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Basic Linux Commands

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4 views

Basic Linux Commands

li

Uploaded by

kilofo1542
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sure!

Here are some basic Linux commands that are commonly used:

### File and Directory Management

- **`ls`**: Lists files and directories in the current directory.

- `ls -l`: Lists with detailed information (permissions, owner, size, modification date).

- `ls -a`: Lists all files, including hidden ones (those starting with a dot).

- **`cd`**: Changes the current directory.

- `cd /path/to/directory`: Navigates to the specified directory.

- `cd ..`: Moves up one directory level.

- `cd ~`: Navigates to the home directory.

- **`pwd`**: Prints the current working directory.

- **`mkdir`**: Creates a new directory.

- `mkdir new_directory`: Creates a directory named `new_directory`.

- **`rmdir`**: Removes an empty directory.

- `rmdir directory_name`: Removes the specified empty directory.

- **`rm`**: Removes files or directories.

- `rm file_name`: Removes the specified file.

- `rm -r directory_name`: Removes a directory and its contents recursively.

- `rm -f file_name`: Forces the removal of a file without prompting.

- **`cp`**: Copies files or directories.

- `cp source_file destination_file`: Copies `source_file` to `destination_file`.

- `cp -r source_directory destination_directory`: Copies a directory recursively.


- **`mv`**: Moves or renames files or directories.

- `mv old_name new_name`: Renames `old_name` to `new_name`.

- `mv file_name /path/to/destination`: Moves `file_name` to the specified directory.

### File Viewing and Editing

- **`cat`**: Concatenates and displays the contents of files.

- `cat file_name`: Displays the contents of `file_name`.

- **`less`**: Views file contents interactively, allowing you to scroll.

- `less file_name`: Opens `file_name` for viewing.

- **`head`**: Displays the first few lines of a file.

- `head file_name`: Shows the first 10 lines by default.

- **`tail`**: Displays the last few lines of a file.

- `tail file_name`: Shows the last 10 lines by default.

- `tail -f file_name`: Follows the file and displays new lines as they are added (useful for logs).

- **`nano`**, **`vim`**, **`vi`**: Text editors for editing files.

- `nano file_name`: Opens `file_name` in the nano editor.

- `vim file_name` or `vi file_name`: Opens `file_name` in the vim or vi editor.

### System Information

- **`df`**: Displays disk space usage.

- `df -h`: Shows disk usage in a human-readable format (e.g., GB, MB).
- **`du`**: Displays disk usage of files and directories.

- `du -h`: Shows disk usage in a human-readable format.

- **`top`**: Displays real-time system processes and resource usage.

- **`ps`**: Displays information about active processes.

- `ps aux`: Shows detailed information about all processes.

- **`uname`**: Displays system information.

- `uname -a`: Shows all available system information (kernel version, machine type, etc.).

- **`free`**: Displays memory usage.

- `free -h`: Shows memory usage in a human-readable format.

### File Permissions and Ownership

- **`chmod`**: Changes file permissions.

- `chmod 755 file_name`: Sets the file permissions to `rwxr-xr-x`.

- **`chown`**: Changes file ownership.

- `chown user:group file_name`: Changes the owner and group of `file_name`.

### Networking

- **`ping`**: Tests connectivity to a host.

- `ping hostname_or_ip`: Sends ICMP echo requests to the specified host.

- **`ifconfig`** or **`ip`**: Displays network interface configuration.


- `ifconfig`: Shows network interface details (older command, may be deprecated in some
distributions).

- `ip addr`: Shows network interface details (newer command).

- **`netstat`**: Displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics.

- `netstat -tuln`: Shows listening ports and their associated services.

### Package Management (for Debian-based systems like Ubuntu)

- **`apt-get`**: Manages packages.

- `sudo apt-get update`: Updates the list of available packages.

- `sudo apt-get upgrade`: Upgrades installed packages.

- `sudo apt-get install package_name`: Installs a new package.

- `sudo apt-get remove package_name`: Removes a package.

### Others

- **`man`**: Displays the manual page for a command.

- `man command_name`: Shows the manual for `command_name`.

- **`grep`**: Searches for text in files.

- `grep "search_term" file_name`: Searches for `search_term` in `file_name`.

- **`find`**: Searches for files in a directory hierarchy.

- `find /path/to/search -name "file_name"`: Searches for `file_name` starting from `/path/to/search`.

These commands cover a broad range of common tasks. If you have specific needs or questions about
any of these commands, feel free to ask!

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