The Development of Quantum Optics &

Quantum Information

LOGO
Tesfaye G/Mariam (PhD.)
Arba Minch University, Ethiopia
tesfaye.gebremariam@amu.edu.et
 The Development of Quantum Optics &
Quantum Information

Tesfaye G/Mariam Tesfahannes (PhD.)

Department of Physics Quantum Optics and Information
Arba Minch University, Ethiopia
tesfaye.gebremariam@amu.edu.et
Outline

Introduction
First Quantum Revolution View

Second Quantum Revolution: QIP

Optomechanical Systems

Future Research Direction

 Part-I: Presentation !

Introduce on the basic theory of

Classical Mechanics and devt. of
quantum physics….
 Introduction
 Classical Mechanics was used to predict the dynamics of material bodies, and Maxwell’s
electromagnetism provided the proper framework to study Radiation. Thus, matter &
Radiation were described in terms of Particles and Waves, respectively.

 However, at the turn of the twentieth century the classical physics, which had been quite
unassailable, was seriously challenged on two major fronts:

I. Relativistic domain: Einstein’s 1905 theory of relativity showed that the validity of
Newtonian mechanics ceases at very high speeds (i.e., at speeds comparable to that of light).

II. Microscopic domain: As soon as new experimental techniques were developed to the
point of probing atomic and subatomic structures, it turned out that classical physics fails
miserably in providing the proper explanation for several newly discovered phenomena.
The failure of classical physics was to explain several
Microscopic Phenomena;

Blackbody Radiation

Photoelectric Effect

Atomic Stability

Atomic Spectroscopy
-----------------
• All matter (particles) has wave-like properties
– so-called particle-wave duality
• Particle-waves are described in a probabilistic manner
– electron doesn’t expert around the nucleus, it has a probability distribution
describing where it might be found
– allows for seemingly impossible “quantum tunneling”
• Some properties come in dual packages: can’t know both simultaneously to
arbitrary precision
– called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
– position/momentum and energy/time are example pairs
• The act of “measurement” fundamentally alters the system
– called entanglement: information exchange alters a particle’s state
 Theories of break through due to Planck, Einstein, Bohr, and Compton—gave both the
theoretical foundations as well as experimental confirmation for the particle aspect of
waves….material particles themselves display wave-like behavior.

 Such theory had put an end to twenty five years (1900–1925) of patchwork which was
dominated by the ideas of Planck and Bohr and which later became known as the old
Quantum Theory.

 Historically, there were two independent formulations of quantum mechanics.

The first formulation, called Matrix Mechanics, was developed by Heisenberg (1925) to
describe atomic structure starting from the observed spectral lines.

 The second formulation, called Wave Mechanics, was due to Schrödinger (1926); it is a
generalization of the de Broglie postulate. This method, more intuitive than matrix
mechanics, describes the dynamics of microscopic matter by means of a wave equation,
called the Schrödinger Equation
Quantum Mechanics: A 20th century revolution in physics:

• Why doesn’t the electron collapse onto the nucleus of an atom?

• Why are there thermodynamic anomalies in materials at low temperature?
• Why is light emitted at discrete colors?
•....

Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961)

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)

The First Quantum Revolution

Observation and Macroscopic Manifestation Of Quantum Principles
Most of 20th Century Quantum Physics concerned with;
• Wave mechanics

• Quantized energy ˆ [  ]
H [  ]  i
t
• Low temperature phenomena
e.g., Super fluidity, BEC

• Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)

e.g., magnetism of the electron:
ge = 2.00231930439 (agrees w/ theory to 12 digits)

• Nuclear physics

• Particle physics
“Things should be made as simple as
possible, but not any simpler.”
What I do…

Unravel the mysteries

of the universe…

Quantum Optics

??? Light
 In 2012 award, France (Serge Haroche) with the US (David Wineland) Award on
the grounds that;
“ discover breaking experimental method
to measure and manipulate individual
quantum systems"

 （6th the Nobel Prize for Physics in

quantum optics).
Serge Haroche David Wineland
 Provide a channel for realization of quantum information
 Quantum optics is the subject that deals with optical phenomena that can be
explained by treating light as a stream of photons rather than as electromagnetic
waves

 In principle, the subject is as old as quantum theory itself, but in practice, it is a

relatively new one, and has really only come to the fore during the last quarter of
the twentieth century.
1905: Einstein made a ‘quantum leap’
and proposed that light was really
made of particles with tiny energy
given by
E = h f = h c/l

6.6 x 10-34J-s wavelength

frequency
Example: “Counting photons”
How do we reconcile this notion that light comes in ‘ packets ’ with our view of an
electromagnetic wave, e.g., from a laser??

