


EF

‫א‬١٦٦
  ١٦٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ?   ? EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٦ ‫א‬
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 KKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKK،‫א‬  
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K220Ω١ •
K330Ω١ •
K(1N4007)١ •
 K10kΩ4.7kΩ1kΩ •
(Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J١
،2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،E١F‫א‬Vf‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KVfIf‫א‬

220 Ω  
+ mA
 
E
2V
S
1N4007
 
1kΩ or V
A 4.7kΩ or  
10kΩ
 
 E١F 

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

Vf 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 V

If mA

 E١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J١
،2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،E٢F‫א‬Vr‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KVrIr‫א‬

330 Ω  
+ µA
 
+
0 --- 30 V V 1N4007  
 
 
E٢F  
 

Vr 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 V

Ir µA
 
 E٢F

E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

(Results) ‫א‬٥ J١
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

VB = --------------- volt

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(If)‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

If = ---------- mA

WVf = 0.8V،Vf = 0.5V(If)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

If = ---------- mA, ---------- mA.

WVr = -18V،Vr = -2V(Ir)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

Ir = ---------- µA, ---------- µA.

 
 

-٤-
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ إ‬١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K220Ω١ •
K330Ω١ •
K(AA118)١ •
K10kΩ4.7kΩ1kΩ •
(Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
،2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،E١F‫א‬Vf‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KVfIf‫א‬

220 Ω  
+ mA
 
E
S  
2V 1kΩ or V AA118
A 4.7kΩ or  
10kΩ
 
 E١F 

-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ إ‬١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

Vf 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 V

If mA

 E١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
،2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،E٢F‫א‬Vr‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KVrIr‫א‬

330 Ω  
+ µA
 
+
0 --- 30 V V AA118  
 
 
E٢F  
 
 

Vr 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 V

Ir µA
 
 E٢F

E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ إ‬١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ إ‬١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
(Results) ‫א‬٤ J٢
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

VB = --------------- volt

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(If)‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

If = ---------- mA

WVf = 0.8V،Vf = 0.5V(If)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

If = ---------- mA, ---------- mA.

WVr = -18V،Vr = -2V(Ir)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

Ir = ---------- µA, ---------- µA.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-٨-
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
 
1N4007
 
 
220 V Vout  
60 Hz
V V C 330 Ω
in
 
 
 
(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
K١ •
KEF‫א‬١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬١ •
K330Ω١ •
K10µF١ •
K100µF١ •
 K(1N4007)١ •
 (Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K60Hz،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬6V(RMS)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Vin = --------------- volt

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

(Vin)p‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Vin‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬(Vin)p-p‫א‬ J‫א‬

(Vin)p = --------------- volt

(Vin)p-p = --------------- volt

(Vout)p‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Vout‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬
(Vout)p = --------------- volt

W‫א‬‫א‬(DC value)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
(Vout)dc = --------------- volt
 W10µF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
(Vout)dc = --------------- volt
 W100µF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
(Vout)dc = --------------- volt

W‫א‬‫א‬Vripple‫א‬E٦F‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Vripple = --------------- volt

 W10µF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Vripple = --------------- volt
 W100µF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

Vripple = --------------- volt

W‫א‬ K٨
fripple = --------------- Hz
-١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W10µF‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

W100µF‫א‬‫א‬ •

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

-١٢-
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 
1N4007  
 
220
220 V
V RL  
V C 330Ω V2
60
60 Hz
Hz V1  
 
1N4007
 
 

(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
K١ •
KEF‫א‬١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬١ •
K330Ω١ •
K10µF١ •
K100µF١ •
K(1N4007)٤ •
 (Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K60Hz،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬6V(RMS)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Vin = --------------- volt

- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

(Vin)p‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Vin‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬(Vin)p-p‫א‬ J‫א‬
(Vin)p = --------------- volt

(Vin)p-p = --------------- volt

(Vout)p‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Vout‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬
(Vout)p = --------------- volt

