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    Lesson 4 Updated Version

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    Lesson 4 Updated Version

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    2 views17 pages

    Lesson 4 Updated Version

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    genenaomar

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    of 17

    Lesson 4 :

    Electron configurations: how


    electrons occupy orbital
    Electron configuration of H
    Orbital diagram (electron boxes)
    Orbital diagram rules
    Hund’s rule: Every orbital in a sublevel is occupied before any orbital is doubly
    occupied.

    Pauli exclusion principle:


    —No two electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their
    quantum numbers.
    —Two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins.
    Not just H atom
    The Schrödinger equation can be modified to account for e--e- repulsion.
    Its solutions (ψ) cannot be found, but can be approximated.
    The same orbitals will be found (1s, 2s, 2p, etc.) as in H, but with different sizes and
    energies.
    Sublevel Energy Splitting in Multielectrons
    Atoms
    In H, the energy of orbital depends only on the value of n.
    In multielectron atoms, it will also depend on the value of l (within a principal level). This
    E (s orbital) <E (p orbital) <E (d orbital) <E (f orbital)

    Why does this happen?


    1) Coulomb’s Law
    2) Shielding
    3) Penetration
    Coulomb’s Law
    1 𝑞1 𝑞2
    𝐸=
    4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟

    E= potential energy
    𝜖0 = constant (8.85 x 10-12 C2 J-1 m-1 )
    q1,q2 = charge of two particles
    r= separation (distance between the particles)
    If the charges are the same, the potential energy (E) is positive and
    decreases as the particles get farther away (repulsion)
    For opposite charges, the potential energy (E) is negative and becomes
    more negative as particles get closer (attraction)
    Bigger charges will give bigger interaction between the particles.
    Example : H, He+ Li2+
    Shielding
    • The nucleus has a positive
    charge that will attract
    electron.

    • Electrons in inner levels will


    shield the positive
    attraction from the nucleus.
    Making it easier for the
    electron to be removed.

    • Electrons in the same


    orbital will only provide
    partial shielding.

    Figure 7.31 in Tro et al.,2nd canadian ed.


    Penetration

    Some electrons penetrate closer to the nucleus lowering its energy (giving it stability)
    This will depend on the orbital shape and its nodes.
    Figure 7.32 and 7.33 in Tro et al.,2nd canadian ed.
    Energy levels H vs multi electrons
    The aufbau principle (diagonal method)
    Condensed notation (noble gas notation)
    Exceptions Cu and Cr
    Diamagnetism, Paramanetism,
    Ferromagnetism
    Diamagnetism : Very weak repulsion by a magnetic field. Observed in materials
    where all e- are paired.
    Paramagnetism : Very weak repulsion by a magnetic field. Observed in materials
    where all e- are paired.
    Ferromagnetism : Extreme paramagnetism, chiefly in Fe, Co, Ni. Observed when
    many adjacent atoms can align similarly in an external magnetic field
    Electron configuration of ions
    Electron Configurations and orbital
    diagrams for Multielectron Atoms Review
    • No two electrons in the same atom can have the same four quantum numbers Pauli Exclusion Principle
    • Each orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons. They must have opposite signs, or different electron
    spin quantum numbers
    • The most stable arrangement of electrons in a subshell is the one that has the great number of parallel spins – this is
    Hund’s rule.
    • In a hydrogen atom, the energy of the electron depends only on its principal quantum number, n. In a many-electron
    atom, the energy of the electron depends on its principal quantum number, n and the angular momentum quantum
    number, l.
    • In many-electron atoms, the subshells are filled according to the diagonal method (Aufbau).
    • For electrons of the same principal quantum number, their penetrating power, or proximity to the nucleus decreases in
    the order s > p > d > f. This means that, for example, more energy is required to separate a 3s electron from an atom
    than is required for a 3p.
    • Atoms in which one or more electrons are unpaired are paramagnetic. Atoms in which all of the electrons are paired
    are diamagnetic.

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