G20 Biology

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CBSE EXAM 2025 20 Sets

Class : 12th
Sub : Biology
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Disclaimer: These papers are based on the SQP released by CBSE and
published by a private organization just for the practice of the students.
CBSE has not released these papers and CBSE is not related to these papers
in any manner. Publisher of these papers clearly state that these paeprs
are only for practice of students and questions may not be come in main
exam.
Page 1 Sample Paper 01 CBSE Biology Class 12
Sample Paper 01
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. The question paper has five sections and 33 questions. All questions are compulsory.
3. Section—A has 16 questions of 1 mark each; Section—B has 5 questions of 2 marks each; Section—C
has 7 questions of 3 marks each: Section—D has 2 case-based questions of 4 marks each; and Section—E
has 3 questions of 5 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, internal choices have been provided in some questions. A student
has to attempt only one of the alternatives in such questions.
5. Wherever necessary, neat and properly labeled diagrams should be drawn.
SECTION - A
Q. No. 1 to 12 are multiple choice questions. Only one of the choices is correct. Select and write the correct
choice as well as the answer to these questions.
1. Big holes in Swiss cheese are made by a

(a) a machine
(b) a bacterium that produces methane gas
(c) a bacterium producing a large amount of carbon dioxide
(d) a fungus that releases a lot of gases during its metabolic activities.
2. Which of the following approaches does not give the defined action of contraceptive?
(a) Hormonal contraceptives Prevent/retard entry of sperms, prevent ovulation

and fertilisation
(b) Vasectomy Prevents spermatogenesis
(c) Barrier methods Prevent fertilisation
(d) Intra uterine devices Increase phagocytosis of sperms, suppress sperm

motility and fertilising capacity of sperms
3. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, fitness refers to an organism’s ability to successfully
reproduce and pass on its genes to the next generation. What does fitness primarily signify in this context?
(a) The number of species in a community
(b) The useful variation in population
(c) The strength of an individual
(d) The reproductive fitness of an organism.
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4. Study the following figures and identify the enzymes involved in steps I and II respectively.
(a) EcoR I and DNA ligase

(b) Hind II and DNA ligase
(c) EcoR I and Hind II
(d) Restriction endonuclease and exonuclease
5. Dr. Mehra is performing a gene cloning experiment using the pBR322 plasmid. She wants to insert a
foreign gene into the tetracycline resistance gene (tetR) to create recombinant bacteria. To do this, she
needs to select a restriction endonuclease that recognizes the site within the tetR gene to cut and insert
the foreign gene.Which of the following restriction enzymes should Dr. Mehra use to successfully perform
the insertion in the tetracycline resistance gene of pBR322?
(a) Hind III
(b) BamH I
(c) EcoR I
(d) Pst I
6. What is the correct sequence of sperm formation?

(a) Spermatogonia, spermatozoa, spermatocytes, spermatids
(b) Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa
(c) Spermatids, spermatocytes, spermatogonia, spermatozoa
(d) Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatozoa, spermatids
7. The biomass available for consumption to heterotrophs and the rate of formation of new organic matter
by consumers are referred to as
(a) gross primary productivity and net primary productivity respectively
(b) net primary productivity and gross primary productivity respectively
(c) gross primary productivity and secondary productivity respectively
(d) net primary productivity and secondary productivity respectively.
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8. Refer to the given table of contrasting traits in pea plants studied by Mendel.
Which of the given traits are incorrectly placed?

(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
(c) (i) and (iv) only (d) (iii) only
9. Ernst Chain and Howard Florey’s contribution was

(a) establishing the potential of penicillin as an effective antibiotic
(b) discovery of streptokinase
(c) production of genetically engineered insulin
(d) discovery of DNA sequence
10. Along with nicotine, cigarette smokers also have the intake tars, phenols, hydrocarbons, arsenic and many
other chemicals. Which of the following is not an effect of smoking tobacco?
(a) Narrowing or hardening of blood vessels in the heart and brain
(b) A higher frequency of respiratory infections (e.g., colds, pneumonia)
(c) A higher risk of cancer, including cancer of the lungs, mouth, larynx, bladder and kidneys
(d) None of these
11. What does the shape of the given age pyramids reflects about the growth status of the related population?
(a) Expanding Stable

(b) Stable Declining
(c) Expanding Declining
(d) Declining Stable
12. Which of the following phenomena was experimentally proved by Meselson and Stahl?
(a) Transformation (b) Transduction
(c) Semi-conservative DNA replication (d) Central dogma
Question No. 13 to 16 consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option
13. Assertion : Offsite collections can be used to restock depleted populations, reintroduce species in the wild
and restore degraded habitats.
Reason : In situ conservation refers to the conservation of endangered species in their natural habitats.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
14. Assertion : The introduction of Nile perch in lake Victoria caused cichlids to become extinct.
Reason : Nile perch is an indigenous species of East Africa.
15. In the given diagram two plants of the same species depict different types of pollination indicated by the
labellings P1, P2 and P3. Study this diagram and comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and
Reason.
Assertion : P1 is a type of self pollination.

Reason : In P1, complete flower is pollinated by its own pollen.
16. Assertion : Biodiversity hotspots are the regions which possess low levels of species richness, high degree
of endemism and no loss to habitats.
Reason : Total number of biodiversity hotspots in the world is 34 with three of these hotspots found in
India.
SECTION - B
17. Write the relationship between productivity, gross primary productivity, net primary productivity and
secondary productivity.
O
State the difference between the first trophic levels of detritus food chain and grazing food chain.
18. Tallness of pea plant is a dominant trait, while dwarfness is the alternate recessive trait. When a pure-line
tall is crossed with pure-line dwarf, what fraction of tall plant in F2 shall be heterozygous? Give reasons.
O
What do you mean by Incomplete dominance? Explain with suitable example.
19. State the functions of the following in the cloning vector pBR322 :
(i) ori
(ii) rop
20. Refer to the given figure and answer the following questions.
(i) Which of the labelled structures is a pre-birth structure and is not formed thereafter?
(ii) Which of the labelled structures responds to LH surge by rupturing?
21. A young boy when brought a pet dog home started to complaint of watery eyes and running nose. The
symptoms disappeared when the boy was kept away from the pet.
(i) Name the type of antibody and the chemicals responsible for such a response in the boy.
(ii) Mention the name of any one drug that could be given to the boy for immediate relief from such a
response.
O
Write down the difference between innate and acquired immunity
SECTION - C
22. Name and describe any three causes of biodiversity losses.
23. (i) Can a plant flowering in Mumbai be pollinated by pollen grains of the same species growing in New
Delhi? Provide explanations to your answer.
(ii) Draw the diagram of a pistil where pollination has successfully occurred. Label the parts involved in
transferring the male gametes to their desired destination.
24. (i) What do ‘Y’ and ‘B’ stand for in ‘YAC’ and ‘BAC’ used for DNA sequencing in Human Genome
Project (HGP)? Mention their role in the project.
(ii) Write the percentage of human genome that codes for proteins and the percentage of discovered genes
whose functions are unknown.
(iii) Expand `SNPs’ identified by scientists in HGP.
25. Explain the steps in the formation of an ovum from an oogonium in humans.
26. (i) Explain adaptive radiation with the help of a suitable example.
(ii) Cite an example where more than one adaptive radiation have occurred in an isolated geographical
area. Name the type of a evolution your example depict and state why it is so named.
27. (i) Explain the basis on which the gel electrophoresis technique works.
(ii) Write any two ways by which products obtained through this technique can be utilised.
28. Why are lymph nodes and bone marrows called lymphoid organs? Explain the functions of each one.
SECTION - D
Question No. 29 and 30 are case based questions. Each question has subparts with internal choice in one subpart.
29. Acquired immunity is pathogen specific and characterised by memory. Whenever our body encounters a
pathogen for the first time, it produces a response. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicts
a highly intensified secondary response.
(i) Name the two lymphocytes which are responsible for acquired immunity.
(ii) Identify the structure shown in the figure.
(iii) It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chicken-pox in their childhood
may not contract the same disease in their adulthood. Explain giving reasons the basis of such an
immunity in an individual. Name this kind of immunity.
O
Differentiate between the two lymphocytes responsible for acquired immunity.
30. The process of copying genetic information from template strand of DNA into RNA is called transcription.
It is mediated by RNA polymerase. Transcription takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. In
transcription, only a segment of DNA and only one of the strands is copied into RNA. Transcription
mainly consists of three steps. One of the steps of transcription is given below.
(i) Identify the given step and name the labels B and C.
(ii) What will happen if C is not available in the above process?
(iii) What changes will take place in A after the completion of above process in eukaryotes?
O
Briefly explain the previous step or given figure taking place in prokaryotes.
SECTION - E
31. (i) Forelimbs of given animals have the same basic structural plan. Such organs have similar
developmental pattern and they develop in related organisms, but these do differ morphologically.
What type of evolution and structure is exhibited by the organisms given in the figure.
(ii)
(a) Differentiate between analogy and homology giving one example each of plant and animal.
(b) How analogy and homology considered as an evidence in support of evolution?
O
Refer to the given information regarding human evolution given below and answer the following questions.
The fossil evidence clearly indicates that origin of man occured in Central Asia. About 15 mya, primates
called Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were existing. Among the stories of evolution, the story of evolution
of modern man appears to parallel evolution of human brain and their charactristics development.
(i) Where did Australopithecus evolve?
(ii) Write the scientific name of Java man.
(iii) Name the first human like hominid. Mention his food habit and brain capacity.
(iv) Write the characteristics of Ramapithecus and Neanderthal man.
32. Describe the roles of pituitary and ovarian hormones during the menstrual cycle in a human female.
O
(i) Trace the development of megaspore mother cell up to the formation of a mature embryo sac in a
flowering plant.
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of mature dicot embryo.
33. (i) What is EcoRI? How does EcoRI differ from an exonuclease?
(ii) EcoRI is used to cut a segment of foreign DNA and that of a vector DNA to form a recombinant
DNA.
Show with the help of schematic diagrams.
(a) The set of palindromic nucleotide sequence of base pairs the EcoRI will recognise in both the
DNA segments. Mark the site at which EcoRI will act and cut both the segments.
(b) Sticky ends formed on both the segments where the two DNA segments will join later to form
a recombinant DNA.
O
(i)
(a) Identify A and B illustrations in the following:
(b) Write the term given to A and C and why?

(ii)
(a) Expand PCR. Mention its importance in biotechnology.
(b) Describe the roles of heat, primers and the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in the process of
PCR.
******
Sample Paper 02
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Identify A, B, C and D in the flow chart given below that represents the process of recombinant
(a) A-Restriction endonuclease, B-Restriction exonuclease, C-DNA ligase, D-Transformation

(b) A-Restriction endonuclease, B-Restriction endonuclease, C-DNA ligase, D-Transformation
(c) A-Restriction endonuclease, B-Restriction endonuclease, C-Hydrolase, D-Transformation
(d) A-Restriction endonuclease, B.-Restriction endonuclease, C-Hydrolase, D-Transduction
2. The permissible use of the technique amniocentesis is for

(a) detecting sex of the unborn fetus
(b) artificial insemination
(c) transfer of embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother
(d) detecting any genetic abnormality
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3. The age pyramid with broad base indicates

(a) high percentage of old individuals (b) low percentage of young individuals
(c) a stable population (d) high percentage of young individuals
4. Two closely related different species cannot live for long duration in the same niche or habitat. This law
is called
(a) Allen’s law (b) Gloger rule
(c) Competitive exclusion principle (d) Weismann’s theory
5. The primary producers of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem are

(a) green algae (b) chemosynthetic bacteria
(c) blue-green algae (d) coral reefs
6. Match column I with column II and select the correct option from the given codes.
Column I Column II
A. Dihybrid test cross (i) 9:3:3:1

B. Law of segregation (ii) Dihybrid cross
C. Law of independent assortment (iii) 1:1:1:1
D. ABO blood group in man (iv) Purity of gametes
(v) Multiple allelism
(a) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(v) (b) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(v)
(c) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(v) (d) A-(ii), B-(v), C-(iii), D-(i)
7. Statin, a blood-cholesterol lowering agent, is commercially obtained from

(a) Trichoderma polysporum (b) Acetobacter aceti
(c) Clostridium butyricum (d) Monascus purpureus
8. A sewage treatment process in which a part of decomposer bacteria present in the wastes is recycled into
the starting of the process is called
(a) primary treatment (b) activated sludge treatment
(c) tertiary treatment (d) none of these.
9. Find the correct palindromic sequence for the given DNA segment.
5l ATTGCAAT 3l
(a) 5l GAACGTTA 3l (b) 3l TAACGTTA 5l
(c) 5l AAACGTTT 3l (d) 3l ATTGCAAT 5l
10. The term ‘immunity’ refers to

(a) mutualism between host and parasite
(b) ability of the host to fight the disease causing organisms
(c) ability of the parasite to survive within a host
(d) a fatal disease
11. Productivity at the second trophic level is always

(a) greater than the productivity at the first trophic level
(b) less than the productivity at the first trophic level
(c) equal to the productivity at the first trophic level
(d) extremely variable compared to the productivity at the first trophic level.
12. Refer to the given table of contrasting traits in pea plants studied by Mendel.
Which of the given traits is correctly placed?

(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) only
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
(c) (ii) and (iii) only
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
13. Assertion : Production ecology deals with the productivity.

Reason : Desert has lowest productivity.
14. Assertion : The endometrium undergoes cyclical changes during menstrual cycle.
Reason : The myometrium exhibits strong contractions during delivery of the baby.
15. Given below is the karyotype of a patient.

It depicts the arrangement of different sets of chromosome arranged in numerical order. It is basically used
to look for abnormalities in chromosome number or structure. Study the given karyotype and comment
upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and the Reason.
Assertion : The given karyotype shows that patient is suffering from Down’s syndrome.
Reason : In patient, the chromosome abnormality is caused due to the absence of one of the sex
chromosomes, i.e., 45 + X.
16. Assertion : The development of embryo sac from a single functional megaspore is termed as monosporic
development.
Reason : In monosporic (Polygonum) type of embryo sac development, usually the megaspore which is
situated towards micropylar end remains functional.
SECTION - B
17. Describe the process of megasporogenesis in angiosperms until 8 nucleate stage.
O
Differentiate between Perisperm and Pericarp
18. Two different types of population growth curves are used to measure population density. Study the two
growth curves and answer the corresponding question.
A forest having unlimited food resource hardly has any carnivores. Identify the curve that will explain the
population growth of herbivores in that forest. Also give the equation representing the graph.
19.
Read the graph given above and correlate the uterine events that take place according to the hormonal
levels on
(i) 6-15 days
(ii) 16-25 days
(iii) 26-28 days (if the ovum is not fertilised)
(iv) Specify the sources of the hormones mentioned in the graph.
O
Draw a sectional view of human ovary. Label the following parts :
(i) Primary follicle (ii) Ovum
(iii) Graafian follicle (iv) Corpus luteum
20. How does EcoRI specifically act on DNA molecule? Explain.
21. What do oral pills contain and how do they act as effective contraceptives?
O
When is sterilisation technique advised to married couples? How is it carried out in a human male and a
female, respectively?
Section C
22. “Australian marsupials exhibit adaptive radiation but they along with placental mammals show convergent
evolution” . Justify the statement.
23. (i) What makes some viruses cause cancer in humans?

(ii) How do benign tumors turn malignant? How does the latter harm the human body?
24. (i) What are the transcriptional products of RNA polymerase III?
(ii) Differentiate between capping and tailing.
(iii) Expand hnRNA.
25. (i) Explain parasitism with the help of one example.

(ii) State Gause’s competitive exclusion principle.
26. State the role of thymus as a lymphoid organ. Name the cells that are released from it and mention their
function.
27. Work out a cross upto F2 generation between two pure breed pea plants, one bearing purple flowers and
the other white flowers.
28. (i) Mention the cause of ADA deficiency in humans.

(ii) How is gene therapy carried out to treat the patients suffering from this disease?
(iii) State the possibility of a permanent cure of this disease.
SECTION - D
29. BOD is a measure of organic matter present in the water. The data below shows the concentration of
BOD in different samples obtained from the primary effluent, secondary effluent, untreated sewage and
river water.
(i) With reference to the above graph, identify the source of different samples A, B, C and D.
(ii) What would happen if D is disposed off in B directly?
(iii) Which among the given samples will contain large number of pathogenic microbes?
O
What would be the reason for the higher value of BOD in sample D?
30. From a number of studies on the metabolism of bacterium Escherichia coli, two French scientists Jacob
and Monod in 1961 found that the genetic material possesses regulated gene units called operons. Study
the given below operon system operating in E.coli and answer the questions that follow:
(i) On the basis of the given operon system, what conclusion can you draw about case I and case II?
(ii) What would happen in the presence of X in case II?
(iii) What type of regulation can be seen in the given operon system by the repressor?
O
Which structural gene codes for permease in both the cases and what is its function?
SECTION - E
31. A large number of married couples over the world are childless. It is shocking to know that in India the
female partner is often blamed for the couple being childless.
(i) Why in your opinion the female partner is often blamed for such situations in India? Is it correct?
Justify.
(ii) State any two reasons responsible for the cause of infertility.
(iii) “Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection” and ‘Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer’ are two assisted
reproductive technologies. How is one different from other?
O
(i) Arrange the following hormones in sequence of their secretion in a pregnant woman. hCG; LH; FSH;
Relaxin
(ii) Mention their source and the function they perform.
32. Some restriction enzymes break a phosphodiester bond on both the DNA strands, such that only one end
of each molecule is cut and these ends have regions of single stranded DNA. BamHI is one such restriction
enzyme which binds at the recognition sequence, 5l -GGATCC- 3l and cleaves these sequences just after
the 5l - guanine on each strand.
(i) What is the objective of this action?
(ii) Explain how the gene of interest is introduced into a vector.
(iii) You are given the DNA shown below.
5l ATTTTGAGGATCCGTAATGTCCT 3l
3l TAAAACTCCTAGGCATTACAGGA 5l
If this DNA was cut with BamHI, how many DNA fragments would you expect? Write the sequence of
these double-stranded DNA fragments with their respective polarity.
(iv) A gene M was introduced into E.coli cloning vector pBR322 at BamHI site. What will be its impact
on the recombinant plasmids? Give a possible way by which you could differentiate non-recombinant
from recombinant plasmids.
O
(i) Write the palindromic nucleotide for the following DNA segment : 5l -GAATTC- 3l
(ii) Name the restriction endonuclease that recognises this sequence.
(iii) How are ‘sticky-ends’ produced? Mention their role.
33. (i) Dihybrid cross between two garden pea plants one homozygous tall with round seeds and the other
dwarf with wrinkled seeds was carried.
(a) Write the genotype and phenotype of the F1 progeny obtained from this cross.
(b) Give the different types of gametes of the F1 progeny.
(c) Write the phenotypes and its ratios of the F2 generation obtained in this cross along with the
explanation provided by Mendel.
(ii) How were the observations of F2 progeny of dihybrid crosses in Drosophila by Morgan different from
that of Mendel carried in pea plants? Explain giving reasons.
O
How do “pleiotropy”, “incomplete dominance”, “co-dominance” and “polygenic inheritance” deviate from
the observation made by Mendel? Explain with the help of one example for each.
******
Sample Paper 03
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. When a natural predator (living organism) is applied on the other pathogen organisms to control them,
this process is called
(a) biological control (b) genetic engineering
(c) artificial control (d) confusion technique
2. Percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the incident solar radiation is

(a) 1 - 5% (b) 2 - 10%
(c) less than 50% (d) approx. 100%
3. Mendel formulated the law of purity of gametes on the basis of

(a) monohybrid cross (b) dihybrid cross
(c) test cross (d) back cross
4. Study the given figure carefully and select the incorrect statements regarding this.
(i) It represents a typical agarose gel electrophoresis in which lane 1 contains undigested DNA.
(ii) Smallest DNA bands are formed at A and largest DNA bands are formed at B.
(iii) The separated DNA fragments can be visualised after staining in the visible light.
(iv) The separated DNA bands are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted from the gel piece. This
step is known as elution.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
5. In fruit flies, long wing is dominant to vestigial wing. When heterozygous long-winged flies were crossed
with vestigial-winged flies, 192 offsprings were produced. If an exact Mendelian ratio had been obtained,
then the number of each phenotype would have been
Long-winged Vestigial-winged
(a) 64 128
(b) 96 96
(c) 128 64
(d) 192 0
6. During the life cycle of Plasmodium, sexual reproduction takes place in which of the following hosts?
(a) Human (b) Female Anopheles mosquito
(c) Male Anopheles mosquito (d) Both (a) and (b)
7. A population has more young individuals compared to the older individuals. What would be the status
of the population after some years?
(a) It will decline. (b) It will stabilise.
(c) It will increase. (d) It will first decline and then stabilise.
8. Which one of the following is a population ?

(a) A spider and some trapped flies in its web.
(b) Earthworm that lives in a grassland along with other arthropods.
(c) All the plants in a forest.
(d) All the oak trees in a forest.
9. Embryo with more than 16 blastomeres formed due to in vitro fertilisation is transferred into
(a) uterus (b) fallopian tube
(c) fimbriae (d) cervix.
10. A foreign DNA and plasmid cut by the same restriction endonuclease can be joined to form a recombinant
plasmid using
(a) EcoR I (b) Taq polymerase
(c) DNA polymerase III (d) ligase
11. If the energy produced at the level of the producers is 1000 J, the energy available for the secondary
consumers is
(a) 1000 J (b) 100 J
(c) 10 J (d) 1 J
12. Identify the blank spaces A, B, C and D in the given table and select the correct option.
Type of microbe Scientific name Product Medical application

Fungus A Cyclosporin A B
C Monascus Purpureus Statin D
(a) A-Trichoderma polysporum, B-As an immunosuppressive agent, C-Yeast (Fungus), D-Lowering of
blood cholesterol
(b) A-Trichoderma polysporum, B-Lowering of blood cholesterol, C-Yeast (Fungus), D-As an
immunosuppressive agent
(c) A-Penicillium notatum, B-Lowering of blood cholesterol, C-Bacteria, D-As an immunosuppressive
agent
(d) A-Streptococcus, B-As an immunosuppressive agent, C-Bacterium, D-Lowering of blood cholesterol
13. Assertion : There are 32 biodiversity hotspots in the world.

