Energetics For Y10 PDF

Topic 5 Chemical Energetics
Physical and Chemical Changes
In a physical change, no new substance is formed. Physical changes are reversible

e.g. changes of state.
In a chemical change, one or more new substances are formed. Some chemical
changes cannot be reversed although others can be..
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Energetics
There is always an energy change, during a chemical reaction.

Energy is given out or given in, usually in the form of heat (sometimes in the form of
light or sound).
Exothermic reactions give out energy. The temperature of the surroundings rises.
Endothermic reactions take in heat energy from their surroundings. The

temperature lowers.
EXO - heat exits ENDO - heat enters

the reaction the reaction
Energy level diagrams show enthalpy (energy) stored in the reactants compared to the
enthalpy (energy) levels in products
Energy is measured in kilojoules
Change in enthalpy, ∆H (we say delta H) is the symbol for the change in energy in a
reaction.
Endothermic Energy Level Diagram Exothermic Energy Level Diagram
Energy Profile Diagrams

Complete Qs 1-3 p97
Complete worksheet 8.1 Physical and chemical changes
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Energetics
Exothermic
Another word for thermal energy is enthalpy H. The change in thermal energy in a
reaction is called enthalpy change, denoted delta H
The activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur e.g.
lighting a fire.
The products have less energy than the reactants
The difference in energy is given out as heat therefore the temperature rise
∆H is negative for an exothermic reaction

For example, HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O ∆H = -58kJ/mole
Examples of Exothermic Reactions

1. Combustion of fuels e.g. coal, petroleum, natural gas
carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
petrol + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
2. Neutralisation of acids by bases

3. Displacement reactions including displacement of H ions from acids with the
reactions of metals and displacement of less reactive metal from its
compound by a more reactive metal.
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Energetics
Endothermic
The activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to

occur. It is the minimum energy that colliding particles must have to react.
The products have more energy than the reactants
The difference in energy is taken in as heat therefore the temperature drops
∆H is positive for an endothermic reaction

For example, N2 + O2 → 2NO ∆H = +180kJ/mole
Examples of Endothermic Reactions

1. Dissolving salts in water e.g. ammonium nitrate and urea
2. Citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate (sherbet)
3. Photosynthesis
Complete Q1-3 p99

Complete worksheet 8.2
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Energetics
Making and Breaking Bonds
Breaking bonds requires energy.

It is endothermic.
Forming bonds gives out energy.

It is exothermic
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
Write the displayed formula showing the bonds (stick drawing)
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Energetics
Bond Energies
We can work out the energy needed to break bonds, or released when these bonds are
formed. This energy is called the bond energy. It is measured in kJ/mole.
Calculating ∆H
H─H + Cl─Cl → 2 H─Cl
Calculating ∆H = energy in - energy out

Show the workings
Complete Q1-3 p101

Complete worksheet 8.3 Bond energy calculations
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Energetics
If the energy taken in to break the bonds is less than the energy released in making bonds,
the reaction is exothermic ∆H= - ve
If the energy taken in to break the bonds is more than the energy released in making bonds,
the reaction is endothermic ∆H = + ve
Using a polystyrene cup with a lid (insulator) we can measure the energy changes -
calorimeter
The molar enthalpy change is the energy change for one mole of substance and is shown at
end of balanced equations. The molar enthalpy can be calculated from actual quantities
used .
This is not an accurate measurement in the above experiment as heat is lost to the
surroundings. Using polystyrene cups would improve this experiment by insulating the
experiment
Complete worksheet 8.4 Fuels and energy production
Complete Q1-3 p105
Complete Practice questions Q1-8 p106-107
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Energetics
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Topic 5 Chemical Energetics

Physical and Chemical Changes

In a physical change, no new substance is formed. Physical changes are reversible

There is always an energy change, during a chemical reaction.

Endothermic reactions take in heat energy from their surroundings. The

EXO - heat exits ENDO - heat enters

Endothermic Energy Level Diagram Exothermic Energy Level Diagram

Energy Profile Diagrams

∆H is negative for an exothermic reaction

Examples of Exothermic Reactions

2. Neutralisation of acids by bases

The activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to

∆H is positive for an endothermic reaction

Examples of Endothermic Reactions

Complete Q1-3 p99

Making and Breaking Bonds

Breaking bonds requires energy.

Forming bonds gives out energy.

Write the displayed formula showing the bonds (stick drawing)

Calculating ∆H = energy in - energy out

Complete Q1-3 p101

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