INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS

A collection of computers or devices interconnected with each other for sharing information and
resources is called a computer network
Types of network: LAN, MAN, WAN
Based on the geographical area covered and data transfer rate, computer networks are broadly
categorised as:
• LAN (Local Area Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)

LAN MAN WAN

Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network

area covered by a LAN : an extended form of LAN connects computers and

a single room/a floor/ an which covers a larger others LANs and MANs,
office /laboratory/a school/ geographical area like a city spread across different
college, university or a town (30-40km) geographical locations of a
campus(usually extended up country or in different
to 1 km) countries or continents
Different branches of an
The connectivity is done by Cable TV network or cable office in different
means of wires, Ethernet based broadband internet locations,Internet are all
cables, fibre optics, or Wi- services are examples of examples of WAN
Fi. MAN

LAN is comparatively secure, data transfer rate will be high(10Mbps-1000Mbps)

Network Devices
Devices that are used to connect computers and other electronic devices to a network are
called network devices
Hub:
A hub is a device that is used for connecting multiple computers to a form a network.
When it receives any message, it will broadcast the same to every device connected to it.
Switch
A Switch is device that is used for connecting multiple computers to a form a network.
When it receives any message, it will forward the same to only the correct destination node.
Therefore, it is also called as intelligent hub.
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Modem : ‘MOdulator DEMolulator’.
Modem is a device used for conversion between analog signals and digital Signals.
Computer store data in digital format but while transmitting data is in analog form.
Modulation is the process of converting digital signals to analog signals
Demodulation is the process of converting analog signals to digital signals
Modem performs both modulation and demodulation as shown in the diagram below

Repeater
Signals lose their strength when they travel long distance. Repeater is a device used to increase the
power of a signal and retransmits it, allowing it to travel further.

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Router
It is a networking device that interconnects different networks. The simplest function of a router is
to receive packets from one network and pass them to second connected network.
A router can be wired or wireless. A wireless router can provide Wi-Fi access to smartphones and
other devices.

Gateway
It is a device that is used for the communication among the networks which have a different set of
protocols.( for connecting dissimilar networks). It acts as a protocol converter.

Network Topologies
The arrangement of computers and other peripherals in a network is called its topology. Common
network topologies are mesh, bus, star and tree.

Star Topology
In star topology, each communicating device is connected to a central node, which is a networking
device like a hub or a switch, as shown in Figure.
Advantages:
• very effective, efficient and fast as each device is
directly connected with the central device
• disturbance in one device will not affect the rest
of the network
• fault detection is easier
Disadvantages:
• Any failure in the central networking device may
lead to the failure of complete network

Bus Topology
In bus topology each device connects to a central backbone known as bus.
Data sent from a node are passed on to the bus and can be received by any of the nodes connected
to the bus

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Advantages:
• Single backbone cable makes it
cheaper and easy to maintain
• Easy to add new nodes
Disadvantages:
• less secure and less reliable.
• Fault detection is difficult

Mesh Topology
Each device is connected with every other device in the network in as shown in Figure
Advantages:
• can handle large amounts of traffic
simultaneously
• are more reliable, even if a node gets down, it
does not cause any break in the transmission
of data between other nodes
• Secured
Disadvantages:
• More cables are required
• Complex network

Tree Topology

Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and star topology.There are
multiple branches and each branch can have one or more basic topologies like star, ring and
bus

Advantages:

• Expansion of Network is possible and easy.

• If one segment is damaged, other segments are not
affected.
Disadvantages:

• maintenance becomes difficult

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Introduction to Internet
The Internet is the global network of computing devices including desktop, laptop, servers, tablets,
mobile phones etc.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is an ocean of information, stored in the form of many interlinked
web pages and web resources.
URL
URL is Uniform Resource Locator and provides the location and mechanism (protocol) to access
the resource located on the web. Examples of URL are: https://www.mhrd.gov. in,
http://www.ncert.nic.in
URL is also called a web address.

HTML
HTML — HyperText Markup Language is a language which is used to design standardised Web
Pages It uses tags to define the way page content should be displayed by the web browser.
HTTP
HTTP is a protocol (set of rules) used when transmitting files (data) over theworld wide web

Applications of Internet- email, Chat, VoIP

e-mail (electronic mail)
• It is one of the ways of sending and receiving message(s) using the Internet.
• can be sent anytime to any number of recipients anywhere at any time
• can be either or an attached file (text, image audio, video, etc.)
• Some of the popular email service providers are Google (Gmail), Yahoo (yahoo mail),
Microsoft (outlook)
Chat
• Chatting or Instant Messaging (IM) over the Internet means communicating to people at
different geographic locations in real time
• It is possible to send text, image, document, audio, video through instant messengers
• Applications such as WhatsApp, Skype, Yahoo Messenger, Google Talk, Facebook
Messenger, Google Hangout, etc., are examples of instant messengers
VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP, allows us to have voice call over the Internet. It is also
known as Internet Telephony .