Visible light

Partially transmitting
Power input mirror

How many photons per second are emitted from a 1-mW laser (l=635nm)?

hc 1240eV-nm
E photon    2eV
l 635 nm
Power output: P = (# photons/sec) x Ephoton

P 103 J 1eV 1photon 15 1

(# photons/sec)      3.1 10 s
E photon s 1.6 10 J 2eV
-19
 1 mW red laser
3 x 1015 photons/sec =

3,000,000,000,000,000/sec

This is an incredibly huge number – your eye basically cannot resolve

this many individual photons (though the rods can detect single
photons!). And you MAY be able to see just one photon!!
 Formation of Optical Images
l For large light intensities, image formation
by an optical system can be described by
classical optics.

l However, for very low light intensities, one can see the
statistical and random nature of image formation.
l Use an extremely sensitive CCD camera that can detect single photons.
A. Rose, J. Opt. Sci. Am. 43, 715 (1953)
CCD amera

Exposure time
But how do we *know* there’s
only ONE photon…
A beamsplitter…

“1” Photon only detected in one output.

Equally likely to be transmitted or
“0” reflected – cannot tell which.
“The important thing is
not to stop questioning.”
-A. Einstein
Qu. WHY was Einstein’s 1905
proposal that light was made of
particles such a profound leap
that almost no one believed him?
Because everyone KNEW that light
was really waves.

One of the strangest features of QM:

all particles can behave like waves…
Interference of waves (e.g.,
water, sound, …)
Superposition (adding together) of waves

Waves add up: Waves cancel:

“Constructive interference” “Destructive interference”
 Light: Particle or Wave?
1675: Newton “proved” the light was made of
“corpuscles”
1818: French Academy science contest
Fresnel proposed interference of light.
l Judge Poisson knew light was made of particles:
“Fresnel’s ideas ridiculous” If Fresnel ideas were
correct, one would see a bright spot in the middle
of the shadow of a disk.
Judge Arago decided to
actually do the experiment…

Conclusion (at the time): Light

must be a wave, since
particles don’t interfere!

Only, now we know

that they must!
 Single-Photon Interference:
l Question: what if we reduce the source
intensity so that at most one particle
(photon) is in the apparatus at a time?

Exposure time
?

Photons

l Answer: Just like in the “optical

image formation”, given enough time,
the classical interference pattern will
gradually build up from a huge # of
seemingly random “events”!
Part-II: Presentation !
 The current research topics, and
applications of quantum optics
and Optomechanics…. QIP
The Second Quantum Revolution
 A New Science!
Quantum
Information
Mechanics Science
20th Century

Quantum Information Science

21st Century
 Quantum Information Processing .
 QIP: is the transfer and process of a given amount of information using quantum systems as
carriers of information

 Quantum entanglement is the currency within the world of quantum information science

 Essentially various quantum-mechanical phenomena such:

Results in Physics 7 (2017) 3773–3777

 Quantum Communication  Quantum Teleportation  Quantum Computation

 Cont.

 QIP presents many charming properties, since it employs quantum coherence

Quantum Internet
Quantum Networks

Nature 453, 1023 -1030 (2008)

 This requires new scientific capabilities for the generation and characterization of quantum
coherence and entanglement.
 Roadmap on Integrated Quantum Photonics
 Key milestones in integrated quantum photonics in the past decade to 2020

 Beginning two-photon interference and fundamental quantum gates prior to 2008 to

probabilistic quantum light sources on a single chip in 2020.
Journal of Physics: Photonics (2021)
 Expt: the Quantum Processor
Quantum Computing
Encoded the information in the spatial position and the polarization of particular photon
states

Artist’s impression of an ion-trap quantum computing Higher gate fidelities

laboratory
Need ~ 99.99%!!
Figure from E. Knill, Nature 463 441-443 (2010)
 Lab for Quantum Processor
ions live here

the optics forest

@ Lab of ICTP, Italy (2020)

 Cont

 Today, quantum scientists and engineers are facing similar integration challenges
with solid-state, atomic, and photonic quantum systems for computing,
communications, and sensing

 In the next decade, with sustained research, development, and investment

in the quantum photonic ecosystem

 Quantum light sources detectors,

 Frequency conversion & transduction

 Photonic material platforms

 Applications in computing,
communications, and sensing
 Physicists In China Challenge Google’s ‘Quantum Advantage,
03 December 2020

 Photon-based quantum computer does a calculation that ordinary computers might never be able to do?