Reason : High level of species richness is a criteria for selection of a biodiversity hotspot.
14. Given below is the representation of the DNA fingerprinting depicting the amplified repeats separated
by size using gel electrophoresis. Study the given picture and comment upon the appropriateness of the
Assertion and Reason.
Assertion : It shows that individual B commits the crime.

Reason : The banding pattern of DNA from crime scene (C) matches with individual B rather than A.
15. Assertion : Only the pre-pollination growth of male gametophyte occurs inside the microsporangium
whereas the remaining growth occurs over the female reproductive organs.
Reason : Whole of the growth of female gametophyte occurs inside the megasporangium.
16. Assertion : The regions outside the seminiferous tubules are called interstitial spaces, which contain
Leydig’s cells.
Reason : Leydig’s cells synthesise and secrete testicular hormones called androgens.
SECTION - B
17. (i) What is biopiracy?
(ii) State the initiative taken by the Indian parliament against it.
O
What is micro propagation? What are the advantages of producing plants through this technique.
18. Explain why it is scientifically incorrect to blame the mother for bearing female child.
19. Why is fertilisation in an angiosperm referred to as double fertilisation? Mention the ploidy of the cells
involved.
20. (i) Name the scientist who suggested that the genetic code should be made of a combination of three
nucleotides.
(ii) Explain the basis on which he arrived at this conclusion.
21. (i) Mention the significant role of the thymus as a lymphoid organ.
(ii) What kind of cells are released from thymus and how they help in immunity?
SECTION - C
22. Explain the work carried out by Cohen and Boyer that contributed immensely in biotechnology.
23. Study the age pyramids ‘A, ‘B’ and ‘C’ of the human population given below and answer the questions
that follow :
(i) Identify pyramids ‘B’ and ‘C’.

(ii) Write the basis on which the above pyramids are plotted.
O
Draw and explain expanding age pyramid of human population. Why is it so called?
24. With reference to the following schematic diagram of (i) Spermatogenesis and (ii) Oogenesis, answer the
following questions.
(i) (ii)
(i) About 300 million spermatozoa may be present in a human male ejaculation at one time. Calculate
how many primary spermatocytes will be involved to produce this number of spermatozoa.
(ii) How many spermatids will be formed?
(iii) How many chromatids are found during oogenesis in primary oocyte and first polar body in a human
female?
25. Differentiate between homology and analogy. Give one example of each.
26. (i) Identify the structure shown below.
(ii) Mention the difference in the synthesis based on the polarity of the two template strands.
27. Large quantities of sewage is generated everyday in cities and towns, which is treated in Sewage Treatment
Plants (STPs) to make it less polluted. Given below is the flow chart of one of the stages of STP.
Observe the given flow chart and answer the questions accordingly.
(i) Why primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks?

(ii) Write the technical term used for the sediment formed? Mention its significance.
(iii) Explain the final step that results in the formation of biogas in the large tank before the treated
effluent is released into water bodies.
28. How is detritus decomposed step-by-step by different agents and made available as nutrients to the
plants? Explain.
O
(i) Describe the events during humification and mineralisation during decomposition in the soil.
(ii) Enlist the conditions affecting the rate of decomposition.
SECTION - D
29. The data below shows the concentration of nicotine smoked by a smoker taking 10 puffs/ minute.
(i) With reference to the above graph explain the concentration of nicotine in blood at 10 minutes.
(ii) How will this affect the concentration of carbon monoxide and haembound oxygen at 10 minutes?
(iii) How does cigarette smoking result in high blood pressure and increase in heart rate?
O
How does cigarette smoking result in lung cancer and emphysema?
30. A geneticist crosses round yellow seeded pea plant to wrinkled green seeded pea plant and observed the
inheritance of both traits as per the following pattern. He collected total 1600 seeds in F2 generation.
(i) What would be the total number of seeds that are homogenous for yellow colour and heterogenous
for round seed shape?
(ii) What phenotypic ratio would be obtained if the plants of F1 generation would be crossed with
homogenous wrinkled green seeded plant?
(iii) How many seeds would be homogenous for wrinkled yellow and wrinkled green?
O
Explain the “law of independent assortment” according to the given dihybrid cross.
SECTION - E
31. Refer to the given diagram that shows the human male reproductive system (one side only).
(i) Identify ‘X’ and write its location in the body.

(ii) Name the accessory gland ‘Y’ and its secretion.
(iii) Name and state the function of ‘Z’.
O
Draw a sectional view of human ovary and label the following parts:
(a) Primary follicle
(b) Secondary oocyte
(c) Graafian follicle
(d) Corpus luteum
(ii) Name the hormones influencing follicular development of corpus luteum.
32. Answer the following questions regarding origin of life.

(i) Who proposed Modern theory of origin of life?
(ii) Which compound was formed in S. Miller’s dassic experiment of origin of life?
(iii) Which compound was absent in primitive atmosphere?
(iv) Name two views of the modern theory of origin of life.
O
(i) How do the observations made during moth collection in pre- and post-industrialised era in England
support evolution by natural selection?
(ii) Explain the phenomenon that is well represented by Darwin’s finches other than natural selection.
33. Describe the role of heat, primers and the bacterium Therm us aquaticus in the process of PCR.
O
Why is a recombinant protein so called? How can it be harvested on a large scale? Write two precautions
to maintain a higher yield.
******
Sample Paper 04
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Which type of pyramid is always upright?

(a) Number (b) Biomass
(c) Weight (d) Energy
2. Rate of decomposition depends upon

(a) chemical composition of detritus (b) temperature
(c) soil moisture and soil pH (d) all of these
3. The given flow chart depicts the steps to transfer a desirable gene of interest into a plant.
Isolation of desirable gene using restriction endonucleases and gel electrophoresis
Identify the missing steps (A, B and C) with regard to following statements and select the correct option.
(i) Joining of desirable gene to a suitable cloning vector using ligases to create a recombinant DNA
molecule.
(ii) Selection of transformed cells.
(iii) Transferring the recombinant DNA molecules to the target cells.
A B C
(a) (i) (ii) (iii) (b) (i) (iii) (ii)
(c) (ii) (iii) (i) (d) (iii) (i) (ii)
4. If a recombinant DNA bearing gene for resistance to antibiotic ampicillin is transferred to E.coli cells,
the host cells become transformed into ampicillin resistant cells. If such bacteria are transferred on agar
plates containing ampicillin, only transformants will gmw and the untransformed recipient cells will die.
The ampicillin resistant gene in this case is called as
(a) selectable marker (b) recombinant protein
(c) cloning site (d) chemical scalpels
5. Which of the following factors has a negative effect on the population growth rate?
(a) Emigration (b) Immigration
(c) Natality (d) Both (b) and (c)
6. Single step large mutation leading to speciation is called

(a) founder effect (b) saltation
(c) branching descent (d) natural selection
7. Which of the following diseases are treated by antibiotics?

(i) Plague (ii) Diphtheria
(iii) Leprosy (iv) Whooping cough
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
8. In which organ does the sexual stage (gametocytes) of Plasmodium form?

(a) Salivary glands of mosquito (b) Human RBC
(c) Intestine of mosquito (d) Human liver
9. Tubectomy is a method of sterilisation in which

(a) small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up
(b) ovaries are removed surgically
(c) small part of vas deferens is removed or tied up
(d) uterus is removed surgically
10. Match column I with column II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column I Column II
A. Mutation (i) Change in allele frequency in a population due to

chance alone
B. Gene flow (ii) Differences in survival and reproduction among
variant individuals
C. Natural selection (iii) Immigration, emigration change allele frequencies
D. Genetic drift (iv) Random and directionless
(a) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) (b) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(i)
(c) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(ii) (d) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i)

11. ‘Verhulst - Pearl’ is associated with the equation

dN = b K − N l dN = b K − N l
(a) dt rN K (b) dt tN N
dN = b K − N l dN = b K − N l
(c) dt rN N (d) dt tN K
Column I Column II
A. Statins (i) Methanobacterium
B. Biogas (ii) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
C. Ethanol production (iii) Monascus purpureus
D. Converts milk to curd (iv) Lactobacillus
(a) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(ii) (b) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(ii)
(c) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv),D-(i) (d) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iv)
13. Assertion : Tropical regions have got a long evolutionary time for species diversification as compared to
temperate regions.
Reason : Temperate regions have undergone frequent glaciations in the past whereas tropical regions have
remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years.
14. Assertion : Myometrium is an important component of uterus.

Reason : Myometrium produces strong contractions during parturition.
15. Assertion : Water constitutes a major mode of pollination in most of the aquatic angiospermous plants.
Reason : Vallisneria and Zostera are examples of water pollinated plants.
16. Given below is the monohybrid cross. It depicts the cross between the red flower and white flower colour in
the Antirrhinum sp. Study this monohybrid cross and comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion
and Reason.
Assertion : It shows the incomplete dominance.

Reason : The F2 generation of Antirrhinum shows different phenotypic and genotypic ratio.
SECTION - B
17. Draw a diagram of the structure of a human ovum surrounded by corona radiata. Label the following
parts :
(i) Ovum
(ii) Plasma membrane
(iii) Zona pellucida
O
What is the function of corpus luteum ?
18. Principle of vaccination is based on the property of “memory” of the immune system. Taking one suitable
example, justify the statement.
19. Study the graph given below and answer the questions that follows:
The curve ‘b’ is described by the following equation:

dN = K−N
dt rN & K 0
What does ‘K’ stand for in this equation? Mention its significance.
O
Which curve represent the human population growth at present? Do you think such a curve is sustainable?
Give reason in support of your answer.
20. Why is making cells competent essential for biotechnology experiments? List any two ways by which this
can be achieved.
21. Given figure shows karyotype of a child who is suffering from a sex chromosomal abnormality which occurs
during failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle. This results in the gain or loss of a
chromosome (s), called aneuploidy.
(i) Identify the disease from the given karyotype.

(ii) Mention the diagnostic features of this disease.
SECTION - C
22. Mention any six differences between active immunity and passive immunity.
23. The following figure shows a fetus within the uterus. On the basis of the given figure, answer the questions
that follow:
(i) Mention the role of B in the development of the embryo.

(ii) Name the fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
(iii) Identify A.
24. (i) Explain the cause responsible in a human to have sex chromosomes as XXY instead of ‘XX’ or ‘XY’.
(ii) List any two ways such individuals are different from the normal being.
25. (i) How is placenta formed in the human female?

(ii) Name any two hormones which are secreted by it and are also present in a non-pregnant woman.
26. State a functional difference between the following.

(i) AUG and UAA
(ii) Specific and Degenerate
27. (i) How has the development of bioreactor helped in biotechnology?

(ii) Name the most commonly used bioreactor and describe its working.
28. Taking one example each of habitat loss and fragmentation, explain how are the two responsible for
biodiversity loss.
O
Several factors possess threats to indigenous species of a particular area. Introduction of alien species is
one such threat. Justify it with few examples.
SECTION - D
29. Study the two cases carefully regarding the pattern of inheritance of disease.
Case Mother Father Children
Case I With disease Normal Sons always with diseases

Case II With disease Normal Sons and daughters could show disease
(i) Give two examples of case I diseases.

(ii) On which chromosome case I diseases are present on?
(iii) If inheritance pattern of disease is as case II and both parents are carrier of disease then what are the
chances of pregnancy resulting in an affected child?
O
The possibility of a human female suffering from a hemophilia disease is rare. Why is it so?
30. Refer to the given figure of antibody and answer the following questions.

(i) Identify a, b and c in the given diagram.

(ii) Write the chemical nature of an antibody.
(iii) Mention the type of immune response provided by an antibody.
O
Name the cells that produce antibodies in humans.
SECTION - E
31. According to Chargaff, almost all DNA-no matter what organism or tissue type it comes from maintains
certain properties, even as its composition varies. In particular, the amount of adenine (A) is usually
similar to the amount of thymine (T) and the amount of guanine (G) usually approximates the amount
of cytosine (C).
(i) A sample of DNA having 5375 nucleotides was analysed, out of which the propagation of different
bases were : Adenine = 33%, Guanine 18%, Cytosine = 33%, Thymine = 17%. What can be
concluded from this data?
(ii) If one strand of DNA has the following percentage.
A = 26%, T = 23%, C = 24%, G = 27%
What percentage will be found in the complementary strand?
(iii) If a sample of DNA has a cytosine content of 26%, what proportion of thymine do you expect?
O
Pea seeds with BB alleles have round seeds and large starch grains, while seeds with bb alleles have
wrinkled seeds with small starch grains. Work out the cross between these two parents. Explain the
phenotypic ratio of the progeny with respect to seed shape and the starch grain size of the progeny
produced.
32. Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by
foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
O
Explain the application of rDNA technology to produce insulin with diagram. Explain the difference
between humulin and insulin produced by rRNA technology.
33. Refer to the following diagram and answer the following questions:
(i) Identify D and E.

(ii) How is the sperm able to penetrate inside the ovum?
(iii) Where exactly in the Fallopian tube does this occur?
(iv) Explain the events thereafter upto morula stage.
O
Given below is an enlarged view of one microsporangium of a mature anther.
(i) Name ‘a’ , ‘b’ and ‘c’ wall layers.

(ii) Mention the characteristics and function of the cell wall forming wall layer ‘c’.
(iii) An anther with malfunctioning layer ‘c’ often fails to produce viable male gametophytes. Give
reason.
******

Sample Paper 05
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Identify the incorrect pair from the following with respect to angiosperms.
(a) Primary endosperm nucleus-3n
(b) Antipodals-2n
(c) Cells of nucellus of ovule-2n
(d) Vegetative cell of male gametophyte-n
2. The structure in chromatin seen as ‘beads-on string’ when viewed under electron microscope are called
(a) nucleotides (b) nucleosides
(c) histone octamer (d) nucleosomes
3. In a given population of 2000 individuals, 80 births and 125 deaths were reported over a given period of
time. Which of the following graphs will correspond to it?
4. For which of the following cases, population density can be easily determined by not utilising biological-
entities directly?
(a) Fish density (b) Density of bacteria in bacterial culture
(c) Siberian cranes at Bharatpur wetlands (d) Tiger census
5. Given figure represents a pyramid of biomass in an aquatic ecosystem.
Identify A and B and select the correct answer.

(i) A is the crop which supports and B is the crop which is supported.
(ii) A is the crop which is supported and B is the crop which supports.
(iii) A is phytoplanktons and B is zooplanktons.
(iv) A is zooplanktons and B is phytoplanktons.
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
6. Identify the palindromic sequence in the following.

GAATTC GGATCC
(a) CTTUUG (b) CCTAGG
CCTGG CGATA
(c) GGACC (d) GCTAA
7. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in a river water

(a) has no relationship with concentration of oxygen in the water
(b) gives a measure of Salmonella in the water
(c) increases when sewage added to river water
(d) remains unchanged when algal bloom occurs
8. Replacement of the lighter-coloured variety of peppered moth (Biston betularia) to its darker variety
(Biston carbonaria) in England is the example of
(a) natural selection (b) regeneration
(c) genetic isolation (d) temporal isolation
9. During insertional inactivation, the presence of a chromogenic substrate gives blue coloured colonies if the
plasmid in the bacteria does not have an insert. The blue colour is produced by the enzyme
(a) α -glucosidase (b) restriction endonuclease
(c) β -galactosidase (d) Taq polymerase
10. A plant native to South America, which produces cocaine is

(a) Erythroxylum coca (b) Atropa belladonna
(c) Datura stramonium (d) Papaver somniferum
11. The inoculum is added to the fresh milk in order to convert milk into curd, the term ‘inoculum’ here
refers to
(a) a starter rich in vitamin B12 (b) a starter rich in proteins
(c) a starter containing millions of LAB (d) an aerobic digester
12. Match column I with column II.
Column I Column II
A. Fimbriae (i) Oviduct
B. Fallopian tube (ii) Capture ova released into coelom
C. Infundibulum (iii) Site of fertilization
D. Ampulla (iv) Part of oviduct closer to ovary
(a) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii) (b) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii)
(c) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) (d) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(ii)
13. Assertion : The plant biomass which serves as the food of herbivores and decomposers is said to result
from the net primary productivity.
Reason : Gross primary productivity is the rate of total production of organic material (biomass) during
photosynthesis.
14. Assertion : In a monohybrid cross, F1 generations indicate dominant characters.

Reason : Dominance occurs only in heterozygous state.
15. Assertion : Many endemic species are seen to flourish in sacred forests.
Reason : Sacred forests are undisturbed forest patches and biodiversity rich areas.
16. Assertion : The primary productivity of different ecosystems can be easily compared.
Reason : The magnitude of primary productivity depends on the photosynthetic capacity of producers and
the prevailing environmental conditions.
SECTION - B
17. Name the genus of baculovirus that acts as a biological control agent in spite of being a pathogen. Justify
by giving three reasons that make it an excellent candidate for the job.
O
In which way have microbes played a major role in controlling diseases caused by harmful bacteria?
18. What could be the possible treatments for a patient exhibiting ADA deficiency?
19. Refer to the given below figure.
(i) Redraw the structure as a replicating fork and label the parts.
(ii) Write the source of energy for this replication.
20. Where is sporopollenin present in plants? State its significance with reference to its chemical nature.
21.
The above graph show species-area relationship. Write the equation of the curve ‘a’ and explain it.
O
How does over-exploitation of beneficial species affect biodiversity? Explain with the help of one example.
SECTION - C
22. Prior to a sports event, blood and urine samples of sports persons are collected for drug tests.
(i) Why is there a need to conduct such tests?
(ii) Name the drugs the authorities usually look for.
(iii) Write the generic names of two plants from which these drugs are obtained.
23. Although a prokaryotic cell has no defined nucleus, yet DNA is not scattered throughout the cell. Explain.
24. A cross was carried out between two pea plants showing the contrasting traits of height of the plants. The
result of the cross showed 50% parental characters.
(i) Work out the cross with the help of a Punnett square.
(ii) Name the type of the cross carried out.
25. Why is predation required in a community of different organisms?

O
(i) Explain “birth rate” in a population by taking a suitable example.
(ii) Write the other two characterstics which only a population shows but an individual cannot.
26. When does a geneticist need to carry a test cross? How is it carried?
27. Study the transverse section of human ovary given below and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Name the hormone that helps in growth of A " B " C

(ii) Name the hormone secreted by A and B.
(iii) State the role of hormone produced by D.
28. ‘Plasmid is a boon to biotechnology’. Justify this statement quoting the production of human insulin as
an example.
SECTION - D
29. Study the given figure and answer the following questions.
(i) Identify A, B, C and D from the given figure.

(ii) What kind of inheritance is shown in the given the figure?
(iii) State the significance of this inheritance in the above mentioned cross.
O
What would happen in the given cross if the parents phenotype be reversed i.e., white eyed female and
red eyed male respectively?
30. Refer to the given below flow chart that shows the sewage treatment.
(i) With reference to the above flow chart explain the role of step A in the given process.
(ii) Identify A, B, C and D in the given process.
(iii) Explain the process at step D.

O
What is the significance of low B in the given process and how does it forms C?
SECTION - E
31. An experiment ‘X’ provided evidence in support of ‘Y’. In this experiment, four gases were circulated ‘A’,
‘B’, ‘C, and ‘D’ in an air tight apparatus and electrical discharge from electrodes was passed at 800°C.
The mixture of gases were passed through a condenser. After a week, the chemical composition of the
liquid inside the apparatus was analysed. The results provided evidence through which ‘Y’ was more or
less accepted.
(i) Identify gases A, B, C, D.
(ii) Which theory of origin of life is supported by the above experiment?
(iii) Draw a diagrammatic representation of experiment X.
(iv) What does A, B, C and D together produced in the experiment X?
O
Explain three different ways in which natural selection can affect the frequency of a heritable trait in a
population.
32. Give reasons why:

(i) DNA cannot pass into a host cell through the cell membrane.
(ii) Proteases are added during isolation of DNA for genetic engineering.
(iii) Single recognition site is preferred in a vector.
(iv) Maintainance of sterile conditions in biotechnological processes.
(v) Genes encoding resistance to antibiotics considered as useful selectable markers for E.coli cloning
vector.
O
Causative agents of HIV-AIDS and COVID-19 belong to the same group of viruses. To diagnose and
amplify the genetic material for further study of COVID-19 virus, ‘RT-PCR’ test is carried out.
(i) What does ‘RT-PCR’ stand for?
(ii) Explain the various steps of PCR technique.
33. Study the graph given below related with menstrual cycle in females:
(i) Identify ovarian hormones X and Y mentioned in the graph and specify their source.
(ii) Correlate and describe the uterine events that take place according to the ovarian hormone levels X
and Y mentioned in the graph on -
(a) 6 - 15 days
(b) 16 - 25 days
(c) 26 - 28 days (when ovum is not fertilised)

O
Refer the given below figure and answer the questions that follows:
(i) What phenomenon is represented in the above given figure ?