W‫א‬‫א‬(DC value)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
(Vout)dc = --------------- volt
 W10µF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
(Vout)dc = --------------- volt
 W100µF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
(Vout)dc = --------------- volt

W‫א‬‫א‬Vripple‫א‬E٦F‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Vripple = --------------- volt
 W10µF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Vripple = --------------- volt
 W100µF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Vripple = --------------- volt
W‫א‬ K٨
 fripple = --------------- Hz

W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩

- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W10µF‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

W100µF‫א‬‫א‬ •

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 

- ١٦ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
 
C1 1N4007
 
 
220 V Vin 1N4007 Vout   RL
60 Hz
V C2 V
 
 
 

 (Circuit Operation Theory)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬   D1 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
(VP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C1‫א‬‫א‬ D2‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K(VB) D1 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
C1‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D2‫א‬‫א‬D1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 2VP C2‫א‬ ‫א‬K2VP‫א‬ C2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ C2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬2VP‫א‬

(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
K١ •
KEF‫א‬١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬١ •
K0.1µf٢ •
K1kΩ ١ •
K(1N4007)٢ •
- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K60Hz،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬6V(RMS)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

Vin = --------------- volt

(Vin)p‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Vin‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬(Vin)p-p‫א‬ J‫א‬
(Vin)p = --------------- volt

(Vin)p-p = --------------- volt

(Vout)p‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Vout‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬
(Vout)p = --------------- volt

W‫א‬‫א‬(DC value)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 WW‫א‬‫א‬
(Vout)dc = --------------- volt
 WW‫א‬‫א‬
(Vout)dc = --------------- volt

W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

K‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬ •

 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٠ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K220Ω١ •
K(1kΩ or 4.7kΩ or 10kΩ)١ •
K(6.2V/1W)١ •
 
(Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦
 (Forward Bias) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٦
،2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١F‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ،E١F  ‫א‬    Vf ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬   
 KVfIf‫א‬‫א‬
 
220 Ω
+ mA  
If
E
S  
2V V Vf 6.2V/1W
1kΩ or  
A 4.7kΩ or
10kΩ
 
E١F 

- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

Vf 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 V

If mA
 
 E١F

 (Reverse Bias) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٦

،2V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ،E٢F  ‫א‬    Vr ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬   
KVrIr‫א‬‫א‬
 
330 Ω
+ µA  
+ Ir  
0 ‫ ــ‬30 V V V 6.2V/1W  
r
 
 
E٢F  
 

Vr 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 V

Ir µA

 E٢F
 
E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

- ٢٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

(Results) ‫א‬٤ J٦
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K١

VZener = --------------- volt

WVf = 0.8V،Vf = 0.5V(If)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

If = ---------- mA, ---------- mA

WVr = -18VVr = -12V،Vr = -1V(Ir)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

If = ---------- µA, ---------- µA, ---------- µA

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٤ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،(load regulation)‫א‬‫א‬
 . (line regulation) ‫א‬
 
(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٧
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K220Ω١ •
K10kΩ١ •
K(6.2V/1W)١ •
 
(Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٧
 (Zener Regulation with a Variable Load) ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٧
KE١F‫א‬‫א‬K١
 
220 Ω
+ mA  
mA
 
RL
12 V 10kΩ V  
6.2V/1W  
 
E١F   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،12V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،E١F‫א‬RL‫א‬K٣
VL‫א‬‫א‬IL‫א‬‫א‬IZ‫א‬
KRL
 
RL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 kΩ

IL mA

IZ mA

VL V

 E١F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬VL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٧
Zener Regulation with a Varying input Voltage

KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 
220 Ω
+
mA  
 
mA
RL
20 V V 1kΩ V  
VS
VZ
6.2V
 
 
E٢F   
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،10VVS‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬،E٢F‫א‬VS‫א‬ K٣
VL‫א‬‫א‬IS‫א‬‫א‬IZ‫א‬
KVS‫א‬
 