 They used beams of laser light to perform a computation which had been mathematically proven to be
practically impossible on normal computers

Nature, 588 (7838), 380 (2020).

Higher gate Fidelities

~ 99.99%!!

This photonic computer performed in 200 seconds a calculation that on an ordinary

supercomputer would take 2.5 billion years to complete.
 Optomechanical Systems (OMS)
 Is rapidly growing research field and considered as an excellent candidate to
coupled the electromagnetic modes to mechanical modes through radiation
pressure
 It is the combination of the Mechanical and Optical modes
Motivations that drive the rapid interest in OMS;

Physical resource
transform information processing
and communication technology

Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 1391 (2014) Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 525, 215 (2013) Chin. Phys. B. 11, 114213 (2013)
OMS @ Macro, Micro and Nano-Scale

(a) Micro-Cavity with Ultracold atoms

(b,c) Nano-Scale Waveguides
(d) Microsphere

(e) Superconducting membranes

(f) Micro-toroidal waveguide

(g) Micromembranes

(h,i,j) Mirrors from Microscopic to Macroscopic

Optics Express, 15 (25),17172 (2007)

Physics Today, 2012, 65(7): 29-35

 Optomechanical Systems and its Application
OMIT

Optomechanical Storage
 Entanglement, QC

 Weak Force Sensing OMC

 Steering, Squeezing

Small Mass Sensing Sideband Cooling

State Transfer Quantum-Optical Sensor

………..

Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 1391 (2014)

Hamiltonian Formulation of OMS

𝑐𝜋 𝑐𝜋 𝑥
𝜔= = ∼ 𝜔0 1 −
𝐿 𝐿0 − 𝑥 𝐿0

𝐻 = 𝜔𝑎† 𝑎 = 𝜔0 𝑎† 𝑎 − 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡

Optomechanical system (Fabry-Perot cavity)

Total Hamiltonian of the system

Lloyd S. Science, 2008, 321(5895): 1463-1465. (2008) Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 1391 (2014)
Si-Hui Tan, et al., PhysRevLett.101.253601 (2008)
 OMS with diverse Mechanical Modes

 Mechanical mode connects very different systems – Hybrid system

Commun. Theor. Phys. 68 (2017) 661–666

Results in Physics 7 (2017) 3773–3777

OSA B 35, 2334-2341 (2018)

JOSA B 36, 168-177 (2019)
Experimental Parameters for OMS

Rev. Mod. Phys., 86 (4):1391, (2014)

 Cont.
Principles of Coupling Strengths

Johnson B.R. et al. Nature Phys. 6, 663-667 (2010)

Kirchmair G. et al. Nature 495 205-209 (2013)

B. Vlastakis et al. Science 342, 6158 (2013)

Hybrid Quantum Sstems
1. Challenge of building scalable quantum devices: decoherence, information
transfer, perform gate operations, memory element
2. Combining merits of AMO and Condensed Matter Systems
• Scalability
• Good coherence
Quantum • Coupling and gates
• Good control
information • Noise
• Hard to scale

AMO Nanoscale
systems devices

3. Different systems can work in different frequencies

Tian, Rabl, Blatt & Zoller, PRL (2004)
Daniilidis, Gorman, Tian, Haeffner, NJP 15, 073017 (2013)

Atomic, Molecular, and Optical (AMO)

Ent. & Corr. @ OMA
 Con’t
Goal

 We consider an optomechanical array consisting of an optical cavity array

coupled with one oscillating end-mirror via optical coupling strength.

 Cavity1 is driven by a pump field, and cavity2 is an oscillating mirror at one end,
serving as a mechanical harmonic oscillator.

 We generate the Ent. and correlation between two CV correlations, i.e., cavity1–
mirror, cavity2–oscillating mirror, and cavity1–cavity2.
Bipartite Entanglement via Optical Micro Cavity
 Con’t
• Accordingly, we extract the drift matrix A as
 Results: Bipartite Entanglement
Cavity1–Oscillating mirror

Cavity2–Oscillating Mirror
Cavity1 – Cavity2

Experimental Parameters

 Cavity1–mirror is enhanced
and wider,

 Cavity1–cavity2 is almost consistent

 Con’t

increases at the expense

is broader

the broader effective detuning can

observed… Ent. Ext released
 The entanglement between cavity2–
oscillating mirror is decreased,
 The Ent. cavity1–cavity2 is almost
unchanged
 the adjacent cavity2 can serve as an
entanglement transmitter
 Summary

 Understanding the quantum nature of the system and its

effects in cavity optomechanics has a numerous important on
the research field of nonlinear quantum optical system