(ii) What is the path of entry of pollen tube ?
(iii) Label the parts marked as A to E.
(iv) What will happen after entering of pollen into one of the synergids?
******

Sample Paper 06
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Which one of the following pair is a purine pair?
(a) Adenine, Guanine
(b) Cytosine, Thymine
(c) Uracil, Guanine
(d) Adenine, Thymine
2. Methanogenic bacteria are present in
(a) anaerobic sludge
(b) rumen (a part of stomach) of cattle
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
3. The polymerase enzyme used in PCR is
(a) DNA polymerase I
(b) restriction endonuclease
(c) reverse transcriptase
(d) Taq polymerase
4. The figure below is the diagrammatic representation of the E.Coli vector pBR 322. Which one of the given
options correctly identifies its certain component (s)?
(a) ori - original restriction enzyme (b) ampR, tetR - antibiotic resistance genes
(c) Hind III, EcoRI - selectable markers (d) rop-reduced osmotic pressure
5. Which of the following statement confirm the law of dominance
(a) Alleles do not show any blending and both characters recovered as such in F2 generation
(b) It is the conclusion of a dihybrid cross
(c) 3:1 ratio in F2 generation
(d) Alleles of a pair segregate from each other such that gamete receives only one of the two factors
6. Atmosphere of earth just before the origin of life consisted of:
(a) CH4, NH3, H2 and water vapours. (b) CO2, NH3, and CH2
(c) water vapours, CH4, NH3 and oxygen. (d) CH4, O3, O2 and water vapours.
7. The trigger for activation of toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis is
(a) alkaline pH of gut (b) high temperature
(c) acidic pH of stomach (d) mechanical action in the insect gut
8. The term ‘precipitation’ includes
(a) rain (b) snow
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of them
9. The law of segregation of characters postulated by Mendel can be related to
(a) The presence of two genes for each character in a somatic cell.
(b) presence of both genes on the same chromosome.
(c) a gamete receiving only one of the two homologous chromosomes during gamete formation.
(d) None of the above
10. Who proposed that the first form of life come from pre-existing non- living molecules?
(a) Darwin and Lamarck
(b) de Vries and Sturtevant
(c) Oparin and Haldane
(d) Louis Pasteur and Miller
11. C-peptide of human insulin is
(a) removed during maturation of pro-insulin to insulin
(b) responsible for the formation of disulphide bridge
(c) a part of mature insulin molecule
(d) responsible for its biological activity
12. Asexual reproduction is common among
(a) single celled organisms only.
(b) single celled animals, plants and animals with simple organizations.
(c) animals with simple organization.
(d) plants only.
13. Assertion: Phagocyte cells digest microbes and debris

Reason: Natural killer cells destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
(d) A is False but R is true.
14. Assertion: Hybrid is formed by cross between two organisms that are different in one or more traits.
Reason: Mendel crossed two plants differing in one trust to obtain F1 plants in mono-hybrid cross.
15. Assertion: An antibody is a protein molecule made by the lymphocytes.

Reason: An antibody binds to a specific antigen and neutralizes its odd effects.
16. Assertion: Replication and transcription occur in the nucleus but translation takes place in the cytoplasm.
Reason: mRNA is transferred from the nucleus into cytoplasm where ribosomes and amino acids are
available for protein synthesis.
SECTION-B
17. Refer the figure of a part of seminiferous tubule showing different stages of sperm formation and answer
the questions.
(i) Describe the process of spermatogenesis up to the formation of spermatozoa.
(ii) Trace the path of spermatozoa from the testes up to the ejaculatory duct only.
O
Where are the Leydig cell present? What is their role in reproduction?
18. State the role of ‘biolistic gun’ in biotechnology experiments. Microparticles of which elements are used
in this technique?
O
Agrobacterium tumifaciens is a natural vector. How?
19. Cucurbits and papaya plants bear staminate and pistillate flowers. Mention the categories they are put
under separately on the basis of the type of flowers they bear.
20. A region of a coding DNA strand has the following nucleotide sequence: -ATGC-
What shall be the nucleotide sequence in the following?
(i) Sister DNA segment it replicates.
(ii) m-RNA polynucleotide it transcribes.
21. Define the term ‘health’. Mention any two ways of maintaining it.
O
Microbes play a dual role when used for sewage treatment as they not only help to retrieve usable water
but also generate fuel. Write in points how this happens?
SECTION-C
22. Scientists have succeeded in recovering healthy sugarcane plants from a diseased one.
(i) Name the part of the plant used as explant by scientists.
(ii) Describe the procedure the scientists followed by recover the healthy parts.
(iii) Name the technology used for crop improvement.
23. A large number of married couples in the world are childless. It is shocking to know that in India the
female partner is often blamed for the couple being childless.
(i) State any two reasons responsible for the cause of infertility in case of male and female.
(ii) Suggest a technique that can help the couple to have a child where the problem is with male.
24. Name the organic materials exine and intine of an angiosperm pollen grains are made up of. Explain the
role of exine.
25. Name the ancestors of man based on the features given below:
(i) Human like, meat-eater with 900 cc brain, lived in Java.
(ii) More human with brain size 1400 cc, lived in central Asia, used hides and buried their dead.
(iii) Human like, vegetarian, with brain capacity between 650 cc and 800 cc.
26. Explain stirring type bioreactors.
27. Study the diagram given below and answer the following questions.
(i) Why have DNA fragments in band D moved far away in comparison to those in band C?
(ii) Identify the anode end in the diagram.
(iii) How are these DNA fragments visualised.
28. (i) State the cause and symptoms of Down’s syndrome. Name and explain the event responsible for
causing this syndrome.
(ii) Haemophilia and Thalassemia are both examples of Mendelian disorder, but show difference in their
inheritance pattern. Explain how.
SECTION-D
29. Read the following and answer any four questions from 29(i) to 29(iv) given below:
Ex-Situ Conservation:
In this approach, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in
special setting where they can be protected and given special care. Zoological parks, botanical gardens and
wildlife safari parks serve this purpose. There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but
continue to be maintained in zoological parks. In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond
keeping threatened species in enclosures.
Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using
cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue
culture methods. Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long
periods in seed banks.
Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all
nations. The historic Convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in
1992, called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable
utilisation of its benefits.
In a follow-up, the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in 2002 in Johannesburg, South
Africa, 190 countries pledged their commitment to achieve by 2010, a significant reduction in the current
rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and local levels.
(i) What was the outcome of the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro?
(ii) For endangered species, Ex-situ conservation is a method that is?
(iii) Which one of the following is related to ex-situ conservation of threatened animals and plants?
O
(iv) World summit on sustainable development of 2002 was held in?
Microbes in commercial production of Chemicals, enzymes and Bioactive molecule:
Microbes are also used for commercial and industrial production of certain chemicals like organic
acids, alcohols and enzymes. Examples of acid producers are Aspergillus niger (a fungus) of citric acid,
Acetobacter aceti (a bacterium) of acetic acid; Clostridium butylicum (a bacterium) of butyric acid
and Lactobacillus (a bacterium) of lactic acid. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is used for commercial
production of ethanol. Microbes are also used for production of enzymes.
Lipases are used in detergent formulations and are helpful in removing oily stains from the laundry. You
must have noticed that bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those made
at home. This is because the bottled juices are clarified by the use of pectinases and proteases.
Streptokinase produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic engineering is used as a
‘clot buster’ for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infraction
leading to heart attack. Another bioactive molecule, cyclosporin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive
agent in organ-transplant patients, is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum. Statins produced
by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents. It acts
by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol.
(i) Which organisms has been Commercialised as blood cholesterol lowering agent?
(ii) Why bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those made at home?
(iii) Identify a, b, c, d, e and fin the given table below
Organism Bioactive Molecule Use
1. Monascus purpureus a b
2. c d Antibiotic
3. e Cyclosporin A f
O
(iv) Name the enzyme produced by the bacterium Streptococcus?
SECTION-E
31. (i) “X” part in the given diagram plays an important role in the formation of pollen grain wall. Identify
“X” and explain its role in the formation of pollen grain wall.
(ii) Describe the characteristics of flowers that are pollinated by wind.

(iii) Identify and explain the stage (given below) involved in post-fertilisation event of flowering plants.
(a) Transfer of pollen grains
(b) Embryo development
(c) Formation of flower
(d) Formation of pollen grains
O
(i) Explain the menstrual phase in a human female. State the levels of ovarian and pituitary homones
during this phase.
(ii) Why is follicular phase in the menstrual cycle also referred as proliferative phase? Explain.
(iii) Explain the events that occur in a graafian folicle at the time of ovulation and thereafter.
32. (i) Why are thalassemia and haemophilia categorized as Mendelian disorders ? Write the symptoms of
these diseases. Explain their pattern of inheritance in humans.
(ii) Write the genotypes of the normal parents producing a haemophilic son.
O
Describe the experiment that helped demonstrate the semi-conservative mode of DNA replication.
33. How is biodiversity at all levels generally conserved ?
O
What kind of threat to biodiversity may lead to its loss ?
******
Sample Paper 07
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Which one of the following is the correct matching of the events occurring during menstrual cycle?
(a) Proliferative phase : Rapid regeneration of myometrium and maturation of Graafian follicle
(b) Secretory phase : Development of corpus luteum and increased secretion of progesterone
(c) Menstruation : Breakdown of myometrium and ovum not fertilised
(d) Ovulation : LH and FSH attain peak level and sharp fall in the secretion of progesterone
2. If the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA is ATGCATGCA, what would be the sequence of bases on
complementary strand?
(a) ATGCATGCA (b) AUGCAUGCA
(c) TACGTACGT (d) UACGUACGU
3. The birth and death rates of four countries are given below. Which one will have the least population
growth rate?
Country Birth rate/1000 Death rate/1000

P 15 5
Q 25 10
R 35 18
S 48 41
(a) P (b) Q
(c) R (d) S
4. An isolated population of humans with approximately equal numbers of blue-eyed and brown-eyed
individuals was decimated by an earthquake. Only a few brown-eyed people remained to form the next
generation. This kind of change in the gene pool is called
(a) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (b) blocked gene flow
(c) genetic drift (d) gene migration
5. Select the correct match.
Gene Target insect

A. cryIAC Cotton bollworm
B. cryIIAb Corn borer
C. cryIAb Cotton bollworm
(a) A only (b) A and C only

(c) B and C only (d) A, B and C
6. If a plasmid vector is digested with EcoRI at a single site, then

(a) one sticky end will be produced (b) two sticky ends will be produced
(c) four sticky ends will be produced (d) six sticky ends will be produced
Column I Column II
A. Multiple allelism (i) Tt # tt
B. Back cross (ii) Tt # TT
C. Test cross (iii) Human blood groups
D. Crossing over (iv) Non-parental gene combination
E. Recombination (v) Non-sister chromatids
(a) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii) D-(v), E-(iv) (b) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(v), E-(iv)
(c) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iv), E-(v) (d) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(v), E-(iii)
8. After double fertilisation, a mature ovule has

(a) 1 diploid and 1 haploid cell (b) 1 diploid and 1 triploid cell
(c) 2 haploid and 1 triploid cell (d) 1 haploid and 1 triploid cell
9. Injection of antitoxin in tetanus confers which type of immunisation?

(a) Active immunisation (b) Passive immunisation
(c) Auto-immunisation (d) Humoral immunisation

10. Which of the following in sewage treatment removes suspended solids?

(a) Secondary treatment (b) Primary treatment
(c) Sludge treatment (d) Tertiary treatment
11. The diagnostic test that confirms typhoid in humans is

(a) ELISA (b) Widal
(c) MRI (d) amniocentesis
12. In a life table, the number of individuals alive at the beginning of the 1St year to 2nd year interval is 800.
During this interval, 200 individuals die. The death rate for this interval is
(a) 0.25 (b) 200
(c) 800 (d) 0.2
13. Assertion : Distribution of age groups is said to influence the population growth.
Reason : Population growth is a measure of increase in population over a period of time.
14. Assertion : Herbivores are also called key industry animals because they convert plant matter into animal
matter.
Reason : Decomposers play a pivotal role in the ecosystem and they indirectly support the producers.
15. Given below is the diagram of an ovum surrounded by few sperms. One of the sperms is observed to
penetrate ‘A’ of the ovum. Study this figure and comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and
the Reason.
Assertion : ‘A’ is zona pellucida, present just around the plasma membrane of the oocyte.
Reason : ‘A’ initiates acrosomal reaction of the sperms and also prevents polyspermy.
16. Assertion : The pyramid of biomass in sea is generally inverted.

Reason : The biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton.
SECTION - B
17. With the help of an algebraic equation, how did Hardy-Weinberg explain that in a given population the
frequency of occurrence of alleles of a gene is supposed to remain the same through generations?
O
Find out through internet and popular science articles whether animals other than man has self-
consciousness.
18. Write the difference between proinsulin and mature insulin.
19. How does a vaccine for a particular disease immunise the human body against that disease?
20. What does the given age pyramid signify about the status of a population? (The bar at the base represents
pre-reproductive individuals.)
21. Why are copper containing intrauterine devices considered an ideal contraceptive for human females?
O
What is amniocentesis? How is it misused?
SECTION - C
22. Explain the process of microsporogenesis in angiosperms.
23. Biotechnology is used to develop pest-resistant varieties of cotton plants. Justify the statement.
24. Why is haemophilia generally observed in human males? Explain the conditions under which a human
female can be haemophilic.
25. (i) How many kinds of phenotypes would you expect in F2 generation in a monohybrid cross exhibiting
co-dominance?
(ii) How co-dominance is different from dominance?
26. How is ‘oogenesis’ markedly different from ‘spermatogenesis’ with respect to the growth till puberty in
the humans?
O
Name the pituitary hormones involved in the process of spermatogenesis. State their function.
27. How does the HIV breakdown the immune system of the AIDS patient?
28. (i) How can you measure population density of a habitat?

(ii) Mention the essential information that can be obtained by studying the population density of an
organism.
SECTION - D
29. The flow chart given below shows the different components of bio-gas plant.
(i) With reference to the given flow chart, explain why there is a need of A?
(ii) What would happen if A is not added in the procedure?
(iii) Where does A can be found apart from the biogas production?
O
What is the significance of biogas produced by A?
30. Study the given below picture of the gel electrophoresis showing the banding pattern of DNA from crime
scene.
(i) On the basis of the above given picture of gel electrophoresis, among A, B and C who will be the
criminal? Give reason.
(ii) Which technique is used in the given question for the identification of the criminals?
(iii) On what basis, the DNA fragments of individual A, B and C are separated in the gel electrophoresis?
O
What is the basis of technique which is used in the criminal investigation and forensic science?
SECTION - E
31. State and explain the “law of independent assortment” in a typical Mendelian dihybrid cross.
O
A tall pea plant bearing violet flowers is given with its unknown genotypes. Explain by working out
the crosses how would you find the correct genotypes with respect to the two traits mentioned only by
“selfing” the given plants.
32. Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programmes are currently in operation. One of the major
tasks of these programmes is to create awareness amongst people about the wide range of reproduction
related aspects as this is important and essential for building a reproductively healthy society.
(i) “Providing sex education in schools is one of the ways to meet this goal.” Give four points in support
of your opinion regarding this statement.
(ii) List any two ‘indicators’ that indicate a reproductively healthy society
O
(i) Mention the event that induces the completion of the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte.
(ii) Trace the journey of the ovum from the ovary, its fertilisation and further development until the
implantation of the embryo.
33. (i) Mention the number of primers required in each cycle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Write the
role of primers and DNA polymerase in PCR. Give the characteristic feature and source organism
of the DNA polymerase in PCR.
(ii) Rearrange the following in the correct sequence to accomplish an important biotechnological reaction
:
(a) Denaturation of ds-DNA
(b) Chemically synthesised oligonucleotides
(c) Primers
(d) Complementary region of DNA
(e) Thermostable DNA polymerase (from Thermus aquaticus)
(f) Nucleotides provided
(g) Genomic DNA template
(h) In vitro synthesis of copies of DNA of interest
O
(i) Draw pBR322 cloning vector. Label ‘ori’, ‘rop’ and any one antibiotic resistance site on it and state
their functions.
(ii) State the role of ‘biolistic gun’ in biotechnology experiments.
******
Sample Paper 08
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Which of the following is a cause of transmission of HIV?

(a) Multiple sexual partners (b) Transfusion of contaminated blood
(c) Sharing infected needles (d) All of these
2. Primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) is formed by the fusion of

(a) 2 polar nuclei + 1 synergid cell nucleus
(b) 1 polar nucleus + 1 antipodal cell nucleus + 1 synergid cell nucleus
(c) 2 polar nuclei + 1 male gamete nucleus
(d) 2 antipodal cell nuclei + 1 male gamete nucleus.
3. Which enzyme helps in removing oil stains from clothes?

(a) Streptokinase (b) Trypsin
(c) Lipase (d) Amylase
4. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is known to be essentially affected by factors like, gene flow, genetic drift,
mutation, genetic recombination and
(a) evolution (b) limiting factors
(c) saltation (d) natural selection
5. If most individuals in a population are young, why is the population likely to grow rapidly in the future?
(a) Many individuals will begin to reproduce soon (b) Death rates will be low
(c) Immigration and emigration can be ignored (d) All of these
6. The density of a population in a given habitat during a given period, fluctuates due to changes in certain
basic processes. On this basis, fill up boxes A and B in the given flow chart with correct option.
(a) A-Natality, B-Mortality (b) A-Immigration, B-Emigration

(c) A-Natality, B-Immigration (d) Both (a) and (b)
7. Plasmid used to construct the first recombinant DNA was isolated from which bacterium species?
(a) Escherichia coli (b) Salmonella typhimurium
(c) Agrobacterium tumefaciens (d) Thermus aquaticus
8. ---------------------Microbes are used in

I. primary treatment of sewage II. secondary treatment of sewage
III. anaerobic sludge digesters IV. production of biogas.
Choose the correct option.
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV
(c) II, III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
9. If a double stranded DNA has 20% of cytosine, what will be the percentage of adenine in it?
(a) 20% (b) 40%
(c) 30% (d) 60%
10. The given Punnett’s square represents the pattern of inheritance in a dihybrid cross where yellow (Y) and
round (R) seed condition is dominant over white (y) and wrinkled (r) seed condition.
YR Yr yR yr
YR F J N R
Yr G K O S
yR H L P T
yr I M Q U
A plant of type ‘H’ will produce seeds with the genotype identical to seeds produced by the plants of
(a) type M (b) type J
(c) type P (d) type N
Column I Column II
A. Recombinant DNA technology (i) Chilled ethanol
B. Precipitation of DNA (ii) DNA staining
C. PCR (iii) Gene amplification
D. Ethidium bromide (iv) Genetic engineering
(a) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(ii) (b) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(iv)
(c) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv) (d) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii)
12. The given table shows differences between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Select the incorrect option.
Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis
(a) Process of formation of spermatozoa. Process of differentiation of spermatozoon
from a spermatid.
(b) It changes a haploid structure into another It involves conversion of a diploid structure
haploid structure. into haploid structure.
(c) Growth and divisions occur. Divisions and growth are absent.
(d) A spermatogonium forms four spermatozoa. A spermatid forms a single spermatozoon.
13. Assertion : Emigration is outward movement of some individuals from local population.
Reason : Emigration is caused by occurrence of deficiencies and calamities.
14. Assertion : Elimination of a competitively inferior species in a closely related or otherwise similar group
is known as competitive exclusion principle.
Reason : If two species compete for the same resource, they could avoid competition by choosing different
times for feeding or different foraging patterns.
15. Assertion : Mouse is the most preferred mammal for studies on gene transfers.
Reason : Mouse possesses features like short oestrous cycle and gestation period, relatively short generation
time, production of several offspring per pregnancy, etc.
16. Given below is the diagram of a normal 28 day menstrual cycle in a human female. It depicts phase I,
II and III. Study this diagram and comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and the Reason.
Assertion : The hormone secreted in large amounts in phase III is also responsible for maintaining
pregnancy in human females.
Reason : Corpus luteum secretes progesterone in phase I however it degenerates completely in phase III.
SECTION - B
17. It is generally observed that the children who had suffered from chicken-pox in their childhood may not
contract the same disease in their adulthood. Explain giving reasons the basis of such an immunity in an
individual. Name this kind of immunity.
O
What are interferons? Mention their role.
18. Write the role of on and ‘restriction’ site in a cloning vector pBR322.
19. Draw a pyramid of numbers considering a big banyan tree supporting a population of insects, small birds
and their predators.
O
Name the type of food chains responsible for the flow of larger fraction of energy in an aquatic and a
terrestial ecosystem respectively. Mention one difference between the two food chains.
20. Study the given diagram.
A is an embryonic stage that gets transformed into B, which in turn gets implanted in the endometrium
in human females.
(i) Identify A, B and its parts C and D.
(ii) State the fate of C and D in the course of embryonic development in humans.
21. Two children one with blood group ‘AB’ and other with blood group ‘0’ are born to parents where the
father has blood group W and the mother has blood group ‘B’. Work out a cross to show how is it possible?
SECTION - C
22. Carefully examine structures A and B of pentose sugar given below. Which one of the two is more
reactive? Give reasons.
23. Differentiate between autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy.
24. Convergent evolution and divergent evolution are the two concepts explaining organic evolution. Explain
each one with the help of an example.
25. Explain the role of pituitary and ovarian hormones in the menstrual cycle of human females.]
26. (i) Name the plant source of the drug commonly called ‘smack. How does it affect the body of the
abuser?
(ii) What is humoral immunity?
O
(i) What is colostrum? Why are breast-fed babies likely to be healthy?
(ii) Malaria, typhoid, pneumonia and amoebiasis are some of the human infectious diseases. Which one
of these are transmitted through mechanical carriers?
27. (i) Write the palindromic nucleotide for the following DNA segment : 5l -GAATTC- 3l
28. A particular species of wild cat is endangered. In order to save them from extinction, which is a desirable
in situ or ex situ? Justify your answer and explain the difference between the two approaches.
SECTION - D
29. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions.
(i) Write the genotypes of A, B, C, D.

