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 CHAPTER-1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
Previous year question from SSLC Board

April - 2019
1. Name the brown fumes liberated when lead nitrate is heated. Write the balanced
chemical equation for this reaction.

 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 )

 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

2. Draw the diagram of the apparatus used in the electrolysis of water. Label the
following parts. (i) Graphite rod (ii) Cathode.

june- 2019
1. The possible chemical reaction among the following is
(A) FeSO4 + Pb → PbSO4 + Fe
(B) ZnSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Zn
(C) 2 AgNO3 + Cu → Cu ( NO3)2 + 2 Ag
(D) PbCl2 + Cu → CuCl 2 + Pb

2. Fe2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2 Fe
The type of above chemical reaction is

(A) combination reaction (B) double displacement reaction

(C) decomposition reaction (D) displacement reaction.

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3. Draw the diagram of the apparatus used in the electrolysis of water. Label the
following parts. (i) Graphite rod (ii) Cathode.

(Refer April - 2019 , Qno - 2)

April - 2020
1. CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O In this reaction name the reactant
i) that is oxidised ii) that is reduced.
 Oxidised reactant = Hydrogen (H2)
 Reduced reactant = Copper Oxide (CuO)

2. The reaction of Barium chloride with Aluminium sulphate solution is an example for
which type of chemical reaction ? Why ? Write the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.

It is an example for double displacement reaction. Because , chloride and sulphate ions
in the compounds are exchanged.

(OR It is an example for precipitation reaction. Because , when Barium chloride reacts
with Aluminium sulphate , an insoluble precipitate of Barium sulphate was formed.)

Al2(SO4)3 + 3BaCl2 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4 ↓

september - 2020
1. Manufacturers of chips, flush the packets of chips with nitrogen gas. Why ?
 To prevent the rancidity ,

2. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following chemical reactions. How can
we confirm by observation that these chemical reactions are taking place ?
a) Lead nitrate is heated.
b) Sodium sulphate reacts with Barium chloride.

a) Brown fumes of Nitrogen dioxide will liberate when lead nitrate is heated.

2Pb ( NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

b) White precipitate of Barium sulphate will be formed ,

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2NaCl + BaSO4 ↓

This chapter was not considered for 2021 exam

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 April - 2022
1. The gas liberated at the cathode in the electrolysis of water is-
(A) Oxygen (B) Hydrogen (C) Chlorine (D) Nitrogen.

2. ZnO + C → Zn + CO In this reaction name the reactant-

i) that is oxidised and ii) that is reduced.
 Oxidised reactant is : C Reduced reactant is : ZnO.

3. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following chemical reactions :
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
i) Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
ii) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
iii) Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
Ans. : i) 𝐶𝑎 𝐶𝑂3 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

ii) 𝐻2 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 2𝐻𝐶𝑙

iii) 𝑀𝑔 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
4. Which type of chemical reaction takes place when an iron nail is dipped in copper
sulphate solution ? Why ? Write a balanced chemical equation for this chemical
reaction.
 Chemical displacement reaction.
 Because more reactive iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
 𝐹𝑒 + 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑢

june - 2022
1. Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus used to show the electrolysis of
water and label the ‗graphite rod‘.
(See April-2019)
2. The chemical reaction that takes place between sodium sulphate and barium chloride
is called double displacement reaction. Why ? Write the balanced chemical equation for
this reaction.
Ans. : There is an exchange of ions between the reactants sodium sulphate and barium
chloride.
Equation : 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

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3. What is the type of chemical reaction in which quicklime is obtained by lime stone
(calcium carbonate) ? Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
 Decomposition reaction or thermal decomposition reaction / endothermic
reaction.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
 Equation : 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
(limestone) (quick lime)

April - 2023
1. The reactants that exchange ions by reacting with each other and form a precipitate
among the following are -
(A) BaCl2 and Na2SO4 (B) Al2O3 and HCl
(C) NaOH and H2SO4 (D) Na2O and CO2
2. Packets of chips are flushed with nitrogen gas. Why ?
Ans. : To prevent chips from getting oxidised / to prevent rancidity.
3. An iron nail is dropped into a test tube having copper sulphate solution. The iron nail
gradually turns to brownish colour. Why ?
Ans. : Since iron is more reactive than copper, it displaces copper from copper sulphate
solution / Displaced copper gets deposited on the iron nail.
4. ―Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are produced on heating calcium carbonate.‖
Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Mention the type of this
chemical reaction.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
Ans. : 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

Decomposition reaction / Thermal decomposition reaction / endothermic reaction

(………..any one)

june - 2023
1. Chips manufacturers, flush bags of chips with nitrogen gas because, to

(A) prevent corrosion of chips (B) prevent chips from getting oxidised
(C) make chips undergo rancidity (D) prevent the chips from getting reduced.

2. Name the product produced when calcium oxide reacts with water.
Ans. : Calcium hydroxide / slaked lime OR 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2

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3. Add same amount of barium chloride solution to a test tube containing 5 ml of
sodium sulphate solution. Then i) Which insoluble white precipitate is formed ?
ii) Name the ions responsible for the formation of white precipitate.
iii) Mention the type of chemical reaction that took place here.

Ans. : i) Barium sulphate OR 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4

ii) sulphate radical ( 𝑆𝑂4 −2 ) , Barium ion (𝐵𝑎 +2 )

iii) Double displacement reaction / precipitation reaction.

April - 2024
a) Identify the substances that are oxidised and reduced in the following chemical
reaction :
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Ans. : a) ZnO — is reduced. C — is oxidised.
b) What is rancidity ? Mention any two methods to prevent rancidity.
 When fats and oils are oxidised, they become rancid and their smell and taste
change.
 Substances which prevent oxidation (antioxidants) are added to food.
 Keeping food in airtight containers.

june - 2024
1. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :
i) Calcium carbonate on heating produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
ii) Burning of natural gas ( methane ) produces carbon dioxide and water.

Heat
i) 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 ↑
ii) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2+ 2H2O + Heat

2. Give reason :
i) Articles made of copper lose their shiny surface when exposed to air.
ii) An iron nail placed in copper sulphate solution slowly turns to brown colour.

i) Copper reacts with atmospheric air to form copper oxide ( CuO )

or Copper carbonate [ CuCO3 ]
or copper undergoes corrosion ……. Any one

ii) Displacement reaction takes place. Or Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate
solution. ……. Any one

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MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR 2025 ( Including previous year questions )

1. A copper coin is kept in a solution of silver nitrate for some time, what will happen
to the coin and the color of the solution?

 Copper coin will get a coating of silver metal,

 The colour of solution will turn blue.

2. What is a precipitation reaction? Give an example.

If an insoluble solid substance was formed in a reaction is called precipitation reaction.
(OR Precipitation is a type of double displacement reaction in which one of the
products is formed in the solid state.)
Example : The reaction between Silver nitrate and Sodium chloride
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3
3. What is rancidity? Write the common methods to prevent it.
Rancidity : The oxidation of fats and oils when exposed to air is known as rancidity. It
leads to bad smell and bad taste of food.
Methods to Prevent Rancidity
(i) By adding antioxidants
(ii) Keeping food in air tight containers
(iii) Replacing air by nitrogen
(iv) Refrigeration

4. Name the type of reactions in the following cases:

a. Garbage producing foul smell
b. Burning of natural gas.
c. Carbon dioxide gas passed through lime water.

a. Garbage producing foul smell - Decomposition reaction

b. Burning of natural gas. - Combination reaction (Exothermic reaction)
c. Carbon dioxide gas passed through lime water. - Precipitation reaction

5. A shiny brown colored element ‗X‘ on heating in air becomes a black colored
compound. Name the element ‗X‘ & the black colored compound formed. Also write
the equation.