 Optomechanical coupling via radiation pressure is a promising

resource to prepare and manipulate quantum states of mechanical
motion, and as a fundamental resource for several protocols in
quantum information
 Future Research Direction
 Therefore, I recommended to all the students and researchers to read more & extended to
innovative platform of Cavity Optomechanics, and Cavity-Magno-mechanics, which is
nowadays active research for studying many interesting quantum nonlinearity
phenomena such as;

 Magnon-Photon-Phonon Entanglement

 Entanglement induced by Coulomb interaction in OMS

 Optomechanically Induced Transparency (OMIT)

 Machine Learning and Quantum Devices

 Optomechanical Quantum Interface

 Publications
1. Tesfay Gebremariam, Wenlin Li, Chong Li. Dynamics of quantum correlation of four qubitssystem. Physica A:
Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 457: 437-442 (2017).

2. Tesfay Gebremariam, Yexiong Zeng, Chong Li. Dynamics of quantum correlations for two mode entangled coherent fields.
Results in Physics,, 7: 3773–3777, (2017).

3. Tesfay Gebremariam, YeXiong Zeng, Xin-Yu Chen, and Chong Li. Observation and Measures of Robust Correlations for Continuous
Variable System. Commun. Theor. Phys., 68: 661–666, (2017).

4. Tesfay Gebremariam, Mojtaba Mazaheri, Yexiong Zeng, Ming-Song Ding, Chong Li. Dynamical quantum steering in electro-
optomechanical system. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 36, No. 2, (2019).

5. Tesfay Gebremariam, Yexiong Zeng, Mojtaba Mazaheri, Chong Li. Sensing optical forces achieved by using cooling processes and
coherent quantum noise cancellation in hybrid optomechanical system. SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. China Phys.
Mech. Astron. 63, 210311 (2020).
6. Tesfay Gebremariam, Chong Li, Heshan Song. Synchronization effect for uncertain quantum networks. Physica A: Statistical
Mechanics and its Applications,, 465: 621–627, (2017).
7. Tesfay Gebremariam, Ming-Song Ding, Chong Li. Quantum optical diode based on Lyapunov control in a superconducting system. J.
Opt. Soc. Am. B, 35: 2334–2341, (2018).
8. Tesfay Gebremariam, Ming-Song Ding, Chong Li. The Influence of Non-Markovian Characters on Quantum Adiabatic Evolution.
Ann. Phys.(Berlin) ,1800234 (2018).
 Cont
9. Tesfay Gebremariam, Steady-State Quantum Correlation Measurement in Hybrid Optomechanical Systems”
Submission, International Journal of Quantum Information (DOI: 10.1142/S021974992050046X) (2020).

10. Tesfay Gebremariam, “Generation of the bipartite entanglement and correlations in an optomechanical array”
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B Vol. 37, Issue 11, pp. A245-A252 (2020).

11. Tesfay Gebremariam “Quantum control based on machine learning in an open quantum system”. Physics Letters, A 384,
126886 (2020).
12 . Tesfay Gebremariam "Quantum force sensing using backaction noise suppression in optomechanical system." Journal of Optics, 1-
11. (2020).

13. Tesfay Gebremariam. et.al. "Application of machine learning for predicting strong phonon blockade." Applied Physics
Letters 118.16 (2021): 164003.
14. Tesfay Gebremariam, “Stationary Entanglement Dynamics in a Hybrid Opto-Electro-Mechanical System” Romanian Journal of Physics,
16-Jan -2021.
15. Tesfay Gebremariam "Enhanced Optomechanically Induced Transparency via Atomic Ensemble in Optomechanical System”. QINP-D-
20-00524 (2021).
16. Tesfay Gebremariam. et.al. “Optimal Teleportation via A Non-Maximally Entangled Channel in Qutrits
System." International Journal of Theoretical Physics (2021): 1-12.
 Cont

Books:
1.Tesfay Gebremariam, "An Introduction to Modern Physics "
Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (December 5,
2016). https://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Modern-Physics-
Tesfay Gebremariam/dp/3330015292

2.Tesfay Gebremariam, "Dirac Equation For Different Potential"

Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (May 17, 2016
https://www.amazon.com/Equation-Different-Potential-Tesfay-
Gebremariam/dp/3659889938
List of International Conference /Workshops
Cont.
College of Natural Sciences, Abaya), Ethiopia
Living Here
Address

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tesfay_Gebremariam_Tesfahannes

Starting next Year at

Arba Minch University
PhD. Students wanted!
Collaborators
 Acknowledgements
To all committees

Arba Minch University

 Thanks for Your
Attention
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2nd International Summit on Optics, Photonics and Laser Technologies