Website
• A website (usually referred to as a site in short) is a collection of web pages related through
hyperlinks, and saved on a web server.
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 • A website’s purpose is to make the information available to people at large

Webpage
• A web page (also referred to as a page) is a document on the WWW that is viewed in a web
browser.
• Basic structure of a web page is created using HTML (HyperText Markup Language) and
CSS (Cascaded Style Sheet).
• A web page is usually a part of a website and may contain information in different forms,
such as text , images , audio , video and other interactive contents
Static and Dynamic Web Pages
Static Web Pages Dynamic Web Pages
content always remains same, i.e., does not content of the web page can be different for
change for person to person. different users.

generally written in HTML, JavaScript can be created using various languages such
and/or CSS and have the extension .htm or as JavaScript, PHP, ASP.NET, Python,
.html. Java, Ruby, etc

Less time to load more complex and thus takes more time to
load

Web Server
A web server is used to store and deliver the contents of a website to clients that request it.

Web Hosting
Web hosting is a service that allows us to put a website or a web page onto the Internet, and make
it a part of the World Wide Web

Web Browser
A browser is a software application that helps us to view the web page(s). Some of the commonly
used web browsers are Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc. A web
browser essentially displays the HTML documents which may include text, images, audio, video
and hyperlinks that help to navigate from one web page to another

Add-ons and plug-ins

Add-ons and plug-ins are the tools that help to extend and modify the functionality of the browser.
A plug-in is a complete program or may be a third-party software installed on a computer.
It can be used by browser as well as other applications. Example: Flash,Java
An add-on(extension) is not a complete program. It is used to add only a particular functionality to
the browser. Adding the functionality of a sound and graphics card is an example of an add-on

Cookies
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Cookies are small pieces of data stored in text files that are saved on your computer when websites
are loaded in a browser.
It helps in customising the information that will be displayed, for example the choice of language
for browsing, allowing the user to auto login, remembering the shopping preference, displaying
advertisements of one’s interest, etc.
Cookies are usually harmless. Cookies can be disabled by changing the Privacy and Security
settings of our browser.

Worksheet for L1 Achievers

1. What’s a web browser ?
a) A kind of spider
b) A computer that store www files
c) A person who likes to look at websites
d) A software program that allows you to access sites on the world wide web
Ans. d
2. A _____ is a document commonly written and is accessible through the internet or other
network using a browser?
a) Accounts
b) Data
c) Web page
d) Search engine

Ans. c
3. Which of the following is used to read HTML code and to render Webpage?
a) Web Server
b) Web Browser
c) Web Matrix
d) Weboni
Ans. b
4. A free open source software version of Netscape was the developed called.
a) Opera Mini
b) IE
c) Google Chrome
d) Mozilla
Ans. d
5. Which of the following is considered as latest browser?
a) Mosaic
b) Google Chrome
c) IE
d) Mozilla Firefox
Ans. b
6. The first widely used web browser was ______.
a) Mozilla
b) World Wide Web
c) NCSA Mosaic
d) heman
Ans. c
7. Name the first popular web browser is
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a) IBM browser
b) Google chorme
c) Mozilla Firefox
d) MOSAIC
Ans. d
8 .Simple plain HTML is used to create following type of website
a) Completely Dynamic Website
b) None of these
c) Completely Flash Website
d) Completely Static Website
Ans. d
9. What is the name of the browser developed and released by Google?
a) Chrome
b) GooglyGoogle
c) Heetson
d) Titanium
Ans. a
10. Which of the following are alternative names for mobile browsers?
a) microbrowser
b) wireless internet browser
c) minibrowser
d) All of these
Ans. d

11. The open source software version of netscape is ______

a) Chrome
b) Mozilla
c) internet Explorer
d) Erwise
Ans. b
12. Which of the following is an Indian Web Browser ?
a) Google Chrome
b) Safari
c) Epic
d) IE
Ans. c
13. Which of the following is a Web Browser ?
a) MS-OFFICE
b) Notepad
c) Firefox
d) Word 2007
Ans. c
14. Which of the following browser has high speed browsing capacity ?
a) Chrome
b) Opera
c) UC browser
d) Lynx