 Element X is - Copper
 Black colored compound is - CuO ( Copper oxide)
2Cu + O2 → 2 CuO

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6. Give an example, each for thermal decomposition and photochemical decomposition
reactions. Write balanced equation for the same.
Thermal decomposition : If the decomposition is carried out by heating is called
thermal decomposition
Example : On heating limestone is converted in to quick lime
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Photolytic Decomposition : If the decomposition is carried out in presence of sunlight is

called Photolytic decomposition
Example : Exposure of Silver chloride in sunlight

𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔 ℎ𝑡
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl2

7. What happens when CO2 gas is passed through lime water and why does it disappear
on passing excess CO2?
Lime water turns milky due to the formation of insoluble salt Calcium carbonate.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
When excess of CO2 is passed through this solution Calcium carbonate turns in to
soluble form of Calcium bicarbonate (OR Calcium hydrogen carbonate)
CaCO3 + H2O+ CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2
8.What happens when food materials containing fats and oils are left for a long time.
List two observable changes and suggest two ways by which this phenomenon can be
prevented.
When food materials containing fats and oils are left for a long time they undergo
oxidation and their taste and smell change.
This can be prevented by–
1. Using antioxidants like vitamin A and C
2. Filling nitrogen gas in chips container

9. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate, a
black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric acid so formed
remains in the solution. Name the type of reaction and give reason. Write the balanced
equation of the reaction.
 Double displacement reaction
 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑆 → 𝐶𝑢𝑆 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
 𝑆𝑂4−2 and 𝑆 −2 ions are exchaned ,

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10. In electrolysis of water :
(a) Name the gas collected at cathode and anode.
(b) Why is volume of one gas collected at one electrode is double of another ?
(c) Why are few drops of dil. H2SO4 added to water ?

(a) Gas collected at cathode is Hydrogen and at anode is Oxygen

(b) This is because water contains two parts of hydrogen element as compared to one
part of oxygen element by volume.
(c) Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity. So to carryout electrolysis it is essential
to add few drops of dil. H2SO4 , hence electricity is conducted.

11. Why we store silver chloride in dark coloured bottles ?

This compound easily undergo photolytic decomposition, hence it was kept in dark
colored bottles to avoid light.
12. Give one example of each :
(a) Chemical reaction showing evolution of gas.
(b) Chemical reaction showing liberation of heat.
(c) Chemical reaction showing formation of precipitate.
(d) Change in substance‘s colour during a chemical reaction.

(a) Chemical reaction showing evolution of gas.

 Brown fumes Nitrogen dioxide liberated when lead nitrate is heated.
 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

(b) Chemical reaction showing liberation of heat.

 A piece of Sodium metal is dipped in water

 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2.

(c) Chemical reaction showing formation of precipitate.

 CO2 gas is passed through lime water
 Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

(d) Change in substance‘s colour during a chemical reaction.

 Shiny brown colored Copper on heating in air becomes a black colored
compound.
 2Cu + O2 → 2 CuO

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13. Giving reason identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the following
cases and write the balanced chemical equation for the reactions.

a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver.

b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and lead
iodide.

a) The type of the reaction is - Displacement reaction

 Zinc displaces Silver from Silver nitrate to form zinc nitrate and silver.

Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag

b) The type of the reaction is - Double Displacement reaction

There is an exchange of (I ̅ ) ion and (NO3̅ ) radical between the reactants Potassium
iodide and lead nitrate

2KI + Pb(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 + PbI2

14. A shining metal ‗M‘, on burning gives a dazzling white flame and changes to a
white powder ‗N‘.

(a) Identify ‗M‘ and ‗N‘.

(b) Represent the above reaction in the form of a balanced chemical equation.
(C) Does ‗M‘ undergo oxidation or reduction in this reaction? Justify.

(a) ‗M‘ is - Magnessium and ‗N‘ is Magnessium oxide

(b) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

(c) It‘s an oxidation reaction , because Mg get oxidised in to MgO

15. What type of reaction takes place :

i) When hydrogen burns in oxygen, water is formed

ii) When water is electrolysed, then hydrogen and oxygen are produced.

i) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O is the combination reaction

ii) 2H2O → 2H2 + O2 is the decomposition reaction / electrolytic decomposition

16. When SO2 gas is passed through saturated solution of H2S, the following reaction
occurs : SO2 + 2H2S → 2H2O + 3S
In this reaction, which substance is oxidised and which one is reduced ?

SO2 is reduced to S and H2S is oxidized to H2O

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17. Mention with reason the colour changes observe when:
(i) silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(ii) copper powder is strongly heated in the presence of oxygen.
(iii) a piece of zinc is dropped in copper sulphate solution.

(i) When white silver chloride is left exposed to sunlight, its colour changes to grey as it
decomposes to silver in the presence of sunlight.

(ii) When copper powder is strongly heated in presence of oxygen, the reddish brown
surface of copper powder becomes coated with a black substance which is copper
oxide.

(iii) When a piece of zinc is dropped in copper sulphate solution, then the blue colour of
copper sulphate fades gradually due to the formation of colourless zinc sulphate
solution and reddish brown copper metal gets deposited on zinc piece.

18.Strong heating of ferrous sulphate leads to the formation of a brown solid and two
gases. Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction. This reaction can be
categorised as decomposition and redox reaction. Why ? Explain briefly

Equation : 2FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3

 Ferrous sulphate(FeSO4) decomposes into Ferric oxide(Fe2O3), Sulphur

dioxide(SO2) and Sulphur trioxide(SO3).
 Hence we can call it a decomposition reaction.

 The oxidation number of Iron in Ferrous sulphate is +2, which gets changed
to +3in Ferric oxide after being heated. That is Iron is getting oxidised here.
 On the other hand oxidation number of Sulphur in Ferric sulphate is+6, which
gets changed to +4in Sulphur dioxide. That is Sulphur is getting reduced here.
 Hence we can call it a redox reaction.

19. A metal X forms a water soluble salt XNO3. When an aqueous solution of XNO3 is
added to common salt solution, then a white precipitate of compound Y is formed along
with sodium nitrate solution. Metal X is said to be the best conductor of electricity and
it does not evolve hydrogen when put in dilute hydrochloric acid.

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(a) What is metal X ?
(b) What is salt XNO3 ?
(c) Name the compound Y.
(d) Write the chemical equation of the reaction
(e) What type of chemical reaction is illustrated by the above equation ?

(a) Metal X is - Silver (Ag)

(b) Salt XNO3 is - Silver nitrate AgNO3
(c) Compound Y is - Silver chloride
(d) Chemical equation of the reaction

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3

(e) Type of chemical reaction is - Double displacement reaction

20. What are anti-oxidants ? Why are they added to fat and oil containing foods ?

 The chemicals used to prevent oxidation reaction are called anti-oxidants.

 They added to fat and oil containing foods to reduce the oxidation of fats and oils
and prevents from the development of rancidity.

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 CHAPTER-2
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
Previous year question from SSLC Board

April - 2019
1. The chemical equation that represents neutralization reaction among the following is

(A) BaCl2 + H2SO4→BaSO4+ 2HCl

(B) MnO2+ 4 HCl →MnCl2+ 2H2O + Cl2
(C) 2NaOH + H2SO4 →Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(D) AgNO3+ HCl → AgCl + HNO3
2. Name the acid present in the stinging hair of nettle leaves.

Ans : Methanoic acid (Formic acid)

3. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus used to show the reaction of zinc
granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning. Label the
following parts. (i) Soap solution (ii) Delivery tube.

4. There is no change in the colour of red litmus and blue litmus paper when introduced
into an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. After passing direct current through the
same solution, red litmus changes to blue colour. Which product is responsible for this
change ? Mention any two uses of this product.
The product formed here is Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) responsible for the change in
colour.
Uses of Sodium hydroxide :
 It is used in degreasing metals
 It is used in manufacture of soaps and detergents.
 It is used in paper making and artificial fibers

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june - 2019
1. Name the gas liberated when an acid reacts with metallic carbonate. Write the
chemical equation of the reaction when this gas is passed through lime water. What is
the colour of the precipitate obtained in this reaction ?
 Carbon dioxide ( or CO2 )
 Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
 White precipitate.

