DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

• Data that was scattered in different files – with different

formats and owners – in the file-based approach, is now
integrated with minimum redundancy (duplication), as a
single resource.

• Different application programs will share this common

resource, usually concurrently (at the same time).

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Differences between the file-based approach and the database approach to
data management

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• In the database approach (see Figure above), the raw data is
integrated in a common database for all applications.

• The data is managed by a database management system

(DBMS), which provides shared access to it, for all the
applications in the system.

• Databases and database systems are an essential component

of life in modern society: most of us encounter several
activities every day that involve some interaction with a
database.
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• For example, if we go to the bank to deposit or withdraw funds, if we
make a hotel or airline reservation, if we access a computerized library
catalog to search for a bibliographic item, or if we purchase something
online—such as a book, toy, or computer—chances are that our
activities will involve someone or some computer program accessing a
database.

• Even purchasing items at a supermarket often automatically updates

the database that holds the inventory of grocery items.

• These interactions are examples of what we may call traditional

database applications, in which most of the information that is stored
and accessed is either textual or numeric.

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• In the past few years, advances in technology have led
to exciting new applications of database systems.

• New media technology has made it possible to store

images, audio clips, and video streams digitally.

• These types of files are becoming an important

component of multimedia databases.

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• Geographic information systems (GIS) can store and analyze maps,
weather data, and satellite images.

• Data warehouses and online analytical processing (OLAP) systems are

used in many companies to extract and analyze useful business
information from very large databases to support decision making.

• Real-time and active database technology is used to control industrial

and manufacturing processes.

• And database search techniques are being applied to the World Wide
Web to improve the search for information that is needed by users
browsing the Internet.
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
• A DBMS is a general-purpose software that facilitates the processes of
defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among
various users and applications.

Examples of DBMS software

Oracle
DB2
MS SQL Server
Ingres
PostgreSQL
MYSQL
MS Access
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• The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to
store and retrieve database information that is both
convenient and efficient for a user to retrieve and store
information.

• DBMS is the intermediary between the user and the

database.
A database structure is stored as file collection
Users can only access files through the DBMS
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INTERACTION BETWEEN END-USER AND DATABASE

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• To qualify as a database system, there are some
features that it would have to offer:

find (retrieve) data

add (insert) new data
delete unwanted data
change (update) data

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• Other important functions provided by the DBMS include
protecting the database and maintaining it over a long period
of time.

• Protection includes system protection against hardware or

software malfunction (or crashes) and security protection
against unauthorized or malicious access.

• A typical large database may have a life cycle of many years,

so the DBMS must be able to maintain the database system
by allowing the system to evolve as requirements change
over time.
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GOALS OF A DBMS
• To provide an efficient as well as a convenient environment
for accessing data in a database.

• To enforce information security: database security, concurrent

control, crash recovery.

• It is a general-purpose facility for:

Defining a database
Constructing a database
Manipulating a database
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DATABASE SYSTEM
• It is computerized system, whose overall purpose is to maintain the
information and to make that the information is available on
demand.

ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS IN DATA MANAGEMENT

Controlling of Redundancy. Redundancy means ‘duplication of

data’.
• This eliminates the replication of data items in different files, extra
processing required to face the data items from a large database.
• This also ensures data consistency and saves the storage space.
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ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS…

• Improved Data Sharing. The data stored in the database can

be shared among multiple users or application programs.

Enforcing data Integrity. Integrity means that the data in

the database is accurate and consistent.
• Integrity constraints or consistency rules can be applied to
database, so that only correct data can be entered into the
database.
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ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS…

Security: The DBMS ensures that the access of database is done only
through an authorized user.

Data Consistency. By eliminating data redundancy, we greatly

reduce the opportunities for inconsistency.
• For example: a customer’s address is stored only once, we cannot
have disagreement on the stored values.

Efficient Data Access. In a database system, the data is managed by

the DBMS and all access to the data is through the DBMS providing a
key to effective data processing.

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ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS…

Enforcements of Standards. With the centralization of data,

the DBA can establish and enforce the data standards which
may include the naming conventions, data quality standards
etc.

Reduced Application Development and Maintenance

Time. DBMS supports many important functions that are
common to many applications, accessing data stored in the
DBMS, which facilitates the quick development of
application.
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ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS…

Easy to search for data. It is very easy to access and search for data
in a database. This is done using Data Query Languages (DQL) which
allow searching of any data in the database and performing
computations on it.

Multiple Views of Data: A view may be the subset of database.

Various users may have different views of the database itself

Data Independence: System data descriptions are independent from

the application programs.
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 DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS

It is a bit complex. Since it supports multiple

functionalities to give the user the best, the underlying
software is complex.
• The designers and developers should have thorough
knowledge about the software to get the most out of it.