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Ans. b
15. A free open source software version of Netscape was the developed called
a) Opera Mini
b) IE
c) Google Chrome
d) Mozilla
Ans. d
16 Static Websites are generally designed using
a) Eclipse
b) Netbeans
c) Visual C++ Studio
d) Dreamviewer
Ans. d
17. Student A used combination of PHP,MySQL and HTML for his project. What is the
type of website developed by Student A ?
a) Static
b) Flash
a) Dynamic
b) None of these
Ans b

Worksheet for L2 Achievers

1. What’s a web browser ?
a) A kind of spider
b) A computer that store www files
c) A person who likes to look at websites
d) A software program that allows you to access sites on the world wide web
Ans. d
2. A _____ is a document commonly written and is accessible through the internet or other
network using a browser?
a) Accounts
b) Data
c) Web page
d) Search engine
Ans. c
3. Which of the following is used to read HTML code and to render Webpage?
a) Web Server
b) Web Browser
c) Web Matrix
d) Weboni
Ans. b
4. A free open source software version of Netscape was the developed called.
a) Opera Mini
b) IE
c) Google Chrome
d) Mozilla

Ans. d

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5 Internal name for the old Netscape browser was _____.
a) Mozilla
b) Google Chrome
c) Opera Mini
d) IE
Ans. a
6. Which of the following is considered as latest browser?
a) Mosaic
b) Google Chrome
c) IE
d) Mozilla Firefox
Ans. b
7. The first widely used web browser was ______.
a) Mozilla
b) WorldWideWeb
c) NCSA Mosaic
d) heman
Ans. c
8. Name the first popular web browser is
a) IBM browser
b) Google chorme
c) Mozilla Firefox
d) MOSAIC
Ans. d
9.Simple plain HTML is used to create following type of website
a) Completely Dynamic Website
b) None of these
c) Completely Flash Website
d) Completely Static Website
Ans. d
10. Which of these rendering engine is used by Chrome web browser?
a) Gecko
b) Blink
c) Quantum
d) Heetsoni
Ans. b
11. Which of the following is the oldest web browser still in general use?
a) Lynx
b) Safari
c) Internet Explorer
d) Navigator

Ans. a

12. Which of the following browsers were/are available for the Macintosh?
a) Opera
b) Safari
c) Netscape
d) All of these

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Ans. d
13. What is the name of the browser developed and released by Google?
a) Chrome
b) GooglyGoogle
c) Heetson
d) Titanium
Ans. a
14. Which of the following are alternative names for mobile browsers?
a) micro browser
b) wireless internet browser
c) mini browser
d) All of these
Ans. d
15. Some web browsers are intended for specific audiences. What is the target group of the
ZAC Browser?
a) disgruntled postal workers
b) autistic children
c) hardcore gamers
d) librarians
Ans. b
16. The open source software version of netscape is ______
a) Chrome
b) Mozilla
c) internet Explorer
d) Erwise
Ans. b
17. Which of the following is an Indian Web Browser ?
a) Google Chrome
b) Safari
c) Epic
d) IE
Ans. c
18. Which of the following is a Web Browser ?
a) MS-OFFICE
b) Notepad
c) Firefox
d) Word 2007
Ans. c
19. Which of the following browser has high speed browsing capacity ?
a) Chrome
b) Opera
c) UC browser
d) Lynx
Ans. b
20. A free open source software version of Netscape was the developed called
a) Opera Mini
b) IE
c) Google Chrome
d) Mozilla

95
Ans. d
21. Internal name for the old Netscape browser was _____.
a) Mozilla
b) Google Chrome
c) Opera Mini
d) IE
Ans. a
22. Which of these tech company owns Firefox web browser?
a) Lenovo
b) IBM
c) Apple
d) Mozilla
Ans. d
23. Which of the following browsers were/are available for the Macintosh?
a) Opera
b) Safari
c) Netscape
d) All of these
Ans. d
24. What is the name of the browser developed and released by Google?
a) Chrome
b) Googly Google
c) Heetson
d) Titanium
Ans. a
25 Static Websites are generally designed using
a) Eclipse
b) Netbeans
c) Visual C++ Studio
d) Dreamviewer
Ans. d
Worksheet for L3 Achievers
1. What’s a web browser ?
a) A kind of spider
b) A computer that store www files
c) A person who likes to look at websites
d) A software program that allows you to access sites on the world wide web
Ans. d