2. Give scientific reason :

a] While diluting an acid, the acid should be added to water.
 If water is added to concentrated acid the heat generated may cause the mixture
to splash out and cause burns.
 The glass container may also break due to excessive heat.
b] Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container.
Ans : Plaster of Paris on mixing with water or moisture it changes to gypsum once
again giving a hard solid mass. Hence it should be kept in a moisture-proof container.

3. What is neutralisation reaction ?

Ans : The reaction between an acid and a base to give a salt and water is known as a
neutralisation reaction.

4. Name the products of chlor-alkali process. Write one use of each.

Products obtained from Chlor-alkali process are
 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
 Hydrogen (H2)
 Chlorine (Cl2)

Uses of Sodium hydroxide :

 It is used in degreasing metals
 It is used in manufacture of soaps and detergents.
 It is used in paper making and artificial fibers (any one use)

Uses of Hydrogen :
 It is used as a fuel
 It is used in the preparation of ammonia which is used in fertilizers

Uses of Chlorine :
 It is used in water treatment
 It is used as disinfectant
 It is used in pesticides , PVCs and CFCs

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April - 2020
1. As the pH value of a neutral solution increases
(A) basic property decreases and number of OH − ions increases
(B) acidic property increases and number of H + ions decreases
(C) basic property increases and number of OH − ions increases
(D) acidic property decreases and number of H + ions increases.
2. Agricultural scientists have suggested to add a certain amount of lime powder to an
agricultural field. What may be the reasons for this ? Explain.
 Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth.
 Soil of his land is acidic.
 Lime powder is a base.
 So adding lime powder to the soil, decreases the acidic property /soil is
neutralised.
3. Draw the diagram of the apparatus to show that acid solution in water conducts
electricity. Label the following parts : i) Dil. HCl solution ii) Rubber cork.

4. Draw the diagram of arrangement of the apparatus to show the reaction of zinc
granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning. Label the
following parts : i) Test tube ii) Soap solution.

( see April -2019)

september - 2020
1. Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus to show that acid solution in water
conducts electricity and label the battery. ( see April -2020)
OR
Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus showing the reaction of zinc
granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning and label the
zinc granules. ( see April -2019)

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2. What is a strong acid ? Explain how tooth decay is caused. How can it be prevented ?
Ans : Acid that gives rise to more H+ ions is said to be strong acid.
 Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food
particles remaining in the mouth after eating. So the pH in the mouth decreases
and the tooth enamel gets corroded.
 Using toothpastes which are generally basic, for cleaning the teeth.

3. Write the molecular formulae and two uses of each of the following compounds :
a) Bleaching powder b) Plaster of Paris.
a) Molecular formula of Bleaching powder : CaOCl2
Uses : 1. It is used as bleaching agent in textile industry , paper industry and in
laundries
2. Used as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries
3. It is used to make drinking water free from germs.
1
b) Molecular formula of Plaster of Paris : 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐻2 𝑂
2
Uses : 1. Doctors use this for supporting fractured bones in the right position.
2. It is used for making toys, materials for decoration and for making
surfaces smooth.

july - 2021 ( MCQ based exam )

1. A compound that reacts with both acids as well as bases to produce salts and water is
(A) aluminium oxide (B) copper oxide
(C) iron oxide (D) sodium oxide
2. The gas liberated when sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid is
(A) carbon dioxide (B) nitrogen dioxide
(C) hydrogen (D) chlorine
3. The substance that converts blue litmus paper into red colour is
(A) lime water (B) pure water
(C) sodium hydroxide solution (D) gastric juice
4. An acid present in the stinging hair of nettle plant leaves is
(A) methanoic acid (B) oxalic acid
(C) citric acid (D) lactic acid

17
september - 2021 ( MCQ based exam )

1. Observe the following table

Substance pH value
P 7.4
Q 2.2
R 10
S 1.2

The substance that has least number of Hydrogen ions (H+) is

A] P B] Q C] R D] S

2. The gas liberated when sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid is
(A) hydrogen (B) nitrogen (C) carbon dioxide (D) nitrogen dioxide
3. The substance that converts red litmus paper into blue colour is
(A) sodium hydroxide solution (B) citric acid solution
(C) sodium chloride solution (D) pure water

April - 2020
1. Write any two uses of Plaster of Paris.
Ans. : Plaster of Paris is used in :
 Supporting fractured bones
 Making toys
 Decorative materials
 Making smooth surfaces.
2. The pH values of A, B and C solutions are 5, 6 and 7 respectively. Which of these
solutions is more acidic in nature ? Why ?
Ans. : Solution A is more acidic.
Because , it has more H+ ions.
3. Draw the diagram of arrangement of the apparatus to show the reaction of zinc
granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning. Label the
following parts :
i) Zinc granules ii) Delivery tube.
( see April -2019)

18
june - 2022
1. Draw the diagram of arrangement of the apparatus to show the reaction of zinc
granules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning. Label the
following parts : i) Zinc granules ii) Soap solution.
( see April -2019)

2. a) What is neutralisation reaction ? Give an example.

b) What is the common name of the compound that has molecular
1
formula 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐻2 𝑂
2

a) Reaction between acids and bases to form salt and water is called neutralisation
reaction.
Example : 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂
b) Calcium sulphate hemihydrate or Plaster of Paris.

April - 2023
1. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus to show that acid solution in water
conducts electricity and label dilute HCl solution. ( see April -2020)

2. Name the salts used in the following situations and write their molecular formula :
a) To remove permanent hardness of water.
b) To make drinking water free from germs.
c) To support fractured bones in their right position.
a) To remove permanent hardness of water. : Washing soda / sodium carbonate

b) To make drinking water free from germs.: Bleaching powder / Calcium oxychloride
c) To support fractured bones in their right position: Plaster of Paris / Calcium sulphate
hemihydrate
3. The pH values of four solutions are given in the below table. Classify these into
acidic and basic solutions :

Ans : Acidic solutions : e & h

Basic solutions : f & g

19
4. Name the antacid used to neutralise excess of acid in the stomach.

Ans : Milk of magnesia / Magnesium hydroxide OR Sodium hydrogen carbonate

june - 2023

1.Name the ions responsible for acidic and basic natures of the substances.

 Acidic → H+ / H3O+ / Hydrogen / Hydronium

 Basic → OH− / Hydroxyl / Hydroxide

2. Explain the manufacturing of bleaching powder. Write any two uses of it.
 Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Uses :
 For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, wood pulp in paper
factories.
 For bleaching washed clothes in laundry
 As an oxidising agent in chemical industry
 to make drinking water free from germs. ( Any two )
3. A strong solution of sodium hydroxide is added to the strong solution of hydrochloric
acid. What is the nature of the salt solution formed here ? Write a balanced chemical
equation for this reaction.
 The salt solution is a neutral solution.
 NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O.

April - 2024

1. Ferrous sulphate crystals lose green colour when heated. Because this compound

(A) decomposes into simpler products

(B) loses water molecules

(C) releases sulphur dioxide gas

(D) produces brown fumes

20
2. Write any two uses of washing soda.
 In glass, soap and paper industries.
 In the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
 As a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
 For removing permanent hardness of water. ( any two )
3. Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus showing the reaction of
zinc grannules with dilute sulphuric acid and testing hydrogen gas by burning.
( see April -2020)
4. Simultaneously red and blue litmus papers are dipped in the brine solution and in the
aqueous product produced by subjecting that solution to electrolysis. What changes do
you observe in litmus papers ? Support your answer with reasons.
 No colour change is observed in the litmus papers dipped in the brine solution.
 Because it is a neutral solution.
 Red litmus paper dipped in aqueous product obtained by electrolysis of brine
solution turns to blue colour.
 Because it is a basic solution.