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DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS…
Because of its complexity and functionality, it uses large
amount of memory. It also needs large memory to run
efficiently.

DBMS system works on the centralized system, i.e.; all the

users from all over the world access this database. Hence any
failure of the DBMS, will impact all the users.

DBMS is generalized software, i.e.; it is written work on the

entire systems rather specific one. Hence some of the
application will run slowly.
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DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS…
Cost of DBMS - A multi-user database management system may
be very expensive.
• Even after the installation, there is a high recurrent annual
maintenance cost on the software.
• In addition, there is cost of conversion when moving from a file-
based system to a database system in order to acquire hardware
and carry out training of staff.

Performance - As the database approach is to cater for many

applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, some
applications may not run as fast as before.
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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS
• Many persons are involved in the design, use and
maintenance of any database. These persons can be classified
into 2 types as below:

A. ACTORS ON THE SCENE.

The people, whose jobs involve the day-to-day use of a
database are called as 'Actors on the scene', listed as
below.

1. Database Administrators (DBA)

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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS…
A. ACTORS ON THE SCENE…

1. Database Administrators (DBA)

• The DBA is responsible for authorizing access to the
database, for coordinating and monitoring its use and for
acquiring software and hardware resources as needed.

• These are the people, who maintain and design the database
daily.

•DBA is responsible for the following issues:

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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS…
a. Design of the conceptual and physical schemas. The DBA is
responsible for interacting with the users of the system to understand
what data is to be stored in the DBMS and how it is likely to be
used.

b. Security and Authorization. The DBA is responsible for ensuring

that unauthorized data access is not permitted. This allows the DBA
to regulate which parts of the database various users can access.

c. Storage structure and Access method definition. The DBA creates

appropriate storage structures and access methods by writing a set of
definitions, which are translated by the DDL compiler.
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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS…
d. Data Availability and Recovery from Failures.
The DBA must take steps to ensure that if the system fails, users can
continue to access as much of the uncorrupted data as possible. The
DBA also works to restore the data to consistent state.

e. Database Tuning. The DBA is responsible for modifying the

database to ensure adequate performance as requirements change.

f. Integrity Constraint Specification. The integrity constraints are

kept in a special system structure that is consulted by the DBA
whenever an update takes place in the system.
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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS…

2. Database Designers
•Database designers are responsible for identifying the data
to be stored in the database and for choosing appropriate
structures to represent and store this data.

3. End-users
•End-users are the people whose jobs require access to the
database for querying, updating and generating reports.
•They are of different types as listed as below.
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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS…
3. End-users…

a. Casual end-users. These people occasionally access the

database, but they may need different information each time.
b. Naive or Parametric end-users. Their job function revolves
around constantly querying and updating the database using
standard types of queries and updates.
c. Sophisticated end-users. These include Engineers, Scientists,
Business analyst and others to familiarize and implement their
applications to meet their complex requirements.
d. Stand alone end-users. These people maintain personal
databases by using ready-made program packages that provide
easy to use menu-based interfaces.
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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS…

4. Systems Analysts. These people determine the requirements

of end users and develop specifications for transactions.

5. Application Programmers (Software Engineers). These

people can test, debug, document and maintain the specified
transactions.

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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS…

B. WORKERS BEHIND THE SCENE

•These are individuals who are associated with the design,
development and operation of the DBMS software and
system environment and they are not typically interested in
the database content itself.

1. Database Designers and Implementers. These people

who design and implement the DBMS modules and
interfaces as a software package.
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DATABASE SYSTEM KEY PLAYERS…

B. WORKERS BEHIND THE SCENE…

2.Tool Developers. Include persons who design and implement
tools consisting the packages for design, performance
monitoring, and prototyping and test data generation.

3.Operators and maintenance personnel. These are the systems

administration personnel who are responsible for the actual
running and maintenance of the hardware and software
environment for the database system.
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Data Query Language (DQL).
• DQLs are computer languages used to make queries in
databases and information systems.
• A well-known example is the Structured Query Language
(SQL).

Information systems (IS).

• An IS can be defined technically as a set of interrelated
components that collect, process, store, and distribute
information to support decision making and control in an
organization.
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Information systems (IS)…
• Every information system includes several key components, which
include: hardware, software, telecommunications, people and data.

• Hardware refers to the physical pieces of the information

system;
• Software is the programming that controls the information
system;
• Telecommunication transmits information through the system;
• Humans manage and interact with the information system; and
• Data is information stored within and processed by the system.
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Data Models.

• A data model defines the data elements and the

relationship between the data elements.

• It gives us an idea of how the final system will

look like after its complete implementation.

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