1 EquilibriumWorkbook

Workbook 2023 29
Name: ______________________________________________ Block: ______________________
Equilibrium Worksheets
for
Chemistry 12
Period Day Date Worksheets Quizzes Due Date:
1 Approaching Equilibrium WS 1 Q1 ____________
2. LeChatelier's Principle−1 WS 2 ____________
3. LeChatelier's Principle−2 WS 3 Q2 ____________
4. LeChatelier's−3 & Start Lab WS 4 and 5 ____________
5. Lab LeChatelier's Questions 1−10 Conclusion ____________
6. Haber/Graphing WS 6 & 7 Q3 ____________
7. Equilibrium Constants WS 8 Q4 ____________
8. Keq Calculations WS 9 & 10 ____________
9. K−trial & Size Keq WS 11 Q5 ____________
10. Entropy & Enthalpy WS 12 Q6 ____________
11. Review Practice Test 1 ____________
12. Review
13. Test Workbook due on Test Day
Assessment:
Workbook is: Incomplete Mostly Complete Complete
My understanding of the concepts and competencies of this unit are:

Insufficient Evidence Emerging Developing Proficient Extending
Produced by M. Iannone 23rd Edition Edits by J. Nera & O. Kurzak

Workbook 2023 30
Worksheet #1 Approaching Equilibrium
1. What are the conditions necessary for equilibrium?
2. What is a forward reaction versus a reverse reaction?
3. Why does the forward reaction rate decrease as equilibrium is approached?
4. What are the characteristics of equilibrium?
5. Define equilibrium.
6. Define the word dynamic and explain its relevance to the concept of equilibrium.
7. Why does the reverse reaction rate increase as equilibrium is approached?
As a reaction is approaching equilibrium describe how the following change. Explain what causes
each change.
8. Reactant concentration.
9. Products concentration.
10. Forward reaction rate.
11. Reverse reaction rate.
12. What is equal at equilibrium?
13. What is constant at equilibrium?

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14. Sketch each graph to show how concentrations change as equilibrium is approached
[Reactant] [Product] Overall Rate
15. Label each graph with the correct description.
 The forward and reverse rates as equilibrium is approached
 The overall rate as equilibrium is approached
 The reactant and product concentrations as equilibrium is approached (two graphs)

Workbook 2023 32
Worksheet #2 LeChatelier’s Principle
Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇄ 2NH3(g) + 92 KJ
Shifts Shifts to the

Stress [N2] [H2] [NH3] Right or Left Reactants or Product
1. [N2] is increased
2. [H2] is increased
3. [NH3] is increased
4. Temp is increased
5. [N2] is decreased
6. [H2] is decreased
7. [NH3] is decreased
8. Temp is decreased
9. A catalyst is added

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N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) H = + 92 KJ
Shifts Shifts to Favour the

Stress [N2O4] [NO2] Right or Left Reactants or Products
1. [N2O4] is increased
2. [NO2] is increased
4. [N2O4] is decreased
5. [H2] is decreased
6. [NO2] is decreased
4HCl (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2 (g) + 98 KJ
Shifts Shifts to Favour the

Stress [O2] [H2O] [HCl] Right or Left Reactants or Products
1. [HCl] is increased
2. [H2O] is increased
3. [O2] is increased
5. [H2O] is decreased
6. [HCl ] is decreased
7. [O2] is decreased

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CaCO3 (s) + 170 KJ ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Note : Adding solids or liquids and removing solids or liquids does not shift the equilibrium. This is
because you cannot change the concentration of a pure liquid or solid as they are 100% pure. It is only a
concentration change that will change the # of collisions and hence shift the equilibrium.
Shifts Shifts to Favor the
Stress [CO2] Right or Left Reactants or Products
1. CaCO3 is added
2. CaO is added
3. CO2 is added
6. [CO2] is decreased
8. CaO is removed
Worksheet #3 Applying Le Châtelier's Principle
The oxidation of ammonia is a reversible exothermic reaction that proceeds as follows:

4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ⇄ 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)
For each situation described in the table, indicate an increase or decrease in overall concentration from
before to after a new equilibrium has been established.
Component Stress Equilibrium Concentrations
NH3] [O2] [NO] [H2O]
NH3 addition
removal
O2 addition
removal
NO addition
removal
H2O addition
removal