(ii) Write the phenotypes of A, B, C, D.
(iii) Write phenotypic and genotypic ratio of progeny.
O
Write the conclusions Mendel arrived at on dominance of traits on the basis of monohybrid crosses that
he carried out in pea plants.
30. Villagers in a place near Chambur started planning to make power supply for agricultural purposes from
cow dung. They have started a biogas plant for the purpose. Study the flow chart for biogas production
given below and answer the following questions.
(i) Mention the major component of biogas.

(ii) Identify ‘B’ in the flow chart?
(iii) What does A depicts in the given flow chart?
O
What are advantages of biogas?
SECTION - E
31. (i) Describe the events of oogenesis with the help of schematic representation.
(ii) Write two differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
O
(i) When a seed of an orange is squeezed, many embryos, instead of one are observed. Explain how it is
possible.
(ii) Are these embryos genetically similar or different? Comment.
32. (i) Describe the process of synthesis of fully functional mRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
(ii) How is the process of mRNA synthesis different from that in prokaryotes?
O
(i) The given flow chart highlighting the steps in DNA fingerprinting technique. Identify a, b, c, d, e
and 1
(ii) List any two applications of DNA fingerprinting technique.
33. (i) Explain how to find whether an E. coli bacterium has transformed or not when a recombinant DNA
bearing ampicillin resistant gene is transferred into it.
(ii) What does the ampicillin resistant gene act as in the above case?
O
There are two different farm lands, one where Bt-cotton crop was cultivated and the other where non Bt-
cotton crop (indigenous) was cultivated. Farmers responsible for this experimental cultivation were free
to use the farming practices of their choice. During the cultivation period, the data was collected with
respect to the amount of pesticide used, water required for irrigation and at harvesting time, the crop
productivity. Based on the data collected, a bar graph was plotted which is shown below.
Answer the following questions:

(i) Write your interpretation, with reason, on the basis of the three parameters plotted in the graph.
(ii) Which one of the crops would you like to cultivate in your farm and why?
(iii) Which one out of these two crops would a farmer from West Bengal like to cultivate and why?
******
Sample Paper 09
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Which of the following is not a property of the genetic code?

(a) Non-overlapping (b) Ambiguous
(c) Degeneracy (d) Universal
2. Which of the following approaches does not give the defined action of contraceptive?
(a) Hormonal contraceptives - Prevent/retard entry of sperms, prevent ovulation and fertilisation
(b) Vasectomy - Prevents spermatogenesis
(c) Barrier methods - Prevent physical meeting of ovum and sperms
(d) Intrauterine devices - Increase phagocytosis of sperms, suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity
of sperms
3. Viral DNA after being converted from viral RNA by X, incorporates into host genome to undergo
replication. What is ‘X’ ?
(a) DNA polymerase (b) Restriction endonuclease
(c) RNA polymerase (d) Reverse transcriptase
4. Observe the diagram of pBR322 and select the incorrect statement.
(a) 8 restriction sites are shown in the diagram.

(b) 4 restriction sites have no concern with losing of antibiotic resistance.
(c) If Pvu II acts on its restriction site, then antibiotic resistance offered by pBR322 will be totally lost.
(d) If foreign DNA is ligated at BamH 1 site, ampicillin resistance will continue.
5. On the rocky sea coasts of Scotland, the larger and competitively superior barnacle Balanus dominates
the intertidal area and excludes the smaller barnacle Chathamalus from that zone.
Which kind of interaction is being depicted by this example?
(a) Predation (b) Parasitism
(c) Mutualism (d) Competition
6. Bio-gas is produced by (i) breakdown of biomass with the help of (ii) bacteria.
(i) (ii)
(a) anaerobic Methanococcus
(b) aerobic Rhizobium
(c) anaerobic Rhizobium
(d) aerobic Methanobacterium
7. In a grassland ecosystem, if the number of primary producers (plants) is approximately 6 million, the
number of top carnivores, which may be supported by them will be
(a) 3 million (b) 30 million
(c) 6 million (d) 60 million
8. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) Wings of birds and insects are homologous organs.
(b) Human hands and bird’s wings are analogous organs.
(c) Human hands and bat’s wings are analogous organs.
(d) Flipper of penguin and dolphin are analogous organs.
9. Which of the following is a correct statement?

(a) IUDs once inserted need not be replaced.
(b) IUDs are generally inserted by the user herself.
(c) IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms in the uterus.
(d) IUDs suppress gametogenesis.
10. Elderly people are advised to get influenza (flu) vaccinations every year. Each year, a different type of flu
vaccine has to be made. This is because
(a) different viruses attack people of different ages, so each year as the population ages, a new vaccine
must be produced
(b) vaccines are unstable and cannot be stored for more than one year
(c) the body learns to destroy the antibodies made against the vaccine, so a new type of vaccine is needed
for each vaccination
(d) flu viruses change their genetic constituents so rapidly that vaccines against them rapidly become
obsolete.

11. The population of an insect species shows an explosive increase in numbers during rainy season followed
by its disappearance at the end of the season. What does this show?
(a) The food plants mature and die at the end of the rainy season.
(b) Its population growth curve is of J-type.
(c) The population of its predators increases enormously.
(d) S-shaped or sigmoid growth of this insect.
12. Which one of these is not included in the biodiversity hotspots of India?
(a) Western Ghats (b) Himalayas
(c) Indo-Burma (d) North Indian Plains
13. Assertion : Elimination of a competitively inferior species in a closely related or otherwise similar group
is known as competitive exclusion principle.
Reason : If two species compete for the same resource, they could avoid competition by choosing different
times for feeding or different foraging patterns.
14. Assertion : Mouse is the most preferred mammal for studies on gene transfers.
Reason : Mouse possesses features like short oestrous cycle and gestation period, relatively short generation
time, production of several offspring per pregnancy, etc.
15. Assertion : Pairing and separation of pair of chromosomes would lead to segregation of a pair of factors
they carried.
Reason : Two alleles of a gene pair are located on similar sites of non-homologous chromosomes.
16. Assertion : Chasmogamous flowers require pollinating a gents.

Reason : Cleistogamous flowers do not expose their sex organs.
SECTION - B
17. The given figure shows karyotype of a child who is suffering from a sex chromosomal abnormality which
occurs during failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle. This results in the gain or loss
of a chromosome (s), called aneuploidy. Study the figure and answer the questions that follow :
(ii) Write the chromosomal complement of the child.
O
Why did Mendel select pea as his experimental material ?
18. Write two differences between Homo erectus and Homo habilis.
19. Some of the microbes used as biofertilisers are prokaryotes. Name the taxonomic group they come under.
With the help of an example, mention how they act as biofertilisers.
20. Why is Taq polymerase preferred in PCR? Mention the source of this enzyme?
21. Name the stage of the human embryo that gets implanted in the uterus and draw its labelled diagram.
SECTION - C
22. Study the given picture of bio-gas plant and answer the following questions:
(i) Name the components gaining entry from A into the chamber.
(ii) Mention the group of bacteria and the condition in which they act on the component that entered
from A in the digester.
(iii) Name the components that get collected in gas holder.
23. Differentiate between the genetic codes given below :

(i) Unambiguous and Universal
(ii) Degenerate and Initiator
24. (i) Why are transgenic animals so called?

(ii) Explain the role of transgenic animals in (i) vaccine safety and (ii) biological products with the help
of an example each.
25. Explain mechanism of sex-determination in birds.
26. “In a food chain, a trophic level represents a functional level, not a species”. Explain.
O
(i) What is primary productivity? Why does it vary in different types of ecosystems?
(ii) State the relationship between gross and net primary productiviy.
gross primary productivity minus the rate of respiration and other losses, i.e., NPP = GPP - R
27. Medically it is advised to all young mothers that breast feeding is the best for their newborn babies. Do
you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
28. Describe the process of parturition in humans.
O
Draw a labelled diagram of a human sperm.
SECTION - D
29. Human evolution is a lengthy evolutionary process within the history of primates. The stages given here
show the order of evolutionary history of man.
(i) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y

(ii) What was the brain capacity of ‘X’ ?
(iii) Give some important features of ‘Y’.
O
When was ‘X’ discovered?
30. In the given flow chart, the replication of retrovirus in a host is shown. Observe and answer the following
questions.
(i) What can be placed in blanks (1) and (2)?
(ii) Why is the virus called retrovirus? Give one example.
(iii) Can the infected cell survive while viruses are being replicated and released?
O
Name the disease which is caused by a retrovirus. How this virus gets transmitted?
SECTION - E
31. Blood samples from a crime scene was collected and DNA analysis for the same was done. Given below
are the marker profiles collected at the crime scene of the victim and a suspect.
(i) What will you conclude on the basis of above observation?

(ii) Discuss how this technique helps in determining that the blood samples picked up from the crime
scene belong to a single person or two different persons.
(iii) How can be the maternal and paternal identity disputes sorted out using the technique used above?
O
(i) Select the homologous structures from the combinations given below :
(a) Forelimbs of whales and bats
(b) Tuber of potato and sweet potato
(c) Eyes of octopus and mammals
(d) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.
(ii) State the kind of evolution represent by the homologous structures.
(iii) What are analogous structures? How are they different from homologous structures? Provide one
example for each.
32. Describe the various stages involved in the commercial production of human insulin by Eli Lilly.
O
Explain the application of biotechnology in producing Bt cotton.
33. (i) The given diagram shows a part of the human female reproductive system.
(i) Name the gamete cells that would be present in ‘X’ if taken from a newborn baby.
(ii) Name ‘Y’ and write its function.
(iii) Name ‘Z’ and write the events that take place here.
(iv) Name the muscular and the glandular layers of human uterus. Which one of these layers undergoes
cyclic changes during menstrual cycle? Name the hormone essential for the maintenance of this layer.
O
(i) Refer to the given figure and answer the following questions :
(a) Identify the labelled parts X and Y.
(b) Write the role of X and Y.
(c) Draw labelled prior stage of the given figure.
(ii) Why is fertilisation in an angiosperm referred to as double fertilisation? Mention the ploidy of the
cells involved.
******
Sample Paper 10
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Level of which hormones get elevated by the intake of nicotine?

(a) FSH, LH (b) Thyroxine, progesterone
(c) Oxytocin, prolactin (d) Adrenaline, nor-adrenaline
2. Select the option that correctly identifies A, B and C in the given table.
Organism Trophic level Food chain

Eagle A Grazing
Earthworm Primary consumer B
Frog C Grazing
(a) A-Top carnivore, B-Detritus, C-Secondary consumer
(b) A-Top carnivore, B-Detritus, C-Primary consumer
(c) A-Secondary consumer, B-Grazing, C-Secondary consumer
(d) A-Scavanger, B-Grazing, C-Producer
3. From bacteria to human nearly universal code for phenylalanine is

(a) UUU (b) UUA
(c) UUG (d) CUU
4. In a population of 500 zebras, average natality is 25, average mortality is 20, immigration is 30 and
emigration is 35. What will be the population at the end of 10 years?
(a) 550 (b) 600
(c) 650 (d) 500
5. An urn shaped population age pyramid represents

(a) growing population (b) static population
(c) declining population (d) extinct population
6. Which among the following birth control measures is considered to be highly effective?
(a) The rhythm method (b) The use of physical barriers
(c) Contraceptive pills (d) Sterilisation techniques
7. The main reason why antibiotics could not always treat the bacteria-mediated diseases is
(a) insensitivity of the individual following prolonged exposure to antibiotics
(b) inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes
(c) decreased efficiency of immune system
(d) the development of mutant bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics.
8. Hugo de Vries gave his mutation theory on organic evolution while working on
(a) Pisum sativum (b) Drosophila melanogaster
(c) Oenothera lamarckiana (d) Althea rosea
Column I Column II
A. Methanogens (i) BOD
B. Fermentors (ii) Methane rich fuel gas
C. Organic waste in water (iii) Production of methane
D. Biogas (iv) Large vessels for growing microbes
(a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i) (b) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(i)
(c) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii) (d) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii)
10. Having become an expert on gel electrophoresis, you are asked to examine a gel. Where would you find
the smallest segments of DNA?
(a) Near the positive electrode, farthest away from the wells
(b) Near the negative electrode, close to the wells
(c) Near the negative electrode, farthest away from the wells
(d) Near the middle, they tend to slow down after the first few minutes
11. The most important human activity, leading to the extinction of wildlife, is
(a) pollution of air and water
(b) hunting for valuable wildlife products
(c) introduction of alien species
(d) alteration and destruction of the natural habitats.
Column I Column II
A. Hyaluronidase (i) Acrosomal reaction
B. Corpus luteum (ii) Embryonic development
C. Gastrulation (iii) Progesterone
D. Colostrum (iv) Mammary gland
(a) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i) (b) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(iv)
(c) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iv) (d) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
13. Assertion : Infundibulum is a funnel-shaped part closer to ovary. Reason : The edges of infundibulum
helps in collection of the ovum after ovulation.
14. Assertion : Agrobacterium tumefaciens is called natural genetic engineer.

Reason : Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects all broad-leaved agricultural crops but does not infect cereal
crops.
15. Age sex structure of a population can be depicted in the form of a pyramid by plotting the percentage of
population of each sex in each age class. Study this pyramid and comment upon the appropriateness of
the Assertion and the Reason.
Assertion : It is a bell-shaped age pyramid.

Reason : In a stable population, proportion of individuals in reproductive age group is higher than the
individuals in pre-reproductive age group.
16. Assertion : In eukaryotes, replication and transcription occur in the nucleus but translation occurs in the
cytoplasm.
Reason : mRNA is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes and amino acids are
available for protein synthesis.
SECTION - B
17. In a typical monohybrid cross the F2 population ratio is written as 3 : 1 for phenotype but expressed as 1
: 2 : 1 for genotype. Discuss with the help of an example.
O
Explain briefly how an XXY individual is produced in humans.
18. A student on a school trip started sneezing and wheezing soon after reaching the hill station for no
explained reasons. But, on return to the plains, the symptoms disappeared. What is such a response
called? How does the body produce it?
19. Study the given diagram.
A is an embryonic stage that gets transformed into B, which in turn gets implanted in the endometrium
in human females.
(i) Identify A, B and its parts C and D.
(ii) State the fate of C and D in the course of embryonic development in humans.
20. Draw the vector DNA and a foreign DNA showing the sites where EcoRI has acted to form the sticky
ends.
21. The given figure shows the different types of age pyramids for human population.
(i) What does the parts ‘X, ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ represent?
(ii) Which type of population is represented by pyramids A, B and C? Explain.
O
Why the pyramid of energy is always upright? Explain.
SECTION - C
22. (i) Name the organism in which the vector shown is inserted to get the copies of the desired gene.
(ii) Mention the area labelled in the vector responsible for controlling the copy number of the inserted
gene.
(iii) Name and explain the role of a selectable marker in the vector shown.
23. The sacred groves of Aravalli Hills and Ooty botanical garden both aim at biodiversity conservation. How
do they differ in their approaches? Explain.
24. Briefly explain the implantation in an adult human female.
25. Write the mode of pollination in Vallisneria and water lily. Explain the mechanism of pollination in
Vallisneria.
26. Answer the following based on the dinucleotide shown below.
(i) Name the type of sugar to which guanine base is attached.

(ii) Name the linkage connecting the two nucleotides.
(iii) Identify the 3l end of the dinucleotide. Give a reason for your answer.
27. Refer to the given figure showing the variety of beaks of finches that Darwin found in Galapagos Island.
Refer this figure and answer the following questions.
(i) What does the above figure depict?

(ii) How did Darwin explain the existence of different varieties of finches on Galapagos Islands?
28. Identify A, B and C in the schematic diagram of an antibody given above and answer the questions.
Identify A, B and C in the schematic diagram of an antibody given above and answer the questions.
(i) Write the chemical nature of an antibody.
(ii) Name the cells that produce antibodies in humans.
(ii) Mention the type of immune response provided by an antibody.
O
(i) Why do the symptoms of malaria not appear immediately after the entry of sporozoites into the
human body when bitten by female Anopheles? Explain.
(ii) Give the scientific name of the malarial parasite that causes malignant malaria in humans.
SECTION - D
29. Biogas generation is done on a large scale in rural India. The given diagram shows a typical biogas plant.
(i) Identify A, B and C.

(ii) Name the bacteria involved in the production of biogas.
(iii) Name the animals in which methanogens occur and the role they play there.
O
(iv) How biogas is generated from activated sludge?
30. In 1958, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl provided a strong experimental evidence to prove the
template mechanism of DNA replication given by Watson and Crick. They used heavy (15N) and light
(14N) isotopes of nitrogen to differentiate between parental and newly synthesised DNA strands. The
experiment and results are diagrammatically shown below.
(i) What does the given experiment show?

(ii) Which bacteria are used in the above experiment?
(iii) What would be the ratio of 15N : 14N DNA strands in E.coli extracted DNA after generation ‘2’ ?
O
(iv) If E. coli is allowed to grow in N15 medium for 20 minutes and in N14 medium for next 40 minutes,
then what will be the number of hybrid and light double stranded DNA molecules respectively?
SECTION - E
31. If a desired gene is identified in an organism for some experiments, explain the process of the following :
(i) Cutting of desired gene at specific locations.
(ii) Synthesis of multiple copies of the desired gene.
O
GM crops especially Bt crops are known to have higher resistance to pest attacks. To substantiate this
an experimental study was conducted in 4 different farmlands growing Bt and non Bt-Cotton crops. The
farm lands had the same dimensions, fertility and were under similar climatic conditions. The histogram
below shows the usage of pesticides on Bt crops and non-Bt crops in these farm lands.
(i) Which of the above 4 farm lands has successfully applied the concepts of biotechnology to show better
management practices and use of agrochemicals? If you had to cultivate, which crop would you prefer
(Bt or Non- Bt) and why?
(ii) Cotton bollworms were introduced in another experimental study on the above farm lands wherein
no pesticide was used. Explain what effect would a Bt and Non-Bt crop have on the pest.
32. Describe the post-zygotic events leading to implantation and placenta formation in humans. Mention any
two functions of placenta.
O
(i) Draw a diagram of an enlarged view of T.S. of one microsporangium of an angiosperm and label the
following parts:
(a) Tapetum
(b) Middle layer
(c) Endothecium
(d) Microspore mother cells
(ii) Mention the function of tapetum.
(iii) Explain the following by giving reasons:
(a) Pollen grains are well preserved as fossils.
(b) Pollen tablets are in use by people these days.
33. Illustrated below is a DNA segment, which constitute a gene
(i) Will the whole gene be transcribed into RNA primarily? State ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.
(ii) Name the shaded and unshaded parts of the gene.
(iii) Explain how these genes are expressed.
(iv) How is this gene different from prokaryotic gene in its expression?
O
Study the schematic representation of the genes involved in the lac operon given below and answer the
questions that follow:
(i) Identify and name the regulatory gene in this operon. Explain its role in ‘switching off’ the operon.
(ii) Why is the lac operon’s regulation referred to as negative regulation?
(iii) Name the inducer molecule and the products of the genes ‘z’ and ‘y’ of the operon. Write the functions
of these gene products.
******

Sample Paper 11
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Evolutionary convergence is characterised by

(a) Development of dissimilar characteristics in closely related groups
(b) Development of a common set of characteristics in groups of different ancestry
(c) Development of characteristics by random mating
(d) Replacement of common characteristics in different groups.
2. Competition for light, nutrients and space is most severe between

(a) Closely related organisms growing in different niches
(b) Closely related organisms growing in the same area/niche
(c) Distantly related organisms growing in the same habitat
(d) Distantly related organisms growing in different niches.
3. Which one of the following immune system components does not correctly match with its respective role?
(a) Interferons-Secreted by virus-infected cells and protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
(b) B-lymphocytes-Produce antibodies in response to pathogens into blood to fight with them.
(c) Macrophages-Mucus secreting cells that trap microbes entering in the body.
(d) IgA-Present in colostrum in early days of lactation to protect infant from diseases.
4. In a 3.2 Kbp long piece of DNA, 820 adenine bases were found. What would be the number of cytosine
bases?
(a) 780 (b) 1560
(c) 740 (d) 1480
5. Which of the following contraceptive methods involve a role of hormone?

(a) Pills, Emergency contraceptives, Barrier methods
(b) LNG-20 Pills, Emergency contraceptives
(c) Barrier method, Lactational amenorrhea, Pills
(d) Copper T, Pills, Emergency contraceptive
6. From a sewage treatment plant, three water samples A, B and C are tested for BOD value and the
recorded values of BOD are 6 mg/L, 400 mg/L and 20 mg/L respectively. What is correct about these
samples?
(a) Sample A is taken from untreated sewage.
(b) Sample B belongs to secondary effluent of sewage treatment plant.
(c) Sample C is taken from primary effluent.
(d) Sample B is collected from untreated sewage.
7. Identify A, B and C in the flow chart given below that represents the process of recombinant DNA
technology.
(a) A-Restriction exonuclease, B-DNA ligase, C-Transformation

(b) A-Restriction endonuclease, B-DNA ligase, C-Transformation
(c) A-Restriction endonuclease, B-Hydrolase, C-Transcription
(d) A-Restriction exonuclease, B-Hydrolase, C-Transcription
8. The age structure of a population influences population growth because

(a) younger females have more offsprings than older females
(b) different age groups have different reproductive capabilities
(c) more the number of immature individuals, slower the growth of population
(d) a shorter generation time results in slower population growth.
9. Food chain in which microorganisms break down the dead organic matter is
(a) parasitic food chain (b) detritus food chain
(c) consumer food chain (d) predator food chain.
10. Which of the following is not an example of in situ conservation?