VS 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 V

IS mA

IZ mA

VL V

 E٢F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬VS‫א‬VL‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٢٩ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٨
،NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
VBE‫א‬‫א‬ IB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K VCE‫א‬‫א‬
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٨
 
 
+15V
 
100Ω
 
33kΩ IB  
10kΩ µA BC 140
VCE  1kΩ

V  
V
 
 
0V
 
 
(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٨
K١ •
K١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬٣ •
K33kΩ١ •
K10kΩ١ •
K1kΩ١ •
K‫א‬(BC140)NPN‫א‬١ •

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٨
‫א‬،1kΩ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬10kΩ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVCE = 1V‫א‬VCE‫א‬
K‫א‬VBE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
IB   50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 µA

VCE = 1V VBE                   V

VCE = 2V VBE                   V

VCE = 3V VBE                   V

،‫א‬VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K1kΩ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٢ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٩
،NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
VCE‫א‬‫א‬ IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٩
 
 
+15V
 
100Ω
mA  
IC
33kΩ Ib  
10kΩ µA BC 140
 1kΩ

V  
Vce
 
 
0V
 
 
(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٩
K١ •
K١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬٣ •
K33kΩ١ •
K10kΩ١ •
K1kΩ١ •
K‫א‬(BC140)NPN‫א‬١ •

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٩
IB‫א‬،10kΩ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1kΩ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIB = 0.1mA‫א‬
K‫א‬IC‫א‬،
 
VCE 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 3 5 V

IB = 0.1mA IC mA

IB = 0.2mA IC mA

IB = 0.3mA IC mA

IB = 0.4mA IC mA

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K10kΩ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٥ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٠
 
VCC = 15 V  
 
 
R1 RC
C2  
+ +
C1  
+  
 
  ‫א‬
‫א‬ +  
R2 Re Ce  
-
 
GND  
 
(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٠
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬١ •
KR1 = 100kΩ •
KR2 = 10kΩ •
KRc = 220kΩ •
KRe = 220Ω or 150Ω •
C1 = 1µF •
- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

C2 = 10µF or 4.7µF •
Ce = 47µF or 100µF •
(Tr. 40V/1A)‫א‬ •

(Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١٠
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١٠

K‫א‬،15V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KVB, VE, VBE, VC, and VCE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

VB VE VBE VC VCE
volt volt Volt volt volt

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J١٠

،15V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K1kHz،‫א‬ J‫א‬30mV‫א‬

KC1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

Vout(p-p) = --------------- volt

fout = --------------- Hz

- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
Av = Vout / Vin = ---------------

W(dB)‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
Av(dB) = 20log(Vout / Vin) = --------------- dB

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

Phase Shift = --------------- degree

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 

 

 

- ٣٨ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J١١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١١
 
VCC = 15 V
 
 
R1 RC
C2  
+  
C1
+
 
C3  
+
  ‫א‬ 

R2 Re ‫א‬  
 
 
GND  

(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١١
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬١ •
KR1 = 100kΩ •
KR2 = 10kΩ •
KRc = 3.3kΩ •
KRe = 220Ω or 150Ω •
C1 = 1µF •
C2 = 10µF or 4.7µF •
Ce = 47µF or 100µF •
(Tr. 40V/1A)‫א‬ •
- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

(Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١١
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١١
K‫א‬،15V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KVB, VE, VBE, VC, and VCE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
VB VE VBE VC VCE
volt volt volt Volt volt

 
 .‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١١

،15V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K1kHz،‫א‬ J‫א‬30mV‫א‬

KC1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

Vout(p-p) = --------------- volt

 fout = --------------- Hz

W‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

Av = Vout / Vin = ---------------

- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

W(dB)‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

Av(dB) = 20log(Vout / Vin) = --------------- dB

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

Phase Shift = --------------- degree

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 

 

