide: _________
Material Balance on Reactive System

2. STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO

“The ratio between any stoichiometric


coefficients in a balanced chemical
equation”
Material Balance on Reactive System

2. STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

C3H8 / O2 = ___________
C3H8 / CO2 = __________
O2 / H2O = ____________
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #1: Use of the Chemical Equation to Calculate


the Mass of Reactants Given the Mass of Products

In the combustion of heptane, CO2 is produced. Assume that


you want to produce 500 kg of dry ice per hour, and that 50% of
the CO2 can be converted into dry ice, as shown in the figure.
How many kilograms of heptane must be burned per hour?
Use a basis of 500 kg dry ice (equivalent to 1 hr)
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #1: Use of the Chemical Equation to Calculate


the Mass of Reactants Given the Mass of Products
Material Balance on Reactive System

3. BALANCING EQUATIONS

“A balanced chemical equation occurs


when the number of the different atoms
of elements in the reactant side is equal to
that of the products side”
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ SEATWORK #1: Balance the chemical


equations
1. __C3H8 + __ O2 = __ CO2 + __ H2O
2. __Na2O + __ H2O = __ NaOH
3. __NaOH + __ H2SO4 = __ Na2SO4 + __ H2O
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ SEATWORK #1: Balance the COMBUSTION


equations

4. __H2 + __ O2 = __ H2O
5. __C + __ O2 = __ CO2
6. __CH4 + __ O2 = __ CO2 + __ H2O
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ SEATWORK #1: Balance the COMBUSTION


equations

7. __C8H18 + __ O2 = __ CO2 + __ H2O


8. __C2H6 + __ O2 = __ CO2 + __ H2O
Material Balance on Reactive System

4. LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS


Limiting Reactant
“The species in a chemical reaction that would
theoretically run out first if the reaction were to proceed
to completion according to the chemical equation and it
has smallest maximum extent of reaction”
Material Balance on Reactive System

4. LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS


Excess Reactant
“The reactant that is present in excess amount over the
stoichiometric requirement equivalent to that of the
limiting reactant and it has highest maximum extent of
reaction that of the limiting reactant”
Material Balance on Reactive System

4. LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS


Material Balance on Reactive System

4. LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANTS


Excess Reactant
Percent Excess
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #2:

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with phosphoric acid


(H3PO4) to form sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and water
(H2O) by the reaction:

3NaOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → Na3PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l)


Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #2:
If 35.60 grams of NaOH is reacted with 30.80 grams of
H3PO4,

a. How many grams of Na3PO4 are formed?


b. What is the limiting reactant?
c. How many grams of the excess reactant remains
when the reaction is complete?
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ SEATWORK #2:

A 2.00 grams sample of ammonia is mixed with 4.00


grams of oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant and
how much excess reactant remains after the reaction
has stopped?
Material Balance on Reactive System

6. EXTENT OF REACTION (ξ )
“The extent of reaction is calculated by
dividing the change in the number of moles
of a species that occurs in a reaction, for
either a reactant or a product, by the related
stoichiometric coefficient”
Material Balance on Reactive System

6. EXTENT OF REACTION (ξ )
Material Balance on Reactive System

6. EXTENT OF REACTION (ξ )
NOTE:

The products of the reaction have positive signs and the


reactants have negative signs
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #4:
If 20 moles of CO are fed to a reactor with 10 moles of
O2 and form 15 moles of CO2 , calculate the extent of
reaction based on CO2?

2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #5:
Determine the extent of reaction for the following
chemical reaction:
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Given the following analysis of feed and product:
Material Balance on Reactive System

7. CONVERSION AND DEGREE OF COMPLETION

Degree of Completion

“The fraction of the limiting reactant that is actually


reacted and converted into products”
Material Balance on Reactive System

7. CONVERSION AND DEGREE OF COMPLETION

Degree of Completion
Material Balance on Reactive System

7. CONVERSION AND DEGREE OF COMPLETION

Conversion

“The fraction of the feed or some key material in the


feed actually reacted and converted into products”
Material Balance on Reactive System

7. CONVERSION AND DEGREE OF COMPLETION


Conversion

NOTE:
• The amount actually reacted is computed from the amount of product that is produced from the reaction
• % conversion is dimensionless
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #6:
For the reaction: C7H16 + 11O2 → 7CO2 + 8H 2O

If 14.4 kg of CO2 are formed in the reaction of 10 kg of


C7H16, what is the percent of conversion of the C7H16 to
convert to CO2?
Material Balance on Reactive System

8. SELECTIVITY
“The ratio of the moles
of a particular (usually the
desired) product to the
moles of another (usually
undesired or by-product)
product produced in a set of
reactions”
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #7
Methanol can be converted into ethylene (C2H4) or
propylene (C3H6) by reactions:

2CH3OH → C2H4 + 2H 2O desired product (economical)


3CH3OH → C3H6+ 3H 2O by-product

What is the selectivity of C2H4 relative to the C3H6 at


80% conversion of the CH3OH ?
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #7:
Material Balance on Reactive System

9. YIELD
“The amount of product obtained in a chemical
reaction ”
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ SEATWORK #3:

32 grams of (C2H6) is placed in a container with 39


grams of oxygen gas. 28 grams of CO2 are collected at
the end of the reaction. Calculate the percent yield.
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ SEATWORK #4:
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ SEATWORK #4:
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ SEATWORK #4:
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ Material Balance With Chemical


Reactions
Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE #8: Material Balance With Chemical Reactions


Ethylene dibromide is produced by the liquid phase
bromination of ethylene. Ethylene and bromine are fed in
equimolar units into a vessel where they are reacted at 35 to 85
degrees Celsius and atmospheric pressure. The reaction
involved:

CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → BrCH2CH2Br


Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE: Material Balance With Chemical Reactions


For every 1000 kg of ethylene dibromide product, 860 kg of
bromine is used. Two – thirds of the ethylene dibromide liquid
from the stripper is recycled to be used as the solvent in the
reactor. Another reaction that occur is

Br2CH2CH2Br + Br2 → BrCH2CHBr2 + HBr


Material Balance on Reactive System

❖ EXAMPLE: Material Balance With Chemical Reactions

What is the yield on the ethylene? The yield on the bromine?


What is the composition of the liquid that goes out of the main
reactor?
Quote of the day
“If you don’t like
something, change it. If
you can’t change it,
change your attitude.”

-Maya Angelou-

You might also like