(a) Biosphere reserves (b) National parks
(c) Wildlife sanctuaries (d) Zoological parks
11. Given below are four methods (A-D) and their modes of action (i-iv) in achieving contraception. Select
their correct matching from the four options that follow.
Method Mode of Action

A. The pill (i) Prevents sperms reaching cervix
B. Condom (ii) Prevents implantation
C. Vasectomy (iii) Prevents ovulation
D. Copper T (iv) Semen contains no sperms
(a) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii) (b) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(iv)
(c) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(ii) (d) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii)
12. MALT is
(a) Muscle Associated Lymphoid Tissue (b) Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
(c) Mucosal and Lymphoid Tissue (d) Memory Associated Lymphoid Tissue.
13. Assertion : Human insulin can be produced into bacterial cells using biotechnology.
Reason : To produce human insulin the A, B and C polypeptides of the human insulin are produced
separately in the bacterial cells, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
14. Assertion : Linked genes do not show dihybrid ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.

Reason : Linked genes do not undergo independent assortment.
15. Mycorrhizae are kind of association between plant roots and fungi. Their major role is to enhance nutrient
and water uptake by the host plant by exploiting larger volume of soil than plant by exploiting larger
volume of soil than roots alone can do. Mycorrhizae come in a number of forms dependent upon several
factors such as host plants distribution climatic and soil conditions. Study the given figure showing plant
growth with and without mycorrhizae and comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and the
Reason.
Assertion : Mycorrhizae represent a mutually beneficial interspecific interaction of fungi with roots of
higher plants.
Reason : In a mutualistic relationship, both the organisms enter into some sort of physiological exchange.
16. Assertion : Ex-albuminous seeds do not possess any residual endosperm, as it is completely consumed
during embryo development.
Reason : Wheat, castor, pea and groundnut all are examples of ex-albuminous seeds.
SECTION - B
17. State the role of UV-light and ethidium bromide during gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments.
O
Define polyploidy.
18. Different species belonging to genus Trichoderma are useful to humans as well as to plants. Justify their
roles by giving one instance of each.
19. Write a short note on hydrophily.
20. Consider the following diagram
(i) State the hypothesis which S.L. Miller tried to prove in the laboratory with the help of the set up
given above.
(ii) Name the chemicals found in samples drawn from X.
21. Study the table given below in regard to population interactions and answer the questions that follow:
Species A Species B Name of Interaction

- 0 (a)
+ - (b)
- - (c)
+ + (d)
[Note : (+) plus = beneficial interaction; ( - ) minus = detrimental interaction; (0) zero = neutral
interaction]
(i) Identify the interactions (a) to (d).
(ii) Explain interaction (a).
O
List any three methods used by ecologists to measure the population size in a habitat.
SECTION - C
22. Given below is one of the strands of a DNA segment :
TACGTACGTACGTACG 5l
3l
(i) Write its complementary strand.
(ii) Write a possible RNA strand that can be transcribed from the above DNA molecule formed.
(iii) Mark promoter, terminator end, template and coding strand for the given segment.
23. Given below is the diagram of a human ovum surrounded by a few sperms. Study the diagram and answer
the following questions:
(i) Identify ‘B’ and ‘C’ Mention the role of ‘C’.

(ii) Mention what helps the entry of sperm into the ovum.
(iii) Name the specific region in the female reproductive system where the event represented in the
diagram takes place.
24. In pea plants, the colour of the flower is either violet or white whereas human skin colour shows many
gradations. Explain giving reasons how it is possible.
25. What are biopatents? Mention their significance.
26. (i) Name the blank spaces a, b, c and d in the table given below :
Type of microbe Scientific name Product Medical application

(i) Fungus a Cyclosporin A b
(ii) c Monascus Statin d
(ii) Why are some molecules called bioactive molecules? Give two examples of such molecules.
27. Describe the mutual relationship between fig tree and wasp and comment on the phenomenon that
operates in their relationship.
O
(i) Explain the birth rate and death rate in the population with the help of an example each.
(ii) What is age-pyramid? Draw an age-pyramid of an expanding population.
28. (i) How is apomixis different from parthenocarpy?

(ii) Describe any two modes by which apomictic seeds can be produced.
SECTION - D
29. Lac operon is a unit of co-ordinated control of protein synthesis which consists of an operator gene which
controls the activity of a number of structural genes which take part in the synthesis of proteins. The
operator gene, in return is under the control of a repressor molecule synthesised by a regulator gene, which
is not a part of the operon.

(i) When will be the lac operon switched on in E.coli?

(ii) E.coli cells with mutated z gene cannot grow in medium containing only lactose. Justify
(iii) What will happen if the operator gene (o gene) of lac operon is mutated?
O
(iv) How are the structural genes inactivated in lac operon in E.coli ? Explain.
30. Carefully observe the given structure and answer questions that follow :
(i) Name the compound obtained from given plant.

(ii) What is the chemical nature of the compound obtained from this plant?
(iii) What are the major effects of the compound obtained from the given plant?
O
(iv) Write the chemical formula and draw the chemical structure of compound obtained from given plant.
SECTION - E
31. The forelimbs of man, cheetah, whale and bat have the same basic structural plan. Such organs have
similar developmental pattern and they develop in related organisms, but these do differ morphologically.
(i) What type of evolution is exhibited by these organisms?
(ii) What can you infer about these structures?
(iii) The forelimbs of cheetah, whale and bat are used for X , Y and Z , respectively. Identify X, Y and
Z here.
(iv) Give one example of similar structures in plants.
O
(i) Name the primates that lived about 15 million years ago. List their characteristic features.
(ii)
(a) Where was the first man-like animal found?
(b) When did modern Homo sapiens appear on this planet?
32. How is the desired DNA for biotechnology experiments first fragmented and later separated by gel-
electrophoresis? Explain.
O
Write the steps you would suggest to be undertaken to obtain a foreign-gene-product.
33. (i) Identify the given figure and its labelled parts A, B, C and D.
(b) Explain the development of the given above structure from the embryo sac of dicot flower.
O
Study the graph given below and answer the questions that follow :
(i) Name the hormones ‘X’ and ‘Y’

(ii) Identify the ovarian phases during a menstrual cycle
(a) 5th day to 12th day of the cycle
(b) 14th day of the cycle
(c) 16th day to 25th day of the cycle
(iii) Explain the ovarian events (i), (ii) and (iii) under the influence of hormones ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
******
Sample Paper 12
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Swathi was growing a bacterial colony in a culture flask under ideal laboratory conditions where the
resources are replenished. Which of the following equations will represent the growth in this case? (Where
population size is N, birth rate is b, death rate is d, unit time period is t, and carrying capacity is K).
(a) dN/dt = KN
(b) dN/dt = r N
(c) dN/dt = r N(K-N/K)
(d) dN/dt = r N(K+N/K)
2. Evolutionary convergence is development of a

(a) common set of functions in groups of different ancestry
(b) dissimilar set of functions in closely related groups
(c) common set of structures in closely related groups
(d) dissimilar set of functions in unrelated groups.
3. Interferons are most effective in making non-infected cells resistant against the spread of which of the
following diseases in humans?
(a) Ascariasis
(b) Ringworm
(c) Amoebiasis
(d) AIDS
4. Which of the following water samples in the table given below, will have a higher concentration of organic
matter?
Level of pollution Value of BOD
(a) High High
(b) Low Low
(c) Low High
(d) High Low
5. Sea anemone gets attached to the surface of the hermit crab. The kind of population interaction exhibited
in this case is
(a) amensalism (b) commensalism
(c) mutualism (d) parasitism
6. An infertile couple was advised to undergo in vitro fertilisation by the doctor. Out of the options given
below, select the correct stage for transfer to the fallopian tube for successful results?
(a) Zygote only (b) Zygote or early embryo upto 8 blastomeres
(c) Embryos with more than 8 blastomeres (d) Blastocyst Stage
7. Which of the following is an example of ex situ conservation?

(a) Sacred Groves (b) National Park
(c) Biosphere Reserve (d) Seed Bank
8. Which of the following food chains is the major conduit for energy flow in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
respectively?
Terrestrial ecosystem Aquatic ecosystem
(a) Grazing Grazing
(b) Detritus Detritus
(c) Detritus Grazing
(d) Grazing Detritus
9. Which of the following amino acid residues will constitute the histone core?
(a) Lysine and Arginine
(b) Asparagine and Arginine
(c) Glutamine and Lysine
(d) Asparagine and Glutamine
10. The given figure shows the structure of a plasmid.
A foreign DNA was ligated at BamH1. The transformants were then grown in a medium containing
antibiotics tetracycline and ampicillin.
Choose the correct observation for the growth of bacterial colonies from the given table.
Medium with tetracycline Medium with ampicillin
(a) Growth No growth
(b) No growth Growth
(c) No growth No growth
(d) Growth Growth
11. Apis mellifera are killer bees possessing toxic bee venom. Identify the treatment and the type of immunity
developed from the given table to treat a person against the venom of this bee.
Remedy Immunity
(a) Inactivated proteins Active
(b) Proteins of the venom Passive
(c) Preformed antibodies Passive
(d) Dead micro-organisms Active
12. Given below are four contraceptive methods and their modes of action. Select the correct match.
Method Mode of action
(A) Condom (i) Ovum not able to reach fallopian tube
(B) Vasectomy (ii) Prevents ovulation
(C) Pill (iii) Prevents sperm reaching the cervix
(D) Tubectomy (iv) Semen contains no sperms
(a) (A)-(i), (B)-(ii), (C)- (iii), (D)-(iv) (b) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iii), (C)-(iv), (D)-(i)
(c) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i) (d) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)- (iii), (D)-(ii)
13. Assertion : When white eyed, yellow bodied Drosophila females were hybridised with red eyed, brown-
bodied males; and F1 progeny was intercrossed, F2 ratio deviated from 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
Reason : When two genes in a dihybrid are on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene
combinations is much higher than the non-parental type.
14. Assertion : Apomictic embryos are genetically identical to the parent plant.
Reason : Apomixis is the production of seeds without fertilisation.
15. Given is the age pyramid of population in one of the states in India as per 2011 census. It depicts the male
population on the left hand side, female population on the right hand side, newborns towards the base and
gradually increasing age groups as we move from base to the top, with the oldest population at the top.
Study this pyramid and comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and the Reason.
Assertion : It is a stable population.

Reason : The pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals are almost in equal numbers and the post-
reproductive individuals are relatively fewer.
16. Assertion : Functional ADA cDNA genes must be inserted in the lymphocytes at the early embryonic
stage.
Reason : Cells in the embryonic stage are mortal, differentiated and easy to manipulate.
SECTION - B
17. CTTAAG
GAATTC
(i) What are such sequences called? Name the enzyme used that recognises such nucleotide sequences.
(ii) What is their significance in biotechnology?
18. During a field trip, one of your friend in the group suddenly became unwell, she started sneezing and had
trouble in breathing.
Name and explain the term associated with such sudden responses. What would the doctor recommend
for relief?
O
How do macrophages in the human body act as ‘HIV Factory’ ?
19. In the figure given below, parts A and B show the level of hormones which influence the menstrual cycle.
Study the figure and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Name the organs which secrete the hormones represented in parts A and B.
(ii) State the impact of the hormones in part B on the uterus of the human female during 6 to 15 days
of menstrual cycle.
20. A true breeding pea plant, homozygous dominant for inflated green pods is crossed with another pea plant
with constricted yellow pods (ffgg). With the help of Punnett square show the above cross and mention
the results obtained phenotypically and genotypically in F1 generation?
21. (i) Given below is a pyramid of biomass in an ecosystem where each bar represents the standing crop
available in the trophic level. With the help of an example explain the conditions where this kind
of pyramid is possible in nature.
(ii) Will the pyramid of energy be also of the same shape in this situation? Give reason for your response.
O
(i) Draw a pyramid of numbers where a large number of insects are feeding on the leaves of a tree. What
is the shape of this pyramid?
(ii) Will the pyramid of energy be also of the same shape in this situation? Give reason for your response.
SECTION - C
22. Explain the functions of the following structures in the human male reproductive system.
(i) Scrotum
(ii) Leydig cells
(iii) Male accessory glands
23. (i) There was loss of biodiversity in an ecosystem due to a new construction project in that area. What
would be its impact on the ecosystem? State any three.
(ii) List any three major causes of loss of biodiversity.
24. State the agent(s) which helps in pollinating the following plants. Explain the adaptations in these plants
to ensure pollination :
(i) Corn
(ii) Water hyacinth
(iii) Vallisneria
25. Carefully observe the given picture. A mixture of DNA with fragments ranging from 200 base pairs to
2500 base pairs was electrophoresed on agarose gel with the following arrangement.
(i) What result will be obtained on staining with ethidium bromide? Explain with reason.
(ii) The above set-up was modified and a band with 250 base pairs was obtained at X.
What change(s) were made to the previous design to obtain a band at X? Why did the band appear at
the position X?
26. (i) Identify the polarity of X to Y in the diagram below and mention how many more amino acids are
expected to be added to this polypeptide chain.
(ii) Mention the codon and anticodon for alanine.

(iii) Why are some untranslated sequences of bases seen in mRNA coding for a polypeptide? Where
exactly are they present on mRNA?
27. (i) How is Hardy-Weinberg’s expression “(p2 + 2pq+q2) = 1”derived?
(ii) List any two factors that can disturb the genetic equilibrium.
28. Highlight the structural importance of an antibody molecule with a diagram. Name the four types of
antibodies found to give a humoral immune response, mentioning the functions of two of them you have
studied.
O
(i) Explain the life cycle of Plasmodium starting from its entry in the body of female Anopheles till the
completion of its life cycle in humans.
(ii) Explain the cause of periodic recurrence of chill and high fever during malarial attack in humans.
SECTION - D
29. Study the Pedigree chart given below and answer the questions that follow:
Symbols used in the given pedigree chart are as follows :
(i) On the basis of the inheritance pattern exhibited in this pedigree chart, what conclusion can you draw
about the pattern of inheritance?
(ii) If the female is homozygous for the affected trait in this pedigree chart, then what percentage of her
sons will be affected ?
(iii) Give the genotype of offsprings 1,2,3 and 4 in III generation.
O
(iv) In this type of inheritance pattern, out of male and female children which one has less probability of
receiving the trait from the parents? Give a reason.
30. The data below shows the concentration of nicotine smoked by a smoker taking 10 puffs/ minute.
(ii) How will this affect the concentration of carbon monoxide and haembound oxygen at 10 minutes?
O
(iv) How does cigarette smoking result in lung cancer and emphysema?
SECTION - E
31. Observe the segment of mRNA given below.
(i) Explain and illustrate the steps involved to make fully processed hnRNA.
(ii) Gene encoding RNA Polymerase I and III have been affected by mutation in a cell. Explain its impact
on the synthesis of polypeptide, stating reasons.
O
Study the schematic representation of the genes involved in the lac operon given below and answer the
(i) The active site of enzyme permease present in the cell membrane of a bacterium has been blocked by
an inhibitor, how will it affect the lac operon?
(ii) The protein produced by the i gene has become abnormal due to unknown reasons. Explain its impact
on lactose metabolism stating the reason.
(iii) If the nutrient medium for the bacteria contains only galactose; will operon be expressed? Justify
your answer.
32. Oil spill is a major environmental issue. It has been found that different strains of Pseudomonas bacteria
have genes to break down the four major groups of hydrocarbons in oil. Trials are underway to use
different biotechnological tools to incorporate these genes and create a genetically engineered strain of
Pseudomonas-a ‘super-bug, to break down the four major groups of hydrocarbons in oil. Such bacteria
might be sprayed onto surfaces polluted with oil to clean thin films of oil.
(i) List two advantages of using bacteria for such biotechnological studies.
(ii) For amplification of the gene of interest PCR was carried out. The PCR was run with the help of
polymerase which was functional only at a very low temperature. How will this impact the efficiency
of the PCR? Justify.
(iii) If such bacteria are sprayed on water bodies with oil spills, how will this have a positive or negative
effect on the environment? Discuss.
O
Insects in the Lepidopteran group lay eggs on maize crops. The larvae on hatching feed on maize leaf and
tender cob. In order to arrest the spread of three such Lepidopteran pests, Bt maize crops were introduced
in an experimental field.
A study was carried out to see which of the three species of lepidopteran pests was most susceptible to
Bt genes and its product.
The lepidopteran pests were allowed to feed on the same Bt-maize crops grown on 5 fields (A-E).
The graph below shows the leaf area damaged by these three pests after feeding on maize leaves for five
days.
Insect gut pH was recorded as 10, 8 and 6 respectively for Species I, II and III respectively.
(i) Evaluate the efficacy of the Bt crop on the feeding habits of the three species of stem borer and
suggest which species is least susceptible to Bt toxin.
(ii) Which species is most susceptible to Bt-maize? Explain why?
(iii) Using the given information, suggest why similar effect was not seen in the three insect species?
33. Trace the events from copulation to zygote formation in a human female.
O
Trace the development of a megaspore mother cell to the formation of mature embryo sac in a flowering
plant.
Sample Paper 13
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Total number of individuals of a species per unit area and per unit time is called
(a) population size (b) population density
(c) demography (d) population dynamics
2. During transcription, the site of DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase binds is called
(a) promoter (b) regulator
(c) receptor (d) enhancer
3. Gel electrophoresis is used for

(a) construction of recombinant DNA by joining with cloning vectors
(b) isolation of DNA molecules
(c) cutting of DNA into fragments
(d) separation of DNA fragments according to their size
4. In laboratory experiments, two species of Paramecium (species 1 and 2) were grown alone and in the
presence of the other species. The following graphs show growth of species 1 and species 2, both alone and
when in mixed culture with the other species.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the graphs?

(a) Competitive exclusion occurred in these experiments.
(b) Both species are affected by interspecific competition but species 1 is affected less.
(c) Both species are affected by interspecific competition but species 2 is affected less.
(d) Both species are affected equally by interspecific competition.
Column I Column II
A. Turner’s syndrome (i) Trisomy
B. Linkage (ii) AA + XO
C. Y-chromosome (iii) Morgan
D. Down’s syndrome (iv) TDF
(a) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii) (b) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii)
(c) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii) (d) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i)
6. The primate which existed 15 mya was

(a) Homo habilis (b) Australopithecus
(c) Ramapithecus (d) Homo erectus
7. After an injury, usually ATS injection is given. It provides

(a) medication to kill tetanus bacteria (b) passive immunity against bacteria.
(c) active immunity against tetanus bacteria (d) none of these
8. Match column I containing transgenic organisms with their specific characteristics in column II and select
the correct option from the given codes.
Column I Column II
A. Golden rice (i) Protein - enriched milk
B. Bt cotton (ii) Increased shelf life
C. Flavr Savr (iii) Enriched with vitamin A
D. Rosie cow (iv) High yield and pest resistant
(a) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i) (b) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i)
(c) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i) (d) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(iii)
9. How does vaccination work?

(a) The immune system produces antibodies which stay in the blood.
(b) Memory lymphocytes are produced. They remain in the body to fight off any future infection with
the same pathogen.
(c) The dead pathogen stays in the body and constantly stimulates the immune system.
(d) All of these.
10. Animal vectors are required for pollination in

(a) Vallisneria (b) Wheat
(c) Yucca (d) maize
11. Which one of the following can be used as biofertiliser?

(a) Anabaena (b) Azotobacter
(c) Azospirillum (d) All of these

12. Match column I (terms) with column II (definitions) and select the correct option from the codes given
below.
Column I Column II
A. Parturition (i) Attachment of embryo to endometrium
B. Gestation (ii) Release of egg from Graafian follicle
C. Ovulation (iii) Delivery of baby from uterus
D. Implantation (iv) Duration between pregnancy and birth
E. Menopause (v) Formation of zygote by fusion of the egg and sperm.
(vi) Stoppage of menstruation
(a) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(v), E-(vi) (b) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(v), E-(ii)
(c) A-(v), B-(vi), C-(ii), D-(iii), E-(iv) (d) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i), E-(vi)
13. Given below is the figure of a transverse section of a young anther. It depicts a bilobed, tetragonal
structure consisting of four microsporangia located at the corners; two in each lobe. Study this figure and
comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and the Reason.
Assertion : ‘X’ represents innermost wall layer tapetum.

Reason : ‘X’ performs the function of protection only.
14. Assertion : Lion and jackal both feed on other animals.

Reason : Lion is a predator and jackal is a scavanger.
15. Assertion : The amount of energy decreases at successive trophic levels.

Reason : Energy does not remain trapped permanently in any organism, it is either passed on to higher
trophic level or becomes available to detritivores and decomposers after the organism dies.
16. Assertion : The primary productivity of different ecosystems can be easily compared.
Reason : The magnitude of primary productivity depends on the photosynthetic capacity of producers and
the prevailing environmental conditions.
SECTION - B
17. Explain the processes of emasculation and bagging of flowers. State their importance in breeding
experiments.
18. The cytological observations made in a number of insects led to the development of the concept of genetic/
chromosomal basis of sex-determination mechanism. Honeybee is an interesting example to study the
mechanism of sex-determination. Study the schematic cross between the male and the female honeybees
given below and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Identify the cell divisions ‘A’ and ‘B’ that lead to gamete formation in female and male honeybees
respectively.
(ii) Name the process ‘C’ that leads to the development of male honeybee (drone).
19. Suggest a technique to a researcher who needs to separate fragments of DNA.

O
A recombinant DNA is formed when sticky; ends of vector DNA and foreign DNA join. Explain how the
sticky ends are formed an get joined?
20. Ringworm is one of the most common infectious fungal disease in humans. Name any two genera of fungi
which cause ringworm and state any of its two symptoms.
21. Study the schematic representation given below and answer the following questions.
(i) Identify A in it.