Workbook 2023 35
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ⇄ 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) Exothermic
[NH3] [O2] [NO] [H2O]
Increase in temperature
Decrease in temperature
Increase in pressure
Decrease in pressure
Addition of a catalyst
An Inert gas is added
State the direction in which each of the following equilibrium systems would be shifted upon the
application of the following stress listed beside the equation.
1. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) + energy decrease temperature
2. C (s) + CO2 (g) + energy ⇄ 2 CO (g) increase temperature
3. N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 NO2 (g) increase total pressure
4. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) decrease total pressure
5. 2 NOBr (g) ⇄ 2 NO (g) + Br2 (g) decrease total pressure
6. 3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) ⇄ Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g) add Fe(s)
7. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) add catalyst
8. CaCO3 (s) ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g) remove CO2 (g)
9. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇄ 2 NH3 (g) He is added

Workbook 2023 36
Consider the following equilibrium system:
3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) ⇄ 2 NH3 (g) + Heat
State what affect each of the following will have on this system:
10. More N2 is added to the system
11. Some NH3 is removed from the system
12. The temperature is increased
13. The volume of the vessel is increased
14. A catalyst was added
15. An inert gas was added at constant
If a catalyst was added to the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established. Compare to
the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new equilibrium.
Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has
16. If the temperature was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established.
Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium.
Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has
17. If the volume of the container was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium
was established. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of
the new equilibrium.
Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has .

Workbook 2023 37
Consider the following equilibrium system
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2 HI (g)
State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting
19. The pressure is increased
Consider the following equilibrium system:
3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) ⇄ Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)
21. The volume of the vessel is decreased
22. The pressure is decreased
23. More Fe is added to the system
24. Some Fe3O4 is removed from the system
25. A catalyst is added to the system
Consider the following equilibrium:
2NO (g) + Br2 (g) + energy ⇄ 2NOBr (g)
27. The pressure is decreased
28. More Br2 is added to the system
29. Some NO is removed from the system
30. A catalyst is added to the system

Workbook 2023 38
Worksheet #4 Le Chatelier’s Principle
Some CO was added to the system and a new equilibrium was established.
2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy
1. Compared to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
equilibrium. Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has
2. Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or
decreased?
[CO] [O2] [CO2]
3. Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?
A catalyst was added to the system at constant volume and a new equilibrium was
established.
2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy
4. Compared to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
decreased?
[CO] [O2] [CO2]
6. Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?
The volume of the container was decreased and a new equilibrium was established.
2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy
7. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new
decreased?
[CO] [O2] [CO2]
9. Did the equilibrium shift favor the formation of reactants or products?

Workbook 2023 39
Worksheet #5 Applying Le Châtelier's Principle
1. The chromate and dichromate ions set up an equilibrium system as follows:
energy + 2 CrO4 2−(aq) + 2 H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O7 2−(aq) + H2O (l)

yellow orange
Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:
shift color change

+
Increase in [H ]
Increase in [CrO4 2−]
Increase in [Cr2O7 2−]
Decrease in [H+]
Decrease in [CrO4 2−]
Decrease in temperature
Add HCl (aq)
Add NaOH
2. The copper (II) ion and copper (II) hydroxide complex exist in equilibrium as follows:
Cu(OH)2 (aq) + 4 H2O (l) ⇄ Cu(H2O)4 2+(aq) + 2 OH−(aq) + 215 kJ

violet light blue
shift color change

2+
Increase in [Cu(H2O)4 ]
Add NaOH
Increase in [Cu(OH)2]
Decrease in [Cu(H2O)4 2+]
Decrease in [Cu(OH)2]
Increase temperature
Decrease temperature
Add KCl (aq)
Add HCl (aq)

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3. Consider the equilibrium that follows:
4 HCl (g) + 2 O2 (g) ⇄ 2 H2O (l) + 2 Cl2 (g) + 98 kJ

clear yellow
shift color change

Increase [HCl]
Decrease in [Cl2]
Add Ne at constant volume
4. Consider the equilibrium that follows:
Cu+ (aq) + Cl−(aq) ⇄ CuCl (s) ΔH = + 98 kJ

green
(Cu+ is green)
shift color change
Increase [HCl]
Add NaCl
Add NaOH (aq)
(check your solubility table for a possible reaction)
Add CuCl(s)
Add AgNO3 (aq)
(check your solubility table for a possible reaction)
Add CuNO3 (aq)

Add Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

Workbook 2023 41
Worksheet #6 Graphing and LeChatelier’s Principle
Consider the following equilibrium system.