5. Observe the pH values of four solutions given in the following table and answer the
questions below.
Solutions P Q R S
pH value 10.0 13.7 7.0 1.2
i) Which solution can be used to prepare an antacid ? Why ?
ii) Which two solutions can be used to get a neutral salt ? Why ?

i) Solution „P‟ can be used to prepare an antacid. Because it is a mild base.

ii) Solution „Q‟ and „S‟ can be used to get a neutral salt. Because „Q‟ is a
strong base and „S‟ is a strong acid.

june - 2024
1. 1M acetic acid is mixed with 1M sodium hydroxide solution. Determine the nature
of the salt forms here with suitable reason.
Ans. : It is a basic salt. Because sodium hydroxide is a strong base.

2. What is the chemical formula of bleaching powder ? Write any two uses of this salt.
 Bleaching powder : CaOCl2
 Used as bleaching agent in paper, cloth & laundry industries
 Used as oxidising agent in chemical industries
 Used as disinfectant. ( Any two )

21
3. Name the acid present in the following substances. i) Curd ii) Gastric juice
i) Curd - Lactic acid
ii) Gastric juice - Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR 2025 ( Including previous year questions )

1. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper?
Ans : Dry HCl gas does not give H+ ions and therefore does not change the colour of
dry litmus paper.
2. Name a calcium compound which hardens on wetting with water.

Gypsum
3. Name an acid which is present in baking powder.
Tartaric acid
4. With which substance should chlorine be treated to get bleaching powder ?

Slaked lime (Calcium hydroxide)

5. Write the equation of the reaction when a concentrated solution of sodium chloride
(brine) is electrolysed. Why is the electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium
chloride known as chlor-alkali process ?
Equation of the reaction : 2NaCl + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 +Cl2

In the reaction chlorine (Cl2) gas and an alkali (NaOH) are produced. Hence the process
is called chlor-alkali process
6. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence.
The gas evolved extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for
the reaction if one of the compounds formed is calcium chloride.

7. Why do HCl, HNO3, etc., show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions
of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?

 H+ ions in aqueous solution are responsible for acidic character.

 HCl, HNO3, etc. give H+ ions in water while alcohol and glucose do not give
H+ ion in water.
 Therefore, alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character.

22
8. Consider the following substances :
NaCl , Ca(OH)2, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, NH3, H2O, Cl2, CO2, CaOCl2
(a) Which two substances combine to form bleaching powder ?
(b) Which four substances are utilised in the production of washing soda ?
(e) Which compound is used as an antacid ?

(a) Ca(OH)2 and Cl2 are combined to get bleaching powder

(b) NaCl , NH3, H2O, and CO2, are used in the production of washing soda

(c) NaHCO3 is used as an antacid

9. Consider the following salts :

Na2CO3, NaCl, NH4Cl, CH3COONa, K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4
Which of these salts will give :
(a) acidic solutions ?
(b) neutral solutions ?
(c) basic solutions (or alkaline solutions) ?

(a) Acidic solutions - Na2CO3, CH3COONa

(b) Neutral solutions - NaCl, K2SO4
(c) Basic solutions - NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4

10. In two test tubes „A‟ and „B‟ an equal length of magnesium piece has taken.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) added to „A‟ and acetic acid (CH3COOH) to test tube „B‟ of
equal amount and concentration. In which test tube do you observe that air bubbles
evolved more vigorously ? and Why ?
Ans : In test tube „A‟ air bubbles evolved more vigorously.
Because , HCl is strong acid while acetic acid is weak.
11. The gas liberated when sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid is
passed through lime water, a white precipitate is formed. But when the same gas is
passed through lime water in excess, precipitate is not visible. Why?
 Carbon dioxide gas is liberated when sodium carbonate reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid
 When this gas is passed through lime water, a white precipitate ( Calcium
carbonate) is formed.
 When the same gas is passed through lime water in excess, precipitate is not
visible because , Calcium carbonate was converted in to calcium bicarbonate
which is soluble in water.

23
12. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?

(a) Milk is made slightly alkaline so that it may not get sour easily due to the formation
of lactic acid in it.
(b) The alkaline milk takes a longer time to set into curd because the lactic acid being
formed has to first neutralise the alkali present in it.
13. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is
8. Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and
which one is basic?
 Solution A has more hydrogen ion concentration.
 Solution „A‟ is acidic , and solution „B‟ is basic in nature
18. How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) affected when a solution of an
acid is diluted ?

Ans: On dilution, the number of hydronium ions per volume decreases and
concentration decreases.
15. Why do we call Hydrochloric acid as strong acid and acetic acid as weak ?
Ans : Hydrochloric acid dissociates completely in water and give more H+ ions , while
Acetic acid dissociates incompletely and give less H+ ions.
16. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water
and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively. If you
are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
 Put the red litmus paper in all the test tubes, turn by turn. The solution which
turns red litmus to blue will be a basic solution. The blue litmus paper formed
here can now be used to test the acidic solution.
 Put the blue litmus paper obtained above in the remaining two test-tubes, turn-
by-turn. The solution which turns the blue litmus paper to red will be the acidic
solution.
 The solution which has no effect on any litmus paper will be neutral and hence it
will be distilled water.

17. Write the name and formulae of three hydrated salts

Washing Soda , Na2CO3.10H2O
Gypsum , CaSO4.2H2O
Blue vitriol (Copper sulphate) , CuSO4. 5H2O.

24
18. How is sodium hydroxide manufactured in industries ? Name the process. In this
process a gas X is formed as by-product. This gas reacts with lime water to give a
compound Y, which is used as a bleaching agent in the chemical industry. Identify X
and Y and write the chemical equation of the reactions involved.

Ans : Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by Chlor-Alkali process

 „X‟ is - Chlorine gas (Cl2)
 „Y‟ is - Calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl2)

Reaction : Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O

19. A student heated a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry boiling tube.
(a) What will be the color of the copper sulphate after heating?
(b) Will you notice water droplets in the boiling tube?
(c) Where have these come from

Ans. (a) Blue colour of crystals changes in to White

(b) Yes , water droplets seen inside the test tube
(c) Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of crystallization.

20. Give any two practical applications of neutralization reaction.

Ans. (a) Antacids are used to neutralize the acidity of stomach.

(b) Toothpaste is a basic substance that helps to neutralize the acid in our mouth
(c) Farmer uses slacked lime to neutralize the acidic soil
(d) Baking soda is used to neutralize the acid released by the ant or bee sting.

21. Write the names of the product formed when zinc reacts with NaOH. Also write the
balanced chemical equation for the reaction involved. Write a test to confirm the
presence of the gas evolved during this reaction.

 When Zinc reacts with NaOH , a salt called sodium zincate is formed along with
hydrogen gas
 𝑍𝑛 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑍𝑛𝑂2 + 𝐻2
 When burning matchstick is kept on the mouth of this test tube, pop sound is
heard which confirms the presence of H2 gas.

22. An aqueous solution „A‟ turns phenolphthalein solution pink. On addition of an

aqueous solution „B‟ to „A‟ the pink colour disappears. What would be the pH of
solution „A‟ and „B‟

 Since A is basic in nature its pH should be greater than 7

 B is acidic , hence its pH is less than 7

25
23. Rajesh prepares HCl gas in hischool laboratory using certain chemicals. He puts
both dry and wet blue litmus papers in contact with the gas.

(i) Name the reactants used by Rajesh to prepare HCl gas.

(ii) State the colour changes observed with the dry and wet blue litmus papers.

(i) Reactants used in the preparation of HCl are Sodium chloride and conc. H2SO4

𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙

(ii) There is no change in the colour of „dry‟ blue litmus paper but „moist‟ blue litmus
paper turns red if brought near the mouth of the test tube.
This shows that HCl gas does not show acidic behaviour in absence of water but it
shows acidic behaviour in presence of water.

24. “Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a basic salt”. Justify this statement. How is it
converted into washing soda?

 Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) is basic in nature as on hydrolysis it gives

a mixture of strong base (NaOH) and weak acid (H2CO3).
 Sodium hydrogen carbonate is converted to washing soda by thermal
decomposition
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑂2 ↑ + 𝐻2 𝑂 ↑
𝑤𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑎

25. What is observed when carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water
(i) for a short duration?
(ii) for a long duration? Also write the chemical equations for the reactions involved.