(ii) When population density at time t is N as shown above, write the population density at time t + 1
in the form of an equation using appropriate symbols.
O
If 8 individuals in a population of 80 butterflies die in a week, calculate the death rate of population of
butterflies during that period.
SECTION - C
22. Study the diagram showing the entry of HIV into the human body and the process that follows.
(i) Name the human cells A, HIV enters into.

(ii) Mention the genetic material (B) HIV releases into the cell.
(iii) Identify enzyme C.
(ii) B is viral RNA.
(iii) Enzyme C is reverse transcriptase.
23. Name the disorder humans suffer from as a result of monosomy of the sex chromosome. Give the karyotype
and write the symptoms.
24. Explain the significance of `palindromic nucleotide sequence’ and restriction endonuclease in the formation
of recombinant DNA.

25. With the help of one example, explain the phenomena of co-dominance and multiple allelism in human
population.
26. Alien species are highly invasive and are a threat to indigenous species. Substantiate this statement with
any three examples.
O
What are the two types of desirable approaches to conserve biodiversity? Explain with examples bringing
out the difference between the two types.
27. Study the schematic representation of spermatogenesis and answer the following questions.
(i) Which cell division occurs during multiplication phase?

(ii) How many chromosomes are present in secondary spermatocyte and spermatid respectively?
(iii) Which hormone acts on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm production?
28. Differentiate between :

(i) Vasa efferentia and vas deferens
(ii) Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
SECTION - D
29. In a plant species that follows Mendelian inheritance yellow flower colour is dominant over white and
round fruit shape is dominant over elongated. Crossing was performed between two purelines-one having
yellow-flower and round fruit and another with white flower and elongated fruits. About 20 plants survived
in F1 progeny. Plants of F1 were allowed to self fertilise and about 960 plants survived in F2.
(i) How many plants would have yellow flower and round fruit in F1 generation?
(ii) How many plants would have yellow flower and round fruit in F2 generation?
(iii) Mention the genotypic and phenotypic ratio when plant heterozygous for yellow flower and round
fruit is crossed with the double recessive parent.
O
(iv) If the plant heterozygous for yellow flower and round fruit are self crossed, then what will be the
genotype of plant with yellow flower and elongated fruit?
30. In a study to test a new vaccine against a viral disease, mouse model testing is done. In this process, mice
are vaccinated and their blood samples were tested. Mice developed mild disease symptoms. After few
days those mice were again infected with the virus. This time they did not show any disease symptoms.
Their blood samples were tested. Two graphs given show antibody concentration for the first and second
infection in mice blood.
(i) Identify P and Q in the given graphs.

(ii) Which form of pathogen is used in vaccination?
(iii) Write the characteristics of P.
O
(iv) Why mice did not show any disease symptoms during second exposure to the pathogen virus?
SECTION - E
31. Disease X is a chromosomal disorder occur due to autosomal aneuploidy. The children with this syndrome
suffer from severe mental retardation, short statured with small round head, furrowed tongue and partially
open mouth. Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease.
(i) Name the disease ‘X’ and state main cause of autosomal aneuploidy in it.
(ii) How many number of chromosomes are present in the child suffering from this syndrome?
(iii) What will be the sex chromosomal complement in males suffering from this disease?
O
Write the scientific name of the organism Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues worked on for their
experiments. Why did they select that organism to study sex linked genes for lab experiments?
32. The given figure shows a fetus within the uterus. On the basis of the given figure, answer the questions
that follow :

(ii) Name the fluid surrounding the developing embryo. How is it misused for sex-determination?
(iii) Give a short note on ‘A’
O
(iv) Given below is a T.S. of an apple. Identify A, B and C.
(i) Why is an apple categorised as a false fruit?

(ii) Mention the ploidy levels of the cells of different parts of a maize seed.
33. (i) Describe the different steps in one complete cycle of PCR.
(ii) Write the applications of PCR.
O
Explain the process by which a bacterial cell can be made ‘competent’. Why is it essential to make
bacterial cells ‘competent’ in recombinant DNA technology?
******
Sample Paper 14
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. For a population, the population density (N) was plotted against time (t) and growth curve obtained is
shown in figure marked by A, B and C. Find the correct information about marked phases.
(a) A-initial log phase of growth

(b) C-final growth phase with rapid increase
(c) B-middle log phase with exponential growth
(d) A-initial exponential growth phase
2. The three codons which result in the termination of polypeptide chain synthesis are
(a) UAA, UAG, GUA (b) UAA, UAG, UGA
(c) UAA, UGA, UUA (d) UGU, UAG, UGA
3. Everytime, when the dosage of a drug has to be increased to achieve the same ‘kick’ that initially occurred
in response to a smaller dose, this condition is known as
(a) rebound effect (b) tolerance
(c) withdrawal symptoms (d) addiction
4. Match column I (enzyme) with column II (characteristic/activity) and select the correct answer from the
given codes.
Column I Column II
A. Taq DNA polymerase (i) Cleaves the ends of linear DNA
B. Exonuclese (ii) Breakdown of fungal cell wall
C. Protease (iii) Stable above 90c C
D. Chitinase (iv) Made only by eukaryotic cells
(v) Degradation of proteins
(a) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii) (b) A-(iv), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(ii)
(c) A-(ii), B-(i), C- (v), D-(iii) (d) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(v), D-(ii)
5. Which of the following appeared during ice age between 75,000 - 10,000 years ago?
(a) Cro-Magnon man (b) Neanderthal man
(c) Modern Homo sapiens (d) Heidelberg man
6. Pollination in water hyacinth and water lily is brought about by the agency of
(a) water (b) insects or wind
(c) birds (d) bats
7. Introduction of Nile Perch in lake Victoria of South Africa resulted in

(a) excessive growth of water weeds (b) elimination of water weeds
(c) elimination of many species of cichlid fish (d) excessive growth of cichlid fish.
8. Which of the following is widely used as a successful biofertiliser in Indian rice field ?
(a) Rhizobium (b) Acacia arabica
(c) Acalypha indica (d) Azolla pinnata
9. During isolation of genetic material, the chemical used to precipitate out the purified DNA is
(a) bromophenol blue (b) chilled ethanol
(c) ethidium bromide (d) both (b) and (c)
Column I Column II
A. Parthenocarpy (i) Seed formation without fertilisation
B. Polyembryony (ii) More than one embryo in same seed
C. Apomixis (iii) Seedless fruits without fertilsation
D. False fruit (iv) Thalamus contributes to fruit formation
(a) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(i) (b) A-(iii), B-(ii),C-(i), D-(iv)
(c) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii) (d) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(iv)
11. The given flow chart represents the flow of genetic information between biomolecules. Identify the processes
A, B, C and D and select the correct option.
(a) A-Translation, B-Transcription, C-Replication, D-Reverse Transcription

(b) A-Replication, B-Transcription, C-Translation, D-Reverse Transcription
(c) A-Replication, B-Transcription, C-Reverse Transcription, D-Translation
(d) A-Replication, B-Reverse Transcription, C-Transcription, D-Translation
12. Which of the following equations correctly represents Verhulst-Pearl logistic growth?
dN = b K − N l dN = rN
(a) dt rN K (b) dt K
dN = N ]K − N g dN = r ]K − N g
(c) dt K (d) dt K
13. Assertion : Plasmodium is an endoparasite.
Reason : Plasmodium lives over the surface of their host.
14. Assertion : Net primary productivity is equal to gross primary productivity minus respiration.
Reason : Secondary productivity is produced by heterotrophs.
15. Given below is the figure of a transverse section of a young anther. It depicts a bilobed, tetragonal
structure consisting of four microsporangia located at the corners, two in each lobe. Study this figure and
comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and the Reason.
Assertion : ‘X’ represents innermost wall layer tapetum.

Reason : ‘X’ performs the function of protection only.
16. Assertion : A network of food chains existing together in an ecosystem is known as a food web.
Reason : An animal like kite cannot be a part of a food chain.
SECTION - B
17. Why are copper containing intrauterine devices considered an ideal contraceptive for human females?
O
What is amniocentesis? How is it misused?
18. Observe the global proportionate number of vertebrate diversity in the figure given below and answer the
questions.
(i) Name the group that has :

(a) the highest representation.
(b) the lowest representation.
(ii) Mention the percentage of vertebrates that are
(a) Oviparous
(b) Avians
19. A patient showed symptoms of sustained high fever, stomach pain and constipation, but no blood clot in
stools. Name the disease and its pathogen. Write the diagnostic test for the disease. How does the disease
get transmitted?
20. Write two differences between Homo erectus and Homo habilis.
21. “Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection” and ‘Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer’ are two assisted reproductive
technologies. How is one different from other?
O
Why is ZIFT a boon to childless couples? Explain the procedure.
SECTION - C
22. Double fertilisation is reported in plants of both castor and groundnut. However, the mature seeds of
groundnut are non-albuminous and castor are albuminous. Explain the post fertilisation events that are
responsible for it.
23. Differentiate between mutualism and parasitism.
24. How is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of F2 generation in a dihybrid cross is different from monohybrid
cross?
25. At what stage does Plasmodium gain entry into the human body? Write the different stages of its life
cycle in the human body.
26. Cotton bollworms enjoy feeding on cotton plants but get killed when feed on Bt cotton plant. Justify the
statement.
27. Describe the process of parturition in humans.

O
Draw a labelled diagram of a human sperm.
28. When does a geneticist need to carry a test cross? How is it carried?
SECTION - D
29. In an experiment to know the genotype of a red flowered plant it was crossed with a homozygous white
flowered plant. The progenies obtained were of two types as shown below in the figure.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

(i) On the basis of this cross, what conclusion can you draw?
(ii) What is the significance of the cross described above?
(iii) What would be the genotype of red and white flowered plants in F1 if Allele R/r is responsible for the
this trait ?
O
What would be the probability of homozygous and heterozygous plants in F1 progeny?
30. After a surgery drug ‘X’ was injected to the patient to counteract the effect of pain receptors in the body
and to induce sleep in patient. The structure of the drug ‘X’ is provided :
(i) Identify the drug from the chemical structure that was injected to the patient.
(ii) Give the scientific name of the plant that can be used to obtain drug X.
(iii) Write the effects of compound obtained by drug X on the human body.
O
To which group X belongs to? Mention the location of its receptors in human body.
SECTION - E
31. (i) Describe the lactational amenorrhea method of birth control.
(ii)
(a) Why removal of reproductive organs cannot be a contraceptive option?
(b) “Complete lactation is a natural method of contraception”. Justify this statement.
(iii) Name and explain the surgical method advised to human males and females as a means of birth
control. Mention its one advantage and one disadvantage.
O
(i) Name two hormones that are constituents of contraceptive pills.
(ii) What schedule should be followed for taking contraceptive pills.
(iii) What is the advantage of `Saheli’ over other oral contraceptive pills?
32. A teacher wants his/her students to find the genotype of pea plants bearing purple coloured flowers in
their school garden. Name and explain the cross that will make it possible.
O
Explain the causes, inheritance pattern and symptoms of any two Mendelian disorders.
33. (i) Describe the characteristics a cloning vector must possess.

(ii) Why DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane? Explain.
(iii) How is bacterial cell made ‘competent’ to take up recombinant DNA from the medium?
O
Many copies of a specific gene of interest are required to study the detailed sequencing of bases in it.
Name and explain the process that can help in developing large number of copies of this gene of interest.
******
Sample Paper 15
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Refer the given figure of nucleosome and select the option that correctly identifies the parts A, B and C.
A B C
(a) DNA Histone octamer H1 histone
(b) Histone octamer H1 histone DNA
(c) Histone octamer DNA H1 histone
(d) DNA H1 histone Octamer
2. DNA replication is
(a) semiconservative and discontinuous (b) semiconservative and semi discontinuous
(c) conservative and discontinuous (d) conservative
3. The site of origin of the new plantlets in potato, dahlia, ginger and banana is
(a) nodes of modified stem. (b) inter-nodes of modified stem.
(c) floral buds present on stem. (d) adventitious buds present on root.

4. According to size of air pollutants, range and types of chemical the device given below is best used to
control which of the following pollutants?
(a) Dissolved gases (b) charged particulate matter

(c) large particulates (d) fine particles
5. Which of the following is incorrect regarding ZW-ZZ type of sex determination?

(a) It occcurs in birds and some reptiles
(b) 1 : 1 sex ratio is produced in the offsprings
(c) Females are homogametic and males are heterogametic
(d) All of these
6. Inbreeding depression
(a) usually reduces fertility and productivity (b) usually reduces productivity only.
(c) usually increases fertility only. (d) usually increases fertility and productivity
7. Plasmid has been used as vector because

(a) It transfer the piece of DNA attached to it.
(b) it can move between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
(c) both its ends show replication.
(d) it has antibiotic resistance gene.
8. The ‘mule’ is the result of

(a) inbreeding depression (b) inter-specific hybridization
(c) cross-breeding (d) out-breeding
9. ABO blood group system is due to

(a) multiple allelism (b) incomplete dominance
(c) multifactor inheritance (d) epistasis
10. The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with the plasmid vector became possible with
(a) DNA polymerase (b) Endonucleases
(c) DNA ligase (d) Exonucleases
11. Which of the following statements regarding the asexual reproduction is incorrect?
(a) It is uniparental and usually occurs in unicellular organisms.
(b) It does not contribute to evolution and speciation.
(c) Both mitotic and meiotic division occurs.
(d) There is no variation and the offsprings have the same phenotype and genotype.
12. The kangaroo rats of North American deserts do not need to drink water because
(a) they are able to concentrate urine, to minimize water loss.
(b) they meet their water requirement through internal fat oxidation when the water is a byproduct.
(c) they do not have sweat glands.
(d) all of the above
13. Assertion: Insects visit flowers to gather honey.

Reason: Attraction to flowers prevents the insects from damaging other parts of the plant.
14. Assertion: Curdling is required in the manufacture of cheese.

Reason: Lactic acid bacteria are used for the purpose.
15. Assertion: Female mosquito is an example of temporary parasite.

Reason: Plasmodium is an endoparasite.
16. Assertion: Insulin is said to be anabolic hormone.

Reason: Failure of insulin secretion causes diabetes.
SECTION-B
17. Make a list of any three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed and explain how they
help to encourage cross-pollination.
O
Why is the apple called a false fruit? Which part(s) of the flower forms the fruit?
18. Write about the importance of family planning programme in India ?
19. Sex determination is based on particular chromosomes in both birds and humans. State two points of
difference between their mechanisms of sex determination.
20. Why are angiosperm anthers called dithecous? Describe the structure of microsporangium and draw a
well labelled diagram.
21. What is meant by transgenic animal? List any four areas in which transgenic animals have wide applications.
SECTION-C
22. Study the figure given below and answer the questions.
(i) What does the figure express?

(ii) When does the transcription of lac mRNA stop?
(iii) Name the enzymes transcribed by the genes ‘z’ and ‘a’.
O
(i) Name the scientist who suggested that the genetic code should be made of a combination of three
nucleotides. Explain the basis on which he arrived at this conclusion.
(ii) Name two salient features of genetic code.
23. Name a disorder, give the karyotype and write the symptoms where a human male suffers as a result of
an additional X-chromosome.
24. (i) Write the scientific name of most common species of honeybee reared.
(ii) Mention the kind of areas that are suitable for bee keeping practices.
(iii) Mention any two uses of bee-wax.
25. “Stability of a community depends on its species richness.” Write how did David Tilman show this
experimentally.
26. (i) A mixture of fragmented DNA was electrophoresed in an agarose gel. After staining the gel with
ethidium bromide, no DNA bands were observed. What could be the reason?
(ii) Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.
27. Explain adaptive radiation and convergent evolution by taking example of some of Australian marsupials
and Australian placental mammals.
O
Australian Marsupials and placental mammals are suitable examples of adaptive radiation and convergent
evolution. Explain giving reasons.
28. (i) Explain the events taking place at the time of fertilisation of an ovum in a human female.
(ii) Trace the development of the zygote up to its implantation in the uterus.
(iii) Name and draw a labelled sectional view of the embryonic stage that gets implanted.
SECTION-D
Events of Menstrual Cycle:
The major events of the menstrual cycle are as follows as the cycle starts with the menstrual phase,
when menstrual flow occurs and it lasts for 3-5 days. The menstrual flow results due to breakdown of
endometrial lining of the uterus and its blood vessels which forms liquid that comes out through vagina.
Menstruation only occurs if the released ouvm is not fertilised. Lack of menstruation may be indicative of
pregnancy. However, it may also be caused due to some other underlying causes like stress, poor health
etc. The menstrual phase is followed by the follicular phase.
During this phase, the primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian follicle and
simultaneously the endometrium of uterus regenerates through proliferation. These changes in the ovary
and the uterus are induced by changes in the levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones. The secretion of
gonadotropins (LH and FSH) increases gradually during the follicular phase, and stimulates follicular
development as well as secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles. Both LH and FSH attain a peak
level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day). Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level during
the mid-cycle called LH surge induces rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby the release of ovum
(ovulation). The ovulation (ovulatory phase) is followed by the luteal phase during which the remaining
parts of the Graafian follicle transform as the corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone which is essential for maintenance of the
endometrium. Such an endometrium is necessary for implantation of the fertilised ovum and other events
of pregnancy. During pregnanacy, all events of the menstrual cycle stop and there is no menstruation. In
the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates. This causes disintegration of the endometrium
leading to menstruation, marking a new cycle. In human beings, menstrual cycles cease around 50 years of
age; that is termed as menopause. Cyclic menstruation is an indicator of normal reproductive phase and
extends between menarche and menopause.
(i) What causes menstrual flow?
(ii) Why secretory phase is also known as luteal phase?
(iii) What happen if LH secreted rapidly?
O
(iv) Which of the hormone has no role in menstruation?
Bt Cotton:
Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans
(tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes). B. thuringiensis
forms protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic insecticidal
protein. Why does this toxin not kill the Bacillus. Actually, the Bt toxin protein exist as inactive protoxins
but once an insect ingest the inactive toxin, it is converted into an active form of toxin due to the alkaline
pH of the gut which solubilise the crystals. The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial
cells and creates pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause death of the insect. Specific
Bt toxin genes were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and incorporated into the several crop plants
such as cotton (Figure 12.1). The choice of genes depends upon the crop and the targeted pest, as most
Bt toxins are insect-group specific. The toxin is coded by a gene named cry. There are a number of them,
for example, the proteins encoded by the genes cryIAc and cryIIAb control the cotton bollworms that of
cryIAb control corn borer.
(i) What is role of cry II Ab and cry I Ab?
(ii) Specific Bt toxin gene was isolated from which organism?
(iii) Name the gene that encodes for Bt protein specific to cotton bollworm?
(iv) Consider the following statements (A-D) about organic farming
(a) utilizes genetically modified crops like Bt cotton
(b) uses only naturally produced inputs like compost
(c) does not use pesticides and urea
(d) produces vegetables rich in vitamins and minerals.
O
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) b, c and d (b) c and d only
(c) b and c only (d) a and b only
SECTION-E
31. Mr. Oberoi angrily says to his daughter not to marry Mohan since their family is known to inherit
haemophilia. The daughter objected to her father’s order. Mr. Oberoi was adamant and threatened also.
Brijmohan’s daughter explained the biological interpretation of his fear and convinced her father.
(i) Briefly discuss the inheritance pattern of haemophilia.
(ii) Mohan was not haemophilic though his father is haemophilic. Explain the condition of Mohan by
considering following three conditions of his mother:
(a) Normal mother
(b) Carrier mother
(c) Haemophilic mother
(iii) Is there any fear of haemophilia if Mr. Oberoi daughter marries Mohan (non-haemophilic)?
O
How Hershey and Chase proved that DNA is the genetic material?
32. Briefly explain the lifecycle of plasmodium. What measures would you take to control malaria?
O
(i) What measures do you suggest for prevention and control of alcohol and drug abuse among
adolescents?
(ii) The outline structure of a drug is given below.
(iii) Which group of drugs does this represent? Name the plant from which it is obtained.
(iv) What are the modes of consumption of these drugs?
(v) Name the organ of the body which is affected by consumption of these drugs.
33. Mention the factors which cause changes in the size of population of a species.
O
(i) State how ex-situ conservation helps in protecting biodiversity. Name four types of ex-situ methods.
(ii) Explain the importance of sacred groves.
******
Sample Paper 16
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Colostrum, the yellowish fluid, secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation is very essential to
impart immunity to the new born infants because it contains
(a) immunoglobulin A (b) natural killer cells
(c) monocytes (d) macrophages
2. The given figure is the diagrammatic representation of the E. coli vector pBR322. Which one of the given
options correctly identifies its certain component(s)?
(a) ori-original restriction enzyme (b) rop-reduced osmotic pressure

(c) HindIII, EcoRI - selectable markers (d) ampR, tetR-antibiotic resistance genes
3. Which of the following is incorrect regarding vasectomy?

(a) No sperm occurs in seminal fluid. (b) No sperm occurs in epididymis.
(c) Vasa deferentia is cut and tied. (d) Irreversible sterility
4. The birth and death rates of four countries are given below. Which one will have the least population
growth rate?
Country Birth rate/1000 Death rate/1000

P 20 5
Q 15 3
R 50 18
S 48 41
(a) P. (b) Q.
(c) R. (d) S.
5. Cuscuta is an example of
(a) ectoparasitism (b) brood parasitism
(c) predation (d) endoparasitism
6. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched?