2. A _____ is a document commonly written and is accessible through the internet or other
network using a browser?
a) Accounts
b) Data
c) Web page
d) Search engine
Ans. c
3. Which of the following is used to read HTML code and to render Webpage?
a) Web Server
b) Web Browser
96
c) Web Matrix
d) Weboni
Ans. b
4. First Web Browser was created in _______.
a) 1991
b) 1992
c) 1993
d) 1990
Ans. d
5. First web browser was created by _______.
a) Tim Berners lee
b) Mozilla Foundation
c) Marc Andreessen
d) Jacobs
Ans. a
6. A free open source software version of Netscape was the developed called.
a) Opera Mini
b) IE
c) Google Chrome
d) Mozilla
Ans. d
7 Internal name for the old Netscape browser was _____.
a) Mozilla
b) Google Chrome
c) Opera Mini
d) IE
Ans. a
8. Which of the following is considered as latest browser?
a) Mosaic
b) Google Chrome
c) IE
d) Mozilla Firefox
Ans. b
9. The first widely used web browser was ______.
a) Mozilla
b) WorldWideWeb
c) NCSA Mosaic
d) heman
Ans. C
10. Name the first popular web browser is
a) IBM browser
b) Google chorme
c) Mozilla Firefox
d) MOSAIC
Ans. d
11.Simple plain HTML is used to create following type of website
a)Completely Dynamic Website
b)None of these
c)Completely Flash Website

97
d)Completely Static Website
Ans. d
12. Which of the following was the first web browser to handle all HTML 3 features?
a) Cello
b) Erwise
c) UdiWWW
d) Mosaic
Ans. c
13. Which of these rendering engine is used by Chrome web browser?
a) Gecko
b) Blink
c) Quantum
d) Heetsoni
Ans. b
14. Which of the following is the oldest web browser still in general use?
a) Lynx
b) Safari
c) Internet Explorer
d) Navigator
Ans. a
15. When was Chrome web browser launched ?
a) 2002
b) 2003
c) 2004
d) 2008
Ans. d
16. Which of these tech company owns Firefox web browser?
a) Lenovo
b) IBM
c) Apple
d) Mozilla
Ans. d
17. Which of the following browsers were/are available for the Macintosh?
a) Opera
b) Safari
c) Netscape
d) All of these

Ans. d
18. What is the name of the browser developed and released by Google?
a) Chrome
b) GooglyGoogle
c) Heetson
d) Titanium
Ans. a
19. Which of the following are alternative names for mobile browsers?
a) microbrowser
b) wireless internet browser
c) minibrowser

98
d) All of these
Ans. d
20. Apple, Inc. joined the “browser wars” by developing its own browser. What is the name of
this browser?
a) Opera
b) NetSurf
c) Internet Explorer
d) Safari
Ans. d
21. Some web browsers are intended for specific audiences. What is the target group of the
ZAC Browser?
a) disgruntled postal workers
b) autistic children
c) hardcore gamers
d) librarians
Ans. b
22. Nexus is first graphical web browser.
a) True
b) False
Ans. b
23. The open source software version of netscape is ______
a) Chrome
b) Mozilla
c) internet Explorer
d) Erwise
Ans. b
24. Which of the following is an Indian Web Browser ?
a) Google Chrome
b) Safari
c) Epic
d) IE
Ans. c
25. Which of the following is a Web Browser ?
a) MS-OFFICE
b) Notepad
c) Firefox
d) Word 2007
Ans. c
27. Which of the following browser has high speed browsing capacity ?
a) Chrome
b) Opera
c) UC browser
d) Lynx
Ans. b
28. A free open source software version of Netscape was the developed called
a) Opera Mini
b) IE
c) Google Chrome
d) Mozilla

99
Ans. d
29. Internal name for the old Netscape browser was _____.
a) Mozilla
b) Google Chrome
c) Opera Mini
d) IE
Ans. a
30. Which of these tech company owns Firefox web browser?
a) Lenovo
b) IBM
c) Apple
d) Mozilla
Ans. d
31. Which of the following browsers were/are available for the Macintosh?
a) Opera
b) Safari
c) Netscape
d) All of these
Ans. d
32. What is the name of the browser developed and released by Google?
a) Chrome
b) GooglyGoogle
c) Heetson
d) Titanium
Ans. a
33. Which of the following are alternative names for mobile browsers?
a) microbrowser
b) wireless internet browser
c) minibrowser
d) All of these
Ans. d
34. Apple, Inc. joined the “browser wars” by developing its own browser. What is the name of
this browser?
a) Opera
b) NetSurf
c) Internet Explorer
d) Safari
Ans. d
35. Some web browsers are intended for specific audiences. What is the target group of the
ZAC Browser?
a) disgruntled postal workers
b) autistic children
c) hardcore gamers
d) librarians

Ans. b

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