I2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ 2 ICl (g) + energy
Label the graph that best represents each of the following stresses and shift.
 increasing the volume
 removing Cl2(g)
 adding I2(g)
 increasing the temperature
I2 I2
ICl ICl
I2 I2
ICl
Cl2

Workbook 2023 42
Worksheet #7 Maximizing Yield

1. N2O4(g) + 59 KJ ⇄ 2 NO2(g)
Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.
Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.
2. 2SO3(g) ⇄ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 215 KJ
Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.
Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.
3. H2O(g) ⇄ H2O(l) H = −150 KJ
Describe three ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.
Describe four ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.
4. In the Haber reaction: 3H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + energy

Explain why each condition is used in the process to make ammonia.
A High pressure of 50 MP
The presence of Ur or Os
Condensing NH3 to a liquid
A relatively high temperature 500 oC

Workbook 2023 43
Worksheet #8 Equilibrium Calculations
1. SO3(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ H2SO4(l)

At equilibrium [SO3] = 0.400M [H2O] = 0.480M [H2SO4] = 0.600M
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.
2. At equilibrium at 100oC, a 2.0L flask contains:

0.075 mol of PCl5 0.050 mol of H2O 0.750 mol of HCl 0.500 mol of POCl3
Calculate the Keq for the reaction:
PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)
3. Keq= 798 at 25oC for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0M. Calculate the
equilibrium [O2] in this mixture at 25oC.

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4. Consider the following equilibrium:

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)
0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 100oC.
If the Keq = 680.0, calculate the SO3 concentration at 100oC.
5. Consider the following equilibrium: 2 NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g)

2.00 moles of NO2 and1.60 moles of N2O4 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 20oC.
Calculate the Keq at 20oC.
6. 2 SO3(g) ⇄ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)

4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are present in a 2.00 L container at 100oC and are at
equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of SO 3 and the number of moles SO3
present if the Keq = 1.47 x 10−3.

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7. If at equilibrium [H2] = 0.200M and [I2] = 0.200M and Keq=55.6 at 250oC, calculate the
equilibrium concentration of HI.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)
8. 1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 4.00 moles CO2, 4.00 moles H2 are found in an 8.00 L
container at 690oC at equilibrium. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.
Solve each problem and show all of your work.
1. At equilibrium, a 5.0L flask contains:

Calculate the Keq for the reaction: PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)

Workbook 2023 46
2. Keq = 798 for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [O2]= 0.00860 M. Calculate the
equilibrium [SO3] in this mixture.
3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)

When 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 1.00 litre container and
allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO 3] is to be 0.250 M. Calculate the Keq value.
4. Consider the following equilibrium: 2 NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g)

2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80 moles
NO2 are present. Calculate the Keq.

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5. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 SO3(g)

4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200oC and allowed to
reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of O 2 is 2.00 M, calculate the Keq
6. If the initial [H2] = 0.200 M, [I2] = 0.200 M and Keq = 55.6 at 250oC calculate the equilibrium
concentrations of all molecules.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)
7. 1.60 moles CO and 1.60 moles H2O are placed in a 2.00 L container at 690 oC
(Keq = 10.0). CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Calculate all equilibrium concentrations.

Workbook 2023 48
8. SO3(g) + NO(g) ⇄ NO2(g) + SO2(g)

o
Keq = 0.800 at 100 C. If 4.00 moles of each reactant are placed in a 2.00L container, calculate
all equilibrium concentrations at 100oC.
9. Consider the following equilibrium system: 2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g)

Two sets of equilibrium data are listed for the same temperature.
Container 1 2.00 L 0.12 moles NO2 0.16 moles N2O4
Container 2 5.00 L 0.26 moles NO2 ? moles N2O4
Determine the number of moles N2O4 in the second container. Get a Keq from the first
container and use it for the second container.

Workbook 2023 49
Solve each problem and show all of your work.
1. At equilibrium, a 2.0 L flask contains:

Calculate the Keq for the reaction:
PCl5 (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)
2. Keq = 798 for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)
In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO3] = 4.20 M and [O2] = 11.0M. Calculate the
equilibrium [SO2] in this mixture.
3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO 2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)

When a 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 2.00 litre container and
allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO 3] is to be 0.250 M. Calculate the Keq value.