(a) Yeast - Ethanol (b) Streptomycetes - Antibiotic
(c) Coliform - Vinegar (d) Methanogens - Gobar gas
7. The main reason why antibiotics could not always treat the bacteria-mediated diseases is
(a) insensitivity of the individual following prolonged exposure to antibiotics
(b) inactivation of antibiotics by bacterial enzymes
(c) decreased efficiency of immune system
(d) the development of mutant bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics.
8. In the double-helical structure of DNA, the pitch of the helix is

(a) 3.4 nm (b) 0.34 nm
(c) 6.6 nm (d) 34 nm
9. Which one of the following animals may occupy more than one trophic levels in the same ecosystem at
the same time?
(a) Sparrow (b) Lion
(c) Goat (d) Frog
10. Tiger is not a resident in which one of the following national parks?
(a) Sunderbans (b) Gir
(c) Jim Corbett (d) Ranthambore
11. Replacement of the lighter-coloured variety of peppered moth (Biston betularia) to its darker variety
(Biston carbonaria) in England is the example of
(a) natural selection (b) regeneration
(c) genetic isolation (d) temporal isolation
12. Match the following columns and select the correct option.
Column I Column II
A. Contraceptive pill (i) Prevents sperms reaching the female reproductive tract
B. Condom (ii) Inhibits ovulation and implantation
C. Vasectomy (iii) Increases phagocytosis of sperms
D. Copper T (iv) Blocks gamete transport
(a) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii) (b) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)
(c) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(iv) (d) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii)
13. Assertion : In plants, apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction.
Reason : Apomixis involves the production of seeds without the fusion of gametes.
14. Assertion : GM plants are made tolerant to abiotic stress.

Reason : Golden rice is rich in n-carotene.
15. Assertion : In Mirabilis jalapa the pink coloured flowers appear in F1 generation.
Reason : Pink colour is observed due complete suppression of white colour alleles in one of parental flowers
by red colour alleles.
temperate regions.

SECTION - B
17. List any four characteristics of an ideal contraceptive.
O
A woman decides to take contraceptive pills. What do contraceptive pills contain and how do they act as
contraceptives?
18. What is cryopreservation? Give its one use.
19. List the two main propositions of Oparin and Haldane.
20. Enumerate four most common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse amongst the youth.
21. Describe the gene therapy procedure for an ADA-deficient patient.

O
What do you mean by genetically modified organism? Describe two benefits of these crops.
SECTION - C
22. Differentiate between two different types of pyramids of biomass with the help of one example of each.
23. Explain double fertilisation in an angiosperm.
24. Linkage and crossing over of genes are alternative of each other. Justify with the help of an example.
25. (i) Expand VNTR and describe its role in DNA fingerprinting.
(ii) List any two applications of DNA fingerprinting technique.
26. Explain the importance of following:

(i) Restriction endonuclease
(ii) “Ori”
(iii) Gel electrophoresis in recombinant DNA technology
27. “Prevention is better than cure” is an apt slogan to safeguard adolescents from drug abuse. List any 6
steps that could be taken in this regard.
28. List the post-fertilisation events in angiosperms.

O
Double fertilisation is reported in plants of both castor and groundnut. However, the mature seeds of
groundnut are non-albuminous and castor are albuminous. Explain the post fertilisation events that are
responsible for it.
SECTION - D
29. Natural selection can influence distribution of phenotype in three different ways as shown below in the
figure. On the basis of this figure answer the questions that follow.
(i) On the basis of the given graphs, what conclusion can you draw about case X and Y?
(ii) What is the significance of higher and narrower peak in case X?
(iii) What does graph in case Y indicates? Give suitable example.
O
(iv) What would happen if population is converted into case Z?
30. The graphs below show the result of blood tests of a person X during illness (Graph I) and after recovering
(Graph II).
(i) With reference to the above graphs, what will you inferred about the disease in a person X?
(ii) What would be the possible explanation with regards to no change in antibody type P and R in both
the graphs I and II.?
(iii) Which antibody type among P, Q and R confirms that the person X is suffered from infection and
how?
O
(iv) If person X has contracted with an allergen, then which type of antibody will be produced in his
body?
SECTION - E
31. (i) Explain the following phases in the menstrual cycle of a human female :
(a) Menstrual phase
(b) Follicular phase
(c) Luteal phase
(ii) A proper understanding of menstrual cycle can help immensely in family planning. Do you agree with
the statement? Provide reasons for your answer.
O
When does oogenesis start in humans? Name the three hormones and their role in oogenesis. Explain
different phases of oogenesis in human female.
32. (i) Why are certain cotton plants called Bt-cotton plants?
(ii) Why does Bt toxin not kill the bacterium that produces it but kill the insect that ingests it?
O
(i) What is biopiracy? Explain its significance with example.
(ii) State the initiative taken by Indian Parliament against biopiracy.
33. Describe the process of synthesis of fully functional mRNA in a eukaryotic cell.
O
Explain the process of translation.
******
Sample Paper 17
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. According to Oparin, which one of the following was not present in the primitive atmosphere of the earth ?
(a) Methane (b) Oxygen
(c) Hydrogen (d) Water vapour
2. What type of ecological pyramid would be obtained with the following data?
Secondary consumer : 120 g
Primary consumer : 60 g
Primary producer : 10 g
(a) Inverted pyramid of biomass (b) Pyramid of energy
(c) Upright pyramid of numbers (d) Upright pyramid of biomass
3. The basic procedure involved in the synthesis of recombinant DNA molecule is depicted below. The
mistake in the procedure is
(a) enzyme polymerase is not included

(b) the mammalian DNA is shown double stranded
(c) two different restriction enzymes are used
(d) only one fragment is inserted
4. One of the ex situ conservation methods for endangered species is

(a) wildlife sanctuaries (b) biosphere reserves
(c) cryopreservation (d) national parks.
5. Transplantation of tissues/organs to save certain patients often fails due to rejection of such tissues/
organs by the patient. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections?
(a) Auto-immune response (b) Humoral immune response
(c) Physiological immune response (d) Cell-mediated immune response
6. Select the hormone-releasing intra-uterine devices.

(a) Lippe’s loop, Multiload 375 (b) Vault, LNG-20
(c) Multiload 375, Progestasert (d) Progestasert, LNG-20
7. The substance given to cancer patients in order to activate their immune system and destroy the tumor is
(a) histamine (b) interleukin
(c) α -interferon (d) morphine
8. When does the growth rate of a population following the logistic model equal zero? The logistic model is
given as dN/dt = rN(1—N/K).
(a) When N/K equals zero
(b) When death rate is greater than birth rate
(c) When N/K is exactly one
(d) When N nears the carrying capacity of the habitat
9. The terminator/stop codons UGA, UAG and UAA

(a) initiate translation (b) do not code for any amino acids
(c) code for only one amino acid (d) code for more than one amino acid
10. Match column I with column II and select the correct answer from the given codes.
Column I Column II
A. Ganga action plan (i) N2 fixing cyanobacterium
B. Bt-cotton (ii) Ministry of environment and forests
C. Rhizobium (iii) Insect resistant plant
D. Nostoc (iv) N2 fixing bacterium
(a) A- (ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i) (b) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(i)
(c) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i) (d) A-(i), B-(iii), C-(ii), D-(iv)
11. Mycorrhizae are the example of

(a) amensalism (b) antibiosis
(c) mutualism (d) fungistasis

12. Match the following sexually transmitted diseases (column I) with their causative agent (column II) and
select the correct option.
Column I Column II
A. Gonorrhoea (i) HIV
B. Syphilis (ii) Neisseria
C. Genital warts (iii) Treponema
D. AIDS (iv) Human papilloma virus
(a) A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D(iii) (b) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D(ii)
(c) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D(iv) (d) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D(i)
13. Assertion : Plant-animal interactions do not generally involve co-evolution of the mutualist organisms.
Reason : Evolution of the plants and animals go side by side.
14. Assertion : In Cocos nucifera, coconut water represents the cellular endosperm and the surrounding white
kernel represents the free-nuclear endosperm.
Reason : Endosperm persist in some mature seeds.
15. Assertion : The first clinical gene for ADA therapy was given to cure SCID.
Reason : The normal gene was delivered into the patient’s cells using retroviral vector.
16. Assertion : A geneticist crossed two plants and got 50% tall and 50% dwarf progenies.
Reason : This cross follows Mendelian law as one of the parent plant might be heterozygous.
SECTION - B
17. A student on a school picnic to a park on a windy day started sneezing and having difficulty in breathing
on reaching the park. The teacher enquired whether the student was allergic to something.
(i) What is an allergy?
(ii) Write the two unique characteristics of the system involved in the response observed in the student.
18. How are the desirable DNA sequences cut?

O
Explain briefly
(i) Chitinase
(ii) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
19. A cross was carried out between two pea plants showing the contrasting traits of height of the plants. The
result of the cross showed 50% parental characters.
(i) Work out the cross with the help of a Punnett square.
(ii) Name the type of the cross carried out.
20. Refer to the given figure of human female reproductive system and answer the following questions.
(i) Write the function of part labelled as C?

(ii) What is ovulation? Which of the labelled part is involved in this process?
21. Identify the type of the given ecological pyramid and give one example of each pyramid of number and
pyramid of biomass showing such type.
O
(i) Draw a pyramid of numbers considering a big banyan tree supporting a population of insects, small
birds and their predators.
(ii) Construct an ideal pyramid of energy when 1,000,000 joules of sunlight is available. Label all its
trophic levels.
SECTION - C
22. Since the origin of life on earth, there were five episodes of mass extinction of species.
(i) How is the ‘Sixth extinction, presently in progress, different from the previous episodes?
(ii) Who is mainly responsible for the ‘Sixth extinction’ ?
(iii) List any four points that can help to overcome this disaster.
23. Given below is the diagram representing the observations made for separating DNA fragments by gel
electrophoresis technique. Observe the illustration and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Why are the DNA fragments seen to be moving in the direction A " B ?
(ii) Write the medium used in which DNA fragments separate.
(iii) Mention how the separated DNA fragments can be visualised for further technical use.
24. As we know that evolution occurs, when the genetic equilibrium is upset,
(i) List any four factors which affect genetic equilibrium.
(ii) Describe Founder’s effect.
(iii) What kind of evolution is shown by vertebrate brains?
25. Construct and label a transcription unit from which the RNA segment given below has been transcribed.
Write the complete name of the enzyme that transcribed this RNA.
26. Explain three different modes of pollination that can occur in a chasmogamous flower.
27. Name and explain the role of the inner and middle walls of the human uterus.
28. What is the functional difference between B-cells and T-cells?
O
Mention any two human diseases caused by roundworms alongwith their causative agents and their mode
of transmission into the human body.
SECTION - D
29. Water samples were collected at points A, B and C in a segment of a river near a sugar factory and tested
for BOD level. The BOD levels of samples A, B and C were 400 mg/L, 480 mg/L and 8 mg/L respectively.
(i) What is high level of BOD at A and B indicative of?

(ii) Explain why the BOD level gets reduced considerably at the collection point C.
(iii) It was observed that fish mortality was high near point B. Give a suitable reason for this.
O
(iv) Which part of river is fit for drinking and why?
30. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow:
In a dihybrid cross white eyed, yellow bodied female Drosophila is crossed with red eyed, brown bodied
male Drosophila. 1.3% recombinants and 98.7% progeny with parental type combinations were produced
in F2 generation. This observation deviated from Mendelian F2 phenotypic dihybrid ratio.
(i) What could be the most probable reason for the deviation of the cross from Mendelian ratio?
(ii) Who first conducted the given cross?
(iii) How the physical distance between two genes work in such type of crosses?
O
(iv) If number of offspring obtained in the above case is 847, then what will be the number of recombinants?
SECTION - E
31. (i) Study the following chart. Name the hormones involved at each stage. Explain their functions.
Hypothalamus
.
Pituitary
.
Testes
.
Sperms
(ii) Explain with the help of schematic representation the process of formation of mature gamete in a
human female.
(iii) How is spermatogenesis different from the process mentioned above? Explain.
O
Why is the process of fertilisation in a flowering plant referred to as double fertilisation?
32. (i) Study the linking of DNA fragments shown.
(a) Name ‘a’ DNA and ‘b’ DNA.

(b) Name the restriction enzyme that recognises this palindrome.
(c) Name the enzyme that can link these two DNA fragments.
(ii) Why has a bacterium to first become ‘competent’ to be able to take up DNA? Explain how it become
‘competent’ and takes in the recombinant DNA.
O
Read the following base sequence of a certain DNA strand and answer the questions that follow:
G A A T T C
C T T A A G
(i) What is a ‘alindromic sequence’ in a DNA ?

(ii) State the significance of enzymes that identify palindromic nucleotide sequences.
(iii) How the enzyme that recognises the given palindromic nucleotide sequence named so?
33. During course of evolution why DNA was chosen over RNA as genetic material? Give reasons by first
discussing the desired criteria in a molecule that can act as genetic material and in the light of biochemical
differences between DNA and RNA.
O
Refer to the given double stranded DNA molecule.

3l - ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC - 5l
5l - TACGTACGTACGTACGTACGTACG - 3l
(i) What would be the template DNA strand, coding DNA strand and transcribed mRNA sequence from
this strand?
(ii) How is mRNA made from DNA? Which enzyme catalyses this reaction?
******
Sample Paper 18
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Which of the following is a non-symbiotic biofertiliser?

(a) Nostoc (b) Azotobacter
(c) Anabaena (d) Rhizobium
2. Connel’s field experiment showed that on the rockysea coasts of Scotland, larger barnacle Balanus
dominates the intertidal area and removes the smaller barnade Chathamalus. This happened due to
(a) parasitism (b) predation
(c) mutualism (d) competition
3. In assisted reproductive technology, IVF involves transfer of

(a) ovum into the fallopian tube
(b) zygote into the fallopian tube
(c) zygote into the uterus
(d) embryo with 16 blastomeres into the fallopian tube.
4. Pyramid of biomass for a grazing food chain represents

(a) gradual decrease in biomass from apex to base
(b) gradual decrease in biomass from producers to the tertiary consumers
(c) gradual increase of the biomass from producers to the tertiary consumers
(d) no change in biomass
5. In a dihybrid cross, if you get 9:3:3:1 ratio it denotes that

(a) the alleles of two genes are interacting with each other
(b) it is a multigenic inheritance
(c) it is a case of multiple allelism
(d) the alleles of two genes are segregating independently.
6. The annual net primary productivity of the whole biosphere is approximately

(a) 150 billion tons (b) 160 billion tons
(c) 170 billion tons (d) 180 billion tons
Column I Column II
A. Glomus (i) Mosquitoes
B. Bacillus thuringiensis (ii) Phosphorus nutrition
C. Root nodules (iii) Leghaemoglobin
D. Ladybird (iv) Bioinsecticide
(a) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iv) (b) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(iv), D-(i)
(c) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i) (d) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i)
8. What is the criterion for movement of DNA fragments on agarose gel during gel electrophoresis?
(a) The smaller the fragment size, the farther it moves.
(b) Positively charged fragments move to farther end.
(c) Negatively charged fragments do not move.
(d) The larger the fragment size, the farther it moves.
9. Maximum species diversity is seen in latitudinal range of

(a) 23.5° N to 66.5° N (b) 23.5° N to 23.5° S
(c) 23.5° S to 66.5° S (d) 66.5° N to 90° N
10. Organic farming includes

(a) use of fertilisers and pesticides of biological origin
(b) IPM (Integrated Pest Management)
(c) use of green manures
(d) all of these
11. During the purification process for recombinant DNA technology, addition of chilled ethanol precipitates
out
(a) polysaccharides (b) RNA
(c) DNA (d) histones
Column I Column II
A. Sigma factor (i) 5l - 3l
B. Capping (ii) Initiation
C. Tailing (iii) Termination
D. Coding strand (iv) 5l end
(v) 3l end
(a) A-(iii), B-(v), C-(iv), D-(ii) (b) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(v), D-(i)
(c) A-(ii), B- (iv), C-(v), D-(iii) (d) A-(iii), B-(v), C-(iv), D-(i)
13. Assertion : In barrier methods, ovum and sperms are prevented from physical meeting.
Reason : Barrier methods are used during coitus, to prevent the entry of ejaculated semen into the female
reproductive tract.
14. Assertion : If the species-area relationships are analysed among very large areas like the entire continents,
the value of Z i.e., slope of line lies in the range of D.1 to 0.2.
Reason : The value of Z for frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests is found to be 1.15.
15. The given below figures show the different modification found in Bougainvillea and Cucurbita. Observe
the figures carefully and comment upon the appropriateness of the Assertion and Reason.
Assertion : The given structures X and Y show convergent evolution.

Reason : Structures X and Y are modified stems that perform different functions.
16. Assertion : Ex-albuminous seeds do not possess any residual endosperm, as it is completely consumed
during embryo development.
Reason : Wheat, castor, pea and groundnut all are examples of ex-albuminous seeds.
SECTION - B
17. Mention one application for each of the following :
(i) Passive immunisation
(ii) Antihistamine
O
Mention one application for each of the following :
(i) Colostrum
(ii) Cytokinin-barrier
18. Refer to the given figure and answer the following questions:
(i) One of the sperms is observed to penetrate ‘A’ of the ovum, as shown in the above diagram. Name
‘A’.
(ii) Why only one sperm can penetrate and fertilise the ovum?
19. (i) How can we find whether an E. coli bacterium has transformed or not when a recombinant DNA
bearing ampicillin resistant gene is transferred into it?
(ii) What does the ampicillin resistant gene act as in the above case?
20. In snapdragon a cross between true-breeding red flowered (RR) plants and true-breeding white flowered
(rr) plants showed a progeny of plants with all pink flowers.
(i) The appearance of pink flowers is not known as blending. Why?
(ii) What is this phenomenon known as?
21. (i) How many primary producers do you think will be needed to support six tertiary consumers in a
grassland ecosystem?
(ii) Draw a grassland pyramid to substantiate your answer.
O
Define the following terms :
(i) Productivity
(ii) Humification
SECTION - C
22.
(i) Identify the polarity from a to a l in the above diagram and mention how many more amino acids are
expected to be added to this polypeptide chain.
(ii) Mention the DNA sequence coding for serine and the anticodon of tRNA for the same amino acid.
(iii) Why are some untranslated sequence of bases seen in mRNA coding for a polypeptide? Where exactly
are they present on mRNA?
23. Explain the events in a normal woman during her menstrual cycle on the following days:
(i) Ovarian event from 13-15 days
(ii) Ovarian hormones level from 16 to 23 days
(iii) Uterine events from 24 to 29 days
24. Describe the characteristic features of wind pollinated flowers.
25. (i) Describe Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

(ii) List any four factors which affect genetic equilibrium.
26. (i) Identify the molecule shown and the site labelled ‘A’.
(ii) Why is this molecule referred to as H2L2? Explain.

(iii) Mention the chemical nature of given molecule and type of cells they are produced by?
O
Give the scientific name of the parasite that causes malignant malaria in humans. At what stage does this
parasite enter the human body? Trace its life cycle in human body.
27. A segment of foreign DNA and that of a vector DNA are cut with restriction endonuclease to form a
recombinant DNA. Show with the help of schematic diagrams.
(i) The set of palindromic nucleotide sequence of base pairs the EcoRI will recognise in both the DNA
segments. Mark the site at which EcoRI will act and cut both the segments.
(ii) Sticky ends formed on both the segments where the two DNA segments will join later to form a
recombinant DNA.
28. There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in Zoological
parks.
(i) What type of biodiversity conservation is observed in this case?
(ii) Explain any other two ways which help in this type of conservation.
SECTION - D
29. Study the schematic representation of the genes involved in the lac operon given below and answer the
(i) Identify and name the regulatory gene in this operon.

(ii) What is the role of inducer in the given figure?
(iii) Why is the lac operon’s regulation referred to as negative regulation?
O
(iv) Name the inducer molecule and the products of the genes ‘z’ and ‘y’ of the operon. Write the functions
of these gene products.
30. Study the diagram showing replication of HIV in humans and answer the following questions accordingly.
(i) Write the chemical nature of the coat ‘A’.

(ii) Name the enzyme ‘B’ acting on ‘X’ to produce molecule ‘C’. Name ‘C’.
(iii) Mention the name of the host cell ‘D’ the HIV attacks first when it enters into the human body. How
does HIV differ from a bacteriophage
O
(iv) Name the two different cells the new viruses ‘E’ subsequently attack. What are two ways of transmission
of HIV infection in humans other than sexual contact.
SECTION - E
31. Mention the site of fertilisation of a human female. List the events that follow in sequence until the
implantation of the blastocyst.
O
Write briefly the role of pollination in the growth and development in an angiosperm.
32.
(i) Write your observations on the variations seen in the Darwin’s finches shown above.
(ii) Explain what conclusions did he draw and how.
O
(i) What do these pictures ‘a’ and ‘b’ illustrate with reference to evolution? Explain.
(ii) How does industrial melanism support Darwin’s theory of natural selection? Explain.
33. Unless the vector and source DNA are cut, fragments separated and joined, the desired recombinant
vector molecule cannot be created.
(i) How are the desirable DNA sequences cut?
(ii) Explain the technique used to separate the cut fragments.
(iii) How are the resultant fragments joined to the vector DNA molecule?
O
The clinical gene therapy is given to a 4-years old patient for an enzyme which is crucial for the immune
system to function. Observe the given flow chart of gene therapy and answer the following questions.
(i) Identify the disease to be cured with gene therapy.

