Science, Technology and Society (STS) Transportation –is significant during that time

because people were trying to go places and

 Science – systematic study of knowledge
discover new horizons. People travelled to search
based on careful observations and
for food and find better place locations for their
experimentation.
settlements. They also travelled to surplus their
goods in exchange for things that they lacked.
1. Social Science – is the study of people, culture
Navigation – assisted them in their journeys to
and society.
unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It allowed
them to return home after they discovered new
2. Natural Science – seeks to understand the places or completed an important trade with
natural world. another group of people.

 Pure Science - Gain Knowledge. Communication – was also essential in their

endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They
1. Biological Science – living things. needed a way to communicate with the natives of
2. Physical Science –non-living things. the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and
prevent possible conflicts.

 Applied Science – solve a particular Safety and Protection – weapons and armors were
problem. important as well in the discovery of new places or
the establishment of new alliances with other tribes.
At that time, there was always a risk of conflict when
T – Transportation and Navigation people met others with different culture and

C – Communication orientations. Conflicts were common especially if

different groups struggled to control vital resources.
S – Security and Protection Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so
they could take much need resources. As such, the
H – Health
development of weapons and armors for security
A – Architecture and Engineering and protection was considered a major
achievement.
M – Mass Production
Health – is the conservation of life. The early people
A – Aesthetic might have been successful in harnessing the rich
resources that the world could provide, but their
R – Record Keeping
survival posed a great problem. Different illnesses
and diseases, both natural and man-made,
hampered the full potential of a human being.
Technology Given predicament, science and technology, played
a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the
 Came from the Greek word “techne”.
prevention of illnesses.
 Application of everyday life.
Architecture – the development in engineering
also ushered in the introduction of architecture.
Others might see architectures as a mere style, but
during the ancient times, elaborate architectural
designs were signs of technological advancement of Ancient Times
a particular civilization. In the generations to come,
Major Technological Advancement
nations of how advanced their technology is. It may
also establish the identity of a nation.
 Sumerians – cooperative, developed many
things connected with Science and
Engineering – Moreover, in order to integrate their
Technology.
needs – for better transportation, establishment of
structures for protection from human attacks and
natural disasters, and construction of bigger and  Babylonians – Great builders, engineers and
stronger infrastructures – people offered into what architects.
is known as the field of Engineering. The
development in this field allowed humans to build
 Egyptians – Infrastructures, engineering
structures that would address their specific needs
technology.
and wants. Some of the structures built during the
ancient times still exist today and continually awe
people.
Sumerians’ Contributions:
Mass Production – increase in the size and number
of nations connoted increased demand for food Sumerian Civilization
and other basic necessities. This condition also
implied that people must be able to produce food C – Cuneiform
at a given time and space since resources were
U – Uruk City
getting unusual as more people struggled to share
basic necessities. The people need a form of T – The Great Ziggurat of Ur
technology that would enable them to increase
food supplies and other survival needs without I – Irrigation and Dikes
travelling more or working harder.
S – Sailboats
Aesthetic – The people were not contented on
W – Wheel
beautifying only the infrastructures and
surroundings, being able to prolong life technology, R – Roads
as well as raise the quality of life by making
complicated and difficult tasks easier, humans later
on developed aesthetic to make people look more
Cuneiform
visually presentable and appealing by adding some
features and decorations in their body. - First writing system.
- Word pictures and triangular symbols.
Record Keeping – was also important since they
- Carved clay using wedge instruments and then
needed to remember the places they had been to
left to dry.
and document the trade they made with each other.
It was also vital to keep records of their history and
culture so they could establish their identities as Uruk City
they tried to relate with other cultures and
- First true City in the world.
civilizations.
- Built using mud or clay on the river mixed with
sun-baked bricks.
- They used bricks to make houses that protected Roads
them from the harsh weather. - In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the
- Prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders Sumerians developed the first roads using sun-
from entering. baked bricks.

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

Babylonians’ Contributions:
- Also called “The Mountain of God,” was built in
the same manner that they constructed the City Babylonian Civilization
of Uruk.
H – Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Irrigation and Dikes

Hanging Gardens of Babylon
- As population increased, so did the demand for
- One of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
food.
- Made up of layers of plants, trees and vines.
- They created dikes and irrigation canals to bring
- Its exact location is unknown. Many said that it
water to farmlands and at the same time
was just a product of the creative imagination. If
control the flooding of the rivers.
it really existed, it must have been destroyed by
- Dikes and canals were able to enjoy year-long
war, erosion, or an earthquake and considered
farming and harvesting, which increase food
as one of the greatest engineering and
production.
architectural achievement of the world that is
almost impossible to replicate.
Sailboats

- Wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of

transportation was to waterways such as rivers
and seas. Egyptians’ Contributions:
- They needed a mode of transportation that did
not require much human resources. Egyptian Civilization
- Sailboats were essential in transportation and
P – Paper / Papyrus
trading as well as in fostering.
W – Wig
Wheel
W – Water Clock / Clepsydra
- The first wheels were not made for
H – Hieroglyphics
transportation but for farm work and food
processes. I – Ink
- With the use of wheel and axle, mass
production was made easier. Farmers were able C – Cosmetics
to mill grains with less effort in less time.
Paper of Papyrus Wig

- Egypt was not the first to develop system of - During the ancient Egyptian times, wigs were
writing; they were able to make writing easier worn for health and wellness rather than for
for the world. Clay tablets were used. However, aesthetic purposes.
safe-keeping and transporting them were a - The wigs were used to protect the shaved
major problem. heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the
- Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly in harmful rays of the sun.
Egypt. This invention was a major - Prevent accumulation of head lice, and it
accomplishment in Egyptian record-keeping allows heat to escape rather than scarf.
and communications. Therefore, it was easier to
keep them away from raiders who often
Water Clock / Clepsydra
destroyed records of the nations they invaded.
- Utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water

Ink from one vessel to the other. The amount of

water remaining in the device determines
- When the Egyptians invented the papyrus or how much time has elapsed since it is full. In
the paper, engraving concluded to be used in the process, time is measured.
writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented ink
by combining soot with different chemicals to
produce inks of different colors.

Hieroglyphics

- The Egyptians also developed a system of

writing using symbols, known as hieroglyphics.
- They believed that this writing system was
provided to them by their gods.
- It was the language that tells the modern world
of the history and culture of the ancient
Egyptians.

Cosmetics

- The Egyptians also invented the use of

cosmetics.
- Their functions in ancient Egypt were for both
health and aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore
Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure
eye disease.