- ٤١ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٢
 
VCC = 15 V  
 
 
R1 RC
 
 
C1
+  
C2  
+ +
 
‫א‬ +
R2 Re Ce  
 ‫א‬
-
 
GND  

(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٢
K١ •
K١ •
K١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬١ •
KR1 = 10kΩ •
KR2 = 10kΩ •
KRc = 3.3kΩ •
KRe = 1kΩ •

- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

C1 = 1µF •
C2 = 10µF or 4.7µF •
Ce = 47µF or 100µF •
(Tr. 40V/1A)‫א‬ •

(Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١٢
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١٢
،15V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
KVB, VE, VBE, VC, and VCE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
VB VE VBE VC VCE
volt Volt volt volt Volt

 
 .‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J١٢

،15V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K1kHz،‫א‬ J‫א‬30mV‫א‬

KC1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣

Vout(p-p) = --------------- volt

- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

fout = --------------- Hz

W‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤
Av = Vout / Vin = ---------------

W(dB)‫א‬‫ א‬K١٥
Av(dB) = 20log(Vout / Vin) = --------------- dB

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦

W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
Phase Shift = --------------- degree

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٨
 

 
 
 
 

- ٤٤ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٣
 

on on
Vin
off off

 
 (Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٣
K١ •
١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬١ •
KRc = 270 Ω •
KRB = 3.3 kΩ •
NPN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2N222A •

 (Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬VCC = 9v‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬RB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א؟‬KLED‫א‬‫א‬Vin = 0V‫א‬ K٤
‫א؟‬KLED‫א‬‫א‬Vin = 5V‫א‬ K٥
‫א؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(on)‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

- ٤٥ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٤
،p-‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ 
 ID ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K VGS‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬VDS‫_א‬‫א‬
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٤
 
 
-
-
mA
 
ID
+5V +  
10kΩ -  
or
0 -30V 22kΩ V VDS  
or +
47kΩ
+  
VGS RG
-
V 1MΩ  
 
+
 
(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٤
K٢ •
K١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬٣ •
K1MΩ١ •
K47kΩ22kΩ10kΩ١ •
KEp J‫א‬FJFET‫א‬١ •

 (Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١٤
،10kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KVGS = 0V‫א‬VGS‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬VDS‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬ID‫א‬
VDS/V 0 -0.5 -1 -2 -3 -4 -10 -20

ID/ mA VGS = 0V
ID/ mA VGS =+1V
ID/ mA VGS = +2V
ID/ mA VGS =+3V
ID/ mA VGS = +4V
ID/ mA VGS = +5V
ID/ mA VGS = +6V

،‫א‬VGS‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K10kΩ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VGS‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKVGS‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKVDS‫_א‬‫א‬ •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬VP‫א‬VDS‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Concept)‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٥
n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ID‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K VDS‫_א‬‫א‬VGS
 (Circuit Diagram)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١٥
 
 
+
+
ID mA
 
-5V
_  
10kΩ
+  
or
5V 22kΩ V VDS  
or _
47kΩ  
RG
1MΩ  
_  
 
(Apparatus)‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١٥
K٢ •
K١ •
K(AVO)‫א‬‫א‬٢ •
K47kΩ22kΩ10kΩ١ •
KEn J‫א‬FJFET‫א‬١ •

 (Procedure)‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
KVDS = 5V‫א‬VDS ‫_א‬‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

،‫א‬VGS‫_א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ID‫א‬
 
 For VDS = 5V

VGS/V 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 -4.5 -5

ID/ mA
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 
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 
 
 
   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 (REFERENCES)‫א‬‫א‬
 
[1] Millman, J., and C. C. Halkias, Integrated Electronics, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1972.
[2] Millman, J., and G. Arvin, Microelectronics, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1987.
 [3] Thomas L.Floyed, Electronic Devices, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hill, 1999
[4] Yang, E. S., Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 1978.
   ١٦٦ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬

١‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٥‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٢١‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥ W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢‫א‬‫א‬
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