(ii) Why the above method is not a complete solution to the problem?
(iii) Mention a possible permanent cure for this disease.
******
Sample Paper 19
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Egg apparatus consists of

(a) egg cell and two synergids. b) egg cell and central cell.
(c) egg cell and antipodal cells. (d) egg cell and one synergid.
2. Person having genotype IA IB would show the blood group as AB. This is because of
(a) Pleiotropy (b) incomplete dominance
(c) segregation (d) Codominance
3. The given figures (A, B and C) are types of gametes of different organisms. Identify gametes (A, B and
C) respectively.
(a) Heterogametes, isogametes, Homogametes

(b) Homo/Isogametes, heterogametes, heterogametes
(c) Homogametes, isogametes, heterogametes
(d) Isogametes, homogametes, heterogametes
4. The ratio of phenotypes in F2 of a monohybrid cross is

(a) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 : 1
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
5. The feature of some structures of male reproductive system is given below. Identify the structure on the
basis of the characteristics which surrounds the primary sex organ of male reproductive system.
(a) It is responsible for maintaining the low temperature by about 2 - 2.5° C from normal body temperature
to mature sperm.
(b) It travels through the penis and carry semen as well as urine.
(c) Its enlarged end is called glans penis.
(d) Stores sperms prior to ejaculation.
6. Progestogens in the contraceptive pill

(a) checks attachment of zygote endometrium (b) inhibits estrogen
(c) prevents ovulation (d) All of the above
7. Which of the following crosses will give tall and dwarf pea plants in same proportions?
(a) TT × tt (b) tt × tt
(c) TT × Tt (d) Tt × tt
8. What is meant by the term Darwin fitness?

(a) Healthy appearance (b) High aggressiveness
(c) The ability to survive and reproduce (d) Physical straight
9. Which of the following is a plasmid?

(a) Sal I (b) Barn HI
(c) pBR322 (d) Eco RI
10. The given figures show the members of fungi and simple plants such as algae which undergo asexual
reproduction. Identify the correct asexual reproductive structures found in the members A, B, C and
D.
(a) A-Zoogamete, B-Conidia, C-Bud, D-Gemmule

(b) A-Aplanospore, B-Conidia, C-Bud, D-Gemmule
(c) A-Zoospore, B-Conidiosporangium, C-Bud, D-Gemmule
(d) A-Zoospore, B-Conidia, C-Bud, D-Gemmule
11. Amniocentesis technique is used for the

(a) Sex determination of foetus
(b) Determination of any genetic abnormality in the embryo
(c) Determination of errors in amino acid metabolism in embryo.
(d) Both (b) and (c)
12. Dark coloured Peppered Moth is able to survive in industrial areas as compared to light coloured form
because of
(a) Natural selection in smoky environment
(b) Mimicry
(c) High fecundity
(d) Lethal mutation
13. Assertion : Pyramid of energy maybe upright or inverted.

Reason : Only 10% of energy goes to next trophic level.
14. Assertion : UAA, UAG and UGA terminate protein synthesis.

Reason : They are not recognised by tRNA.
15. Assertion : Bt cotton is resistant to insects.

Reason : Butterfly feeding on Bt cotton will die.
16. Assertion : Jave Ape man, Peking man and Heidelberg man are the fossils of Homo erectus.
Reason : Homo erectus evolved from Homo habilis.
SECTION-B
17. In the adjacent figure of a typical dicot embryo, label the parts (1), (2) and (3). State the function of each
of the labelled part.
18. How is genetic engineering used in molecular diagnosis of disease ?
19. What does S-shaped pattern of population growth represent ? How is J-shaped pattern different from it
and why ?
O
Explain symbiosis or mutualism by giving one example.
20. In humans, insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone that needs to be processed before it becomes a fully
mature and functional hormone. How is this challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques
overcome for getting insulin assembled into a mature form? Explain the steps using flow chart.
21. What do you mean by gametogenesis ? Describe the structure of a human sperm.
O
Where are the Leydig cell present? What is their role in reproduction?
SECTION-C
22. (i) Name any two copper releasing IUDs.
(ii) Explain how do they act as effective contraceptives in human females.
23. Gregor Mendel conducted hybridisation experiments on garden peas and proposed the laws of inheritance
in living organisms. For his experiments, Mendel
(i) conducted artificial pollination experiments using several true-breeding pea lines which were similar
except for one character with contrasting traits.
(ii) applied statistical analysis and mathematical logic to problems in biology
(a) What are true-breeding lines? Explain with the help of an example.
(b) Why did Mendel use true-breeding lines for his hybridisation experiments?
(c) Name one mathematical logic used by Mendel. Which other method can be used for the
same?
24. A person is suffering from ringworm disease. Mention the pathogen. Give the symptoms of the disease
along with the mode of transmission.
25. Observe the diagram of gel electrophoresis and answer the questions which follow:
(i) Name the substance used as a medium/matrix in gel electrophoresis along with its source.
(ii) Why does DNA move towards the anode in gel electrophoresis?
(iii) How one can observe DNA in the gel after electrophoresis?
26. A decade ago, there was abundance of Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos Island but now this species has
become extinct?
(i) Why have they become extinct?
(ii) What can you say about such a relation?
O
Name and describe different hierarchial levels of biological diversity
27. The diagram below shows embryo sac after fertilisation. Observe it and answer the following questions.
(i) Give the names of the structures which develop from parts labelled as A and B in the above
diagram.
(ii) How is the structure developed from part ‘13’ different from perisperm?
(iii) Meiocyte of onion has 16 chromosomes. What will be the number of chromosomes in the structures
developing from parts ‘A’ and `13’ ?
28. (i) Francis Crick.

(ii)
Clovel leaf structure of tRNA

(iii) The actual structure of tRNA looks like inverted L.
SECTION-D
29. Read the following and answer any four questions from 29 (i) to 29 (iv) given below:
The cytological observations made in a number of insects led to the development of the concept of
genetic/chromosomal basis of sex-determination. Henking (1891) could trace a specific nuclear structure
all through spermatogenesis in a few insects, and it was also observed by him that 50 per cent of the
sperm received this structure after spermatogenesis, whereas the other 50 per cent sperm did not receive
it. Henking gave a name to this structure as the X body but he could not explain its significance.
Further investigations by other scientists led to the conclusion that the ‘X body’ of Henking was in fact
a chromosome and that is why it was given the name X-chromosome. It was also observed that in a large
number of insects the mechanism of sex determination is of the XO type, i.e., all eggs bear an additional
X-chromosome besides the other chromosomes (autosomes). On the other hand, some of the sperms
bear the X-chromosome whereas some do not. Eggs ertilised by sperm having an X-chromosome become
females and, those fertilised by sperms that do not have an X-chromosome become males. Grasshopper is
an example of X0 type of sex determination in which the males have only one X-choromosome besides the
autosomes, whereas females have a pair of X-chromosomes. insects and mammals including man, XY type
of sex determination is seen where both male and female have same number of chromosomes.
Among the males an X-chromosome is present but its counterpart is distinctly smaller and called the
Y-chromosome. Females, however, have a pair of X-chromosomes. Both males and females bear same
number of autosomes. Hence, the males have autosomes plus XY, while female have autosomes plus XX.
In human beings and in Drosophila the males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas females have a
pair of X chromosomes besides autosomes. males produce two different types of gametes, (a) either with
or without X-chromosome or (b) some gametes with X-chromosome and some with Y-chromosome. Such
types of sex determination mechanism are designated to be the example of male heterogamety. Organisms,
e.g., birds a different mechanism of sex determination is observed. In this case the total number of
chromosome is same in both males and females. But two different types of gametes in terms of the sex
chromosomes are produced by females, i.e., female heterogamety. In order to have a distinction with the
mechanism of sex determination described earlier, the two different sex chromosomes of a female bird has
been designated to be the Z and W chromosomes. In these organisms the females have one Z and one W
chromosome, whereas males have a pair of Z-chromosomes besides the autosomes.
(i) Organism that have XO type of sex-determination?
(ii) What factors determines a human child’s sex?
(iii) Which type of sex chromosome found in female bird?
O
(iv) Name the gametes produces by males?
30. Read the following and answer any four questions from 30 (i) to 30 (iv) given below:
Acquired immunity, on the other hand, is pathogen specific. It is characterised by memory. This means
that our body when it encounters a pathogen for the first time produces a response called primary
response which is of low intensity. Subsequent encounter with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified
secondary or anamnestic response. This is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory
of the first encounter. The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of
two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e., B-lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes. The
B-lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them.
These proteins are called antibodies. The T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells
produce them. Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small called light chains and two
longer called heavy chains. Hence, an antibody is represented as H2L2. Different types of antibodies are
produced in our body. IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some of them. Because these antibodies are found in the
blood, the response is also called as humoral immune response. This is one of the two types of our acquired
immune response - antibody mediated. The second type is called cell-mediated immune response or cell-
mediated immunity (CMI). The T-lymphocytes mediate CMI. Grafts from just any source - an animal,
another primate, or any human beings cannot be made since the grafts would be rejected sooner or later.
Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft/transplant and even
after this the patient has to take immuno-suppresants all his/her life. The body is able to differentiate
‘self’ and ‘non-self and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection.
(i) What type of response mediated by antibodies?
(ii) Which cell is responsible for cell mediated immunity?
(iii) Which molecules are most responsible for rejection of transplant?
(iv) Which immunoglobulin does constitute the largest percentage in human milk?
SECTION-E
31. Blood samples from a crime scene was collected and DNA analysis for the same was done. Given below
are the marker profiles collected at the crime scene of the victim and a suspect.
(i) What will you conclude on the basis of above observation?

(ii) Discuss how this technique helps in determining that the blood samples picked up from the crime
scene belong to a single person or two different persons.
(iii) How can be the maternal and paternal identity disputes sorted out using the technique used above?
O
(i) Select the homologous structures from the combinations given below :
(a) Forelimbs of whales and bats
(b) Tuber of potato and sweet potato
(c) Eyes of octopus and mammals
(d) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.
(ii) State the kind of evolution represent by the homologous structures.
(iii) What are analogous structures? How are they different from homologous structures? Provide one
example for each.
32. Many plant and animal species are on the verge of their extinction because of loss of forest land by
indiscriminate use by the humans.
(i) Why there is a need to conserve biodiversity?
(ii) Mention a method that you would suggest to protect such threatened species from getting extinct.
(iii) Alien species are highly invasive and are a threat to indigenous species. Substantiate this statement
with any two examples.
O
Refer the table given below and answer the following questions.
Table : Types of Interaction
Species A Species B Name of Interaction

÷ + P
— — Q
+ — R
+ — S
+ 0 T
— 0 U
(i) Identify P, Q, R, S, T and U.
(ii)
(a) An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch is an example of which interaction?
(b) Name the type of interaction seen between wasp and fig tree.
(iii) Give one example of interaction ‘P’.
33. DNA is a hydrophilic molecule so it cannot pass through cell membranes. In order to force host bacteria
to take up the plasmid, the bacterial cells must first be made ‘competent’. How are bacterial cells made
competent? Summarise the steps that are performed to introduce alien DNA into competent bacterial
cells? How can alien DNA be introduced into plant and animal host cells?
O
Given below is the schematic diagram of a cloning vector pBR322. Observe the diagram and answer the
following questions.
(i) Write the term for segment C of the vector. Why is it important?
(ii) Segments A and B of the vector have restriction sites for many endonucleases, each of which is
represented by letters followed by Roman numeral. Explain the naming of any one restriction
enzyme.
(iii) A foreign DNA has been inserted in the segment B. How one can identify E. coli cells with
recombinant plasmids from cells with no plasmid or with non-recombinant plasmids?
******
Sample Paper 20
Class XII 2024-25
Biology (044)
SECTION - A
1. Big holes in Swiss cheese are made by a

(a) a machine
(b) a bacterium that produces methane gas
(c) a bacterium producing a large amount of carbon dioxide
(d) a fungus that releases a lot of gases during its metabolic activities.
2. Reema and Ajay are exploring contraceptive options. They learned that while some methods prevent
fertilization directly, others act differently. They want to know which approach does not follow the usual
contraceptive action. Which of the following approaches does not give the defined action of contraceptive?
(a) Hormonal contraceptives Prevent/retard entry of sperms, prevent ovulation and fertilisation
(b) Vasectomy Prevents spermatogenesis
(c) Barrier methods Prevent fertilisation
(d) Intra uterine devices Increase phagocytosis of sperms, suppress sperm motility and
fertilising capacity of sperms

3. The age pyramid with broad base indicates
(a) high percentage of old individuals

(b) low percentage of young individuals
(c) a stable population
(d) high percentage of young individuals
4. Two closely related different species cannot live for long duration in the same niche or habitat. This law
is called
(a) Allen’s law (b) Gloger rule
(c) Competitive exclusion principle (d) Weismann’s theory
5. The feature of some structures of male reproductive system is given below. Identify the structure on the
basis of the characteristics which surrounds the primary sex organ of male reproductive system.
(a) It is responsible for maintaining the low temperature by about 2 - 2.5° C from normal body temperature
to mature sperm.
(b) It travels through the penis and carry semen as well as urine.
(c) Its enlarged end is called glans penis.
(d) Stores sperms prior to ejaculation.
6. Progestogens in the contraceptive pill

(a) checks attachment of zygote endometrium (b) inhibits estrogen
(c) prevents ovulation (d) All of the above
7. Which of the following crosses will give tall and dwarf pea plants in same proportions?
(a) TT × tt (b) tt × tt
(c) TT × Tt (d) Tt × tt
8. A sewage treatment process in which a part of decomposer bacteria present in the wastes is recycled into
the starting of the process is called
(a) primary treatment (b) activated sludge treatment
(c) tertiary treatment (d) none of these.
9. Which of the following is a plasmid?

(a) Sal I (b) Barn HI
(c) pBR322 (d) Eco RI
10. A population has more young individuals compared to the older individuals. What would be the status
of the population after some years?
(a) It will decline. (b) It will stabilise.
(c) It will increase. (d) It will first decline and then stabilise.
11. Embryo with more than 16 blastomere formed due to in vitro fertilisation is transferred into
(a) uterus (b) fallopian tube
(c) fimbriae (d) cervix.
12. A foreign DNA and plasmid cut by the same restriction endonuclease can be joined to form a recombinant
plasmid using
(a) EcoR I (b) Taq polymerase
(c) DNA polymerase III (d) ligase
13. Assertion : Water constitutes a major mode of pollination in most of the aquatic angiospermous plants.
Reason : Vallisneria and Zostera are examples of water pollinated plants.
14. Assertion : UAA, UAG and UGA terminate protein synthesis.

Reason : They are not recognised by tRNA.
temperate regions.
16. Assertion : Myometrium is an important component of uterus.

Reason : Myometrium produces strong contractions during parturition.
SECTION-B
17. Draw a diagram of the structure of a human ovum surrounded by corona radiata. Label the following
parts :
(i) Ovum
(ii) Plasma membrane
(iii) Zona pellucida
O
What is the function of corpus luteum ?
18. Study the graph given below and answer the questions that follows:
The curve ‘b’ is described by the following equation:

dN = K−N
dt rN & K 0
What does ‘K’ stand for in this equation? Mention its significance.
O
Which curve represent the human population growth at present? Do you think such a curve is sustainable?
Give reason in support of your answer.
19. How is genetic engineering used in molecular diagnosis of disease ?
20. How does EcoRI specifically act on DNA molecule? Explain.
21. Given figure shows karyotype of a child who is suffering from a sex chromosomal abnormality which occurs
during failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle. This results in the gain or loss of a
chromosome (s), called aneuploidy.

(ii) Mention the diagnostic features of this disease.
SECTION-C
22. Mention any six differences between active immunity and passive immunity.
23. The following figure shows a fetus within the uterus. On the basis of the given figure, answer the questions
that follow:

(ii) Name the fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
(iii) Identify A.
24. A person is suffering from ringworm disease. Mention the pathogen. Give the symptoms of the disease
along with the mode of transmission.
25. Observe the diagram of gel electrophoresis and answer the questions which follow:
(i) Name the substance used as a medium/matrix in gel electrophoresis along with its source.
(ii) Why does DNA move towards the anode in gel electrophoresis?
(iii) How one can observe DNA in the gel after electrophoresis?
26. A decade ago, the Abingdon tortoises were abundant on the Galapagos Islands, but now this species has
become extinct.
(i) What caused their extinction?
(ii) How would you describe this kind of relationship?
O
Name and describe different hierarchial levels of biological diversity
27. (i) Identify the structure shown below.
(ii) Mention the difference in the synthesis based on the polarity of the two template strands.
28. How is detritus decomposed step-by-step by different agents and made available as nutrients to the
plants? Explain.
O
(i) Describe the events during humification and mineralisation during decomposition in the soil.
(ii) Enlist the conditions affecting the rate of decomposition.
SECTION-D
29. Read the following and answer any four questions from 29(i) to 29 (iv) given below:
The data below shows the concentration of nicotine smoked by a smoker taking 10 puffs/ minute.
(ii) How will this affect the concentration of carbon monoxide and haem-bound oxygen at 10 minutes?
O
How does cigarette smoking result in lung cancer and emphysema?
30. Read the following and answer any four questions from 30(i) to 30 (iv) given below:
Refer to the given figure of antibody and answer the following questions.
(i) Identify a, b and c in the given diagram.

(ii) Write the chemical nature of an antibody.
(iii) Mention the type of immune response provided by an antibody.
O
Name the cells that produce antibodies in humans.
SECTION-E
31. According to Chargaff, almost all DNA-no matter what organism or tissue type it comes from maintains
certain properties, even as its composition varies. In particular, the amount of adenine (A) is usually
similar to the amount of thymine (T) and the amount of guanine (G) usually approximates the amount
of cytosine (C).
(i) A sample of DNA having 5375 nucleotides was analysed, out of which the propagation of different
bases were : Adenine = 33%, Guanine 18%, Cytosine = 33%, Thymine = 17%. What can be
concluded from this data?
(ii) If one strand of DNA has the following percentage.
A = 26%, T = 23%, C = 24%, G = 27%

What percentage will be found in the complementary strand?
(iii) If a sample of DNA has a cytosine content of 26%, what proportion of thymine do you expect?
O
Pea seeds with BB alleles have round seeds and large starch grains, while seeds with bb alleles have
wrinkled seeds with small starch grains. Work out the cross between these two parents. Explain the
phenotypic ratio of the progeny with respect to seed shape and the starch grain size of the progeny
produced.
32. Some restriction enzymes break a phosphodiester bond on both the DNA strands, such that only one end
of each molecule is cut and these ends have regions of single stranded DNA. BamHI is one such restriction
enzyme which binds at the recognition sequence, 5l -GGATCC- 3l and cleaves these sequences just after
the 5l - guanine on each strand.
(i) What is the objective of this action?
(ii) Explain how the gene of interest is introduced into a vector.
(iii) You are given the DNA shown below.
5l ATTTTGAGGATCCGTAATGTCCT 3l
3l TAAAACTCCTAGGCATTACAGGA 5l
If this DNA was cut with BamHI, how many DNA fragments would you expect? Write the sequence of
these double-stranded DNA fragments with their respective polarity.
(iv) A gene M was introduced into E.coli cloning vector pBR322 at BamHI site. What will be its impact
on the recombinant plasmids? Give a possible way by which you could differentiate non-recombinant
from recombinant plasmids.
O
(i) Write the palindromic nucleotide for the following DNA segment : 5l -GAATTC- 3l
33. Describe the role of heat, primers and the bacterium Therm us aquaticus in the process of PCR.
O
Why is a recombinant protein so called? How can it be harvested on a large scale? Write two precautions
to maintain a higher yield.
******

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CBSE EXAM 2025 20 Sets

How to see answers or marking scheme ?

1. Big holes in Swiss cheese are made by a

(a) Hormonal contraceptives Prevent/retard entry of sperms, prevent ovulation

(b) Vasectomy Prevents spermatogenesis

(c) Barrier methods Prevent fertilisation

(d) Intra uterine devices Increase phagocytosis of sperms, suppress sperm

Continue on next page.....

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(a) EcoR I and DNA ligase

6. What is the correct sequence of sperm formation?

Continue on next page.....

Which of the given traits are incorrectly placed?

9. Ernst Chain and Howard Florey’s contribution was

(a) Expanding Stable

Assertion : P1 is a type of self pollination.

Continue on next page.....

(b) Write the term given to A and C and why?

(a) A-Restriction endonuclease, B-Restriction exonuclease, C-DNA ligase, D-Transformation

2. The permissible use of the technique amniocentesis is for

https://qrbook.page.link/appInstall NODIA App to See the Solutions.

3. The age pyramid with broad base indicates

5. The primary producers of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem are

A. Dihybrid test cross (i) 9:3:3:1

7. Statin, a blood-cholesterol lowering agent, is commercially obtained from

10. The term ‘immunity’ refers to

11. Productivity at the second trophic level is always

Which of the given traits is correctly placed?

13. Assertion : Production ecology deals with the productivity.

15. Given below is the karyotype of a patient.

20. How does EcoRI specifically act on DNA molecule? Explain.

23. (i) What makes some viruses cause cancer in humans?

Continue on next page.....

25. (i) Explain parasitism with the help of one example.

28. (i) Mention the cause of ADA deficiency in humans.

Continue on next page.....

Continue on next page.....

2. Percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the incident solar radiation is

3. Mendel formulated the law of purity of gametes on the basis of

8. Which one of the following is a population ?

Continue on next page.....

Type of microbe Scientific name Product Medical application

13. Assertion : There are 32 biodiversity hotspots in the world.

Assertion : It shows that individual B commits the crime.

(i) Identify pyramids ‘B’ and ‘C’.

Continue on next page.....

26. (i) Identify the structure shown below.

(i) Why primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks?

Continue on next page.....

(i) Identify ‘X’ and write its location in the body.

32. Answer the following questions regarding origin of life.

1. Which type of pyramid is always upright?

2. Rate of decomposition depends upon

6. Single step large mutation leading to speciation is called

7. Which of the following diseases are treated by antibiotics?

8. In which organ does the sexual stage (gametocytes) of Plasmodium form?

9. Tubectomy is a method of sterilisation in which

A. Mutation (i) Change in allele frequency in a population due to

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