(i) When CO2 is passed through lime water for short interval of time, it turns milky due
to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate.

𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐶𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ↓ + 𝐻2 𝑂

𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑡

(ii) If CO2 is passed for long duration through lime water, the white precipitate formed
dissolves due to the formation of soluble calcium hydrogen carbonate and the solution
becomes clear.

𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ↓ +𝐶𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂

𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒

26. Define water of crystallization. Give the chemical formula for two compounds as
examples. How can it be proved that the water of crystallization makes a difference in
the state and colour of the compounds? [5 Marks]

26
Answer: Water of crystallization is the number of molecules of water which are loosely
bonded to one molecule of salt.

For example:
(1) BaCl2.2H2O
(2) CuSO4.5H2O

We can prove that by heating the compound containing water of crystallization, its
colour or state change due to the removal of water of crystallization.

For example :

(1) Copper sulphate crystals containing water of crystallization are blue but on heating
they turn white.

(2) Similarly plaster of Paris is a white powder and on mixing with water it changes to
gypsum which forms a hard solid mass.

27. Which will determine acids and bases more accurately litmus paper or pH paper ?
Give reason

Litmus paper determines only if the substance is acidic or alkaline while the pH paper
determines the pH value.

pH paper gives a more precise reading than litmus paper.

28.„The liquid „X‟ turns blue litmus red. List the observations when the liquid „X‟
reacts with
(a) Zinc granules (b) Sodium carbonate

Liquid „X‟ is acidic,

(a) When Zinc granules react with acid , hydrogen gas will be evolved

(b) When Sodium carbonate reacts with acid, Carbon dioxide will be evoved

29. How could you test the following gases liberated in a chemical reaction
(a) Hydrogen gas
(b) Carbon dioxide gas

(a) When a burning candle brings near the liberated gas a popping sound will heard, this
indicates the liberated gas is hydrogen.
(b) When a liberated gas made it passing through lime water, if white precipitation
appears it confirms that the liberated gas is carbon dioxide.

27
30. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. hydrochloric
acid is added to test tube A, while acetic acid is added to test B. In which test tube will
the fizzing occur more vigorously and why?

 Hydrochloric acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.

 Therefore, H+ ions concentration in test tube A will be more than that in test tube
B. hence, reaction will take place faster in test tube A than in test tube B.
 So, fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube B.

31. A first aid manual suggests that vinegar should be used to treat wasp sting and
baking soda for bee stings. What does this information tell you about the chemical
nature of the wasp stings and bee stings

 Vinegar is acidic and it neutralizes the base present in wasp sting.

 Baking soda is basic in nature and it neutralizes acid present in bee sting.

32. A student heated a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry boiling tube.
(a) What will be the color of the copper sulphate after heating?
(b) While heating you will notice water droplets in the boiling tube? Where have these
come from

Ans. (a) Blue color of the crystals turns to White

(b) Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of crystallization.

28
 CHAPTER-3
METALS AND NON-METALS
Previous year question from SSLC Board

April - 2019
1. Give reasons :
(i) Ionic compounds in solid state do not conduct electricity, whereas in molten state are
good conductors of electricity.
(ii) Silver articles when exposed to air gradually turn blackish.
(iii) Chemical reaction does not take place when copper is added to iron sulphate
solution.
Ans : (i) In the solid state ionic compounds do not conduct electricity because
movement of ions in the solid is not possible due to their rigid structure, In molten state,
ions move freely and conduct electricity.
(ii) Silver reacts with sulphur in the air to form a coating of silver sulphide.
(iii) Reactivity of copper is less than that of iron.

2.Give reasons :
(i) Copper loses its brown layer gradually when exposed to air.
(ii) Aluminium oxide is called amphoteric oxide.
Ans : (i) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and slowly loses its shiny
brown surface and gains a green coat.
(ii) Aluminium oxide ( Al2O3 ) reacts with both acids as well as bases to produce salt
and water.

june - 2019
1. (i) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place when
aluminium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(ii) Hydrogen gas is not liberated when a metal reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
Give reason.

Ans : (i) 2 Al + 6 HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H 2

(ii) Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent.
It oxidises hydrogen produced to water and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen
oxides.

29
2. Show the formation of NaCl and MgCl2 with the help of electron dot structure.
Ans :

2. Draw the diagram of the arrangement of apparatus to show the action of steam on a
metal. Label the following parts : (i) Metal sample (ii) Delivery tube.

April - 2020
1. Which physical properties are used in the following situations ?
i) Gold is used to make ornaments
ii) Nickel is used in strings of guitar.
Ans : i) Shining surface / Metallic lustre , Ductility and Malleability ( Any two )
ii) Sonorous and Ductility.

september - 2020
1. What are amphoteric oxides ?
Ans. : Metallic oxides that show both acidic and basic behaviour are called amphoteric
oxides.
3. Strips of zinc, iron, magnesium and copper are taken in the test tubes A,B, C and D
respectively. Same quantity of ferrous sulphate solution is added to these test tubes. In
which test tubes chemical reaction will occur ? Why ? Write the chemical equations for
the reactions taking place here.
Ans : Chemical reaction occurs in test tubes A and C.
Because zinc and magnesium are more reactive than iron.
 Zn + FeSO 4 → ZnSO4 + Fe

30
july - 2021 (MCQ based exam)

1. Observe the following chemical reactions :

Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4+ Cu
Zn + FeSO4 → ZnSO4+ Fe
The decreasing order of reactivity of the metals in the above reactions is
(A) Zn > Fe > Cu (B) Fe > Cu > Zn
(C) Zn > Cu > Fe (D) Cu > Fe > Zn

September - 2021 (MCQ based exam)

1. Observe the following equations of chemical reactions :

Zn + FeSO4 → ZnSO4+ Fe
2 Al + 3 ZnSO4 → Al2 ( SO4 )3+ 3 Zn
The increasing order of reactivity of the metals in the above reactions is
(A) Fe < Zn < Al (B) Al < Zn < Fe

(C) Zn < Fe < Al (D) Al < Fe < Zn

April - 2022
1. Draw the diagram to show the arrangement of the apparatus used for testing the
conductivity of salt solution and label ‘graphite rod’.

2. Give reason :
a) Metals are used in making cooking vessels.
b) Sodium metal is stored in kerosene.

31
a) Because, metals are good conductors of heat and have property of malleability.
b) Sodium metal vigorously reacts with atmospheric oxygen and water, but
not with kerosene.

3. Give reason :
a) When a calcium metal reacts with water, the liberated hydrogen gas does not catch
fire.
b) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.

a) The reaction of calcium with water is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient
for the hydrogen to catch fire.
b) Because a considerable amount of energy is required to break the strong inter-ionic
attraction.

june - 2022
1. The metal that displaces copper from copper sulphate solution is
(A) mercury (B) gold (C) iron (D) silver
2. a) Explain the formation of ionic bond between sodium atom and chlorine atom. [
Atomic number of sodium is 11, Atomic number of chlorine is 17 ]
b) List any four general properties of ionic compounds.
Ans. : a) Electronic configuration of sodium atom is 2, 8, 1
Electronic configuration of chlorine atom is 2, 8, 7

 To have stable octet configuration sodium loses its one valence electron, thus
forms sodium cation ( Na ) and chlorine receives one electron to its
valence shell, thus forms chloride anion ( Cl ).
 Due to the electrostatic force between oppositely charged Na andCl ions
sodium chloride (NaCl) forms.

b) Properties of ionic compounds :

i) Generally solids
ii) Generally brittle and breaks into pieces when pressure is applied.
iii) They have high melting and boiling points.
iv) Soluble in water and not soluble in organic solvents.
v) They do not conduct electricity is solid state / good conductors in molten or
aqueous state.