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4. H2(g) + S(s) ⇄ H2S(g) Keq= 14

0.60 moles of H2 and 1.4 moles of S are placed into a 2.0L flask and allowed to reach
equilibrium. Calculate the [H2] at equilibrium.
5. Keq = 0.0183 for the reaction: 2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g)

If 3.0 moles of HI are placed in a 5.00L vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium, what is the
equilibrium concentration of H2?
6. Consider the equilibrium: I2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ⇄ 2ICl (g) Keq= 10.0
The same number of moles of I2 and Cl2 are placed in a 1.0L flask and allowed to reach
equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of ICl is 0.040 M, calculate the initial number of
moles of I2 and Cl2.

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7. Consider the equilibrium: 2ICl(g) ⇄ I2 (g) + Cl2 (g) Keq= 10.0

If x moles of ICl were placed in a 5.0 L container at 10 oC and if an equilibrium concentration of
I2 was found to be 0.60 M, calculate the number of moles ICl initially present.
8. A student places 2.00 moles SO3 in a 1.00 L flask. At equilibrium [O2] = 0.10 M at
130 oC. Calculate the Keq. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)
Worksheet #11 Review, Ktrial, & Size of Keq
1. 2 CrO42− (aq) + 2H+ (aq) ⇄ Cr2O72− (aq) + H2O (l)

Calculate the Keq if the following amounts were found at equilibrium in a 2.0 L volume.
CrO42− = 0.030 mol, H+ = 0.020 mol, Cr2O72− = 0.32 mol, H2O = 110 mol

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2. PCl5(s) + H2O(g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g) Keq= 11

At equilibrium the 4.0 L flask contains the indicated amounts of the three chemicals.
PCl5 0.012 mol H2O 0.016 mol HCl 0.120 mol
Calculate [POCl3].
3. 6.0 moles H2S are placed in a 2.0 L container. At equilibrium 5.0 moles H 2 are present. Calculate
the Keq 2H2S(g) ⇄ 2H2(g) + S2(g)
4. 4.0 moles H2 and 2.0 moles Br2 are placed in a 1.0 L container at 180 oC. If the
[HBr] = 3.0 M at equilibrium, calculate the Keq.
H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇄ 2HBr(g)

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5. At 2000 oC Keq = 11.6 for: 2NO(g) ⇄ N2(g) + O2(g)

If some NO was placed in a 2.0 L vessel, and the equilibrium [N 2] = 0.120 M, calculate all other
equilibrium concentrations.
6. At 800oC, Keq = 0.279 for CO2(g) + H2(g) ⇄ CO(g) + H2O(g)

If 2.00 moles CO( g) and 2.00 moles H2O (g) are placed in a 500.0 mL container, calculate all
equilibrium concentrations.
7. CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq = 10.0 at 690 oC If at a certain time

[CO] = 0.80 M, [H2O] = 0.050 M, [CO2] = 0.50 M and [H2] = 0.40 M, is the reaction at
equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium

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8. For the reaction: CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq= 10.0 at 690 oC
The following concentrations were observed: [CO] = 2.0 M, [H2] = 1.0 M, [CO2] = 2.0 M, and
[H2O] = 0.10 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to
equilibrium?
9. For the equation below, the following concentrations were observed: [CO] = 1.5 M,
[H2] = 1.2 M, [CO2] = 1.0 M, [H2O] = 0.10 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it
shift in order to get to equilibrium?
CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Keq= 10.0 at 690 oC
10. At a certain temperature the Keq for a reaction is 75. 2O 3(g) ⇄ 3O2(g)
Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will proceed, if any, when the following amounts
are introduced to a 10 L vessel.
a) 0.60 mole of O3 and 3.0 mol of O2
b) 0.050 mole of O3 and 7.0 mol of O2
c) 1.5 mole of O3 and no O2

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11) Consider the following equilibrium:
a) 2NO2 (g) ⇄ N2O4 (g) Keq = 2.2

b) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) ⇄ Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) Keq = 1 x 10−15
c) Pb2+ (aq) + 2 Cl− (aq) ⇄ PbCl2(s) Keq = 6.3 x 104
d) SO2(g) + O2 (g) ⇄ SO3 (g) Keq = 110
i) Which equilibrium favors products to the greatest extent? ______

ii) Which equilibrium favors reactants to the greatest extent? ______
12. What is the only way to change the value of the Keq?
13. In the reaction: A + B ⇄ C + D + 100 kJ, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the
temperature?
14. If the value of Keq decreases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic?
15. In the reaction; W + X + 100kJ ⇄ Y + Z, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the
(X)? Explain your answer.
16. If the value of Keq increases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic?

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17. Predict whether reactants of products are favored in the following equilibrium systems
(a) CH3COOH(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + CH3COO−(aq) Keq = 1.8 x 10−5

(b) H2O2(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + HO2(aq) Keq = 2.6 x 10−12
(c) CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) ⇄ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) Keq = 1037
18. What effect will each of the following have on the Keq of the reaction shown below?
2NO2(g) + heat ⇄ N2O4(g) Keq = 2.2
(a) adding a catalyst

(b) increasing the concentration of a reactant
(c) increasing the concentration of a product
(d) decreasing the volume
(e) decreasing the pressure
(f) increasing the temperature
(g) decreasing the temperature
Worksheet #12 Enthalpy & Entropy
For each of these processes, predict if Entropy increases or decreases.
1. 2H2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2H2O(g)
2. 2SO3(g) ⇄ 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
3. Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) ⇄ AgCl(s)
4. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g)
5. H2O(l) ⇄ H2O(g)
6. CaCO3(s) + 180 kJ ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
7. I2(s) + 608 kJ ⇄ I2(aq)
8. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ⇄ 2Fe2O3(s) + 1570 kJ

Workbook 2023 57
Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will
a) go to completion
b) not occur or
c) go to equilibrium
9. H2O(l) ⇄ H2O(g) H = 150 kJ
10. CaCO3(s) + 180 kJ ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
11. I2(s) ⇄ I2(aq) + 608 kJ
12. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ⇄ 2Fe2O3(s) ∆H = +1570 kJ
13. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g) H = +26.8 kJ
14. Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) ⇄ AgCl(s) + 86.2 kJ
Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will
a) have a large Keq

b) have a small Keq
c) have a Keq about equal to 1
15. H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) ⇄ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) H = +207 kJ
16. NH4NO3(s) ⇄ NH4+(aq) + NO3−(aq) H = −30 kJ

Workbook 2023 58
17. N2(g) + 3H2(g) + 92 kJ ⇄ 2NH3(g)
18. H2O(l) + 150 kJ ⇄ H2O(g)
19. Ca(s) + H2O(l) ⇄ Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) H = +210 kJ
Equilibrium Practice Test # 1
1. Consider the following reaction mechanism:

Step1: NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g)
Step2: O(g) + NO2(g) → NO(g) + O2(g)
The catalyst is:
A. O2
B. O3
C. NO
D. NO2
2. Consider the following reaction: 2NH3(g) ⇄ N2(g) + 3H2(g)
A flask is initially filled with NH3. As the system approaches equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction
A. increases as the rate of the reverse reaction decreases
B. decreases as the rate of the reverse reaction increases
C. increases as the rate of the reverse reaction increases
D. decreases as the rate of the reverse reaction decreases
3. Consider the following reaction:

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = −153 KJ
In this reaction
A. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy both favour the products
B. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy both favour the reactants
C. minimum enthalpy favours products and maximum entropy reactants
D. minimum enthalpy favours reactants and maximum entropy products
4. In all systems at equilibrium, the

A. concentration of reactants is less than the concentration of the products
B. concentration of reactants and the concentration of the products are equal
C. concentration of reactants is greater than the concentration of the products
D. concentration of reactants and the products are constant
5. Consider the following mechanism: Step 1: N2O(g) → N2(g) + O(g)

Step 2: N2O(g) + O(g) → N2(g) + O2(g)
A reactant in the overall equation is
A. O
B. O2
C. N2
D. N 2O

Workbook 2023 59
6. Chemical systems tend to move toward positions of

A. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy.
B. maximum enthalpy and minimum entropy.
C. minimum enthalpy and minimum entropy.
D. maximum enthalpy and maximum entropy.
7. An equilibrium system shifts left when the

A. rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
B. rate of the forward reaction is less than the rate of the reverse reaction.
C. rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.
D. rate of the forward reaction and the reverse reaction are constant.
8. A 1.00 L flask contains a gaseous equilibrium system. The addition of reactants to this flask results in a
A. shift left and a decrease in the concentration of the products.
B. shift left and a increase in the concentration of the products.
C. shift right and a decrease in the concentration of the products.
D. shift right and a increase in the concentration of the products.
9. Consider the following equilibrium: CH4(g) + H2O(g) + heat ⇄ CO(g) + 3H2(g)
In which of the following will both stresses shift the equilibrium to the right?
A. a decrease in temperature and a decrease in volume
B. a increase in temperature and a decrease in volume
C. a decrease in temperature and a increase in volume
D. a increase in temperature and a increase in volume
10. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g) ∆H = −198 kJ

There will be no shift in this equilibrium when
A. more O2 is added.
B. a catalyst is added.
C. the volume is increased.
D. the temperature is increased.
11. Consider the following equilibrium: 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) ⇄ Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g)

The equilibrium expression is
A. Keq = [Fe2O3][H2]3 B. Keq = [Fe2O3][3H2]

[Fe]2[H2O]3 [2Fe][3H2O]
C. Keq = [H2]3 D. Keq = [ H2]3

[H2O]3
12. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) Keq = 0.133

At equilibrium, the [N2O4] is equal to
A. 0.133 B. [NO2]
[NO2] 0.133
C. 0.133 D. [NO2]2
[NO2]2 0.133

Workbook 2023 60
13. Which of the following equilibrium systems most favours the products?
A. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g) Keq = 6.4 x 10−39
B. Cl2(g) + 2NO(g) ⇄ 2NOCl(g) Keq = 3.7 x 108
C. Cl2(g) + 2NO2(g) ⇄ 2NO2Cl(g) Keq = 1.8
D. 2HCl(g) ⇄ H2(g) + Cl2(g) Keq = 2.0 x 10−7
14. Consider the following equilibrium: 4KO2(s) + 2H2O(g) ⇄ 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

The equilibrium expression is
A. Keq = [KOH]4[O2]3 B. Keq = [O2]3

[KO2]2[H2O]2 [ H2O]2
C. Keq = [KO2]4[H2O]2 D. Keq = [ H2O]2

[KOH]4[O2]3 [O2]3
15. Consider the following equilibrium: N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO(g) ∆H = +181 kJ
When the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium:
A. shifts left and the Keq value increases
B. shifts left and the Keq value decreases
C. shifts right and the Keq value increases
D. shifts right and the Keq value decreases
16. Consider the following equilibrium: CaCO3(s) + 556 kJ ⇄ CaO + CO2(g)

The value of the equilibrium constant will increase when
A. CO2 is added.
B. CO2 is removed.
C. the temperature is increased.
D. the temperature is decreased.
17. Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO(g) + H2(g)
The contents of a 1.00 L container at equilibrium were analyzed and found to contain 0.20 mole C, 0.20 mole H 2O,
0.60 mole CO, and 0.60 mole H2, The equilibrium constant is
A. 0.11
B. 0.56
C. 1.8
D. 0.0
18. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) Keq = 4.61 x 10−3
A 1.00 L container at equilibrium was analyzed and found to contain
0.0200 mole NO2. At equilibrium, the concentration of N2O4 is
A. 0.0868 M
B. 0.230 M
C. 4.34 M
D. 11.5 M
19. Consider the following potential energy diagram:
PE
(kJ) 225kJ 50kJ
Progress of Reaction
Workbook 2023 61
The forward reaction is
A. exothermic and the ∆H = −50 kJ

B. endothermic and the ∆H = +50 kJ
C. exothermic and the ∆H = −225 kJ
D. endothermic and the ∆H = +225 kJ
20. Consider the following equilibrium: H2O(g) + CO(g) ⇄ H2(g) + CO2(g)

A closed container is initially filled with H2O and CO. As the reaction proceeds to equilibrium the
A. [CO] and [CO2] both increase
B. [CO] and [CO2] both decrease
C. [CO] increases and [CO2] decreases
D. [CO] decreases and [CO2] increases
21. Consider the equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g) The pressure of the system is increased by reducing the volume.
When comparing the new equilibrium with the original equilibrium,
A. all concentrations remain constant
B. the concentrations of all species have increased
C. reactant concentrations have increased while products decreased
D. reactant concentrations have decreased while products increased
22. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) A 1.00 L container is initially filled with 0.200 moles of
N2O4. At equilibrium, 0.160 moles NO2 are present. What is the equilibrium concentration of N 2O4?
A. 0.040 M
B. 0.080 M
C. 0.120 M
D. 0.160 M
23. Equilibrium is dynamic process because the