32
April - 2023
1. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus to show the action of steam on a
metal. ( see June -2019)
2. Depict the formation of magnesium chloride with the help of electron dot structure.

𝑀𝑔 → 𝑀𝑔+2 + 2𝑒 −
2𝐶𝑙 + 2− → 𝐶𝑙2

3. Hydrogen gas is not liberated when a metal like zinc reacts with nitric acid. Why ?
 Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent
 It oxidises the hydrogen produced to water and itself gets reduced to oxides of
nitrogen.
4. How are metals in the middle of the reactivity series extracted from their ores ?
Explain.

 Metals in the middle of the activity series are in the form of sulphide or carbonate
ores.
 The sulphide ores are converted into oxides by roasting. Roasting is heating the
ores strongly in the presence of excess air.
 The carbonate ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in limited air in
calcination.
 The metal oxides are then reduced to the corresponding metals by using reducing
agents such as carbon.

june- 2023
1. Ionic compounds have high melting point and boiling point. Why ?

Ans. : Considerable amount / more amount of energy is required to break the strong
inter ionic attraction between the molecules.

2. What are alloys ? Write the constituent elements present in bronze and solder metal.
An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or metals and non-metals.
 Bronze → Copper and tin / Cu and Sn
 Solder metal → Lead and tin / Pb and Sn

33
3. What are ores ? Name the respective methods used to convert sulphide and carbonate
ores of metals into their oxides.
Minerals contain a very high percentage of a particular metal and the metal can be
profitably extracted from it.
 sulphide ore → Roasting
 carbonate ore → Calcination
4. Draw the diagram of arrangement of the apparatus used to show the action of steam
on metal. Label the following parts :
i) Metal sample ii) Delivery tube. ( see June -2019)

April - 2024
1. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus showing the electrolytic refining of
copper and label ‘acidified copper sulphate’ solution.

2. How silver and copper articles lose their shining surface ? How galvanisation
protects iron articles ?
 Silver articles when exposed to air react with sulphur to form a black layer of
sulphur dioxide.
 Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air to form a green layer of
copper carbonate.
 Layer of zinc formed by the galvanisation reacts with oxygen to form a layer
of zinc oxide which prevents further oxidation.
3. Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide. Why ?
Aluminium oxide reacts with both acid and base to form salt and water.

june- 2024
1.Aluminium, Iron, Magnesium and Zinc metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
The series that indicates decreasing order of reactivity of these metals is
(A) Mg > Al > Zn > Fe (B) Al > Mg > Fe > Zn
(C) Fe > Zn > Al > Mg (D) Fe > Mg > Zn > Al

34
2. Generally ionic compounds have high melting points and boiling points. Why ?
Ionic compounds require considerable amount of energy to break the strong inter-ionic
attraction.
3.What are alloys ? Name two alloys of copper.
 Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals, or metal and non-
metals.
 Alloys of copper — bronze and brass.

4. What are amphoteric oxides ? Give two examples.

Metallic oxides that react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water are
called amphoteric oxides.
Ex. : Aluminium oxide ( Al2O3)
Zinc oxide ( ZnO )

5. Draw the diagram of arrangement of apparatus to show the action of steam on metal.
( see June -2019)

MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR 2025 ( Including previous year questions )

1. Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.

Ans :
Na2O

MgO

2. What are the general properties for ionic compounds

 Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard
 Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points
 compounds are generally soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents
 ionic compounds conduct electricity in the molten state
3. Name any two metals those displaces hydrogen from the dilute acids and two metals
those does not displaces hydrogen from the dilute acids.
Metals those are more reactive than hydrogen displaces it from the dilute acids
Example : Sodium , Potassium , Zinc , Iron
Metals those are less reactive than hydrogen does not displaces it from the dilute acids
Example : Copper , Silver

35
4. Give reasons -
(a) Platinum , Gold , Silver are used in making ornaments
Ans - Shining surface / Metallic lustre , Ductility and Malleability , Less reactivity
(b) Sodium , Potassium are stored in kerosene
Ans : These metals are highly reactive with air and water. So they are kept in kerosene.
(c) Aluminium is used in utensils even it is more reactive.
Ans : Aluminium is lighter and good conductor
Aluminium forms oxide layer to prevent itself from further corrosion
5. Why the metal oxides are said to be basic oxides. Explain with an example.
Metal oxides when dissolved in water they form alkalis which are basic in nature
Ex : Sodium hydroxide is formed on dissolving sodium oxide in water
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
6. You are given cold water and hot water in two separate test tubes. If you kept a piece
of magnesium in test tube containing cold water it shrinks, while in hot water it floats.
Give reason
 Magnesium do not react with cold water
 Magnesium liberates hydrogen gas when it reacts with hot water.
 It also starts floating due to the bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking to its surface.

7. Define ductility and malleability

 The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wires is called ductility.

 Some metals can be beaten into thin sheets. This property is called malleability

8. What is ionic bond ? Explain the formation of ionic bond taking sodium chloride as
an example.
 A strong electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions is
called ionic bond.
 Sodium has an atomic number 11, its electron configuration is 2 , 8 , 1
 Chlorine has an atomic number 17, its electron configuration is 2 , 8 , 7
 So , sodium has 1 and chlorine has 7 electrons in their outer most orbit.
 To attain octave configuration sodium donates one electron to chlorine atom,
then it will becomes positive ion
 As chlorine atom receive one electron from sodium, it becomes negative ion
 Hence there is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between Na+ and Cl- ions
results in the formation of ionic bond between sodium and chlorine.

36
9. Metals are arranged in the reactivity series. Why hydrogen is kept in the series
though it is not a metal?

Ans. Hydrogen is a non metal but still it is placed in the reactivity series because it
behaves as an electropositive elements like metals i.e can loose electrons to form
positive ions.

10. Why do Aluminium oxide is called amphoteric oxide? Explain with help of
chemical equations
Ans : Aluminium oxide ( Al2O3 ) reacts with both acids as well as bases to produce
salt and water, hence it is called as amphoteric oxide.
 Aluminium oxide reacts with an acid -
Al2O3 +6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
 Aluminium oxide reacts with base-
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O

11. You are provided with three metals: sodium, magnesium and copper, Using only
water as the reactant, how will you identify each of them

Ans: (a) The metal which reacts violently with cold water and catches fire is sodium

(b) The metal which evolves hydrogen gas upon heating with water is magnesium

(c) The metal which does not react with water even on strong heating is copper

12. Corrosion of metals is not always harmful. Illustrate.

 Metals corrodes when exposed air , water or acids

 When metals exposed to air they forms an oxide layer on the surface which
prevents the further corrosion of the metal.
 Example : In aluminium , a protective layer of oxide is formed and prevents the
attacks of water, air, acids or alkalis.

13. (a) Why does calcium start floating when it reacts with water? Write the balanced
chemical equation of the reaction.
(b) Name two metals which do not react with water.

(a) Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and liberates hydrogen
gas.
The bubbles of hydrogen gas produced stick to the surface of calcium and hence, it
starts floating on the surface of water.
(b) Gold and silver do not react with water.

37
14. Classify the following oxides as acidic , basic and amphoteric oxides

ZnO , MgO , SO2 , CO2 , Na2O , CaO , Al2O3

Ans : Acidic oxides : SO2 , CO2

Basic oxides : MgO , Na2O , CaO ,
Amphoteric oxides : ZnO , Al2O3

15. An ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid produces brisk effervescence.
Name the type of ore with one example. What steps will be required to obtain metal
from the enriched ore? Also write the chemical equations for the reactions involved in
the process.

The ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid produces brisk effervescence hence,
it must be a carbonate ore.
Steps required to obtain metal from the enriched carbonate Are:
(a) Conversion of the carbonate ore into metal oxide : This is done by calcinations. In
this process the ore is heated strongly in absence of air. The zinc carbonate on heating
decomposes to form zinc oxide
Heat
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 ↑

b) Reduction of the metal oxide to metal using carbon as reducing agent

𝑍𝑛𝑂 + 𝐶 → 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑂

16.Carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium and aluminium to their
respective metals. Why? Where are these metals placed in the reactivity series? How
are these metals obtained form their ores?

Sodium, magnesium and aluminium have higher affinity towards oxygen than that of
carbon. Hence, carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium, magnesium and aluminium
to their respective metals.

These metals are placed at the top of the reactivity series.

The highly reactive metals like Na, Mg, Al, etc. are extracted by electrolytic process

17. You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind
juice Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels

Ans. Copper, on keeping in air reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form a green
layer of copper carbonate Copper carbonate is soluble when combines with acid
present in lemon or tamarind.The vessels are thus cleaned using water.

38
18. Differentiate between a metal and a non¬metal on the basis of chemical properties

Metals Non-metals
Metals generally form basic oxides. Non-metals generally form acidic
oxides.
Metals which lie above hydrogen in Non-metals (except F) do not react
the reactivity series displace hydrogen with water.
from water.
Metals generally behave as reducing Non-metals generally behave as
agents. oxidising agents.

19. A metal acts as a good reducing agent. It reduces Fe2O3 and the reaction is used for
welding broken railway tracks. Identify the metal and name the process. Write the
chemical equation of this process.

 Name of the metal - Aluminium

 Name of the process - Thermit process
 Equation : Fe2O3 + 2 Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe

20. How does Galvanization check rusting of iron?

 Galvanization means coating the surface of iron metal with zinc.

 Since in activity series zinc lies above iron so it sacrifices itself for the sake of
iron and prevents iron from rusting.

21. Give an example of metal which

(i) is a liquid at room temperature - Mercury

(ii) can be easily cut with knife - Sodium , Potassium

(iii) is best conductor of heat - Silver

(iv) is poor conductor of heat - Lead

22. Why are metals called electropositive elements whereas non-metals are called
electronegative elements ?

 Metals have a tendency to loose their electrons present in the outermost shell
 Non-metals gain electrons to fulfill their outermost shell.

39
 CHAPTER-4
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Previous year question from SSLC Board

April - 2019
1. The functional groups present in propanol and propanal respectively are
(A) — OH and — CHO (B) — OH and — COOH
(C) — CHO and — COOH (D) — CHO and — CO
2. What are structural isomers ? Name the first member of alkanes that shows structural
isomerism.
 Compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are called
structural isomers
 Butane or C4H10
3. (i) Write the differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(ii) Write the molecular formula and structural formula of an alkene having five
carbon atoms.

(i) Differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Single bond between carbon atoms Double or triple bond between carbon
atoms
Less reactive More reactive
Generally gives clean blue flame Burns with yellow sooty flame

(ii) Molecular formula of an alkene having five carbon atoms = C5H10

Structural formula =

4. Carbon atom does not form C 4 − anion and C 4 + cation. Why ?

Ans : Carbon can gain four electrons. But it would be difficult for the nucleus with six
protons to hold on to ten electrons, that is four extra electrons.
It can lose four electrons but it would require a large amount of energy to remove
four electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus holding on
to just two electrons.

40
june - 2019
1. What is a covalent bond ?
Chemical bond which is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms is
known as covalent bond.
2. Name the first member of alkynes and write its molecular formula.
Name : Ethyne ( or Acetylene ) Molecular formula : C2H2
3. The general formula of two specific groups of saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons is Cn H2n . Write the structures of the member of each group when n = 3.

Saturated hydrocarbon = Cyclo-propane Unsaturated hydrocarbon = Propene

April - 2020
1. An example for saturated hydrocarbon is
(A) C2H6 (B) C3H4 (C) C2H2 (D) C2H4 .
2. The molecular formula of three carbon compounds which are in homologous series
are C2H6 , C3H8 , C4H10 . The suitable general formula for these compounds is
(A) Cn H2n (B) Cn H2n − 1 (C) Cn H2n −2 (D) Cn H2n +2

April - 2019
1. Identify the correct electron dot structure of nitrogen molecule in the following :

Ans. :
2. The name and the molecular formula of the unsaturated hydrocarbon having general
formula Cn H2n and containing 3 carbon atoms is
(A) propane, C3 H8 (B) Cyclopropane, C3 H6
(C) Propyne, C3 H4 (D) Propene, C3 H6 .

41
3. What are structural isomers ? Write two structures of butane molecule.

a) Carbon compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are
called structural isomers.
 Isomers of Butane :

n - butane iso - butane

july - 2021 (MCQ based exam)

1. The structural formula of propanal is

A] B]

C] D]

2. The number of single bonds and double bonds present in a structure of benzene
molecule respectively
(A) 3 and 9 (B) 9 and 3
(C) 6 and 6 (D) 7 and 5
3.The common molecular formula of both hexene and cyclohexane is
(A) C6H6 (B) C6H14 (C) C6H12 (D) C6H10

september - 2021 (MCQ based exam)

1. The pair of carbon compounds having same molecular formula is

(A) Hexane, Hexene (B) Hexene, Hexyne
(C) Hexene, Benzene (D) Hexene, Cyclohexane

42
2. the functional group present in this carbon compound is

(A) Aldehyde (B) Ketone

(C) Carboxylic acid (D) Alcohol
3. A group of carbon compounds that are in homologous series
(A) CH4 , C2H4 , C3H4 (B) C2H2 , C2H6 , C3H6

(C) C2H4 ,C3H6 , C4H8 (D) C3H6 , C3H8 , C3H4

4.The saturated hydrocarbon among the following is
(A) C5H8 (B) C2H2 (C) C6H6 (D) C5H12

April - 2022

1. Write the structural formula of ethene molecule.

2. a) What are structural isomers ? Write the molecular and structural formula of
butane.
b) What is catenation ? Write general formula for alkenes.
a) Carbon compounds having same molecular formula but different structural
formulae are called isomers
 Molecular formula of butane is C4H10
 Isomers of Butane :

n - butane iso - butane

b) Carbon has unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon, giving rise to
large molecules.
 General formula for alkene is CnH2n

43
june- 2022
1. Number of single bonds found in the molecular structure of propanal is
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 5
2. a) Write any two differences between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds.
b) Write the structural formula of the following carbon compounds :
i) Benzene
ii) Butane
Differences between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds
Saturated carbon compounds Unsaturated carbon compounds
i) Single bond exists between i) Double and triple bond exists
two consecutive carbon atoms
ii) Less reactive ii) More reactive
iii) Give clean flame when they iii) Give yellow / black flame
burnt
iv) Subjected to substitution iv) Subjected to both addition
reaction and substitution reactions
v) Ex. : Alkanes, cycloalkanes etc. v) Ex. : Alkenes, alkynes,
benzene etc.

b ) i) ii)

April - 2023
1.The general formula of cycloalkanes is 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 and its first member is cyclopropane
𝐶3 𝐻6 Write the molecular formula and structural arrangement of the fourth member of
this homologous series.

Molecular formula : C6H12

Structural arrangement :

44
2.What is hydrogenation ?
Ans. : Hydrogen is added to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of catalyst such
as palladium or nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons. This is known as hydrogenation.
OR
Conversion of unsaturated oils into saturated fats by adding hydrogen in the presence of
palladium / nickel like catalyst.
3. How will ethanol be oxidised ?
Ethanol is oxidised into ethanoic acid by heating with oxidising agents like alkaline
potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate
OR

4. Explain the cleaning action of soaps.

 Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
 Soap molecules form micelles, in which the ionic end interacts with water and
faces outside
 Carbon chain of the soap interacts with oil or dirt.
 This forms emulsion in water. The soap molecules pull out the dirt and wash the
clothes clean.

june - 2023
1. Why are detergents more suitable for cleansing clothes in hard water ?
Ans. : Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium / magnesium ions
present in hard water

2. In a homologous series, the first member of hydrocarbon group has the molecular
formula CH4. Then find out the molecular formula of the fourth member and write two
types of structural formula of it.