A. macroscopic properties are not changing
B. mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products
C. forward and reverse reactions continue to occur
D. concentrations of reactants and products are constant
24. Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH4(g) The addition of H2 will cause the equilibrium to shift
to the
A. left and [CH4] will increase
B. left and [CH4] will decrease
C. right and [CH4] will increase
D. right and [CH4] will decrease
25. Given the following system: 2CrO42−(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O72−(aq) + H2O(l) Which of the following chemicals,
when added to the above equilibrium, would result in a decrease in [CrO42−]?
A. NaOH
B. HNO3
C. Na2CrO4
D. Na2Cr2O7
26. Addition of a catalyst to an equilibrium system

A. increases the value of the Keq.
B. increases the yield of the products.
C. has no effect on the rates of the reaction.
D. increases the rate of formation of both reactants and products.

Workbook 2023 62
27. Consider the following reaction: 2B(s) + 3F2(g) ⇄ 2BF3(g) The equilibrium expression is
A. Keq = [2BF3]
[3F2]
B. Keq = [F2]3
[BF3]
C. Keq = [BF3]2
[F2]3
D. Keq = [BF3]2
[B][F2]3
28. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NO(g) ⇄ N2(g) + O2(g) Keq = 2.01 x 1030
The value of the equilibrium constant indicates that the
A. [NO]2 < [N2][ O2]
B. [NO]2 > [N2][ O2]
C. [NO] = [N2][ O2]
D. [NO] > [N2][ O2]
29. Consider the equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)

At equilibrium the [H2} = 0.020 M, [I2] = 0.020 M, and [HI] = 0.160 M. The value of the equilibrium constant
is:
A. 2.5 x 10−3
B. 1.6 x 10−2
C. 6.4 x 101
D. 4.0 x 102
30. Consider the equilibrium: H2O(g) + Cl2O(g) ⇄ 2HOCl(g) Keq = 9.0 x 10−2
A 1.0 L flask contains a mixture of 1.8 x 10−1 mole H2O, 4.0 x 10−4 mole Cl2O, and 8.0 x 10−2 mole HOCl. To
establish equilibrium, the system will proceed to the
A. left because the trial Keq > Keq
B. left because the trial Keq < Keq
C. right because the trial Keq > Keq
D. right because the trial Keq < Keq
31. Consider the following equilibrium: SO2(g) + NO2(g) ⇄ SO3(g) + NO(g) + energy
The equilibrium does not shift with a change in
A. volume
B. temperature
C. concentration of products
D. concentration of reactions
32. Consider the following equilibrium : SO2Cl2(g) + energy ⇄ SO2(g) + Cl2(g)

When the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium shifts
A. left and the [SO2Cl2] increases
B. left and the [SO2Cl2] decreases
C. right and the [SO2Cl2] increases
D. right and the [SO2Cl2] decreases

Workbook 2023 63
33. Consider the following equilibrium: NH3(g) + HCl(g) ⇄ NH4Cl(s) + energy

Which of the following will result in a decrease in the mass of NH4Cl?
A. adding NH3
B. removing HCl
C. decreasing the volume
D. decreasing the temperature
34. Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ PCl5(g)

When 0.40 moles of PCl3 and 0.40 moles of Cl2 are placed in a 1.00 L container and allowed to reach equilibrium,
0.244 mole of PCl5 are present. From this information, the value of the Keq is
A. 0.10
B. 0.30
C. 3.3
D. 10
Subjective
1. Concentrations of H2, I2, and HI in a mixture at equilibrium at 425 oC were found to be 1.52 x 10−2 M,
3.55 x 10−2 M, and 2.57 x 10−1 M respectively. Calculate the equilibrium constant.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)
2. 4.00 moles of PCl5 are placed in a 2.00 L container and goes to equilibrium at
200 oC. If 0.60 moles of PCl5 are present at equilibrium, calculate the equilibrium constant.
PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
3. An equilibrium system has a Keq = 50 at 0 oC and a Keq = 80 at 20 oC.
a) As the temperature was increased, which direction did the reaction shift?
b) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?
4. If the initial [H2] = 0.200 M and [I2] = 0.200 M and the Keq = 55.6 at 20 oC, calculate the equilibrium concentration
of all molecules.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)