Ans : 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 +2 If n = 4

Molecular formula of the fourth member 𝐶4 𝐻2𝑥4+2 = 𝐶4 𝐻10

Structural formula :

OR

45
3. Identify unsaturated hydrocarbons in the following carbon compounds and write their
structural formula.
𝐶6 𝐻6 , 𝐶5 𝐻12 , 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 , 𝐶2 𝐻2

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons are -

i) 𝐶6 𝐻6 :
Structural formula

ii) 𝐶2 𝐻2 :
Structural formula

4. Write the difference between esterification and saponification.

Esterification : Reaction between an acid and an alcohol to produce esters.
Saponification : Reaction between an alkaline base and long chain carboxylic acid to
produce soaps [ or sodium / potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acid ]

5. Write electron dot structure of oxygen molecule.

6. Carbon atom does not form C4 − anion and C 4 + cation. Why ?

 C4 − anion does not form because difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold
on ten electrons.
 C 4 + cation does not form because require large amount of energy to remove four
electrons leaving behind a carbon with six proton in its nucleus holding on just
two electrons.

April - 2024
1. Organic compounds obtained by the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol are
(A) Aldehydes (B) Ketones (C) Esters (D) Hydrocarbons

46
2. Given below incomplete equation represents a chemical process of converting an
unsaturated carbon compound to saturated carbon compound.

i) Complete the equation

ii) Name the gas ‘x’ and the substance ‘y’
iii) What happens if the end products of this reaction reacts with chlorine in the
presence of sunlight ?
i)

ii) x = Hydrogen y = Nickel / Palladium

iii)  Undergoes substitution reactions.

 Chlorine replaces hydrogen one by one
3. Carbon atom does not form C4 − anion and C 4 + cation. Why ?
(see June - 2023 , QNo - 6)
4. Write the electron dot structure of methane.

5. How micelles are formed during cleansing action of soap ?

 Micelles are formed by the interaction of ionic end of the soap with water while the
carbon chain with the oil.
6. Which are the salts responsible for hardness of water ? Detergents are
effective even in hard water. Why ?

 Calcium and magnesium salts.

 Detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and magnesium ions
in hard water.

47
june- 2024

1. The molecular formula of propanal is -

(A) C2H5COOH (B) C2H5CHO (C) C3H5CHO (D) C3H5COOH

2. Write the structures of isomers of butane.

(see April - 2022 , QNo - 2a)
3.“Detergents are better cleansers than soaps.” Justify this statement.

They clean dirt even in hard water without forming a scum.

4. If the molecular formula of first member of a homologous series is C2 H2 , then write

the names and the molecular formulae of the next two members of the same series.

 C3 H4 → Propyne
 C4 H5 → Butyne
5. Generally vegetable oils are subjected to hydrogenation. Why ?

To increase the shelf life of vegetable oils / to prevent oxidation of oils / to prevent
rancidity.

MOST LIKELY QUESTIONS FOR 2025 ( Including previous year questions )

1. Write the molecular formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?

Molecular formula : C5H10

Electron dot structure :

2. Why do we found large number of carbon compounds in the nature ?

Ans : Carbon can easily perform catenation that forms covalent bonds with other
carbon atoms to form longer chains and higher mass structures. This is the reason for
the presence of the vast number of organic compounds made of carbon in nature.

48
3. How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane? Write their structural
formula.
Ans : Pentane shows three isomers.

4. Ethanol have 2 carbon atoms and Hexanal have 6 carbon atoms. Both have same
chemical properties. Give reason .
Ans : Chemical properties of carbon compounds does not depend on the number of
carbon atoms they have. It depends on functional group.
Ethanol and Hexanol have same functional group (alcohol)
5. Write the structural formula for the followings -
i) Ethanoic acid ii) Bromopentane iii) Butanone iv) Hexanal
Ans : i) Ethanoic acid ii) Bromopentane

iii) Butanone iv) Hexanal

6. On the basis of molecular formula and molecular mass prove that propane and butane
are in homologous series.

Molecular formula Molecular mass

Propane C3 H8 44 u
Butane C4 H10 58 u
Difference CH2 14 u
These compounds differ by - CH2 unit and 14 u. Hence they are said to be in
homologous series.

49
7. Write the structural formula for the followings -
i) Chloropropane ii) Ethanol iii) Butanoic acid iv) Propanal
i) Chloropropane ii) Ethanol

iii) Butanoic acid iv) Propanal

8. Write the electron dot structure for the followings -

i) Methane ii) Ethane iii) Eathene iv) Eathyne
i) Methane ii) Ethane

iii) Eathene iv) Eathyne

9. Name the members belongs to alcohol , aldeyde and ketone having three carbon
atoms and write their structural formula .
Alcohol : Propanol Aldehyde : Propanal Ketone : Propanone

50
10. Write the molecular and structural formula of a saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbon in which 6 carbon atoms arranged in the form of a ring.
Saturated hydrocarbon :
Molecular formula : C6H12

Structural formula :

Unsaturated hydrocarbon :
Molecular formula : C6H6

Structural formula :

11.Write three important uses of ethanol

(i) It is used as a solvent to dissolve various substances like medicine , varnishes and
other organic compounds.

(ii) It is used as beverage

(iii) In many industries it is used in the form of denatured spirit.

12.A hydrocarbon molecule contain 4 hydrogen atom. Write its molecular and
structural formula if it is - (i) Alkane (ii) Alkene and (iii) Alkyne

(i) Alkane : Molecular formula CH4 ,

Structural formula

(ii) Alkene : Molecular formula C2H4

Structural formula

(iii) Alkyne : Molecular formula C3H4

Structural formula

51
13. Given a chemical test to distinguish between

(i) Ethanol and ethanoic acid (ii) Soaps and Detergents

(i) Ethanoic acid gives a brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate while
ethanol does not.
 Ethanoic acid turns blue litmus in to red while ethanol does not show any colour
changes with litmus

(ii) Soaps form curdy white precipitate or scum with hard water while detergents do not
form any precipitate.

14. Two organic compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C6H12. Write
the names and structural formulae :
(a) if A is a cyclic compound
(b) if B is an open chain compound

(a) Cyclic compound ‘A’ is Cyclohexane (b) Open chain compound ‘B’ is Hexene

15.Write the IUPAC name, common name and formula of the simplest organic acid.
IUPAC name : Methanoic acid

Common name : Acetic acid

Formula : CH3COOH

16. Which of the following compounds can have a triple bond ?

(A) C2H4, (B) C3H4, (C) C3H6, (D) C2H6

17. What is the next higher homologue of methanol (CH3OH) ?

The next higher homologue is CH3CH2OH OR C2H5OH

18. Give IUPAC names of the following compounds :

(a) C4H9OH (b) C4H9Cl

(a) C4H9OH : Butanol (b) C4H9Cl : Chlorobutane

52
19. Molecular formula C4H8O can represent an aldehyde as well as a ketone . Write
their names and structural formulae.

Aldehyde : Butanal Ketone : Butanone

20. Complete the following equations :

Conc H 2 SO 4
CH3CH2OH

What is the role Conc H2SO4 in this reaction

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
CH3CH2OH C2H3 + H2O
The concentrated sulphuric acid can be regarded as a dehydrating agent which removes
water from ethanol.
21. What would be observed on adding a 5% alkaline potassium permanganate solution
drop by drop to some warm ethanol in a test-tube ?
What is the role of potassium permanganate in the reaction ?
Write the name of the compound formed during the chemical reaction.
Also write chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.

The purple colour of the solution gradually disappears as it oxidizes the ethanolol to its
respective carboxylic acid
Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizing agent in the reaction

Ethanoic acid is formed in the reaction

𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂 4
CH3CH2OH CH3COOH

22. State one advantage and disadvantage of soaps over detergents.

Advantage : Soaps are biodegradable while detergents are non-biodegradable and

causes pollution
Disadvantage : Soaps are not suitable for hard water. Detergent forms lather easily
even with hard water

53