Workbook 2023 64
5. Consider the following data obtained for the following equilibrium:

Fe3+(aq) + SCN−(aq) ⇄ FeSCN2+(aq)
[Fe3+] [SCN−] [FeSCN2+]
Experiment 1 3.91 x 10−2 M 8.02 x 10−5 M 9.22 x 10−4 M
Experiment 2 6.27 x 10−3 M 3.65 x 10−4 M ?
Calculate [FeSCN2+] in experiment 2.
6. 1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 6.00 moles CO2, and 6.00 moles H2 are put in a
2.00 L container at 600 oC.
CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq = 10.0
a) Show by calculation the reaction is not at equilibrium.
b) Which way will the reaction shift in order to achieve equilibrium?
c) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of CO2.

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Workbook 2023 29

Name: ______________________________________________ Block: ______________________

1 Approaching Equilibrium WS 1 Q1 ____________

2. LeChatelier's Principle−1 WS 2 ____________

3. LeChatelier's Principle−2 WS 3 Q2 ____________

4. LeChatelier's−3 & Start Lab WS 4 and 5 ____________

5. Lab LeChatelier's Questions 1−10 Conclusion ____________

6. Haber/Graphing WS 6 & 7 Q3 ____________

7. Equilibrium Constants WS 8 Q4 ____________

8. Keq Calculations WS 9 & 10 ____________

9. K−trial & Size Keq WS 11 Q5 ____________

10. Entropy & Enthalpy WS 12 Q6 ____________

11. Review Practice Test 1 ____________

13. Test Workbook due on Test Day

My understanding of the concepts and competencies of this unit are:

Produced by M. Iannone 23rd Edition Edits by J. Nera & O. Kurzak

Worksheet #1 Approaching Equilibrium

1. What are the conditions necessary for equilibrium?

2. What is a forward reaction versus a reverse reaction?

3. Why does the forward reaction rate decrease as equilibrium is approached?

4. What are the characteristics of equilibrium?

7. Why does the reverse reaction rate increase as equilibrium is approached?

10. Forward reaction rate.

11. Reverse reaction rate.

12. What is equal at equilibrium?

13. What is constant at equilibrium?

Produced by M. Iannone 23rd Edition Edits by J. Nera & O. Kurzak

[Reactant] [Product] Overall Rate

15. Label each graph with the correct description.

 The forward and reverse rates as equilibrium is approached

 The overall rate as equilibrium is approached

 The reactant and product concentrations as equilibrium is approached (two graphs)

Produced by M. Iannone 23rd Edition Edits by J. Nera & O. Kurzak

Worksheet #2 LeChatelier’s Principle

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇄ 2NH3(g) + 92 KJ

Shifts Shifts to the

Produced by M. Iannone 23rd Edition Edits by J. Nera & O. Kurzak

N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) H = + 92 KJ

Shifts Shifts to Favour the

4HCl (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2 (g) + 98 KJ

Shifts Shifts to Favour the

Produced by M. Iannone 23rd Edition Edits by J. Nera & O. Kurzak

CaCO3 (s) + 170 KJ ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Worksheet #3 Applying Le Châtelier's Principle

The oxidation of ammonia is a reversible exothermic reaction that proceeds as follows:

Produced by M. Iannone 23rd Edition Edits by J. Nera & O. Kurzak

4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ⇄ 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) Exothermic

[NH3] [O2] [NO] [H2O]

An Inert gas is added

1. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) + energy decrease temperature

2. C (s) + CO2 (g) + energy ⇄ 2 CO (g) increase temperature

3. N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 NO2 (g) increase total pressure

4. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) decrease total pressure

5. 2 NOBr (g) ⇄ 2 NO (g) + Br2 (g) decrease total pressure

6. 3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) ⇄ Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g) add Fe(s)

7. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) add catalyst

8. CaCO3 (s) ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g) remove CO2 (g)

9. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇄ 2 NH3 (g) He is added

Produced by M. Iannone 23rd Edition Edits by J. Nera & O. Kurzak

Name: ________________________ Block: